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    Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects social interaction and communication. There were over 53 million cases of ASD globally in 2020. Early diagnosis can help with early intervention to improve cognitive and language skills. Researchers are studying biomarkers like brain responses to faces to better understand ASD. The Autism Biomarkers Consortium is working to validate biomarkers to define ASD subgroups. Neurotechnology may help with social skills training for people with ASD through virtual environments, though it is unclear if skills transfer to real-world contexts. Continued research into biomarkers and neurotechnology-based treatments can help target the underlying mechanisms of ASD.

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    Question 2

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    Safari Daniel
    38 views5 pages
    Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects social interaction and communication. There were over 53 million cases of ASD globally in 2020. Early diagnosis can help with early intervention to improve cognitive and language skills. Researchers are studying biomarkers like brain responses to faces to better understand ASD. The Autism Biomarkers Consortium is working to validate biomarkers to define ASD subgroups. Neurotechnology may help with social skills training for people with ASD through virtual environments, though it is unclear if skills transfer to real-world contexts. Continued research into biomarkers and neurotechnology-based treatments can help target the underlying mechanisms of ASD.

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    Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects social interaction and communication. There were over 53 million cases of ASD globally in 2020. Early diagnosis can help with early intervention to improve cognitive and language skills. Researchers are studying biomarkers like brain responses to faces to better understand ASD. The Autism Biomarkers Consortium is working to validate biomarkers to define ASD subgroups. Neurotechnology may help with social skills training for people with ASD through virtual environments, though it is unclear if skills transfer to real-world contexts. Continued research into biomarkers and neurotechnology-based treatments can help target the underlying mechanisms of ASD.

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    38 views5 pages

    Question 2

    Uploaded by

    Safari Daniel
    Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects social interaction and communication. There were over 53 million cases of ASD globally in 2020. Early diagnosis can help with early intervention to improve cognitive and language skills. Researchers are studying biomarkers like brain responses to faces to better understand ASD. The Autism Biomarkers Consortium is working to validate biomarkers to define ASD subgroups. Neurotechnology may help with social skills training for people with ASD through virtual environments, though it is unclear if skills transfer to real-world contexts. Continued research into biomarkers and neurotechnology-based treatments can help target the underlying mechanisms of ASD.

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    1

    Autism Spectrum Disorder

    By

    Date
    2

    Autism Spectrum Disorder

    Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) entails a neurobiological developmental disorder that may

    affect sensory processing, social interactions, and communication. According to van ’t Hof et al.

    (2021), there were 53 million ASD cases globally in 2020, representing a 1.85% prevalence rate.

    The detection criteria for autism can consider the extent of continuous deficit of general

    interaction across several contexts and restricted and repetitive patterns of interests, behaviors,

    and activities. Early ASD diagnosis may advance early intervention, enhancing cognitive and

    language abilities and mitigating symptoms. The essay highlights unique ways in which

    researchers may advance scientific investigations to improve the understanding of ASD.

    Researchers can study the biomarkers related to ASD, such as biological attributes that

    individuals may objectively measure, to enhance the scientific basis for comprehending the

    condition. Backman (2022) focuses on innovating unique biomarkers to develop new methods to

    assess the biology related to ASD. For example, Backman (2022) investigates how autistic

    people’s brains react to faces using a noninvasive net (electroencephalogram (EEG)) which

    contains small electrodes. Healthcare professionals place EEG over autistic people’s heads to

    quantify electrical brain responses related to facial recognition. According to Backman (2022),

    electrophysiological brain activity may occur at approximately 170 milliseconds among

    neurotypical people, while the response may delay in autistic individuals. However,

    investigations on autism are challenging since, although healthcare professionals discover

    various biomarkers, research on potential subjects has restricted reproducibility. Even though

    healthcare professionals may have multiple candidate biomarkers, they cannot comprehend how

    to apply them and for whom it may be appropriate. The challenges indicate the need for

    methodical biomarker investigation, such as the Autism Biomarkers Consortium for Clinical
    3

    Trials (ABC-CT). According to Backman (2022), the United States Food and Drug

    Administration (USFDA) adopted a biomarker reservation to validate and quantify biomarkers in

    2022, accepting ABC-CT, N170 delay for psychiatric condition into the program. The program’s

    aim is not to utilize the biomarkers as detection techniques but instead apply them to define

    autism subgroups. Even though various medications treat autism symptoms, such as repetitive

    and anxious behaviors, no medical interventions exist to assist individuals tussling with autism’s

    central features (Backman, 2022). Healthcare professionals can encourage various organizations,

    such as pharmaceutical companies and device manufacturers, to participate in autism

    intervention by innovating unique detection tools. Insufficient quantitative biomarkers may entail

    a disincentive for organizations to invest and participate in autism treatment.

    Neuro-technology entails telecommunications that may interact with the human brain. According

    to Damiano et al. (2014), neuro-technology in artificial intelligence involves adopting

    technology to impact the central nervous system, human perception, or thought. The integration

    of virtual avatars and thought-powered robots through brain-computer interface (BCI) has

    clinical use as healthcare professionals utilize the technology to manage symptoms of various

    conditions, such as degenerative disorders, anxiety, and paralysis. Neuro-technologies are

    portable and have limited side effect account and dosage restrictions. The qualities imply that

    clinically effective technological innovations may be well-disseminated and translational.

    According to Damiano et al. (2014), autistic individuals have an affinity to computers and

    technology as students with ASD are motivated to study using computer-based guides relative to

    in-person and conventional instruction. The social reciprocity deficiency of ASD may be

    challenging to resolve in a meaningful and durable manner using conventional clinical

    approaches. According to Damiano et al. (2014), physiological anxiety and over-arousal in the
    4

    context of autistic people limit clinical sustainability and impact. Communication may be more

    predictable, controllable, and less stressful in virtual interaction than in human-to-human social

    interactions. However, it is unclear how social interaction capabilities acquired in a virtual

    environment deciphered into a naturalistic reality context (Damiano et al., 2014). The pervasive

    impairments and diffuse etiology in ASD can be the key reason why BCI neuro-technological

    approach may apply to autistic people. According to Damiano et al. (2014), psychosocial

    interventions that target particular behaviors may be less effective than treatments that target

    proximal and central procedures from which several symptoms emerge. For example, loss of

    facial emotion recognition (FER) is common among autistic people, yet healthcare professionals

    cannot explain how the deficits can contribute to the deterioration of social functioning.

    Rehabilitating FER deficits may improve behaviors, including social competencies, emotion

    regulation, and expressed empathy (Damiano et al., 2014). Healthcare professionals should

    explore neuro-technologies to translate ASD symptoms mediators to clinical treatments as it

    facilitates tight experimental control when determining deficit levels during the intervention

    process.

    Applied and developmental research in the neuro-technologies and biomarkers related to ASD

    must complement investigations on traditional interventions. The approaches can facilitate a

    client-responsive and theoretically grounded treatment that may target primary mechanisms

    relative to existing pharmacological and psychosocial interventions. Even though there has been

    an unprecedented transformation in comprehension of ASD genetics, early intervention and

    detection, and neurobiology, the ASD prevalence indicates a need for continued discoveries to

    translate unique research findings and innovations into effective treatments for autistic

    individuals.
    5

    References

    Backman, I. (2022). The Biology Behind Autism Spectrum Disorder. Yale School of

    Medicine. https://medicine.yale.edu/news-article/yale-researcher-seeks-to-understand-

    the-biology-behind-autism-spectrum-disorder//

    Damiano, C. R., Mazefsky, C. A., White, S. W., & Dichter, G. S. (2014). Future Directions for

    Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent

    Psychology, 43(5).

    van ’t Hof, M., Tisseur1, C., Berckelear-Onnes, I. v., Nieuwenhuyzen, A. v., Daniels, A. M.,

    Deen, M., Hoek, H. W., & Ester1, W. A. (2021). Age at autism spectrum disorder

    diagnosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis from 2012 to 2019. Autism, 25(4).

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