Biology PROJECT

REPORT
Nam e: SAHANA.N

Class: XII SCIENCE

Institute: Narayana e TECHNO

SCHOOL

Year:2022-23

TOPIC: Plant cell

NARAYANA e-TECHNO SCHOOL

 (Recognised by Govt.India Affiliated to CBSE Board, New Delhi)
CBSE Affiliated code:830600
Vidyaranyapura Bengaluru-560097

Phone Number:9606084902 School Code:45542

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that SAHANA.N of class XII,

NARAYANA E-TECHNO SCHOOL, Bangalore has successfully completed
her project in Biology on Plant cell for the partial fulfilment of AISSCE as
prescribed by CBSE in the year 2022-2023

DATE: REGESTRATION NO:

Signature principal signature of teacher signature of

Examiner

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Firstly, I would like to t the CBSE board for giving me
this opportunity to do this project.
My sincere thanks to the principal for encouragement
and all the facilities provided. wish to express my deep
gratitude towards my biology Faculty whose invaluable
guidance, constant support, motivation and
encouragement has helped me in making this project a
successful one
I am also grateful to my parents whose valuable advice
and support has made this project a wonderful
experience.

INDEX
 Serial.no Content Page. No

1 Introduction 6

2 What is plant cell? 7

3 Plant cell diagram 8

4 Plant cell structure 9

5 Organelles 10-16

6 Plant cell functions 19

7 Summery 20-21

8 Bibliography 22

INTRODUCTION
“Plant cells are eukaryotic cells with a true nucleus
along with specialized structures called organelles that
carry out certain specific functions.”

Plant cells are eukaryotic cells that vary in several

fundamental factors from other eukaryotic organisms.
Both plant and animal cells contain nucleus along with
similar organelles. One of the distinctive aspects of a
plant cell is the presence of a cell wall outside the cell
membrane.

What is a Plant Cell?

Plant cells are eukaryotic cells that vary in several
fundamental factors from other eukaryotic organisms.
Both plant and animal cells contain a nucleus along
with similar organelles. One of the distinctive aspects
of a plant cell is the presence of a cell wall outside the
cell membrane.

Plant Cell Diagram

The plant cell is rectangular and comparatively larger
than the animal cell. Even though plant and animal cells
are eukaryotic and share a few cell organelles, plant
cells are quite distinct when compared to animal cells
as they perform different functions. Some of these
differences can be clearly understood when the cells are
examined under an electron microscope.

Plant Cell Structure

Plant cells have a cell wall, a large central vacuole, and
plastids such as chloroplasts. The cell wall is a rigid
layer that is found outside the cell membrane and
surrounds the cell, providing structural support and
protection.
Plant cell structure includes various components known
as cell organelles that perform different functions to
sustain itself.

Organelles Include:

1. Cell Wall
2. Cell membrane
 3. Nucleus
4. Plastids
5. Central Vacuole
6. Golgi Apparatus
7. Ribosomes
8. Mitochondria
9. Lysosome

Cell Wall

The cell wall is the outermost covering of plant cells.

The cell wall is present only in plants and in some
fungi, bacteria and algae. It is present outside the cell
membrane and is tough, flexible and sometimes rigid in
its texture. It is mainly composed of cellulose, long
fibres of carbohydrates including hemicellulose, lignin
and pectin.
The main functions of the cell wall are:
 Protecting the cell against physical damage and
invading pathogens.
 Cell wall controls and regulates the direction of cell
growth

Cell Membrane
The cell membrane is also known as the plasma
membrane. It is the outermost covering of animal cells.
It is a semi-permeable membrane composed of lipids
and proteins. The plasma membrane forms the
boundary between the outer environment and living
systems. The plasma membrane controls both the entry
and exit of both solute and solvent between the cell and
the environment.
The main functions of the plasma membrane or cell
membrane include:
 Protecting the integrity of the interior cell.
 Providing support and maintaining the shape of the
cell.
Nucleus

A nucleus is defined as a double-membraned

eukaryotic cell organelle that contains the genetic
material. The nucleus is a membrane-bound structure
that is present only in eukaryotic cells. The vital
function of a nucleus is to store DNA or hereditary
information required for cell division, metabolism and
growth.
Nucleolus: It manufactures cells’ protein-producing
structures and ribosomes.
Nucleopore: Nuclear membrane is perforated with holes
called nucleopore that allow proteins and nucleic acids
to pass through.

Plastids
They are membrane-bound organelles that have their own DNA. They
are necessary to store starch and to carry out the process of
photosynthesis. It is also used in the synthesis of many molecules,
which form the building blocks of the cell. Some of the vital types
of plastids and their functions are stated below:
Leucoplasts: They are found in the non-photosynthetic tissue of
plants. They are used for the storage of protein, lipid and starch.
Chloroplasts: It is an elongated organelle enclosed by phospholipid
membrane. The chloroplast is shaped like a disc and the stroma is the
fluid within the chloroplast that comprises a circular DNA. Each
chloroplast contains a green coloured pigment called chlorophyll
required for the process of photosynthesis. The chlorophyll absorbs
light energy from the sun and uses it to transform carbon dioxide and
water into glucose.
Chromoplasts: They are heterogeneous, coloured
plastid which is responsible for pigment synthesis and
for storage in photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms.
Chromoplasts have red, orange and yellow coloured
pigments which provide colour to all ripe fruits and
flowers.

Central Vacuole
It occupies around 30% of the cell’s volume in a mature
plant cell. Tonoplast is a membrane that surrounds the
central vacuole. The vital function of the central
vacuole apart from storage is to sustain turgor pressure
against the cell wall. The central vacuole consists of
cell sap. It is a mixture of salts, enzymes and other
substances.

Golgi Apparatus
They are found in all eukaryotic cells, which are
involved in distributing synthesised macromolecules to
various parts of the cell.

Ribosomes
They are the smallest membrane-bound organelles
which comprise RNA and protein. They are the sites for
protein synthesis, hence, also referred to as the protein
factories of the cell.

Mitochondria
They are the double-membraned organelles found in the
cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells. They provide energy
by breaking down carbohydrate and sugar molecules,
hence they are also referred to as the “Powerhouse of
the cell.”
Lysosome
Lysosomes are called suicidal bags as they hold
digestive enzymes in an enclosed membrane. They
perform the function of cellular waste disposal by
digesting worn-out organelles, food particles and
foreign bodies in the cell. In plants, the role of
lysosomes is undertaken by the vacuoles.

Plant Cell Types

Cells of a matured and higher plant become specialised to

perform certain vital functions that are essential for their
survival. Few plant cells are involved in the transportation of
nutrients and water, while others for storing food.
The specialised plant cells include parenchyma cells,
sclerenchyma cells, collenchyma cells, xylem cells and
phloem cells.
Following are some of the different types of plant cells:

Collenchyma Cells
They are hard or rigid cells, which play a primary role in
providing support to the plants when there is restraining
growth in a plant due to lack of hardening agent in primary
walls.
Sclerenchyma Cells
These cells are more rigid compared to collenchyma cells and
this is because of the presence of a hardening
agent.  These cells are usually found in all plant roots and
mainly involved in providing support to the plants.

Parenchyma Cells
Parenchyma cells play a significant role in all plants. They are
the living cells of plants, which are involved in the production
of leaves. They are also involved in the exchange of gases,
production of food, storage of organic products and cell
metabolism. These cells are typically more flexible than
others because they are thinner.

Xylem Cells
Xylem cells are the transport cells in vascular plants. They
help in the transport of water and minerals from the roots to
the leaves and other parts of the plants.

Phloem Cells
Phloem cells are other transport cells in vascular plants. They
transport food prepared by the leaves to different parts of the
plants.

Plant cell functions

Plant cells are the building blocks of plants.

Photosynthesis is the major function performed by plant
cells.
Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts of the plant
cell. It is the process of preparing food by the plants, by
utilising sunlight, carbon dioxide and water. Energy is
produced in the form of ATP in the process.
A few plant cells help in the transport of water and
nutrients from the roots and leaves to different parts of
the plants.

Sum m ary

Animals, fungi, and protists are made of at least one

eukaryotic cell. In contrast, bacteria and archaea are
made up of a single prokaryotic cell. Plant cells are
differentiated from the cells of other organisms by
their cell walls, chloroplasts, and central vacuole.

Chloroplasts are organelles that are crucial for plant cell

function. These are the structures that carry out
photosynthesis, using the energy from the sun to
produce glucose. In doing so, the cells use carbon
dioxide, and they release oxygen.
Other organisms, such as animals, rely on this oxygen
and glucose to survive. Plants are considered
autotrophic because they produce their own food and do
not have to consume any other organisms. Specifically,
plant cells are photoautotrophic because they use
light energy from the sun to produce
glucose. Organisms that eat plants and other animals
are considered heterotrophic.

The other components of a plant cell, the cell wall, and

central vacuole, work together to give the cell rigidity.
The plant cell will store water in the central vacuole,
which expands the vacuole into the sides of the
cell. The cell wall then pushes against the walls of
other cells, creating a force known as turgor
pressure. While animals rely on a skeleton for
structure, turgor pressure in plant cells allows plants to
grow tall and reach more sunlight.
BIBLIOGRAPHY

• CBSE guide

• NCERT biology textbook XII