Bioenergetics

Formative Assessment
A. Identification
Cells have specialized organelles for obtaining and harvesting energy. These organelles are the (1) mitochondria
in plants cells and (2) cells in animals.
Photosynthesis powers life on earth. Energy from the sun enters the planet in a continuous flow as it is transferred
from organisms to the next through (3) food chain which is the linear sequence of an organism through which
nutrients and energy pass as one organism eats another and (4) food webs consist of many interconnected linear
sequences and are more realistic representation of consumption relationships in ecosystems.
Photosynthesis occurs in two stages which are (5) light-dependent reactions occur in the thylakoid membrane
of the chloroplast and (6) light independent reactions, also known as Calvin cycle, occurs in the stroma of the
chloroplast.
Energy is produced with or without the presence of oxygen. Human harvests energy to power up life processes
by breaking down organic molecules from food. There are two pathways by which energy is harvested from food.
Imagine yourself climbing the first few floors of a building, your lungs and blood circulation help deliver oxygen
to your muscles such that (7) aerobic respiration could occur. The muscle cells are so special that they can switch
pathways in obtaining energy depending on the availability of oxygen. After climbing several more flights of
stairs, your lungs, heart, and blood vessels cannot supply muscle cells with enough oxygen they need. For this
reason, the body switches to a/an (8) anaerobic respiration.
Fermentation is important in the global recycling of (9) NAD+ molecules, helps with cellular respiration by which
your body releases energy stored in glucose, in the environment. Without the presence of anaerobic
microorganism, the earth would become (10) oxygen - poor and since microorganisms will not recycle nutrients
back into the soil and it will be filled with undecomposed organic matter. There would be little nutrients available
as raw material for photosynthesis to occur and neither human nor animals would survive in the long run.
B. Table Completion: Difference between Photosynthesis and Respiration
Comparative Features Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration
Occurs in.. Plants, Algae, and Photosynthetic Plants, Algae, and Photosynthetic
Bacteria Bacteria
Functions/Purpose Capture, convert and store energy Release energy
Reactants/Inputs Carbon dioxide and water Glucose and Oxygen
Metabolic process Anabolic Catabolic
Location Chloroplast Cytoplasm and Mitochondria
Source of energy Sunlight Glucose
Electron carriers NADPH NADH and FADH2
Stages Light dependent reactions Glycolysis, Pyruvate Oxidation,
Kreb’s Cycle, Electron Transport
Chain
C. Bioenergetics research is developing methods that will provide significant advances in allowing humans
to tackle challenges related to energy production and climate change. In what way can the concept of
bioenergetics be used to harness the energy that can be a precursor in diminishing climate change?
The study of energy is known as bioenergetics or biological thermodynamics. Bioenergy has been relegated
to the margins of climate-policy discussions for the past decade due to the environmental issues involved
with its production. However, recent technological advancements have made this option for supplying
sustainable, renewable energy not only viable but also necessary. In the face of climate change, ensuring
reliable renewable energy supplies to all who require it has become one of our time's most pressing
development challenges. Bioenergetics is a concept that can be utilized to harness the energy that can be a
forerunner to reducing climate change by harnessing the energy that is constantly changing in the environment
due to the metabolic processes of organisms. In most terrestrial systems, energy is widely acknowledged as
the primary limiting resource, and energetics is concerned with its acquisition and distribution. These energy
transformations are at the center of most biogeochemical cycles on Earth, allowing a diverse range of life-
sustaining ecosystem services to be provided. This concept can help to mitigate climate change by preserving
the ecosystem as a whole, and these ecosystems can help to mitigate climate change. Ecosystems help to
mitigate climate change by absorbing excess floodwater and protecting us from coastal erosion and extreme
weather events. Also, while scientists and researchers are implementing Bioenergetics, we as citizens of the
Earth must continue to do our daily tasks in reducing our carbon footprint, especially in these times when
scientists have warned that we may only have a few years before the effects of climate change become
irreversible, so while that is still in the future, we must act now, and our micro-efforts will somehow give out
a macro-effect as one united people saving our planet.

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Formative Assessment

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