Tajweed Final Nov 2020

Haydari Madrasah Tajweed Qur’an Reading
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In the Name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Merciful
HAYDARI MADRASAH
(NAIROBI)
QUR’AN READING
TAJWEED
Class 8, Qamar & Shams
ٍ‫لذ ۡك ِر فَهَ ۡل ِم ۡن ُم َد ِكر‬

ِ ِ ‫ول َ َق ۡد ي َ َس ۡرنَا ال ۡ ُق ۡراٰن ل‬
َ َ
‘And We have indeed made the Qur’an easy to understand and remember,
Then is there any that will remember (or receive admonition)?’
Appears 4 times in SURAH QAMAR
CHAPTER 54 - AYAH 17, 22, 32, 40
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DUA E FARAJ
O Allah, send blessings on Mohammad (saw) and his progeny
O Allah be now and at all times for your deputy Hujjat Ibn Al-Hassan
May Your blessings be upon him and his ancestors
In this hour and in every hour
Master, protector, guide, helper, proof and guard
Until he resides peacefully on your earth
And let him enjoy (Your bounties) for a long time (to come)
By your Mercy, O Most Merciful of the Merciful ones
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BEAUTIFUL SHORT DUA
Bismillahir Rahmaanir Rahim
Allahummar Zukna bikulli harfin minal Qur’aani halawa
Wa bi kulli kalimatin karama
Wa bi kulli Aayatin sa’aada
Wa bi kulli suuratin salama
Wa bi kulli juz in jaza
Bi fazlika, wa judika, wa karamika, Ya Arhamar Rahimeen
Wa sal lallaho alaa Sayyidina Mohammad
Wa alaa aalihi tayyibiinat tahireen
==================================================================
In the Name of Allah, The Most Kind, The Most Merciful
O Allah, Grant us Grace through every letter of the Holy Qur’an
Honour through every Word,
Happiness through every Ayat,
Security and peace though every Sura,
and reward through every Juz
By Your Grace, Generosity and Kindness
O, The Most Merciful of the Merciful
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Foreword September, 2020
With the Grace of the Almighty, the Haydari Madrasah presents this final
compilation from a series of guidebooks on the recitation of the Holy Qur’an. This
handbook fully concentrates on Tajweed of the Holy Qur’an, its rules & regularities.
It is our hope that we will achieve the aim of instilling the love and Ma’refah of the
Holy Qur’an and the Ahlul Bayt (as) in the hearts of our children and inculcate within
them the correct way of reciting the Holy Scripture.
We pray to the Almighty to accept our humble effort and would like to express our
sincere gratitude to all those who worked extremely hard in making this happen.
Quran Reading Department
Haydari Madrasah (Nairobi)
hmn@saaj.co.ke
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NO COPYRIGHT September, 2020
These manuals on Qur’an reading, have been prepared to especially assist parents,
teachers and students, who wish to teach and/or learn to recite the Holy Qur’an in
the required manner.
Please note that there is NO COPYRIGHT in regards to the reproducing these

manuals as long as the aim above is being fulfilled. Therefore there is NO
requirement of a written permission from Haydari Madrasah – Nairobi, for
reproducing this book for Madaris or personal use.
In case only part of this manual is reproduced, or the material therein edited in any
manner, we request that any and all references to Haydari Madrasah Nairobi, be
removed.
We do request however, that the manuals reproduced should NOT be for profit /
commercial purposes. The cost of reproducing this manual may be recovered.
Qur’an Reading Department
Haydari Madrasah (Nairobi)
hmn@saaj.co.ke
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TOPIC – CONTENTS 1 PAGE
General Information
About the Holy Qur’an 
Titles 
Sanctity and Respect 
Wudhoo 
Sayings from the Aimma 
Benefits 
Scientific facts 
Language and Numbers 
Sections 
Sujood 
In the Holy Qur’an 
Isti’aadha and Bismillah 
Huruf ‘ul Muqatta’at 
Silent Letters 
The 7 Alifaaat (7 Alifs) 
Lahn – Mistakes in Qur’an Reading 
Tajweed - Introduction 
Tajweed - Makharij Al Huroof 
1) Al Jawf – The Oral Cavity 
2) Al Halq – The Throat 
3) Al Lisaan – The Tongue 
4) Ash Shafatain – The Lips 
5) Al Khayshoom – The Nasal Cavity 
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TOPIC – CONTENTS 2 PAGE

Tajweed - Sifat Al Huroof 
As Sifaatal Laazima – Permanent – with Opposites 
1) Hams - Jahr 
2) Shiddah - Tawassut - Rakhawah 
3) Isti’laa - Istefaal 
4) Itbaaq - Infitah 
5) Ismaat - Idhlaq 
As Sifaatal Laazima - Permanent - Without Opposites 
As-Safeer, Al-Qalqalah, Al-Leen, Al-Inhiraf, Al-Takrir, 
Al-Tafash-shee,Al-Istitaalah, Ghunnah, Nabrah
Tajweed - Exercising the Tongue 
Tahqeeq – Tahdeer – Tadweer 
Tajweed - Ahkam Al Huroof 
1) Rules of Laam 
2) Rules of Nun Sakin & Tanween 
3) Rules of Nun & Meem Mushaddadah 
4) Rules of Meem Sakin 
5) Rules of Other Idh’gham 
6) Rules of Nun Qutni 
7) Rules of Raa 
8) Rules of Maddah 
9) Rules of Haa 
10) Rules of Hamza 
11) Al-Waqf 
Exceptions in the Holy Qur’an 
Tajweed Terminology 
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GENERAL
INFORMATION
ABOUT
THE HOLY QUR’AN
Dua of our 4th Imam Zainul Abedin (as):
“O Allah, make the Qur’an a ladder by which I
May climb to the place of safety”.
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A B O U T T H E H O L Y Q U R’ A N
The Holy Qur’an is a compilation of revelations, sent by Allah (swt), to the Holy Prophet
Muhammad (saw) over a period of 23 years. It is the main scripture for all Muslims, and
contains guidance, laws, commands, religious philosophy, history of previous generations
and codes of conduct for social and moral behavior. It also contains details about the
nature of the spiritual world, scientific facts and prophecies.
The Holy Qur’an is made The Juz are further All Surahs, except Surah
up of 30 parts divided into 114 chapters Al-Tawba, begin with
“Bismillahir Rahmaanir
(known as Juz) (known as Surahs) Rahim”
Some Surahs speak about

“Bismillahir Rahmaanir Rahim” meaning: “In The Name
specific laws, eg. Surah
of Allah, The Most Gracious, and The Most Merciful” is
An-Nisa speaks about the
repeated 114 times in the Holy Qur’an
laws of marriage.
The Holy Qur’an was revealed over a period of 23 years. Two-third of the Qur’an was
revealed in Mecca over a period of 13 years and one-third of the Holy Qur’an was
revealed in Madina over a period of 10 years.
Surah Al-Baqarah Surah Al-Kawthar

Milk is the best Honey is the best
is the longest is the shortest
drink mentioned in food mentioned in
surah in the surah in the
the Qur’an. the Qur’an.
Qur’an Qur’an
Mary (Maryam) is the only woman mentioned by name in the Surah Yaseen is
Holy Qur’an. An entire chapter is dedicated in her name, called the 'Heart
Chapter 19 – Surah Maryam. of the Qur’an'
The best night is the Night of Power in Ramadhan (Laylatul Qadr) which falls on any
day of the last ten days of the Holy month of Ramadhan, mostly on the odd nights. It
was at this time, that the first verses of the Qur’an were revealed to Prophet
Muhammad (saw) in a cave.
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A B O U T T H E H O L Y Q U R’ A N…………Continued
The Qur'an has a

For every letter of the
complete code of life for Surah Al-Ikhlas is
Qur’an that is recited, or
human beings living in this considered as one-third
that is heard, 10 rewards
world. It is NOT for the of the Whole Qur’an
are granted per letter.
Muslims only
“READ” is the first command that was revealed to The Qur’an will intercede
Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) - which is the core of the for people on the day of
Qur’an - to read, gain knowledge, to question, to Judgement, for those who
contemplate the verses and the signs of Allah (swt) had recited it.
The Qur’an is the Final Revelation from the Almighty Allah (swt). The previous books
were The Torah - Tawreth (given to Prophet Moses PBUH), The Psalms – Zabur (given
to Prophet David PBUH) and the Gospel – Bible (Given to Prophet Jesus PBUH)
Reading even one verse of the Qur’an in the Holy month of Ramadhan, is equal
to reading the entire Qur’an in other months.
The Qur’an will testify against the people on the day of Judgement, for not reciting it.
Imam Ja’far ibne Muhammad as-Sadiq (as) has said:
“The Qur’an is the trust of Allah (given) to His creations,

Therefore, it is desirable for every Muslim to look at this trust
and to recite (a minimum of) 50 ayat (verses)
of the Qur’an everyday.”
Usulul Kafi, Volume 2, Page 609
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SOME TITLES OF THE HOLY QUR’AN
AL - KITAB AL - FURQAN AL - DHIKR

The Book The Criterion The Reminder
AL - BAYAN AL - BURHAN AL - HAQQ
The The Argument The Truth

Explanation
AL - HUDA AL - HIKMAT AL - TANZIL

The Guide The Wisdom The
Revelation
AL - HUKM AL - NOOR AL - RAHMAT
The The Light The Mercy

Judgement
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PRESERVING THE SANCTITY AND RESPECT OF THE HOLY QUR’AN

Wudhoo (ablution) is a powerful and an indispensable step of worshipping that gives us
peace in the heart and empowers us spiritually. It is a mode of cleaning spiritual and
material impurities within us. Wudhoo soothes fury, eliminates anger and calms the spirit.
Recommendations for reciting the Holy Qur’an:
1.) Do Wudhoo. If you want to touch the letters and words of the Holy Qur’an,
Wudhoo is compulsory. Brush your teeth in order to have fresh breath. Apply
fragrance. Be in a state of cleanliness.
2.) Sit respectfully and face the Qibla (The Holy Kaaba, in Mecca). Do not stretch
your legs out and avoid talking when reciting the Holy Qur’an.
3.) Looking at the verses when reciting is recommended, although reciting from
memory is allowed. The recitation should be accurate.
4.) Start recitation with:
َّ ‫َا ُع ْوذُبِاهَّللِ ِم َن‬
‫الش ْي َطا ِن ال َّر ِج ْيم‬
“I seek Allah’s Protection from Shaitan, the accursed”
‫بِ ْس ِم اهَّللِ ال َّر ْح ٰم ِن ال َّرح ِْي ِم‬

“In the name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Merciful”
5.) Recite the Holy Qur’an clearly and distinctly without rushing in a melodious voice.
When alone recite it aloud, but in public; the voice should not be raised to such
an extent where your recital will disturb others, who are also engaged in some
form of worship, unless one is reciting the Qur’an to them.
6.) Do not leave the Qur’an open and unattended. Recite it with undivided attention.
7.) The reader must ponder on the verses, to understand the depths of the Qur’an.
8.) The Niyyat when reciting should be, to gain the pleasure of Allah.
9.) The Qur’an must always be placed in an elevated position such as a stand, desk or
pillow. Do not place the Qur’an on the carpet or any place on which people stand
or sit. Do not pile other books on top of the Holy Qur’an, although numerous
Qur’an can be piled on top of each other.
10.) Be regular with your recitation (daily), recite it correctly (making every effort
to learn and apply the Tajweed rules)
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W U D H O O
WUDHOO IS WAJIB FOR: WUDHOO IS SUNNAT FOR:
 Praying Salaah  Salaah for the Mayyit

 Touching the Arabic writing of the  Going to bed
Holy Qur’an  Touching the names of the
 Touching the names of Allah (swt) and Imams
His Attributes  Visiting the graveyard
 Tawaf-e-Wajib of the Holy Kaaba in  Entering the mosque
Mecca
CONDITIONS OF WUDHOO:
1.) The face, hands, head and feet (which are called organs of wudhoo) must be tahir
at the time of wudhoo.
2.) The place of wudhoo must be Mubah (the permission of the owner is taken)
3.) The water of wudhoo must be Tahir (clean), Mutlaq (pure, not mixed) and Mubah
(taken with permission).
4.) The pot in which the water of wudhoo is kept must be Mubah and should not be
made of silver or gold.
5.) Niyyat should be made: “I am doing Wudhoo for the pleasure of Allah (swt),
Qurbatan Illallah”
6.) Remove any tight rings, tight jewellery or nail varnish.
7.) Wudhoo should be done by yourself, you cannot be assisted to do Wudhoo.
8.) Tartib (step by step) should be followed. We have to follow the procedure of
Wudhoo, ie. first the face, then arms (NOT arms first and then the face)
9.) Muwalat (without any gap) should be followed. The Wudhoo should be done in a
continuous way and completed. One CANNOT do part of it, take a break and then
continue.
THINGS THAT BREAK OUR WUDHOO (MAKE IT BATIL - NOT VALID)
 Going to the toilet for a short or long call

 Passing wind (stomach wind)
 Sleeping or becoming unconscious
 Doing anything that makes Ghusl obligatory
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WUDHOO………………step by step
‫س ُك ْم َو أَ ْر ُجلَ ُك ْم إِلَی ا ْل َك ْعبَین‬
ِ ‫س ُحوا بِ ُر ُؤ‬
َ ‫ام‬ ِ ِ‫سلُوا ُو ُجو َه ُك ْم َو أَیدِی ُك ْم إِلَی ا ْل َمراف‬
ْ ‫ق َو‬ ِ ‫یا أَیهَا الَّذینَ آ َمنُوا إِذا قُ ْمت ُ ْم إِلَی الصَّال ِة فَا ْغ‬
"When you stand up for prayer, wash your faces and your hands up to the elbows, and wipe a part
of your heads and your feet, up to the ankles." - Qur'an chapter 5 : Ayah 6
ACTION IMAGE DUA taught by Imam Ali (as) to

be recited at various stages of
Wudhoo
Before starting Wudhoo [I am doing this Wudhoo] in the

name of Allah and for the sake of
Allah; all praise be to Allah who made
the water pure and did not make it
impure.
Niyyat: Intention in your I begin in the name of Allah (swt)

heart and Bismillah I am performing wudhoo for the
pleasure of Allah (swt) and to seek
closeness to Him
Sunnat Action: O Allah place me among those who

Washing of hands ask for forgiveness and among those
who are pure
Sunnat Action: Gargling O Allah, enable me to answer

Rinse your mouth 3 times correctly on the day of meeting you
and open my tongue for your praise
Sunnat Action: Allah! Do not deprive me from the

Rinsing the nose 3 times smell of the Paradise, and place me
among those who will sniff its smell,
its essence and perfume.
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WUDHOO.........continued
Wajib Action: O Allah! Brighten my face on the day

Washing the face You will disgrace the faces; and do
Recommended to wash not disgrace my face on the day You
twice will brighten the faces
Wajib Action: O Allah! Give me my scroll of deeds

Washing the Right arm in my right hand and (the certificate
Recommended to wash of) permanency in Paradise on my
twice – a little above the left; and do the reckoning of my
elbow to the fingertips account leniently.
(Men from the back of the
elbow and women from the
front of the elbow)
O Allah! Do not give me my scroll of
Wajib Action: deeds in my left hand nor on my back;
Washing the Left arm and do not make it strap around my
Recommended to wash neck. And I seek refuge with You
twice from the fierce fire.
Wajib Action: O Allah! Cover me with Your mercy,

Masah of the head Your blessings and Your pardon.
(Wiping the head with one
finger or with three fingers
together of the right hand)
Wajib Action: O Allah, keep me steadfast (firm) on

Masah of the feet my path on the day when the feet
(Wiping the right foot with shall slip; and make my efforts (in
the wet right hand and the the way) that will please you - O the
left foot with the wet left Master of power and honour.
hand – from the big toe to
the ankle)
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SAYINGS FROM THE AIMAA REGARDING THE HOLY QUR’AN……1
“When the Qur’an is being recited, listen to it and be attentive………………” (7:204)

If you are busy with something else then at least do not disturb the recitation by
talking or making noise. There is great reward for listening to the Qur’an.
Imam Ali Zaynul ‘Aabideen (as) said: “Whoever listens to a letter of the book
of Allah, the Glorious and Almighty, without even reading it, Allah will write down
for him one good deed, forgive a sin, and raise him a degree”.
It was the practice of unbelievers in Mecca to make a lot of noise so that others
could not listen to the Qur’an (41:26). Do not be like them and instead lend your
ears to the Qur’an and give it respect. We often wish that God would talk to us.
One way to achieve this, is by reading the Qur’an.
Prophet Muhammad (saw): said: “Lo, Whoever has longing for Allah should listen
to the word of Allah” Prophet Muhammad (saw) said: “Whenever one of you would
like to talk to his Lord, he should read the Qur’an”.
The Qur’an should be recited regularly. It is disrespectful to keep the Holy Qur’an
unread.
Prophet Muhammad (saw) said: “Brighten your homes with reciting Qur’an; do not
turn them into graves. Surely the house in which a lot of recitation takes place
enjoys many blessings and the members benefit from it. Such a household shines
for the inhabitants of Heaven as stars shine to the inhabitants of the earth”.
On the Day of Judgment the Prophet (SAW), will complain to Allah about some
Muslims who had abandoned the Qur’an (25:30).
Another Hadith of the Prophet (saw) says: “Indeed hearts rust in the same
way irons rust”. He was asked: “What will polish the hearts?” The Prophet
answered: “Reading the Qur’an”.
The more Qur’an we read the better it is. We should discipline ourselves to read
a good portion of Qur’an daily. Shaytan would like us not to read, understand and
study the Qur’an. Let us fight him with all our strength and faith.
Imam Ali (AS) said: “He who recites 100 verses daily from the Book in the order
it is in, Allah writes for him the reward equal to all the good actions of every one
on this earth”. Imam Ja‘far As-Sadiq (as) said: There is nothing more
unpleasant to Shaytan than to see a man reading the Qur’an to gain insight.
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Children should get familiarized with the Qur’an early in their lives.
Imam as-Sadiq (as) said: “He who recites Qur’an while he is young, Qur’an mixes
with his flesh and his blood, and Allah places him amongst the blessed and the chosen
righteous. On the Day of Judgment, Qur’an shall become his defender and [pray for
him a handsome reward.]”
It is also the right and respect of the Qur’an that those who have the knowledge
of the Qur’an should teach it to others. This is among the noblest acts.
Prophet Muhammad (saw) said: “The best of you is he who learns the Qur’an and
teaches it”.
Take the interpretations of the Qur’an from the Holy Prophet (SAW) and the
Imams from his family, i.e. the Ahlul-Bayt (AS).
Imam Hasan al-‘Askari (as) quoting Prophet Muhammad (SAW) said: “Recite
it (i.e. the Qur’an) as Allah gives you ten rewards for each letter that you recite
from it”. Then the Imam (as) said: “Do you know who really holds fast to it and
reaches to such honor and reward? He is the person who takes Qur’an and its
interpretation from us the Ahlul-Bayt (as) or from the deputies that we send to
our followers, and takes it’s (interpretation) neither from the opinions of those
who argue (on the speech of Allah) nor from the analogy of those who compare
(different parts of the speech of Allah)”.
Read from the Qur’an by looking at the writings instead of reciting from your
memory. In a Hadith from one of our Imams it is said that mere looking at the
writings of the Qur’an carries reward.
Recite the Qur’an slowly, Allah (swt) said to the Prophet (SAW):
“do not move your tongue with it (Qur’an) to make haste therein” (75:16).
The ayat of the Qur’an should be recited in slow tones with each word being
pronounced clearly. The Prophet (saw) advised Muslims not be concerned about
finishing a Surah when reciting the Qur’an.
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Perform Wudhoo before you prepare to read the Qur’an. Allah says:
“None can touch it (the Qur’an) save the purified ones” (56:79).
Once Imam Ja‘far As-Sadiq (as) asked his son Ismaa‘eel to read the Qur’an. The
latter said that he was not in Wudhoo. The Imam said in that case he could recite
it but should not touch the writings of the Qur’an.
Therefore, it is advisable to use a stick or pen to point to the words or sentences

of the Qur’an you are reading, if you are not in Wudhoo.
It is the right and respect of the Qur’an that it should be followed.
Imam Ja‘far Sadiq (as) said: “Lo, One, who learns the Qur’an, teaches it and
practices according to it, I will guide and lead him to Paradise”.
Be Humble when reciting the Qur’an. The Prophet (saw) says that the best
reciter is he who is humble when reciting the Qur’an and realizes his own
insignificance. Some people exhibit their insignificance and the awe of talking to
Allah through weeping. This is a good sign.
Prophet Muhammad (saw) said: “Eyes that weep when reciting the Qur’an will
be shining with delight on the Day of Resurrection”.
Interact with the Qur’an. Imam Ja‘far As-Sadiq (as) says that it is
important to react to the ayat of the Qur’an when reciting it. When we come
across ayat on Paradise, Mercy and Grace of Allah, Good Outcome in the
hereafter, we should hope for these in our hearts. On the other hand if we
are reading ayat that warn us about the punishment, fire, Hell, etc. we should
pray to be saved from these.
Open your heart and mind to the Qur’an and ponder over what you read. Allah
(SWT) often invites us to think and ponder over the contents of the Qur’an.
“Do they not then think deeply in the Qur’an, or are their hearts locked
up?” (47:24)
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SOME BENEFITS OF RECITING THE HOLY QUR’AN
Reading and
The Qur'an will The Qur'an will
reflecting over
be a proof for intercede for
the Qur'an
you on the day you on the day
fulfils an
of Judgement of Judgement
Islamic Duty
There are 10
Your status in You will be from rewards for
this life will be the best of the each letter you
raised people recite from the
Holy Qur'an
The reciters of Your position in The Qur'an will

the Qur'an will Paradise is lead you to
be in the determined with Paradise
company of the your
noble and understanding
obedient angels with Qur'an
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SCIENTIFIC FACTS FROM THE HOLY QUR’AN…………………………………………………..1
The Book of Allah (SWT) is like an ocean. The less learned, like children, collect pebbles
and shells from its shores. The scholars and thinkers, like pearl divers, bring out from it
the highest philosophy, wisdom and rules of a perfect way of living.
SKY AS A PROTECTOR
The sky protects the earth from the lethal rays of the sun by filtering harmful ultraviolet
radiations, destroying most meteors that pass through it. Earth’s atmosphere also provides
oxygen to humans and animals and carbon dioxide to plants.
If the sky did not exist then the sun’s radiation would have killed off all life on earth. It also
acts like a blanket wrapped around the earth, to protect it from the freezing cold of space.
The temperature just above the sky is approximately -270 degrees Centigrade. If this
temperature was to reach earth then the planet would freeze over instantly. The sky also
protects life on earth by warming the surface through heat retention.
“We made the sky a protective ceiling. And yet they are turning away from Our signs!”
(Quran 21:32)
ORIGIN OF LIFE - WATER
“We made every living thing from water? will they not then believe?” [Quran, 21:30]
Allah (swt) mentions water as the basic element of the creation of every living thing. Science
now proves that every living thing is made up of cells which consist of 80% cytoplasm, which
in simple terms is “water”.
THE PRESENCE OF IRON

Iron is not natural to the earth. It did not form on the earth but came down to earth from
outer space. This may sound strange but it’s true. Scientists have found that billions of years
ago the earth was stuck by meteorites. These meteorites were carrying Iron from distant
stars which had exploded, dispersed & immersed in different parts of the earth.
(M. E. Walrath, History of the Earth’s Formation)
“We sent down Iron wherein is mighty power and (many) uses for mankind.” (Quran 57:25)
EXPANSION OF UNIVERSE
The fact that the universe is expanding was discovered in the last century. The physicist
Stephen Hawking in his book ‘A Brief History of Time’ writes, “The discovery that the
universe is expanding was one of the great intellectual revolutions of the 20th century.”
“And it is We who have built the universe with [Our creative] power and keep expanding it.”
[ Quran, 51:47]
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
SUN’S ORBIT
The belief that the Sun is stationary was widespread amongst astronomers until the 20th
century. It is now a well-established scientific fact that the Sun is not stationary, but is
moving in an orbit around the centre of our Milky Way galaxy.
“It is He who created night and day, the sun and the moon, each floating in its orbit.”
[Quran, 21:33]
SEAS AND OCEANS

Modern Science has discovered that in the places where two different seas meet, there is a
barrier between them. This barrier divides the two seas so that each sea has its own
temperature, salinity, density and oxygen dissolubility.
[Principles of Oceanography, Davis, pp. 92-93]
“He has set free the two seas meeting together. There is a barrier between them. They do
not transgress.” (Quran, 55:19-20).
“He is the one who has set free the two kinds of water, one sweet and palatable, and the
other salty and bitter. And he has made between them a barrier and a forbidding partition.”
(Qur’an 25:53)
MOUNTAINS
A book titled ‘Earth’ by Geophysicist Frank Press (Earth - ISBN 0716717433 - by Press,
Frank, Siever, Raymond. W.H. Freeman, c1986.) explains that mountains are like stakes, and
extend deep under the surface of the earth. Mount Everest, the height of which is
approximately 9 km above ground, has a root deeper than 125 km.
“Did we not make the earth a resting place? and the mountains as stakes?”
[Quran, 78:6-7]
SKIN PAIN RECEPTORS

For a long time it was thought that the sense of feeling and pain was dependent on the brain.
However, it has been discovered that there are pain receptors present in the skin. Without
these pain receptors, a person would not be able to feel pain.
“Those who disbelieve in Our verses, We will drive them into a fire, every time their skins
are roasted We will replace their skins with other new skins so that they may taste the
torture. Allah is ever Exalted in Might and Wise.” [Quran 4:56]
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DEEP SEAS AND INTERNAL WAVES

It is commonly thought that waves only occur on the surface of the ocean. However,
oceanographers have discovered that there are internal waves that take place below the
surface of the ocean. These waves are invisible to the human eye, and can only be detected
by specialist equipment.
The darkness is found around a depth of 200 meters and below where there is almost no
light. Below a depth of 1,000 meters there is no light at all. The deeper waters have a higher
density than the waters above them. When it mentions ‘waves above waves’, it is clear that
the second set of waves are the surface waves that we can see.
“Or as darkness on a vast, abysmal sea. There covereth him a wave, above which is a wave,
above which is a cloud. Layer upon layer of darkness. When he holdeth out his hand he is
almost unable to see it. And he for whom Allah hath not appointed light, for him there is no
light” [Qur’an, 24:40]
LYING RELATED TO THE CEREBRUM

During the time of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh), there was a cruel and oppressive tribal leader
named Abu Jahl. Allah revealed the following verses to warn him:
“No! If he does not stop, We will take him by the ‘Naseyah’ (front of the head), a lying, sinful
naseyah (front of the head)” - Qur’an 96: 15 – 16
Note Allah (swt) describes the front of the head as being lying and sinful, rather than saying
that the person was lying and sinful. This ayah draws a relationship between the front of the
head with lying and sinfulness.
A book titled ‘Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology’ which includes the results of research
on the functions of this area states: “The motivation and the foresight to plan and initiate
movements occur in the anterior portion of the frontal lobes, the prefrontal area. The part
of the brain that is responsible for movement is said to be seized if the man does not stop.
Secondly, numerous studies have shown that this same region (frontal lobe) is responsible
for the lying function of the brain.
One such study at the University of Pennsylvania in which volunteers were asked questions
during a computerized interrogation, it was found that when the volunteers were lying there
was significantly increased activity in the prefrontal and premotor cortices.
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WORMHOLES
General relativity explains a mechanism to shrink huge distances into few meters. Albert
Einstein called this mechanism ‘bridges’ in space and time. Today scientists call them
wormholes. A wormhole acts as a shortcut connecting two distant regions in the universe.
Allah made wormholes so that angels can transport in the universe through them.
The Qur’an calls them “ma’arij” and describes how angels use them for long distance travel.
Today, Muslims believe that these “ma’arij” are what scientists call wormholes.
“Someone asked about the penalty that will befall the unbelievers; (A penalty) that has
none to ward off; (a penalty) from Allah (who owns) wormholes (Ma’arij in Arabic) The
angels and the Spirit ascend to Him in a day, the measure of which is 50 thousand years.”
(Qur’an 70: 1-4)
THE MOVEMENT OF MOUNTAINS
“You will see the mountains you reckoned to be solid, going past like clouds.” (Qur’an 27:88)
In this verse, Allah says that mountains are not motionless as they seem, but are in constant
motion. It was discovered at the beginning of the 20th century as a result of the geological
research, that this motion of the mountains is caused by the movement of the Earth’s crust
that ‘floats’ over the mantle layer, which is denser. There is another important point to be
stated here that Allah has referred to the motion of mountains as a ‘drifting motion’. Today,
scientists also use the term “Continental Drift” for this motion.
THE PROPORTION OF RAIN
According to Qur’an, rain is sent down to Earth in due measure;

“It is He who sends down water in due measure from the sky by which We bring a dead land
back to life. That is how you too will be raised (from the dead).” (Qur’an 43:11)
Modern science has discovered this measured quantity of rain. It is estimated that in one
second, approximately 16 million tons of water evaporates from the Earth. This figure
amounts to 513 trillion tons of water in one year. This number is equal to the amount of rain
that falls on the Earth in one year. This means that water continuously circulates in a
balanced cycle (in a measure). Life on Earth depends on this water cycle.
Even a minor deviation in this equilibrium would very soon give rise to a major ecological
imbalance that would bring about the end of life on Earth.
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LANGUAGE AND NUMBERS OF THE HOLY QUR’AN

LANGUAGE OF THE HOLY QUR’AN
Quranic Arabic is the language in which the Quran is written. Quranic Arabic is also called
classical Arabic. As the Quran was written as early as the 6th century A.D., the language
will be slightly different from the Arabic of today.
Quranic or classical Arabic is based on the medieval dialects of Arab tribes. The sentence
structure is the same as in the modern standard Arabic used today. The groupings, context
and some of the words used are vastly different. There are some minor differences in
grammar and punctuation of words between the Quranic and modern standard versions of
Arabic.
The Arabic language is read and written from Right to Left.
ENGLISH LANGUAGE – Left to Right ARABIC LANGUAGE – Right to Left
Writing and Reading Writing and Reading
EGYPT ‫مصر‬
NUMBERS IN THE HOLY QUR’AN
Unlike the Arabic Language, Arabic numbers are written in the same way as English
numbers, from left to right, see the below sample
ENGLISH & ARABIC NUMBERS – Left to Right
Writing and Reading
NOT 25 (It is 52)

52 = ٥٢
NOT 251 (It is 152)

152 = ١٥ ٢
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ARABIC NUMBERING RULES
0 sifr ‫صفر‬ 1 wa-hid ‫واحد‬ 2 eth-naan ‫اثنان‬

3 Tha-la-thah ‫ثلثة‬ 4 ar-ba-’ah ‫أربعة‬ 5 kham-sah ‫خمسة‬
6 Sit-tah ‫ستة‬ 7 sab-’ah ‫سبعة‬ 8 tha-maa-niy-yah ‫ثمانية‬
9 tis-’ah ‫تسعة‬ 10 ‘a-sha-rah ‫عشرة‬
The tens are based on the root of the digit names, suffixed by “UN” or “EEN” except for
the ten.
20 – a’ishroon or 40 – arba’aoon or 60 – sittoon or 80 – thamanoon or

20 – Ishreen 40 – arba’ain 60 - sitteen 80 - thamaneen
30 – thalaathoon or 50 – khamsoon or 70 – sab’aoon or 90 – tis’aoon or

30 – Thalaateen 50 - khamseen 70 – saba’ain 90 – tis’ain
From Eleven to nineteen, compound numbers are formed by stating the unit, then a form
of the word for ten.
11 – ahada a’ashar 14 – arba’ata a‘ashar 17 – sab’aata a‘ashar

12 – ethnaa a‘ashar 15 – khamsata a‘ashar 18 – thamaniyata a‘ashar
13 – thalaathata a‘ashar 16 – sittata a‘ashar 19 – tis’aata a‘ashar
Hundreds are formed by stating the multiplier digit before the word for hundred, except
for one hundred itself
100 – mia’a 200 – miataan/miateen 300 – thalatha ta mia

400 – arba’a ta mia 500 – khamsa ta mia 600 – sitta ta mia
700 – sab’a mia 800 – thamaniya ta mia 900 – tis’a mia
1,000 – alf
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SECTIONS IN THE HOLY QUR’AN

The Holy Qur’an is divided into Parts, Chapters, Paragraphs and Sentences as below:
JUZ (30 PARTS)

SURAH
(114 CHAPTERS)
RUKU
(PARAGRAPH - 558)
AYAH (VERSE)
6,236 verses
JUZ (Plural – Ajza) – The Muslims have divided the Holy Qur’an into
(30 PARTS) 30 equal parts called Juz’u in Arabic. This division is just for
convenience, so a person who wishes to recite the Holy Qur’an in
one month may do so by reciting one Juz every day.
‫جزء‬ In the Holy Qur’an, the beginning of the Juz is usually marked by
a black line, and also written on the top right side of the page. The
‫اجزاء‬
ْ Qur’an is divided into thirty (30) similar sized Parts. Each Part is
called Juz
RUB, NISF, For the convenience of the reciter, each Juz is divided into:
THALATHA
‫ُرْبع‬ Rub ¼ (a quarter of the Juz),
‫ِن ْصف‬ Nisf ½ (half of the Juz) and
‫َثالثا‬ Thalatha ¾ (three quarter of the Juz)
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SURAH (Plural – Suwar) – In Arabic, Surah means an enclosure and in the

(114 Holy Qur’an it means a Chapter. The Qur’an contains 114 Chapters.
CHAPTERS) A Chapter is called a Surah.
‫ُس َور‬ Example:

Surah Al Fateha - (Chapter of Al Fateha – This is the 1st Chapter
‫ُس ْوَرة‬
of the Holy Qur’an)
Surah An Naas - (Chapter of An Naas - This is the 114th & last
Chapter of the Holy Qur’an)
RUKU (Plural – Ruku’at or Arkaan) – These are like paragraphs or

(PARAGRAPH) sections, containing 7 – 12 ayaat. One Paragraph is called a Ruku.
There are 558 Ruku’at in the Holy Qur’an
‫ُرُك ْوع‬ For example: Surah Al Fateha, the 1st Surah has 7 ayaat, grouped
in one Ruku; while Surah Al Baqarah, the 2nd Surah has 286 ayaat,
‫ركوعات‬ grouped into 40 Ruku’at.
The place of Ruku (Paragraph) is denoted by the letter ‫ع‬ This

letter has 3 numbers:
One at the top – It signifies the paragraph number that this Ruku
is in the Surah (out of the total 114 surahs)
One in its middle – It signifies the number of Ayaat between the
last Ruku and the present one.
One below it – It signifies the paragraph number that this Ruku
is in the Juz (out of the total 30 parts)
AYAH (Plural – Ayaat) – In Arabic, Ayah means sign, and in the Holy
(VERSES) Qur’an it means a verse.
‫ٍاٰية‬ Thus each and every verse of the Holy Qur’an is a sign of Allah.
There are 6,236 ayaat in the Holy Qur’an.
ِ ‫اي‬
‫ات‬ َ Example: Qul Huwallahu Ahad (This is one verse or one ayah)
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MANZIL (7) (Plural – Manaazil) – In Arabic, Manzil means a phrase. The Holy
Qur’an has been divided into Seven Manazil for convenience of
recitation.
‫َمْن ِزل‬ A person wishing to recite the entire Qur’an in seven days (one
week), may do so by reciting one Manzil per day. Each such position
‫َمَن ِازل‬ in the Holy Qur’an is marked by the word Manzil. It is written
either at the bottom of the page or in the margin of the page.
Example: From Surah Al Fateha till the end of Suratun Nisaa is

Manzil One.
SYMBOL OF RUKU (Paragraph Symbol)
Example from Surah Al-Baqarah
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SAMPLE OF A QUR’AN PAGE

Surah name & number Page number Juz name & number
Ayah
number
Ruku Rub
Manzil (seven division) number (paragraph) (1/4 of Juz)
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SUJOOD IN THE HOLY QUR’AN (‫) ﺳﺠﺪة‬

In the Holy Qur’an, there are certain verses that are SPECIAL. They speak about the
people who, when they hear Allah’s communications, they bow down in obeisance (Sajdah –
complete submission) to the Almighty. They are humble and not proud. They do not get
tired, to Glorify Him day and night. They are ready to serve Him and Worship Him and
celebrate the praise of their Lord, etc. We place our forehead against the dust to remind
ourselves, that no matter how rich or successful we are, we are made of dust and we shall
return to it. We acknowledge that in comparison with Allah (swt), we are NOTHING. These
SPECIAL verses are known as the verses of Sajdah or Sujood. They appear on the margin
of the Qur’an as (‫)ﺳﺠﺪة‬. They also appear next to the Ayat as a symbol
 There are 4 Wajib (obligatory) sajdah and 10 Sunnat (recommended) sajdah.

 If a person reads OR hears these specific portions of the Qur’an, he/she has to do
1 Sajdah. In case the person hears AND reads these ayah, then he/she has to do 2
sajdah. This is applicable even if the reciter is a non-baligh child.
 Where there is a wajib sajdah it is obligatory to perform one (1) sajdah. If it is a
sunnat sajdah then it is recommended to perform one (1) sajdah.
 The sajdah is wajib on both, the reciter and the listener.
 If a group of 15 people hear the verse then each of them have to do 1 sajdah.
ALLAMA HILLI AND HIS LUCKY ESCAPE

Allama Hilli was a great learned scholar. At the age of nine years he had become a Mujtahid.
However as a child, he was cheekily playful and one day he upset his father.
His father, being angry, tried to get hold of his son. Allama Hilli, knowing this, started
running while his father ran after him.
As his father came close to catching him, Allama Hilli recited a verse from the Holy Qur’an
that contained a wajib Sajdah. This meant that his father had to go into sajdah and this
delayed his father.
Since Allama Hilli was not yet Baligh, the sajdah was not wajib on him and he made his lucky
escape 
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EXAMPLES OF THE SAJDAH SYMBOL IN THE QUR’AN

Sample 1
Sample 2
Sample 3
HOW TO PERFORM THE SAJDAH

1.) It is not necessary to be in Wudhoo, and therefore a Haez or Mujnib can do the sajda.
2.) It is not necessary to face the Qibla.
3.) The condition that the clothes for Salaah must be Tahir, does not apply here.
4.) It is Ihtiyat e Wajib to do Sajdah on a Turbah (Mohr) or any other thing on which
Sajdah is allowed.
5.) During the Sajdah, it is not necessary to recite any Dhikr, takbir, tashahud or salaam.
However when we recite or hear these Wajib Sajdah Ayaat being recited, it is Mustahab
(recommended/better) to recite the following Dua
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DHIKR OF WAJIB SAJDAH
THIS DHIKR IS RECOMMENDED TO BE RECITED,

WHEN DOING THE WAJIB SAJDAH OF THE SAJDAH AYAT
IN THE HOLY QUR’AN
ARABIC ENGLISH MEANING
LA ILAAHA ILLA – LLAHU HAQAN Indeed there is no god except Allah

HAQAA
LA ILAAHA ILLA – LLAHU IMAANAN There is no god except Allah, I believe

WA TASDIIQAA and have faith in Him
LA ILAAHA ILLA – LLAHU There is no god except Allah, My

U’BUDIYATAN WA RIQAAA servitude and bondage is to Him
SAJADTU LAKA YAA RABBI To you my Lord I prostrate in servitude

TA’AB’BUDAN WARIQAA and bondage
LA MUSTANKIFAN WA LA Neither with pride nor arrogance
MUSTAKBIRAN
BAL ANAA ABDUN ZALEELUN Rather in humility and weakness, I as

DHAEEFUN KHAAA IFUN Your ‘abd seek safety with you.
MUSTAJEERUN
In case a person cannot remember the above dhikr,

then they can simply recite
“Shukran Lillah” seven (7) times
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THE FOUR WAJIB (COMPULSARY) SAJDA

4 WAJIB SAJDA JUZ SURAH AYAH
SURAHS (out of 30 parts) (out of 114 (verse number)
chapters)
Sajda 21ST 32 15
Haa - Meem Sajda 24TH 41 38
An – Najm 27TH 53 62
Al – Alaq 30TH 96 19
An easy way to remember the wajib sajda is to keep in mind that out of the 30
Juz (parts) of the Qur’an they start from the 21 st and you add 3 and reach the
next one, 24th, add 3 and reach the next one, 27 th and then add the final 3 and
reach the last one which is the 30th part. Table of 3x7, 3x8, 3x9 and 3x10
THE TEN SUNNAT (RECOMMENDED) SAJDA
10 SUNNAT SAJDA JUZ SURAH AYAH

SURAHS (out of 30 parts) (out of 114 (verse number)
chapters)
A’raf 9 7 206
Ra’ad 13 13 15
Nahl 14 16 50
Bani Israel 15 17 109
Maryam 16 19 58
Hajj 17 22 18
Furqan 19 25 60
Naml 19 27 26
Saad 23 38 24
Inshiqaq 30 84 21
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ISTI’AADHA
&
BISMILLAH
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ISTI’AADHA AND BISMILLAH
ِ ‫ان ال َر ِج‬
ٍ‫يم‬ َ ‫اّلل ِم َن‬
ِ ‫الش ي ْ َط‬ ِ َ ِ‫فَإِذَا قَ َرأ ْ َت ال ْ ُق ْرآن فَاستَعِ ْذ ب‬
ْ َ
When thou dost read the Qur'an seek Allah's protection from Satan, the outcast
(Surah An-Nahl: Ayah 98)
We are guided from the Qur’an with the above verse, which states that we seek refuge
with Allah (swt) from the Shaitan. This seeking refuge is called Isti’aadhah.
WHAT IS ISTI’AADHA
َّ ‫اَعُ ْوذُبِاهَّللِ ِم َن‬

‫الش ْي َطا ِن ال َّر ِج ْيم‬
“ I seek Refuge with Allah from the accursed Shaitan “
WHAT IS BISMILLAH
‫بِ ْس ِم اهَّللِ ال َّر ْح ٰم ِن ال َّرح ِْي ِم‬

“In The Name of Allah, The Most Beneficient, The Most Merciful “
The Bismillah is recited immediately after the Isti’aadha. This is the case with the
beginning of every Surah, except Surah At-Tawba, which can be started with Isti’aadha
only. Bismillah appears 114 times in the Holy Qur’an. Surah An-Naml has two Bismillah.
Bismillah is considered as part of the Surah and it is compulsory to recite it at the beginning
of every Surah. It is even recommended to recite Bismillah when you start reciting from
the middle of the Surah.
1.) If the reciter is reciting alone or silently, or about to pray Qur’an, seeking refuge
(Isti’aadha) is done silently.
2.) When reading aloud where others are present listening, the seeking refuge
(Isti’aadha) is done out loud.
3.) If reading in a gathering, then the first reader seeks refuge aloud (Isti’aadha) and
the rest may do it silently at their turn.
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FOUR WAYS OF BEGINNING RECITATION OF THE SURAH
2.) Join Isti'aadha 3.) Say the Isti'aadha

and Bismillah in one and stop, then say
breath, then stop the Bismillah and the
and start the surah first Ayah in one
breath
4.) Separating all

1.) Connect all Three
Three. Say the
(Isti'aadha, Bismillah
Isti'aadha - stop,
and first Ayah, in one
breath) BEGINNING then Bismillah - stop,
then the first Ayah
THE
SURAH
Example:
1.) Say them all together. The Isti’aadha, Bismillah and first Ayah in one breath
َّ ‫َا ُع ْوذُبِاهَّللِ ِم َن‬

‫الش ْي َطا ِن ال َّر ِج ْي ِم بِ ْس ِم اهَّللِ ال َّر ْح ٰم ِن ال َّرح ِْي ِم َا ْل َح ْم ُد هَّللِ َر ِّب ا ْل ٰع َلمِي ْ َن‬
2.) Join Isti’aadhah and Bismillah in one breath, stop briefly and start the surah
‫اَ ْل َح ْم ُد هَّللِ َر ِّب ا ْل ٰع َلمِي ْ َن‬ َّ ‫اَ ُع ْوذُبِاهَّللِ ِم َن‬

‫الش ْي َطا ِن ال َّر ِج ْي ِم بِ ْس ِم اهَّللِ ال َّر ْح ٰم ِن ال َّرح ِْي ِم‬
3.) Say the Isti’aadha, stop briefly, then say the Bismillah and the first ayah in one
breath
‫بِ ْس ِم اهَّللِ ال َّر ْح ٰم ِن ال َّرح ِْي ِم اَ ْل َح ْم ُد هَّللِ َر ِّب ا ْل ٰع َلمِي ْ َن‬ َّ ‫اَ ُع ْوذُبِاهَّللِ ِم َن‬
‫الش ْي َطا ِن ال َّر ِج ْي ِم‬
4.) Saying each separately, first Isti’aadha, brief stop, Bismillah, brief stop, first
ayah
‫اَ ْل َح ْم ُد هَّللِ َر ِّب ا ْل ٰع َلمِي ْ َن‬ ‫بِ ْس ِم اهَّللِ ال َّر ْح ٰم ِن ال َّرح ِْي ِم‬ َّ ‫اَعُ ْوذُبِاهَّللِ ِم َن‬
‫الش ْي َطا ِن ال َّر ِج ْي ِم‬


THE BISMILLAH BETWEEN SURATAIN (TWO SURAHS)
2.) Last Ayah, stop briefly,

then Bismillah together
with the first Ayah of the
next Surah
1.) Connect all Three 3.) Break all Three (Last

(Last Ayah + Bismillah + Ayah, stop briefly, then
first Ayah of the next Bismillah, stop briefly,
Surah, in one breath) then the first Ayah of
the next Surah
BISMILLAH
BETWEEN
SURATAIN
NOT PERMISSIBLE: One cannot join the last Ayah of the former Surah
with the Bismillah in one breath, then stop briefly and start the first Ayah
of the next Surah. (This is because Bismillah is NOT part of the end of the
last Surah, it is part of the beginning of the next Surah.)
SPECIAL CASES WITH SURAH AT-TAWBA AND SURAH AL-ANFAAL
1.) (Take a break) Last 2.) (Join together and

Ayah of Surah Al-Anfaal, continue) Last Ayah of Surah
stop or pause, then first Al-Anfaal, then first Ayah of
Ayah of Surah At-Tawba Surah At-Tawba
3.) (Isti'aadha in between)

Last Ayah of Surah Al-Anfaal,
then Isti'aadha, then First
Ayah of Surah At-Tawba


HURUF ‘UL MUQATTA’AT

(Mysterious Letters)


HURUF ‘UL MUQATTA’AT (Mysterious Letters)
Out of the 114 suwer (chapters) of the Holy Qur’an, 29 chapters (about 25%) start with
‘Single Letters’ or ‘Muqatta’at’. The Huruf ‘ul Muqatta’at are also referred to as the
disjointed letters, the mysterious letters, the isolated letters and the unconnected
letters.
Surahs that contain the Huruf ‘ul Muqatta’at, begin with Alphabets, instead of words.
These letters are abbreviations for words, whose meaning in only known to Allah (swt), the
Holy Prophet Muhammad (saw) and the Aimma (as).
It is Haram to try to imagine or create meanings for these letters. Our Aimma (as) have
said that these letters are a key to understanding the deeper meanings of the verses of
the Holy Qur’an.
‫ط‬ ٍ‫ب ِمنْ ُه اٰي ٰ ٌت ُّم ْ َك ٰم ٌت ُه َن اُ ُم ال ْ ِكت ٰ ِب َواُ َخ ُر ُمت َ ٰشبِه ٰ ٌت‬
َٰ ‫ك ال ْ ِكت‬
َ ْ ‫ُه َوال َ ِذ ْْٓى اَن ْ َز َل عَلَي‬
THE HOLY QUR’AN (SURAH AALI – IMRAN 3:7)
“He it is Who has revealed the book (Qur’an) to you; Some of its verses are
precise in meaning (decisive), they are the foundation (basis) of the book, and
others have several possible meanings”.
Important Note: When reciting the Huruf ul Muqatta’at, “all the letters with a
Maddah sign should be read as the letter itself, and all the letters with the
standing Alif, should be read as the sound of that letter”.
Kaaaf Ha Ya Aeeen Saaad ٓ‫ص‬ ٓ ٰ ٰ ٓ

ٓ ‫كهيع‬
OBSERVE: The letters Kaaf, Ayn and Saad have a maddah on them and are
pronounced as the original letter, whereas the letters Ha and Ya have a standing
Alif on them and are to be pronounced with the sound of the haraka they carry.


THE HURUF ‘UL MUQATTA’AT IN THE HOLY QUR’AN
HOW THEY ARE READ ALPHABETS THE SURAH NUMBERS

LETTERS IN WHICH THEY
(HURUFUL HIJAI) APPEAR
Alif Laaam Meeem 2, 3, 29, 30, 31, 32

‫الٓ ٓم‬
Alif Laaam Meeem Saaad 7
ٓ‫الٓمٓص‬
Alif Laaam Raa 10, 11, 12, 14, 15
ٓ‫الر‬
Alif Laaam Meeem Raa 13
ٓ‫المر‬
Kaaaf Haa Yaa Aeeen Saaad
ٓ‫كهيعص‬ 19
Taa Haa 20
ٓ‫طه‬
Taa Seeen Meeem
ٓ‫طسم‬ 26, 28
Taa Seeen 27
ٓ‫طس‬
Yaa Seeen 36
ٓ‫يس‬
Saaad 38
ٓ‫ص‬
Haa Meeem 40, 41, 43, 44, 45, 46
ٓ‫حم‬
Ha Meem Aeeen Seeen Qaaaf
ٓ‫حمٓعسق‬ 42
Qaaaf 50
ٓ‫ق‬
Nooon 68
ٓ‫ن‬


HURUF ‘UL MUQATTA’AT (Mysterious Letters)


SILENT LETTERS
(HURUFUL ISMAT)


SILENT LETTERS – AL HURUFUL ISMAT

Silent letters are letters that appear without any Harakat (vowels) or any joining symbols
and therefore always stay silent. Such letters are written but not read. Silent letters are
also known as Al-Huruful Ismat or Empty letters. The rule here is that the letter which
does not have a sign (Fat-ha, Kasra, Dhamma or Sukun), must be followed by a letter with
a Sukun or Shadda. Therefore, when the letters ‫اوي‬ do not bear a sign and the next
letter to them has either a sukun or a shadda, these letters are not pronounced or read
and are called silent letters.
The English language also has its share of silent letters in many words, eg. Debt, subtle,
butcher, castle, often, ghost, what, knot, wrap, two, answer, knock, knife, etc.
1.) ALIF MAKSURA – The ‫ى‬ without a vowel at the end of some words is called an ‘Alif
Maksura’ or shortened Alif. The ‘Ya’ (without dots) is silent and is NOT TO BE
PRONOUNCED
How it is written
‫َعلٰى‬ ‫ف ََه ٰدى‬ ‫ه ًُدى‬ ‫َت ْر ٰضى‬ ‫اَغْن ٰى‬

How it is read
‫َع ٰل‬ ‫ف ََه ٰد‬ ‫ه ًُد‬ ‫َت ْر ٰض‬ ‫اَغ ْٰن‬

2.) ALIF LAYYINA or ALIF MAMDUDAH – The last ‫ا‬ in the word is known as ‘Alif Layyina’
OR ‘Alif Mamdudah’. The ‘Alif’ is written but does not lengthen the vowel ‘a’.
How it is written
‫َقالُ ْوا‬ ‫ٰا َم ُن ْوا‬ ‫َر ُض ْوا‬ ‫اِذْ َه ُب ْوا‬ ‫َف َا ْصل ِ ُح ْوا‬
How it is read
‫َقالُ ْو‬ ‫ٰا َمنُ ْو‬ ‫َر ُض ْو‬ ‫اِذْ َه ُب ْو‬ ‫َف َا ْصل ِ ُح ْو‬


3.) AN ‘ALIF’ (WITH NO SIGN ON IT or A SMALL SAAD ON TOP ‫ ) ﭐ‬BETWEEN 2

LETTERS: - The first letter bearing a long vowel and the second letter bearing a ‘sukun’ –
The ‘Alif’ is silent and IS NOT PRONOUNCED. It is also known as Hamzatul Wasl or Aliful
Wasl and is discussed in depth elsewhere in this book. It also does not lengthen the long
vowel of the first letter.
How it is written
‫فَا ْن َص ْب‬ ‫َح‬

ْ َ ْ ‫َو ﭐن‬ ‫َماا ْل َقارِ َع ُة‬ ‫ِم َن ْاْل ُ ْو ٰل‬
How it is read
‫َف ْن َص ْب‬ ‫َح‬

ْ َ ْ ‫َون‬ ‫َم ْل َقارِ َع ُة‬ ‫ِم َن ْْلُ ْو ٰل‬
4.) THE ‘WAW’ (WITH NO SIGN ON IT) – The ‘waw’ is silent and IS NOT
PRONOUNCED
How it is written
‫َزكٰو ًة‬ ‫َصلٰو ًة‬ ‫اُو ٰل ِء َك‬ ‫ذُوا ْلف َْض ِل‬
How it is read
‫َزكٰ ًة‬ ‫َصل ٰ ًة‬ ‫اُ ٰل ِء َك‬ ‫ذُ ْلف َْض ِل‬
5.) THE HAMZA SIGN ABOVE OR BELOW THEM: The letters Alif, Ya or Waw, are NOT
PRONOUNCED whenever the Hamza sign comes above or below them. Instead, the sound
of Alif is pronounced.
READ AS WRITTEN AS READ AS WRITTEN AS
‫ُم ْؤ ِمن‬
Mu’uminu
‫ُب ْء‬ ‫ب ُ ْؤ‬
‫بَارِ ُئ‬
Baariu
‫ِب ْء‬ ‫ب ِ ْئ‬
Suila
‫ُسئ ِ َل‬ ‫َب ْء‬ ْ ‫بأ‬
َ


6.) LETTERS ALIF & YA WHEN THEY BEAR A TANWEEN SIGN: The letters Alif and
Ya are NOT PRONOUNCED, whenever they are marked with this Tanween sign ( ً)
‫ِيم ْن‬
َ ‫َحك‬ ‫َحك ًِمي‬ ‫َعل ِ َيم ْن‬ ‫َعل ِ ًمي‬
Hakiiman aliiman
‫ه َُد ْن‬ ‫ه ًُدى‬ ‫أَبَ َد ْن‬ ‫أَبَ ًدا‬

‫ُم َس َّم ْن‬ ‫ُم َس ًّمى‬ ‫ُس َد ْن‬ ‫ُس ًدى‬
7.) WHEN THIS ( ً) SIGN APPEARS: The letters of Alif, Ya and Waw are not
pronounced whenever this sign comes above them. Notice the ‘r’ in Fasiruu and Kafaruu is
to be elongated. READ AS WRITTEN AS READ AS WRITTEN AS
‫َف ِسيرُو‬ ْ‫َف ِسيرُوا‬ ُ َ ‫َك‬

‫ِفو‬ ُ َ ‫َك‬
‫ِفو ْا‬
Fasiruu kafaruu
َ‫أُلٰىئِك‬ َ‫أ ُ ْولٰىئِك‬ ‫أ ُ َْل ِت‬ ‫أ ُ ْو َْل ِت‬

‫أَ َفإ ِ ْن‬ ‫أَ َفإ ِ ْي ْن‬ ِ ‫َم ََلِه‬ ِ‫َم ََلِيْه‬
8.) THE SIGN ( ‫ ) ٱ‬ABOVE THE LETTER ALIF: Whenever this sign appears above the
letter Alif, the Alif is NOT PRONOUNCED, and the letter before and after this Alif are
joined when reading the word. Discussed in detail on the chapter of Hamzatul Wasl.
ِ ‫َو ْل َق َمر‬ ِ ‫َوا ْل َق َمر‬ ‫ْض ْب‬

ِ ْ ‫َو‬ ‫ْض ْب‬
ِ ْ ‫َوا‬
walqamari wadhrib
‫إ ِ َّن ْْل ِ ْن ٰس َن‬ ‫إِن َّا ْْل ِ ْن ٰس َن‬ ُ‫ه َُوْلْ َبْتَر‬ ُ‫ه َُواْلْ َبْتَر‬
‫ِف ُه‬
ْ ِ ‫َو ْس َت ْغ‬ ‫ِف ُه‬
ْ ِ ‫َوا ْس َت ْغ‬ ‫َخيْرُ ْلبَرِيَّ ِة‬ ‫َخيْرُا ْلبَرِيَّ ِة‬


9.) WHEN THE SMALL ALIF COMES ABOVE THE LETTERS OF ALIF, YA or WAW:
these letters are NOT PRONOUNCED.
‫َزكَاة‬ ‫َز َك ٰوة‬ ‫َص َْلة‬ ‫َصل َٰوة‬

Zakaat swalaat
‫َم َناة‬ ‫َم َن ٰوة‬ ‫ِم ْشكَاة‬ ‫ِم ْش َك ٰوة‬

‫ُض َحا َها‬ ‫ُض َحى َٰها‬ ‫اك‬
َ ‫ن َ َر‬ َ‫ن َ َر ٰىك‬
َ َ ‫َي ٰ َم ْع‬
Aayaatin Yaa Ma’ashara
‫َءا َيٰت‬ ‫ش‬
‫أَ ْم َ ٰو ُت‬ ‫أَ ْم َ ٰو ِل‬
Amwaatu Amwaali
10.) THE LETTER LAAM (‫ ) ل‬WHEN IT BEARS NO SIGN: The letter Laam (‫ ) ل‬is NOT
PRONOUNCED whenever it bears no sign and is followed by a Mushaddad letter (letter
with a Shadda).
‫ين‬
ِ ‫َي ْو ُم ِّد‬ ‫ين‬ ِّ ‫َي ْو ُم ا‬
ِ ‫لد‬ ‫اَ َّش ْم ِس‬ َّ َ‫ا‬
‫لش ْم ِس‬
ِ ‫َع َل َّنا‬
‫س‬ ِ ‫َعل َى ال َّنا‬
‫س‬ ‫اَسَّ َما ُء‬ َّ َ‫ا‬
‫لس َما ُء‬
َّ َّ
َ َ ‫َخ َل َقذ‬
‫ك‬ َ َ ‫َخل ََق الذ‬
‫ك‬ ‫َا َّراد ِ َف ُة‬ ‫َالرَّاد ِ َف ُة‬
‫َب ْع َض َّظ ِّن‬ ‫َب ْع َض ا َّلظ ِّن‬ َ ِّ َ‫ا‬
‫ِّص َاط‬ َ ِّ َ‫ا‬
‫لِّص َاط‬
NOTE: The letter Lam ( ‫ ) ل‬is silent here only because it appears in the rules of
Shamsiyyah, otherwise Lam ( ‫ ) ل‬is NOT a Silent letter.


THE 7 ALIFAAT
(7 ALIFS)
‫ا‬


THE 7 ALIFAAT ْ‫ا‬

There are 7 Alifs in the Qur’an that are pronounced when stopping and silenced when
continuing through in recitation. These Alifs are signaled by the round Sukun-like shape
above them: (o) ‫ا‬
Surah Kahf
Ayah 38
Surah Ahzaab
Surah Ahzaab
Ayah 66
Ayah 10
The word 'Ana' appears in

numerous places in the
Qur'an
Surah Insaan (Dahr) Surah Insaan (Dahr)

Ayah 15 Ayah 4
Surah Ahzaab
Ayah 67


RULES FOR ALIF:
1.) In the six words mentioned below, do not pronounce the Alif which has the ‘o’ sign
on it, in the case of Wasl (continuing without pause) but pronounce it when making
waqf (pause).
In many Ad-Dahr Al-Ahzaab Al-Ahzaab Al-Ahzaab Al-Kahf

places Ayah 15 Ayah 67 Ayah 66 Ayah 10 Ayah 38
Example:
‫أَ َن َلكُ ْم‬ ‫أَنَا … َلكُ ْم‬

All occurrences of the word ‘anaa’ which have this When continuing, When stopping,
symbol. When stopping, the Alif is sounded for two read as read as
counts (Madd Tabee), but when continuing ana lakum anaa-lakum
recitation, the Alif is just sounded as a Fat-ha
Surah Kahf – Ayah 38 ٍ‫ٍلٰ ِك َن ُه َو‬ ٍ‫ٍلٰ ٍِكنَا… ُه َو‬

When continuing, When stopping,
read as read as
LaaKinna huwa LaaKinnaa-huwa
Surah Al-Ahzaab – Ayah 10 َ ِ ‫ون ُهنَال‬

ٍ‫ك‬ َ ِ ‫هنَال‬..
َ ‫كٍ ٱ ُلظ ُن‬ ُ ‫ٱ ُلظ ُنو ٍن َا‬
When continuing, When stopping,
read as read as
adhunuuna adhunuunaa-
hunaalika hunaalika


2.) In Surah Dahr – Ayah 4 on this particular word 3 ways of

recitation is allowed:
‫َس َْل س َِْل َو أَغ َْْل ًْل‬ ‫َس َْل ِس ْل َو أَغ َْْل ًْل‬ ‫َس َْل ِس َل َو أَغ َْْل ًْل‬
SALAASILAA…..WA SALAASIL….. WA SALAASILA WA

AGHLAALAN AGHLAALAN AGHLAALAN
When stopping: it is When stopping: it is When continuing the

allowed to stop on the allowed to stop on the extra Alif is not
word with two counts on word with a Sukun pronounced
the Alif
3.) There is no extra Alif in the word ‘Ana’ of the following Kalimat, therefore these
Alif will be pronounced.
Surah Ar-Rad Surah Surah Surah Surah

Verse 27 Ar-Rahman Az-Zumar Al-Furqan Aal-e-Imran
Surah Luqman Verse 19 Verse 17 Verse 49 Verse 119
Verse 15


4.) The extra Alif in all the words below will neither be pronounced in terms of Wasl
(joining) and nor in Waqf (pausing), because the vowel before it, is considered a short
vowel.
Surah Surah Surah Surah Surah

Al-Kahf As-Saffaat Aal-e-Imran Al-Ambiya Aal-e-Imran
Verse 23 Verse 68 Verse 158 Verse 34 Verse 144
Surah Surah Surah Surah At every place

Al-Hashr An-Naml At-Tawbah Al-Maidah
Verse 13 Verse 21 Verse 47 Verse 29
Surah Surah Surah Surah Surah

Al-Kahf Ar-Ra’ad Ad-Dahr Yunus Al-An’aam
Verse 14 Verse 30 Verse 16 Verse 83 Verse 34
Surah Al-Ankaboot Verse 38, Surah Surah Surah

Surah Hood Verse 68, Muhammad Muhammad Ar-Room
Surah Al-Furqan Verse 38, Verse 31 Verse 4 Verse 39
Surah An-Najm Verse 51


LAHN – MISTAKES IN QUR’AN READING

The study of Tajweed is important, because it protects the reciter from ‘Lahn’ (mistakes)
in recitation. The word Lahn literally means mispronouncing / incorrect pronounciation.
Lahn can be described as ‘failing to adhere to the rules of Tajweed whilst reciting the
Qur’an.’
These mistakes are divided into two categories
AL LAHNUL JALEE: Clear/Major or Obvious mistakes

~ Changing a letter
~ Changing a sign (haraka)
~ Pronouncing the letters with the wrong Makharij or Sifaat
(MISTAKES)
With this mistake, the pronounciation changes and the meaning of

the verse of the Qur'an may completely change.
LAHN
AL LAHNUL KHAFEE: Hidden/Minor or NOT Obvious mistakes

~ Not following the rules of Tajweed
~ Ignoring the Ghunnah or Tanween
~ Leaving out Idhghaam or Madd, etc
With this mistake, it does not necessarily change the meaning of

the verse, but deprives the Qur'an of it's real elegance and
beauty.


AL LAHNUL JALEE (MAJOR & CLEAR MISTAKES)
1.) SWITCHING THE LETTERS OR THE VOWELS - Not pronouncing the letters from
their correct origins and their respective qualities.
To recite ‫أَ ْل َح ْم ُد‬ as ‫أَل َْه ْم ُد‬ To recite ‫َير ِ ُث‬ as ‫َير ِ ُس‬
To recite ‫طَي ْ َر‬ as ‫َتي ْ َر‬ To recite ‫َص َد َق‬ as ‫َص َد َك‬
To recite ‫أَ ْن َع ْم َت‬ as ‫أَ ْن َا ْم َت‬

2.) ADDITION OF WORDS OR LETTERS – To make any addition to the word(s) or
letter(s)
To recite ‫أَ ْع ُب ُد‬ as ‫أَ ْع ُب ُد ْو‬ To recite َ‫إِيَّك‬ as ‫إِيَّاكَا‬

To recite ‫َر ِّب‬ as ‫َرب ِّ ْي‬ To recite ‫اَ َّل ِذيْ َن‬ as ‫َو َّال ِذيْ َن‬
3.) OMISSIONS OF WORDS OR LETTERS – To leave out any word(s) or letter(s)
To recite ‫إ ِنَّا‬ as ‫إ ِ َّن‬ To recite ‫أَ َّل ِذ ْي‬ as ‫أَ َّل ِذ‬
To recite ‫َف ُق ْو َْل‬ as ‫َف ُق َْل‬ To recite ‫َو َّال ِذيْ َن‬ as ‫َا َّل ِذيْ َن‬
4.) REPLACE HARAKA WITH A SUKOON - To replace any of the vowels of Fat-ha,
Kasra or Dhamma with a Sukoon
To recite َ‫َخ َل َقك‬ as َ‫َخ َل ْقك‬ To recite ‫َس َق‬

ََ as ‫َس َق‬
َْ
To recite ‫ل ََهب‬ as ‫َل ْهب‬


5.) REPLACE SUKOON WITH A HARAKA – To replace a Sukoon with any of the vowels
of Fat-ha, Kasra or Dhamma
To recite ِ ‫َوا ْل َف ْجر‬ as ِ ‫َوا ْل َفجِر‬ To recite ‫أَ ْوح َْي‬ as ‫أَ َوح َْي‬
To recite ‫َت ْجر ِ ْي‬ as ‫َت َجر ِ ْي‬

6.) STRETCHING A VOWEL BEYOND IT’S LIMIT
To recite ‫َن ْع ُب ُد‬ as ‫َن ْع ُب ُد ْو‬
7.) SKIPPING A LETTER OF ELONGATION – Skipping the letters ‫ا و ي‬
To recite ‫يُ ْو َل ْد‬ as ‫يُ َل ْد‬

8.) NOT APPLYING A SHADDAH – A letter is removed by not applying the Shaddah
To recite َ‫َو إ ِيَّك‬ as َ‫َو إ ِ َيك‬

9.) MISPLACING A SHADDAH – Adding a Shaddah, where it does not belong
To recite ٍ‫ٍل ٰغِيَة‬ as ‫ٍل ٰغِيَة‬

10.) SWITCHING VOWELS – Changing the vowels of Fat-ha, Kasra & Dhamma
To recite ‫َفل َْي ْعبُ ُد‬ as ‫َفل َْي ْع َب ُد‬


AL LAHNUL JALEE SUMMARY (MAJOR & CLEAR MISTAKES)
1.) SWITCHING LETTERS or 2.) ADDING WORDS OR

VOWELS LETTERS
3.) OMITTING WORDS OR 4.) REPLACING VOWELS

LETTERS WITH SUKUN
5.) REPLACING SUKUN WITH 6.) STRETCHING A VOWEL

VOWELS BEYONG IT'S LIMIT
7.) SKIPPING A LETTER OF

8.) SKIPPING A SHADDAH
ELONGATION
9.) MISPLACING A SHADDAH 10.) SWITCHING VOWELS
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AL LAHNUL KHAFEE (HIDDEN & MINOR MISTAKES)
1.) To overlook the rules of the thick/full mouth (Tafkheem letters) and the thin empty
mouth (Tarqeeq letters). Making light letters sound heavy and heavy letters sound
light.
2.) Not observing the attributes of each letter according to its characteristic.
 Slightly rolling the ‘R’ or exaggerating the ‘N’ sound in the letter Nun.
 Not merging certain letters that should be merged
 Not clearly pronouncing those that should be clearly pronounced
The Noble Qur’an contains the literal words from Allah (swt) that He revealed. This
Holy Book is an infallible source of legislation for mankind to live an organized life. It
contains regulations and recommendations about all aspects of life and references to
the Hereafter.
Being so important, the Qur’an must be read, written and recited correctly and
clearly, so as to not create any sort of ambiguity or misunderstanding whatsoever.
Muslims and non-Muslims alike find it a deeply moving experience even if they do not
understand what is being said.
Every Muslim has to recite Qur’an in prayers, but many of us do not realize that
reciting the Qur’an correctly while observing the rules of recitation is not an
advanced science for expert reciters alone, rather it is an obligation upon each and
every one of us whenever we recite the Qur’an.
The knowledge of Tajweed guides us in reciting the Glorious Qur’an, in the manner in
which it is supposed to be recited and preserves it from distortion.
NOTE: Mistakes of Al Lahnul Jalee, being clear mistakes, can completely change the
message of the Holy Qur’an. One has to be especially careful when reciting the daily
prayers. Arabic letters can have the same Makharij but different Sifaat. Incorrect
recitation results in Sin (if done intentionally) and the wrong meaning is portrayed.
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EXAMPLES OF SIMILAR WORDS WITH DIFFERENT MEANINGS
‫َز َّل‬ To Slip

‫َذ َّل‬ To become Low
‫ظَ َّل‬ To keep Doing

‫َض َّل‬ To go Astray
‫َوال ِّتي ْ ِن‬ By the Figs

‫َوال ِّطي ْ ِن‬ By the Soil
‫يُ َد ِّر ْس‬ To Teach

‫َي ْد ُر ْس‬ To Study
‫َع َق َد‬ Held

‫عُ َق ْد‬ Knots
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
TAJWEED
(Ahkam Al Huroof)
Application of rules
due to the order of
letters
(Makharij Al
Excercising
TAJWEED
Huroof)
the tongue
Articulation
and
points of
repetition
letters
(Sifaat Al Huroof)
Characteristics of
letters
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T A J W E E D
Qur’an reading is the recitation of the Qur’an according to Tajweed & Tarteel as taught
by the Prophet Muhammad (Pbuh). It is one of the Sciences from U’loom Al Qur’an (sciences
of the Qur’an)
Linguistic Definition: The word Tajweed comes from the root word Jawada which means
‘to improve’ or ‘to make better’, though linguistically, it means “to beautify something”.
Applied Definition: Tajweed is to give every letter its right with its description and its
origination. Tajweed refers to rules governing pronunciation during Qur’an recitation; such
as prolongation, merging, conversion, distinctness, accuracy, commas, pauses and stopping
rules. This allows the reciter to emphasise the accent, phonetics, rhythms, fluency and
temper, where and how to pause, where the pronunciation should be long or short, where
letters should be sounded together (harf to harf) and where they should be kept separate,
and so on.
When asked about the meaning of Tarteel, Imam `Ali [as] replied, “It means the Qur’an
should be recited with Tajweed and with due observance to the rules of Waqf (pausing to
take a breath in the recitation of Qur’an, with the intention of continuing).
 Tajweed helps the reciter to avoid making mistakes when reciting
‫قَل ْ ُب‬ ‫كَل ْ ُب‬

Example: (means: Heart) (means: Dog)
 It is very important and a personal obligation on each individual to learn Tajweed.

They have to know the Makharij, Sifaat and Ahkam.
 It is said in the Holy Qur’an in Suratul Muzzamil 73:4
“…….And recite the Qur’an in slow, measured rhythmic tones”
ٍ‫آن تَ ْرتِيْل‬‫ر‬
َ ْ ‫ق‬
ُ ْ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ِ
‫ل‬ ِ ‫َو َرت‬
The benefit of reciting the Holy Qur’an with Tajweed is preserving our tongue from
mistakes (LAHN) when reading the Glorious Qur’an.
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Zurarah once asked Imam Jafar Al Sadiq (as) – “When a person is reciting Qur’an, is it
obligatory to observe and listen to it?”
The Imam replied, “Yes! When Qur’an is being recited to you (near you), it is compulsory
upon you to listen to it and be silent.”
ُ َ ‫ئ ال ۡ ُق ۡرا ٰ ُن فَا ۡست َ ِم ُع ۡوا ل َ ٗه َواَن ۡ ِصتُ ۡوا لَعَل َ ُك ۡم ُت ۡر‬

ٍ ٍ‫َح ۡو َن‬ َ ‫َواِذَا ُق ِر‬
“And when the Qur’an is recited, then listen to it and remain silent, that mercy may be
shown to you.” (Surah Al A’raf: Chapter 7 Verse 204)
Imam Ali (as) said that there is a hundred Hasanah (reward) for each letter of the Holy
Qur’an that the reciter recites in prayer while standing up, fifty while sitting down,
twenty-five with Wudhoo while not praying, and ten without Wudhoo.
This narration explains the importance of the Holy Qur’an and its words:
َْ ََ ‫ْ َ َ َ َ ْ ه‬ َ ََ َ ْ ُ ْ ُ ْ َ
‫ّللا على خل ِق ِه‬
ِ ‫فضل القرء ِان على سا ِئ ِر الكال ِم كفض ِل‬
“The superiority of the Qur’an over other utterances is like the superiority of God over
His creatures.” Prophet Muhammad (pbuh)
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HURUFUL HIJAI )THE ARABIC ALPHABET( - pg 1
HOW TO PRONOUNCE NAME AND PHONETIC ARABIC

SOUND ALPHABET
Tongue is flat in the mouth and the Name: Alif

sound comes from the centre of the
mouth
Sound: (a) as in Umbrella ‫ا‬
Mouth and lips together. One dot Name: Be
below the letter
Sound: (Ba) as in Balloon ‫ب‬
Tongue touches the roots of the Name: Te
upper teeth. Two dots above the
letter
Sound: (Ta) for Teddy ‫ت‬
Tongue is placed between and behind Name: The
the upper teeth. Three dots above
the letter
Sound: (Th) for Thumb ‫ث‬
Pronounced as ‘Ja’ sound Name: Jim
Ja has one dot in the tummy Sound: (Ja) for Jam ‫ج‬
Pronounced from the middle of the Name: Hai
throat while pushing air out, with a
strong and sustained expulsion of
Sound: (Ha) for Hello ‫ح‬
breath. Said lightly
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HOW TO PRONOUNCE NAME AND PHONETIC ARABIC

SOUND ALPHABET
Distinctive sound like when you Name: Khai

are clearing the throat.
A grating sound. Dot on head

Sound: (Kh) for Khadija,
Khaleel., sound from the
‫خ‬
(place finger on head) throat
Pronounced as ‘Da’ sound Name: Dal
Sound: (Da) for Daddy ‫د‬

Keeping the tongue flat in the Name: Dhal
mouth between the teeth
Sound: (Dh) for The,This ‫ذ‬
Strongly rolled as in Spanish and Name: Re
somewhat rounded as ‘rau’ in
‘raucous’
Sound: (Ra) for Rabbit ‫ر‬
Pronounced as ‘Z’ sound Name: Ze
Sound: (Za) for Zahra ‫ز‬

Pronounced with the tip of the Name: Sin
tongue touching the roots of the
lower front teeth – hissing sound
Sound: (Sa) for Sun, Smile ‫س‬
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HOW TO PRONOUNCE NAME AND ARABIC

PHONETIC SOUND ALPHABET
Place finger on the lips Shhhh. Name: Shin
Sound: (Sh) for Shirt ‫ش‬

Emphatic ‘s’ pronounced with the tip Name: Saad
of the tongue touching the roots of
the upper front teeth – whistling
Sound: (Ssa) for
Swafiya
‫ص‬
sound and tongue is curved.
Pronounced with the tongue pressing Name: Dhaad

hard against the upper teeth and
palate, with a full mouth.
Sound: (Dh) for
though, that
‫ض‬
Tongue touches roots of the upper Name: Tta
teeth and is a heavy sound and tongue
is curved
Sound: (Tta) for
Twahir
‫ط‬
Raise tongue between the teeth and Name: Zhe
bring it down with force
Sound: (Zh) for Dhohr ‫ظ‬
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Normally transliterated by an open Name: Ayn

inverted comma ( ‘ ), the ‘ayn’ is a
guttural stop pronounced with the
(a) heavy sound Ali.
Place hand on throat
‫ع‬
constriction of the larynx
Pronounced as ‘Gh’ exactly as the Name: Ghayn

sound made in gargling. Care should
be taken not to pronounce as simply
(Gha) for Green ‫غ‬
‘Ga’
Pronounced as ‘Fa’ Name: Fe
Taught as loop with one dot Sound: (Fa) for Fatima ‫ف‬
A guttural sound pronounced from Name: Qaf
the back of the throat. It is a heavy
‘Qa’. Taught as loop with two dots
Sound: (Qa) for Qasim
or Qamar (Moon).
‫ق‬
Pronounced as ‘ka’ . Tongue in centre Name: Kaf
of the mouth
Sound: (Ka) for Kite ‫ك‬
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

Pronounced as ‘La’ Name: Lam
Sound: (La) for Lemon ‫ل‬

Pronounced as ‘Ma’ Name: Mim
(Ma) for Mummy ‫م‬

Explain that it is different to ‘Fa’ as Name: Nun
it does not have a loop. Pronounced
as ‘Na’
(Na) for Nose ‫ن‬
Pronounced as ‘Wa’ Name: Waw
Sound: (Wa) for Wow,

Water
‫و‬
Prounounced as a normal ‘Ha’ from Name: Hai
‫ههه‬
the chest. Said heavily – place hand
Sound: (Ha) for Hot
on chest.
Pronounced as ‘Ya’ Name: Ye
Sound: (Ya) for

Yippee, Yay, Yellow
‫ي‬
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
SIMILAR SOUNDING LETTERS
There are some similar sounding letters in Arabic, which if not pronounced
correctly change the meaning of the word completely.
ARABIC LETTER SOUND
‫أ ع ء‬ A Ayn Alif
‫ط‬ ‫ت‬ Tta Taa
‫ثس ص‬ Saad Sin Tha
‫ح‬ ‫ه‬ Ha Ha
‫ق‬ ‫ك‬ Qaf Kaf
‫زذظض‬ Dhaad Zha Dhal Za
‫غ‬ ‫خ‬ Ghayn Kha


ARABIC ALPHABETS CHART (HURUFUL HIJAI)

LETTER NAMES & SOUNDS
‫ج‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬

Alif (a-Light)
Jim (ja) The (th) Te (ta) Be (ba)
‫ر‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫د‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ح‬

Hai (ha-Light)
Re (ra) Dhal (dh) Dal (da) Khai (kh)
‫ش ص ض‬
Dhaad (dha)
‫س‬ ‫ز‬
Saad (ssa) Shin (sh) Sin (sa) Ze (za)
‫ف‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ع‬

Ayn (a–heavy)
‫ظ‬
Zhe (zha)
‫ط‬
Fe (fa) Ghayn (gha) Tta (tta)
‫ن‬ ‫م‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ق‬

Nun (na) Mim (ma) Lam (La) Kaf (ka) Qaf (Qa)
‫ ل‬+ ‫و ه هه ي ال = ا‬
(Laa) LamAlif = Alif + Lam Ye (ya) Hai (ha–heavy) Waw (wa)
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T A J W E E D
TAJWEED IS DIVIDED INTO 4 GROUPS:
1.) Makharij Al Huroof – Pinpointing the point of articulation of each letter.

Makharij Al Huroof is divided into the 5 areas of human speech where the
sound originates from.
2.) Sifat Al Huroof – Defining the certain qualities or characteristics of each
letter, which distinguishes it from other sounds. Sifat Al Huroof is
divided into 2 areas which show the qualities and attributes of the Arabic
Alphabet letters.
3.) Exercising the tongue & repetition.
4.) Ahkam Al Huroof – Explaining the rules and the changes which occur to
the pronunciation of the letters, when combined with others. Ahkam Al
Huroof is divided into 11 areas that show us the Tajweed rules applied
when reciting the Holy Qur’an.
MAKHARIJ AL HUROOF
(POINT OF ARTICULATION OF LETTERS)
TAJWEED
EXERCISING THE
TONGUE AND AHKAM AL HUROOF
REPETITION (RULES OF LETTERS)
SIFAT AL HUROOF
(QUALITY OF LETTERS)
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
MAKHARIJ AL HUROOF
(Ahkam Al Huroof)
due to the order of
letters
(Makharij Al
Excercising
TAJWEED
Huroof)
the tongue
Articulation
and
points of
repetition
letters
(Sifaat Al Huroof)
Characteristics of
letters


TAJWEED 1: MAKHARIJ AL HUROOF
HUROOF
MAKHARIJ MAKHARIJ AL HUROOF
Originates from
Originates from
the word Harf
the word Makhraj
which means MEANS
which means to
letter. Each
Exit. The applied Proper pronunciation of
letter is a sound each letter from their
meaning is where
that relies on a point of origin or point
the letters come
specific Makhraj of articulation
from
or point
ARTICULATION POINTS
 Articulation point is the place where a letter is pronounced from, making its sound
different from the sound of other letters.
 Each Quranic letter has a different articulation point.
 A letter is only a sound that relies on a specific articulation point.
 5 major speech areas of the human body are used to pronounce different letters.
 From the 5 major areas, there are 17 different articulation points used to pronounce
the 28 original letters and the 3 lengthened letters.
HOW TO PINPOINT THE MAKHRAJ OF A LETTER
 Place a Sukun on the letter and before that put a Hamza with Fat-ha, Kasra or
Dhamma
 Say the letter and where the sound stops, that is the Makhraj point.
Example: The makhraj point of the letter Meem and Ha
‫أَ ْم‬ ‫أ ِ ْم‬ ‫أ ُ ْم‬

The makhraj point of Meem is when the 2 lips join
together. Notice the sound stops at the makhraj point.
AM IM UM
ٍ‫أ َ ْح‬ ‫ٍِأ ْح‬ ‫أُ ْح‬

The makhraj point of the letter Ha is articulated from
the middle of the throat. Notice the sound stops at the
makhraj point.
AH IH UH
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
IMPORTANCE OF MAKHARIJ
Pronouncing each letter of the Arabic language in its correct Makharij is very important,
as mispronouncing a letter can completely change the meaning of the word.
Example 1:
Letter Letter
(Harf) ‫ص‬ (Harf) ‫س‬
Word Word
‫صيف‬ ‫سيف‬
Meaning Summer Meaning Sword
Example 2:
Letter Letter
(Harf) ‫ق‬ (Harf) ‫ك‬
Word Word
‫قلب‬ ‫كلب‬
Meaning Heart Meaning Dog
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
MAKHARIJ AL HUROOF
3) AL LISAAN
The Tongue
2) AL HALQ 4) ASH SHAFATAIN

The Throat The Lips
1) AL JAWF
5 MAJOR 5) AL KHAYSHOOM
The Oral Cavity
AREAS OF The Nasal Cavity
MAKHARIJ
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MAKHARIJ AL HUROOF
The 5 major areas of pronounciation originate from the human speech zone. These are
further divided into 17 points of articulation.
5 MAJOR AREAS ARTICULATION NUMBER OF

POINTS LETTERS
1) AL JAWF – THE ORAL CAVITY 1 3 lengthened
The empty space in the chest, throat and mouth letters
2) AL HALQ – THE THROAT 3 6

These letters are pronounced from the upper,
middle and lower part of the throat
3) AL LISAAN – THE TONGUE 10 18
4) ASH SHAFATAIN – THE LIPS 2 4
5) AL KHAYSHOOM – THE NASAL CAVITY 1 Ghunnah of

From the hole of the nose towards the inside of the letters
the mouth Nun and
Meem
The diagram below shows the 5 areas of Makharij and the letters that originate from them.
NASAL PASSAGE
From which the ghunnah sound originates
LIPS
‫ب ف م و‬
TONGUE
‫تثجدذرزسشصضطظقكلني‬
THROAT
‫ءاحخعغه‬ CHEST
‫اوي‬


POINTS OF ORIGIN (ARTICULATION) OF THE LETTERS
MAKHARIJ AL HUROOF
1) AL JAWF 4) ASH 5) AL
2) AL HALQ 3) AL LISAAN KHAYSHOOM
The Oral SHAFATAIN
The Throat The Tongue The Nasal
Cavity The Lips
Cavity
10 Points
18 Letters
1) Back of
1 Point 3 Points Tongue 2 Points
3 Long 6 Letters (2 points) 4 Letters Al Ghunnah
vowels
‫ق ك‬ (Nasalisation
1) Top of the of Nun &
‫ا ي و‬ Throat 2) Middle of
Tongue 1) Inside Meem when
‫خ غ‬ (1 point) lower lip they have a
Shaddah)
2) Middle of
‫ج ش ي‬ ‫ف‬
the Throat
3) Side of 2) Between
‫ح ع‬ Tongue the lips
3) Bottom of (2 points) ‫ب م و‬
the Throat
‫ض ل‬
‫ء ه‬ 4) Tip of
Tongue
(5 points)
‫تثدذرز‬
‫سشطظن‬


1) AL JAWF – THE ORAL CAVITY – 1 Articulation point and 3 long vowels
 The empty space in the mouth and throat is a place and an articulation point at the
same time.
 The three Madd letters (lengthened letters) originate from this non-specific area.
 These letters finish with the stopping of the sound (that stops with the air). These
letters of Alif, Waw and Ya, do not have a specific space that they finish at, like
other letters do. Instead these letters finish with the stopping of the sound.
 The letters of Al-Jawf are similar to the vowel sounds in English and are known as
the Original Madd (Madd al-Asli).
 The Long Vowel sounds are produced by a relatively free flow of air, they are also
called Al-Huroof Al-Maddiyya.
6 VOWEL SOUNDS IN ARABIC
3 lengthened vowel sounds

Fat-ha letter followed by Alif Sukun
3 short vowel sounds
(AA sound)
Fat-ha, Kasra & Kasra letter followed by Ya Sukun
Dhamma
(EE sound)
Dhamma letter followed by Waw Sukun
(OO sound)
Examples Examples
‫ج ج ج‬ ‫جا جي جو‬
JU JI JA JUU JII JAA


1) AL JAWF – THE ORAL CAVITY - continued
The lengthened sounds have to be extended for 1 second
Kasra letter followed Dhamma letter

Fat-ha letter followed
by Ya Sukun followed by Waw
by Alif Sukun
Sukun
‫ َخا‬- ‫ َحا‬- ‫َجا‬ ‫ خ ِْي‬- ‫ ح ِْي‬- ‫ج ِْي‬ ‫ ُخ ْو‬- ‫ حُ ْو‬- ‫ُج ْو‬
KHAA - HAA - JAA KHII - HII - JII KHUU - HUU - JUU
‫اِهْ ِدنَا‬ ‫دِيْ ِن‬ ‫َم ْغ ُض ْو ِب‬
‫َع َذاب‬ ‫ُم ْس َتق ِ ْي ُم‬ ُ َ ‫َك‬

‫ِف ْو‬
‫بِه ِ َما‬ ‫َا َّل ِذيْ َن‬ ‫َقالُ ْوا‬
‫ل ِ َس ْعيِ َحا‬ ‫ُم ِح ْيط‬ ‫َي ْعل َُم ْو َن‬
‫ف ِْي َحا‬ ‫َح ِس ْي ًبا‬ ‫ن ُْور‬


2) AL HALQ – THE THROAT – 3 Articulation points and 6 Letters
2) Middle of the Throat

(WASATAL HALQ)
‫ع‬ ‫ح‬
1) Top of the Throat 3) Bottom of the Throat

(ADNAL HALQ) 3 (AQSAL HALQ)
articulation
‫غ‬ ‫خ‬ points
-------------
‫ه‬ ‫ء‬
6 throat
letters
Articulation From Letter Detail Makhraj

Point
1) Top of the ‘kha’ scratching sound

‫خ‬ ‫أخ‬
Throat
As if water is being gargled ‘ghh’
(Adnal Halq) ‫غ‬ ‫أغ‬
2) Middle of Imagine having eaten spicy food
‫ح‬ ‫أح‬
the Throat ‘Hha’ (middle of throat squeezed)
(Wasatal Halq) As if one wants to bite a fruit ‘Aa’
‫ع‬ ‫أع‬
(middle of throat squeezed)
3) Bottom of Ha similar to the ‘H’ in word He

‫ه‬ ‫أه‬
the Throat
Hamza equal to the ‘A’ letter in
(Aqsal Halq) ‫اأء‬ ‫أء‬
English (apple)


2) AL HALQ – THE THROAT – continued
Bottom of throat
‫ء‬ ‫يومئذ‬ ‫ءاذا‬ ‫شيء‬ ‫اذاجآء‬
‫ه‬ ‫اهدنا‬ ‫همزة‬ ‫عليهم‬ ‫اثقالها‬
Middle of throat
‫ع‬ ‫بعد‬ ‫اعوذ‬ ‫سمعهم‬ ‫انعمت‬
‫ح‬ ‫محفوظ‬ ‫حور‬ ‫جحيم‬ ‫الحمد‬
Top of throat
‫غ‬ ‫يغني‬ ‫غفر‬ ‫صغير‬ ‫غضب‬
‫خ‬ ‫اخلق‬ ‫خروج‬ ‫بخل‬ ‫خسر‬
 The Throat letters are also known as Hurooful Halqi.

 Care should be taken on how they are pronounced, as similar sounding letters
from the same articulation point can change the meaning of the word
Similar sounding letters ‫ء‬ (Hamza) and ‫( ع‬Ayn)
‫أليم‬ ‫عليم‬
Word
Meaning Painful All Knowing
Add ( ‫ )عذاب‬meaning ‫عذاب أليم‬ ‫عذاب عليم‬

‘punishment’
Final meaning Painful punishment All Knowing

punishment


3) AL LISAAN – THE TONGUE – 10 Articulation points and 18 Letters
This is the widest part of the speech area and it contains different parts like tongue, teeth
and so on. The tongue touches different parts of the mouth to articulate different letters.
Articulation The 18 Letters of the tongue

points of Al-
Lisaan
Ten ‫قكيشجرنلطدتظذثص‬
‫زسض‬
STRUCTURE OF THE TONGUE: 4 MAIN AREAS
TARFUL LISAAN
(Tip of the tongue)
5 Points of Origin
WASATUL LISAAN 4 MAIN HAAFATUL LISAAN

(Middle of the tongue)
AREAS OF (Side of the tongue)
1 Point of Origin
THE
2 Points of Origin
TONGUE
AQSUL LISAAN
(Back of the tongue)
2 Points of Origin


3) AL LISAAN – THE TONGUE – continued
Huroof Al-Lisaan – are 18 tongue letters that exit from 10 articulation points and are
divided into 4 parts of the tongue.
Back of the tongue
(2 Points)
AQSAL LISAAN Middle of the tongue
(1 Point)
‫ق ك‬
WASATUL LISAAN
Sides of the tongue
‫ي‬ ‫ش‬ ‫ج‬
(2 Points)
HAAFATUL LISAAN Tip of the tongue
‫ل‬ ‫ض‬ (1 Point)
TARFUL LISAAN
Tip of the tongue ‫ن‬

(1 Point)
TARFUL LISAAN
Tip of the tongue
‫ذ ظ‬ ‫ث‬
(1 Point)
TARFUL LISAAN
Tip of the tongue
Tip of the tongue
‫ر‬
(1 Point)
TARFUL LISAAN (1 Point)
TARFUL LISAAN
‫ص‬ ‫س‬ ‫ر‬
‫ت د ط‬


AL LISAAN - 10 ARTICULATION POINTS 18

LETTER/S
BACK OF THE TONGUE - (AQSAL LISAAN)

‫ق‬
1) Heavy letter, pronounced when the root of the tongue, touches the
soft part of the upper palate (closer to the back of the tongue)
2) Light letter, pronounced when the root of the tongue, touches the
sides of the lower palate (closer to the mouth) eg. Cake in English
‫ك‬
MIDDLE OF THE TONGUE - (WASATUL LISAAN)

‫جشي‬
3) The centre of the tongue, touches the upper palate directly above it.
3 letters originate from this point.
SIDE OR EDGE OF THE TONGUE - (HAAFATUL LISAAN)

‫ض‬
4) The upturned sides of the back of the tongue are raised to meet the
edges of the top back teeth. Arabic is also known as the language of
Dhaad ‫ ض‬this is a unique and difficult letter to pronounce.
5) Originates from the front edge of the tongue, touching the back gums
of the upper 6 teeth eg. Like in English
‫ل‬
TIP OF THE TONGUE - (TARFUL LISAAN) ‫تدط‬

6) Articulated from the top part of the tip of the tongue, touching the
roots of the upper incisors (top front teeth).
7) Articulated from between the tip of the tongue and the plates of the
upper and lower incisors. This leaves a small gap between the tongue
‫سص‬
and incisors (hence the whistle sound).
‫ز‬
8) Articulated from the tip of the tongue touching the roots of the upper
incisors. ‫ن‬
(Note: In Al Khayshoom, the letter Nun is only a Ghunnah – Nasal
sound, its actual pronunciation is made with the tongue)
9) When the tip of the tongue touches the gums of the upper incisors –
we must very slightly roll the tongue.
‫ر‬
10) Articulated when the top of the tip of the tongue touches the edges
of the top 2 incisors (part of the tongue will stick out)
‫ثظذ‬


4) ASH SHAFATAIN – THE LIP LETTERS – 2 Articulation points and 4

Letters
Shafataan means the lips

2 Articulation points
1) Between the lips 2) Inside lower lip
Huroofal Shafataan means the letters of the lips

Between the lips
‫ب م و‬
Inside lower lip
‫ف‬
SOUNDS OF THE LETTERS OF THE LIPS

To make the sound of a letter, we put a Sukun on the letter and a Hamza Fat-ha before it.
Between the lips ‫و‬ ‫م‬ ‫ب‬

‫أو‬ ‫أم‬ ‫أب‬
The Sound AW AM AB
Both the lips have to meet to make the above sounds AND for the letter
WAAW, we round both the lips
Inside the lower lip ‫ف‬

‫أف‬ (a unique letter) The sound of this letter is AF


4) ASH SHAFATAIN – THE LIP LETTERS - continued
Al-Huruf al Shafawiyyah – The Labial Letters
‫ف‬ This letter is

sounded when the edges
of the front two teeth
touch the wet portion
of the bottom lip and
separate
‫ ب‬This letter is
sounded when the wet
portion of the lips open
from a closed position
‫م‬ This letter is sounded

when the dry portion of
the lips open from a closed
position
‫ و‬The un-lengthened Waw

is articulated by forming a
circle of the two lips
without the two lips
meeting completely


5) AL KHAYSHOOM: AL-GHUNNAH (not a letter but the nasalization of

the letters Nun and Mim). Al Khayshoom means the Nasal Passage. It refers
to the natural sound of the letters Nun and Meem when they are pronounced. The
nasal sound (Ghunnah) is emitted from the nasal cavity. Al Khayshoom has one
articulation point, from the nostrils going down.
Try to pronounce the sound of Nun or Meem, by holding your nose and feel the vibration.
The simplest and most common type of Ghunnah is with Nun and Meem when they appear
with a Shaddah. We hold the Ghunnah sound in our nose for 2 counts.
ٍ‫أ َ ٍِن‬ ‫أ َ ُن‬ ‫أ َ َن‬ ‫أ َ ِم‬ ‫أ َ ُم‬ ‫أ َ َم‬

Annni Annnu Annna Ammmi Ammmu Ammma


5) AL KHAYSHOOM: AL-GHUNNAH – Nasalisation – continued
When we find ‘Nun’ or ‘Meem’ with a Shaddah, then we lengthen for 2 seconds with a Nasal
sound. This Ghunnah is a very clear ‘n’ sound, it comes automatically when we lengthen the
Nun shaddah or Meem shaddah.
‫ن‬ Jinn-na-ti
‫م‬ falamm-ma
ِ ‫ِج َّن‬
‫ت‬ ‫فَلَ َّما‬
Jahann-na-ma Amm-ma
‫َج َحنَّ َم‬ ‫َع َّم‬
‫ا ِ َّن َّال ِذيْ َن‬ ‫َع ْب ًد ِّام ْن‬
َ‫ك َ َانَّك‬ ِّ ً ‫َضاحِك‬

‫ام ْن‬
ِ ‫اَ ْعي ُ ِن انَّا‬

‫س‬ ‫َق ْو ًما َّما‬
ِ ‫َوانَّا‬
‫س‬ ‫س َِْح ُّمبِي ْن‬
ِ‫ِم َن انَّار‬ ‫َنفْس َّماذَا‬
َّ‫َو َْلكِن‬ ‫ِم ْن ُه ْم ُّم ْق َت ِص ْد‬


SIFAT AL HUROOF
(Ahkam Al Huroof)
due to the order of
letters
(Makharij Al
Excercising
TAJWEED
Huroof)
the tongue
Articulation
and
points of
repetition
letters
(Sifaat Al Huroof)
Characteristics of
letters


TAJWEED 2) SIFAT AL HUROOF

DEFINITION: These are the specific qualities and characteristics that occur in a
letter, when it reaches its articulation point and differentiates it from other letters.
Makharij Al Huroof – Point of origin where the letters are articulated from is permanent
and the letters are also permanent.
Sifat Al Huroof is all about how the letters are pronounced. The letters change according
to the situation. If the letter is articulated properly, but not pronounced correctly with
its correct characteristic, then this letter might change to sound like another letter.
IMPORTANCE OF CORRECT APPLICATION OF THE SIFAT (CHARACTERISTICS)
Teaches the various timings of Sakin letters

(very important aspect for good recitation)
To learn which letters flow with the sound and

which letters flow without the sound
SIFAT AL HUROOF
To learn which letters flow with the air and which ones without the air
To learn which letters have a Nasalisation (Ghunnah) and

which letters have an Echo (Qalqalah)
To Differentiate between the common letters in the Makhraj,

makes the letter clearer, giving it, its due right
To Beautify the recitation and the pronounciation
To recognise the Strong and the Weak letters
To recognise the Light and Heavy letters


SIFAT AL HUROOF
(Characteristics / Qualities of the Arabic Letters)
AS SIFAATAL AARIDHA
AS SIFAATAL LAAZIMA
(characteristics that are present
(characteristics that are always
in some situations and not
there)
present in others)
1.) PERMANENT / 2.) TEMPORARY /

INSEPARABLE CONDITIONAL
CHARACTERISTICS CHARACTERISTICS
Qualities that are in-built & deep Characteristics present in a
rooted in the Letter Letter in some cases and absent in
other cases
These qualities never leave the
Letter, eg. Gunnah for letters Concerns the Order of the
Meem & Nun Letters, which falls under the
Ahkam rulings, ie. Idh'gham,
(Divided into 2 groups - With
Idh'haar - discussed in later
Opposites & Without Opposites)
lessons as individual topics
These are 10 There are 7

attributes attributes
With Opposites Without Opposites


SIFAT AL HUROOF (PERMANENT & TEMPORARY ATTRIBUTES)
PERMANENT ATTRIBUTES TEMPORARY ATTRIBUTES

also known as SIFAT AL also known as SIFAT AL
LAZIMAH, DHATIYYA or AARIDHA, MUHASSINAH or
MUQAWWIMAH MAHALLIYYAH
CHARACTERISTICS OF
CHARACTERISTICS OF
PERMANENT ATTRIBUTES
TEMPORARY ATTRIBUTES
1.) They are an intergral part
1.) They do not form an
of the letter (Dhatiyyah)
integral part of the letter
2.) They constitute the (Aaridha)
letter ie. make up of the
2.) They do not constitute
letter (Muqawwimah) the letter, ie. the letter will
3.) They are inseparable be pronounced without them
from the letter (Lazimah) 3.) They are not present in
4.) Without any one of the letter all the time at
every place (Mahalliyyah)
these qualities, the letter
will either be pronounced 4.) Their purpose is only to
as just another letter or add to the beauty of
will become a non-Arabic recitation (Muhassinah)
letter or just a sound 5.) They change according to
the arrangement of the
10 Attributes with Opposites letters
Hams------------------Jahr
Shiddah---Tawassut---Rakhawah
Isti'laa-----------Istifaal
Itbaaq--------Infitaah
Ismaat---------Idhlaq
7 Attributes without Opposites

As - Safeer, Al - Qalqalah, Al - Leen, Al - Inhiraf, Al - Takreer,
Al - Istitaalah and Al - Tafash-shee


PERMANANT ATTRIBUTES (LAZIMAH) THAT HAVE OPPOSITE CHARACTERISTICS
HAMS - JAHR (CONTINUATION OR STOPPAGE OF BREATH)
ATTRIBUTES THEIR OPPOSITE ATTRIBUTES
HAMS – Continuation of Breath JAHR – Stoppage of Breath

 The softness of these letters allow  Imprisonment of the breath when
for breathing to continue freely pronounced.
when pronouncing them.  Air does not flow with the letter due
 Air flows with the letter due to the to the strength of its origin, causing
weakness of its origin, causing it to rely greatly on its makharij
weakness in its reliance on its  The rest of the letters have this
makharij quality
 Amount of air depends on the
Makhraj of the letter
 Letters ‫ ك‬and ‫ ت‬have least air
escaping compared to the other 8
letters
11 LETTERS 18 LETTERS
‫تثحخسشصفكهة‬
All the letters, excluding Hams Letters
‫ءبجدذرزضطظعغقلمن‬
‫وي‬
When Hams letters are pronounced with a When Jahr letters are pronounced with a
Sakin, air flows from the mouth Sakin, air does not flow from the mouth
NOTE: Letters can have the same Makharij (Point of Origin), but different Sifaat
(Quality). Eg.‫خ‬ and ‫ غ‬both originate from the top of the throat, but their Sifaat are
not the same ‫خ‬ (air) ‫( غ‬no air)


SHIDDAH-TAWASSUT-RAKHAWAH (STOPPAGE & CONTINUATION OF SOUND)
SHIDDAH - Strength TAWASSUT – In between RAKHAWAH

The Strong Letters The Moderate Letters The Soft Letters
 Imprisonment of the  This is a moderation  The continuation of
Sound of the letter between Shiddah & the sound of the
due to complete Rakhawah. The sound letter, when
reliance on the of the letter is not pronouncing it due
articulation point stopped, nor is it to weakness in
 The articulation point allowed to continue. reliance of the
is completely closed articulation point.
 No running of sound  This is when the  There is no collision
 This is when the letters are Sakin and the sound is
letters are Sakin, soft.
which causes a strong  This is when the
stoppage of the sound letters are Sakin
8 LETTERS 5 LETTERS 16 LETTERS
‫ءبتجدطقك‬ ‫رعلمن‬ ‫ثحخذزسشص‬

‫ضظغفوهية‬


ISTI’LAA - ISTEFAAL (HEAVINESS & LIGHTNESS)
ISTI’LAA PART TIME HEAVY & ISTEFAAL

Letters of Elevation PART TIME LIGHT Letters of Lowering
 The elevation of the  Keeping the tongue
back of the tongue
LETTERS – ‫ا ل ر‬ lowered from the
towards the roof of  ‫ل‬ In the name of roof of the mouth
the mouth, when Allah (discussed while pronouncing a
pronouncing a letter elsewhere in this letter
 Thick sound book – Lafdhil Jalali)  Flat sound
 Known as Heavy  Rules of ‫ر‬  Known as Light
letters (Tafkheem) (discussed elsewhere letters )Tarqeeq)
(Heavy letters – Full mouth) in this book) (Light letters – Empty
With Isti’laa, the tongue is  Regarding letter ‫ا‬ mouth)
just raised, whereas for Includes rest of the
(Pronouncing changes
Itbaaq, there is actual letters except ‫ ل‬and ‫ ر‬,
according to its
contact which have their own rules
position)
7 LETTERS 2 SITUATIONS FOR 21 LETTERS
‫خصضطظغق‬ ‫ا‬
LETTER (ALIF) ‫ءبتثجحدذرز‬
When it is heavy OR when it ‫سشعفكلمنو‬
is light
‫هي‬
When Alif appears after a

Heavy letter, it is
pronounced Heavily eg. ‫قَا َل‬
When Alif appears after a

Light letter, it is
pronounced Lightly eg. ‫َما َل‬


ITBAAQ - INFITAAH (CLOSURE & OPENING OF THE INSIDE OF THE MOUTH)
ITBAAQ – Adhesion INFITAAH - Separation

 Closure between parts of the tongue  Keeping the tongue separated from
and the upper palate of the mouth the roof of the mouth while
when pronouncing these 4 letters pronouncing a letter
 The compression of the sound  The absence of the compression of
between the tongue and the mouth the sound
 These letters are also Isti’laa  All letters of the Arabic Alphabet,
letters (Heavy letters) apart from the 4 letters of Itbaaq
 NOTE: Every Itbaaq letter is an
Isti’laa letter, but every Isti’laa
letter is not a letter of Itbaaq
‫صضط ظ‬ ‫ءبتثجحخدذرزسش‬
‫عغفقكلمنهوي‬


ISMAAT - IDHLAQ (PRONOUNCED WITH EFFORT & EASE)
ISMAAT – The Hard Pronounced IDHLAQ - Fluency

 The articulation of the letters with  Purity in Speech
utmost strength and stability from  The articulation of the letters with
their makharij, without which the utmost ease from the sides of the
letter will not be articulated tongue or lips as if they are slipping
 Effort is put in reciting these away
letters.  Lightly Pronounced letters
 Includes all letters excluding Idhlaq
letters
‫ءتثجحخدذ زسشص‬
‫برفلمن‬
‫ضطظعغ قكهوي‬


PERMANENT ATTRIBUTES (LAZIMAH) WITHOUT OPPOSITES
1.) AS-SAFEER – WHISTLING: ‫صسز‬ It is the natural occurrence of a whistle

like sound emitted while pronouncing the letters. The sound resembles that of a bird
when these letters are pronounced. The sound emerges from the tip of the tongue
and upper front teeth. Note: The letter ‫ز‬ has a more buzzing sound than the
whistling sound in ‫س‬ and ‫ص‬
2.) AL-QALQALAH – ECHOING: ‫قطبجد‬ This is the most important of the
non-opposite qualities. The letters possessing this quality are called Muqalqalah. The
letters in this group are pronounced with an echoing quality. It is the vibration of
the Makharij, a breaking of tension or release with the emergence of the letter
when accompanied by Sukoon. Qalqalah is discussed at length in another chapter.
3.) AL-LEEN – SOFTNESS: ‫يو‬ These letters are pronounced without difficulty.
The letters are articulated from its makharij with a natural ease and softness
present in the letter. The letters are Waw Sakinah with a Fat-ha before it and Ya
Sakinah with a Fat-ha before it.
4.) AL-INHIRAF – INCLINATION: The inclination to move the makhraj of one letter
to the other during pronounciation. ‫لر‬ Leaning away from one point of articulation
to another. Technically it is the ‘slight deviation of the tongue towards the makhraj
of Raa while pronouncing Laam, and towards its back and towards Laam while
pronouncing Raa.’
5.) AL-TAKRIR – REPETITION: ‫ر‬ Technically means the trilling of the tongue while
pronouncing the letter ‫ر‬ that causes the letter to be pronounced more than once.
(we must abstain from this quality so that the letter is pronounced only once)
6.) AL-TAFASH-SHEE – SPREAD: ‫ش‬ Spreading the sound of the letter starting
from its articulation point, until it collides with the inner plates of the top teeth.
7.) AL-ISTITAALAH – PROLONGATION: ‫ض‬ The stretching of the sound over the
entire tongue when pronouncing the letter. The prolongation of the sound throughout
its makhraj from its beginning till the end.


2 EXTRA PERMANENT ATTRIBUTES (WITHOUT OPPOSITES)
8.) GHUNNAH – NASAL SOUND: This is the sound coming from the nasal passage
when pronouncing the two letters ‫ ن‬and ‫ م‬Nasal sound is retained when:-
a) ‫م‬ and ‫ ن‬carry a Shaddah . ‫إ ِ َّن ِم َّنا ث ُ َّم أ ُ َّم ُه‬

b) Idhghaam of ‫ م‬in ‫ م‬accompanied by a vowel . ‫َو ُهم ِمن َها‬ ‫كم ِمن‬
c) Idhghaam of ‫ ن‬in four letters of ) ‫(ي م و ن‬
‫ِمن نَف ٍس‬ ٍ ‫ِمن َو ِلي‬ ‫ِمن َما ٍل‬ ‫َمن َيشَا ُء‬
d) All the Ikhfaa. Ikhfaa of ‫ن‬ next to the rest of the letters, and Ikhfaa of ‫م‬
next to the letter ‫ب‬
)ِ‫(مم َبعد‬
ِ ‫ِمن َبع ِد‬ ‫أَنتُم ِب ِه‬ ‫أَنزَ َل‬ ‫ِمن ُكم‬
Note: These are explained in detail in chapters of rules of Idhghaam, rules of Noon Sakin
and Tanween and rules of Meem Sakin.
The amount of nasal sound retained from minimum 1 to maximum 5 is:
a) ‫م‬ and ‫ ن‬carrying a vowel. (This is a quality - Sifaat) ‫غنَ ُم‬

َ ‫أمن‬
b) ‫م‬ and ‫ ن‬have the rule of Idhaar. (This is a quality - Sifaat) ‫غَم َر ِة ِمن َها‬
c) ‫م‬ and ‫ ن‬have the rule of Ikhfaa. (This is a rule – Ahkam) ‫كنتم‬ ‫أم به‬
d) ‫ن‬ has the rule of Idghaam (half Idghaam). (This is a rule – Ahkam)
‫َضي ٌد‬ َ
ِ ‫طل ٌع ن‬ ٍ ‫ِمن َو ِلي‬
e) ‫م‬ and ‫ ن‬carrying a Shaddah. (This is a rule - Ahkam) ‫ِم َّما‬ ‫اِنَّ َما‬
Note: These are explained in detail in chapters of rules of Idghaam, rules of Noon Sakin
and Tanween and rules of Meem Sakin.


9.) NABRAH – DOMINATION OR COMMAND: Hamza is said to be Athqal Al-Huroof,

the heaviest of all letters. It has a special sharpness and heaviness which makes it
dominate and have superiority over the rest of the letters. It is glottal stop. This
quality of Hamza sometimes results in Hamza taking different rules in the recitation
of the Holy Qur’an which affect its heaviness.
The rules of Hamza are:-
a.) TAS-HEEL – TO MAKE EASY: This means to pronounce Hamza softly without
taking into consideration its quality of strength and domination or its being a glottal
stop. In the recitation of ‘Aasim by the narrator Hafs, there is only one word which
takes this rule, in Surah Fussilat, Ayah 44 ‫ءأعجمي‬

The second Hamza is pronounced softly, in the middle between the sound of Hamza and
the long vowel of Alif.
b.) TABDEEL – TO CHANGE: This means changing the second Hamza to the long vowel
of Alif. This rule has been set out in the writing of the Holy Qur’an.
Example: ‫ءأمنوا‬
is changed into
‫ءامنوا‬
c.) HATHF – TO ELIMINATE: This is another rule for Hamza. It means omitting Hamza
from the word. In the recitation of ‘Aasim by the narrator Hafs, there is only one
word which practically takes this rule, in Surah Hujuraat, Ayah 11:
‫بئس االسم‬
The letters ‫ ل‬and ‫ س‬are accompanied by Sukoon, as the rule of the joining of two letters
with Sukoon (Noon Sakin with Kasra is added), in here ‫ ل‬takes a Kasra. The Hamza after
the letter ‫ل‬ is omitted. When stopping at the word ‫س‬
َ ‫ِبئ‬ , the second word can be read
in two ways, either as ‫ا َ ِلﺳ ُم‬ or ‫ِلﺳ ُم‬



AS - SAFEER
(WHISTLING)
‫ص س ر‬
AL - QALQALAH
AL - LEEN (ECHOING)
(SOFTNESS)
Pronounced without Letters of
difficulty Vibration -
Qutubjad Letters
‫ي و‬ ‫ق ط ب ج د‬
AL - ISTITAALAH
(PROLONGATION)
Stretching the sound
over the entire tongue
‫ض‬ AL - INHIRAF
AL - TAKREER (INCLINATION)
(REPETITION) Move the Makhraj
Fast Vibration of one letter to the
other
‫ر‬
AL-TAFASH-SHEE ‫ل ر‬
(SPREAD)
Sound spread in the
mouth
‫ش‬


SUMMARY OF PERMANANT ATTRIBUTES (LAZIMAH) WITH THE OPPOSITES
QUALITY NAME & DEFINITION NO OF ALPHABETS

LETTERS
Hams – Continuation of breath

‫تثحخسشصفكهة‬
11
Jahr – Stoppage of breath 18 ‫ءبجدذرزضطظعغ‬

‫قلمنوي‬
Shiddah – Strong stoppage of 8
sound
‫ءبتجدطقك‬
Tawassut – In between stoppage 5 ‫رعلمن‬
and continuation of sound
Rakhawah – Continuation of sound 16 ‫ثحخذزسشصضظغ‬

‫فوهي ة‬
Isti’laa – Elevated – Back of tongue 7 ‫خصضطظغق‬
rises to palate (pronounced heavily)
Istefaal – Lowness – Tongue low 21

from palate (pronounced lightly)
‫ءبتثجحدذرزسش‬
‫عفكلمنوهي‬
Itbaaq – Covered – Centre of 4
tongue rises to palate
‫صضط ظ‬
Infitaah – Open – Tongue 24
separated from palate
‫ءبتثجحخدذرزس‬
‫شعغفقكلمنهوي‬
Ismaat – Pronounced with effort 22 ‫ءتثجحخدذ زسش‬
‫صضطظعغ قكهو‬
‫ي‬
Idhlaq – Fluency – Smooth and easy 6 ‫برفلمن‬
to pronounce


SUMMARY OF PERMANANT ATTRIBUTES (LAZIMAH) WITHOUT OPPOSITES
QUALITY NAME & DEFINITION NO OF ALPHABETS

LETTERS
3 ‫صسز‬
Safeer – Whistling – Sound like a bird
5 ‫قطبجد‬
Qalqalah – Echoing – Breaking of tension or release
2 ‫و ي‬
Leen – Softness – pronounced without difficulty
2 ‫ر ل‬
Inhiraf – Inclination – Move makharij of one into
another
1 ‫ر‬
Takrir – Repetition – Prounouncing the letter more than
once (not recommended)
1 ‫ش‬
Tafashshee – Spread – Spreading around the sound of
the word in the mouth
1 ‫ض‬
Istitaalah – Prolongation – Stretching sound over entire
tongue.
2 ‫م ن‬
Ghunnah – Nasal Sound – Comes from the Nasal passage
1 ‫ء‬
Nabrah – Domination – Command and Sharpness, the
heaviest of all letters


PERMANENT QUALITIES OF INDIVIDUAL LETTERS

JAHR – Stoppage of Breath
‫أ‬
SHIDDAH – Strong letters
ISTEFAAL – Light letters
ISMAAT – Read with effort
INFITAAH – Separation of tongue and upper palate
‫ب‬
IDHLAQ – Smooth - Read with ease
QALQALAH – Echoing or Vibration
HAMS – Continuation of Breath
‫ت‬
‫ث‬
RAKHAWAH – Soft letters
‫ج‬
‫ح‬



‫خ‬
ISTI’LAA – Heavy letters
‫د‬
‫ذ‬
‫ر‬
TAWASSUT – In Between stoppage & continuation of breath
IDHLAQ – Smooth - Read with ease
TAKREER – Avoid trilling of the tongue when reading letter RA
INHIRAF – Incline – Move makharij of one into another
‫ز‬
AS SAFEER – Whistling – Sound like a bird
‫س‬



‫ش‬
TAFASHSHEE – Spreading the sound in the mouth
‫ص‬
ITBAAQ – Adhesion of tongue and upper palate
‫ض‬
ISTITAALAH – Prolongation – Stretching the sound
‫ط‬
‫ظ‬
‫ع‬



‫غ‬
‫ف‬
IDHLAQ – Read with ease
‫ق‬
‫ك‬
‫ل‬
INHIRAF – Incline – Move makharij of one into another
‫م‬
GHUNNAH – Nasal Sound from the Nasal passage



‫ن‬
GHUNNAH – Nasal Sound from the Nasal passage
‫و‬
LEEN – Softness – pronounced without difficulty
‫ه‬ RAKHAWAH – Soft letters

‫ء‬
‫ي‬
LEEN – Softness – pronounced without difficulty
‫ة‬ RAKHAWAH – Soft letters


SIFAAT OF QALQALAH
‫ب‬
‫ج‬ ‫ط‬
‫د‬ QUTUBJAD ‫ق‬


THE QUALITY (SIFAAT) OF QALQALAH

When Arabic letters are read with a Sukun, the sound of the letter is completed. There
are 5 letters that when they are pronounced with a Sukun, their sound is not completed
and they are therefore read with a Vibration or Echo, so as to complete the sound.
DEFINITION: To pronounce with an Echoing or Bouncing sound, when the letter

carries a SUKOON only. The characteristic of Qalqalah is found in the following
five letters, when they carry a Sukoon. They are known by the acronym
QUTUBJAD.
) ‫( قطبجد‬ ‫د‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ق‬

1.) The 5 letters of Qalqalah are read with an Echo when they carry a Sukun, or stopping
or pausing at the end of a sentence, or even when they appear in the middle of a
sentence.
2.) Example: ( ‫أق‬ ) try and say the word ‘AQ’, it is a little difficult as the back of the
tongue and back of the throat come together. The sound is stuck and does not fully
come out, therefore it is read with an echo, so as to release the sound, ‘AQQ’
3.) When the sound is pronounced with an echo, separation takes place between the 2
points of articulation, therefore the sound is completed.
4.) Since an additional sound is being made, care must be taken that a Sakin letter should
not sound doubled (Mushaddad - as if it is carrying a Shaddah) or voweled
(Mutaharrik – as if it has a fat-ha or a Dhamma)


TWO TYPES OF SUKUN
TEMPORARY SUKUN PERMANENT SUKUN
When you stop at a

verse or word and The Original Sukun
you convert the symbol ً
haraka into a Sukun
َ ‫َك‬
‫أَبْ َناء‬
‫ب۝‬َ ‫ﺳ‬
‫ﺳب ۝‬ َ ‫َك‬
kasab Abnaa
TEMPORARY SUKUN PERMANENT SUKUN

Examples of end of verse Examples in a word
ٍ‫َخل َ ْق‬ Becomes ٍ‫َخل َ ٍْقنَا َخل َ َق‬ ‫ٍاُقْ ِس ُم‬ ‫ق‬
ٍ‫ُّمِي ْ ْط‬ Becomes ٍ ٌ ْ ‫تَ ْط ِه ْْيا ُّمِي‬
‫ط‬ ‫ا َْطعَ َم ُه ْم‬ ‫ط‬
ٍ ْ ‫َك َس‬
‫ب‬ Becomes ٍ َ ‫ك َك َس‬
‫ب‬ َ ِ‫قَبْل‬ ‫َحب ْ ٌل‬ ‫ب‬
ٍ‫ُب ُر ْو ْج‬ Becomes ‫فَ ْج ِر ُب ُر ْو ٍِج‬ ‫ََتْ ِر ْي‬ ‫خ‬
ٍ‫ا ََح ْد‬ Becomes ٍ‫ا ََح ٌد‬ ‫ل َ ْم ي َ ٍلِ ْد‬ ‫قَ ْد اَفْل ََح‬ ‫د‬


L E V E L S OF Q A L Q A L A H
SUGHRA - SUBTLE ECHO - The Minor Qalqalah in the middle of

a word. The echo is subtle and the reader will not stop on it and will
continue the recitation.
‫أَبْ َناء‬ ‫ه َُو يُ ْب ِد ُئ‬ ‫أَ ْق ُع ُد‬ ‫َس ْد َر َك‬
MUTAWASITA - MEDIUM ECHO - The Moderate Qalqalah

When stopping on a Qalqalah letter that DOES NOT have a
Shaddah (instead it has a haraka - vowel)
‫۝‬ ‫أِذْ َه ْب‬ ‫۝‬ ‫أِذْ َه ُب‬ ‫۝‬ ‫ُم ِح ْي ْط‬ ‫۝‬ ‫ُم ِح ْي ُط‬
QUBRA - STRONG ECHO - The Major Qalqalah

When stopping on a Qalqalah letter that DOES have a Shaddah
‫۝‬ ‫َو َت ّب‬ ‫۝‬ ‫َو َت َّب‬ ‫۝‬ ‫َوا ْل َح ّج‬ ‫۝‬ ‫َوا ْل َح ِّج‬


THE LEVELS OF QALQALAH

The degrees of Qalqalah refer to the strength of the vibration in the non-vowelled
letter depending on its position in a word, while the division into levels takes into
consideration the strength of the inherent qualities of the Qalqalah letters.
• The Highest level

1st
• Found in the letter ‫ط‬
Level
• The Middle level

2nd
• Found in the letter ‫ج‬
Level
• The Lowest level

3rd
• Found in the letters ‫قبد‬
Level
STRONGEST: When making Waqf (stopping) on a Mushaddad

letter of Qalqalah
STRONG: When making Waqf (stopping) on a Sakin letter of

Qalqalah
WEAK: When the Sakin letter of Qalqalah is in the middle of a

word
WEAKEST: When the letter of Qalqalah has a harakah (vowel)


REASON FOR QALQALAH
The reason that these 5 letters have this quality of Qalqalah is because they have
the qualities of strength or force and the quality of audibility.
When the letter has the quality of strength or force, the sound and air is completely
cut off and the letter is trapped in its Makhraj, hence it is not heard when
pronounced. But these 5 letters have the quality of audibility, so they should be
heard when pronounced. The only way it can be heard is to break the tension and
release the Makhraj, to give Qalqalah to the letter.
The Qalqalah is necessary for these 5 letters because they have the attributes of
Jahr (stoppage of the flow of breath) and Shiddah (stoppage of the flow of sound),
so without Qalqalah, there would be no sound.
IDENTIFYING THE QALQALAH
1.) Look for one of the letters of Qalqalah
‫قطبجد‬
2.) Ask yourself: Does it have a Permanent or Temporary Sukun?
3.) What level of Qalqalah is it? Subtle, Medium or Strong?
SURAH LAHAB


READING QALQALAH
NOTE: If any of the Qalqalah appear with Sukoon, it will be read with an Echoing sound,
whether it be in the middle of a word or at the end.
If the letter of Qalqalah comes at the end of a word and you stop on it, it will be pronounced
with a strong echoing sound, and if the letter has a Shaddah it will be pronounced even
stronger.


EXERCISING THE TONGUE

& REPETITION
(Ahkam Al Huroof)
due to the order of
letters
(Makharij Al
Excercising
TAJWEED
Huroof)
the tongue
Articulation
and
points of
repetition
letters
(Sifaat Al Huroof)
Characteristics of
letters


TAJWEED 3: EXERCISING THE TONGUE & REPETITION
Recitation of the Holy Qur’an requires one to be informed about the letters, vowels, how
letters are connected and the various rules of Tajweed, etc. Most important is how to
pronounce the letters and this involves the mouth and in particular the tongue.
There are certain mistakes that are consistent, therefore, one has to train the parts of
the tongue, so that the letters are pronounced correctly, otherwise the meaning of the
word changes, which should be avoided completely.
The letters that occur in Arabic, are not common in other languages. Letters can have
similar sounds to other languages, but they have different articulation points. Letters
that sound similar to the untrained ear, can be very different in pronunciation.
The Qur’an is the word of Allah (swt), revealed to man as a guidance and we have to be
extremely careful to read it as best as we can.
Below are some letters that sound similar to each other. Read them correctly and notice
how different parts of the tongue are used to pronounce them, even though they sound
similar.


SIMILAR SOUNDING LETTERS LEAD TO SIMILAR SOUNDING WORDS
Some similar pairs of letters from the Arabic Alphabet, when put together, form similar
sounding words. So extra care must be taken to pronounce each letter correctly.
Below are some pairs of words which illustrate this point. Notice some of the letters may
be different but the words sound the same.
‫َك‬
َ ‫ َهل‬- ‫َحل ََق‬ ‫ كَلْب‬- ‫َقلْب‬
َ ‫َت‬
َ َ‫ ط‬- ‫اب‬
‫اب‬ ‫ َر َق َد‬- ‫َر َك َد‬
‫ طِي ْن‬- ‫تِي ْن‬ ‫ َك َس َد‬- ‫َق َص َد‬
‫ ظَ ل ِ ْيل‬- ‫ذَل ِ ْيل‬ ‫ْضب‬

ْ َ - ‫َد ْرب‬
‫ َص َّب‬- ‫َس َّب‬ ‫ َب ْع َض‬- ‫َب ْع َد‬
َ‫ َص َبح‬- َ‫َس َبح‬ ‫ َض َّل‬- ‫َد َّل‬


THE THREE LEVELS OF SPEED IN RECITING THE HOLY QUR’AN
1.) TAHQEEQ – Reciting the Holy Qur’an slowly and with serenity, while
pondering the meaning. Reciting with deeper concentration and observing the
Tajweed rules. This is a slowness without elongation.
There is a possibility that when reciting slowly, one may lengthen a letter over
its limit. This results in Tamteet, elongation, which is a mistake. Tamteet
means giving rise to letters of Madd from the harakaat. Therefore the reciter
has to be extra careful when reciting with Tahqeeq.
The reading level of Tahqeeq is usually for beginners in order to train the
tongue to recite the letters according to their nature and quality and to
practice the rules of recitation.
Advantages: Less Tajweed mistakes are made

Disadvantages: Less verses are recited. Time spent to recite one Juz is about one and
a half to two hours.
This type of recitation is usually recited in gatherings and meetings when there is a
special programme.
2.) TAHDEER (or Hadr) – It is a swift method of reciting the Holy Qur’an with
observation of the rules of Tajweed. The reader then must be careful not to
cut off the lengthened letters, and not to shorten the vowels to the point
that the reading is not correct.
When reading with Hadr, there is a danger of reducing the timing of the
letters and inserting one into another. The letters must be pronounced
correctly with their due rights. Therefore, there is no problem with reciting
the Qur’an with speed, on the condition that there is no Idh’gham (merging of
some letters into others) or reduction in the required timing
(‘eating/swallowing’ part of the letter)


This level of reading is usually for the Haafizul Qur’an who has memorized the
Qur’an. Therefore he is fully aware of the reading laws of Tajweed and due
to repetition of his reading, he avoids mistakes.
Advantages: More verses recited. Time spent to recite one Juz is about half an hour.
Disadvantages: Recitation mistakes are made easily. This type of recitation is usually
recited in the month of Ramadhan in order to obtain greater rewards by reciting more
verses of the Holy Qur’an - This should not be encouraged as it causes errors in
recitation.
3.) TADWEER – It is reciting the Holy Qur’an with an average speed, at a medium
level which is in between the two levels of Tahqeeq and Tahdeer. In this level
the rules of Tajweed are preserved and observed. It is a moderated recitation
that is neither fast as Al-Hadr and nor slow as Tahqeeq. Time spent to recite
one Juz is about 1 hour.
During recitation of the Holy Qur’an, regardless of which speed is being used (Tahqeeq,
Tahdeer or Tadweer) one must apply the rule of Tarteel to all of them.
TARTEEL is Tajweed ul Huroof wa Ma’arifat ul Wuqoof – it is Tajweed of the letters

and knowledge of the stops.
It is reciting the Holy Qur’an clearly, pronouncing the letters correctly one by one and
applying the rules of Tajweed with understanding and thinking about what is recited.
The intention for recitation must be seeking closeness to Allah (swt) and not for getting
popularity, money or such like.
Tarteel also means reading the Holy Qur’an, as the Holy Prophet Muhammad (saw) used
to recite as he was ordered by Allah (swt) in the following Ayah:
ً ْ َ َ ْ ُ ْ ِّ َ َ
ٓ ‫وٓرت ِلٓالقرآنٓت ِرت‬
‫يل‬
Surah Muzzammil Ch 73: Ayah 4 “…………..and recite the Qur’an slowly and meditatively”


Rat-tilil Qur’an means pronounce each letter one by one. This means each letter is
articulated individually. If we say ‘Bismillah’, we will hear the sound of the Ba, Seen and
the Meem. We recite with Tarteel, whether we recite fast, slow or moderately.
When asked about the meaning of Tarteel, Imam Ali (as) replied: “It means that the
Qur’an should be recited with Tajweed and with due observance to the rules of Waqf
(pausing or stopping at the end of the Verse)”.
Tarteel is reciting the Holy Qur’an with an average speed, the same as Tadweer, but in
addition to observing the rules of Tajweed and pronouncing the letters correctly, the
reciter must have Tadabbur (a proper understanding and consideration of the Ayah
recited).
Man Haqqaqah Tilaawah (one who recites in Tahqeeq), must recite with Tarteel, and
Man Dawwaral Tilaawah (one who recites in Tadweer), must recite with Tarteel, and
Man Hadara Tilaawah (one who recites in Hadr), must recite with Tarteel, articulating
each letter individually.
The Prophet Muhammad (SAW) says:
‫أال الخير في قراءة ال تدُّبر فيها‬

“Truly, reciting without proper understanding is fruitless”


THE THREE LEVELS OF SPEED IN RECITING THE HOLY QUR’AN
TAHQEEQ
Slowly with Concentration
Observes Tajweed rules
TAHDEER
Swift with Speed
Observes Tajweed rules
TADWEER
Average and Medium
Preserves & Observes

Tajweed rules


HOW DIACRITICS CONTROL WORDS
Arabic Diacritics are actually called ‘TASHKIL’ in Arabic. Simply put, they are signs written
above or below letters to indicate how they are pronounced. A Diacritic can be a sign, mark,
point or accent. In Arabic, the Diacritics or Tashkil are the short vowels of Fat-ha, Kasra
and Dhamma, the lengthened long vowels and Tanween, Sukun and Shaddah.
Example: An Arabic word can have the same Three letters - in the example below we have
the letters: ‫ س ل م‬. By just changing the Diacritics, we can pronounce the words in
so many different ways, each word with a different sound and meaning.
‫ل‬
ٍ َ ‫َسل‬
• ‫م‬ ٍَ ِ‫َسل‬
• ‫م‬
ٍ ْ ‫ِسل‬
• ‫م‬
• ‫َسلَما‬ ٍَ َ ‫َسل‬
• ‫م‬
• ‫م‬ٌٍ َ ‫ُسل‬
• ٍ‫َسل ْ ٌم‬ • ٍ‫ِسل ْ ٌم‬
• ٍ‫ِسلْم‬
• ٍ‫َسلْم‬ • ‫م‬ٍَ ِ‫ُسل‬
ٍ َ ‫ُسل‬
• ‫م‬
• ‫َسلْما‬ ٍَ ِ‫ُسل‬
• ‫م‬
ٌٍ َ ‫َسل‬
• ‫م‬
‫م‬ • ٍٰ‫ُسلَم‬ ‫س‬


AHKAM AL HUROOF
(Ahkam Al Huroof)
due to the order of
letters
(Makharij Al
Excercising
TAJWEED
Huroof)
the tongue
Articulation
and
points of
repetition
letters
(Sifaat Al Huroof)
Characteristics of
letters


TAJWEED 4: AHKAM AL HUROOF

AHKAM AL HUROOF – Rules of the letters – These are the changes which occur when a
letter is combined with other letters. Each letter (Huruf) is given it’s due right by applying
the correct rules.
In Ahkam, we learn how to identify and apply the rules of Tajweed when reciting the Holy
Qur’an. It is the knowledge of what rules change in the letters due to the order of letters.
The AHKAM rules are Eleven and each are further subdivided.
THE ELEVEN AHKAM RULES
i.) The rules of LAAM
ii.) The rules of NUN SAKIN AND TANWEEN
iii.) The rules of NUN AND MEEM MUSHADDADAH
iv.) The rules of MEEM SAKIN
v.) The rules of OTHER IDHGHAM
vi.) The rule of NUN QUTNI
vii.) The rules of RAA
viii.) The rules of MADDAH
ix.) The rules of HAA
x.) The rules of HAMZA
xi.) The rules of WUQUF


TAJWEED
MAKHARIJ
AL AHKAM
SIFAT AL EXERCISING
HUROOF AL
HUROOF THE TONGUE
& HUROOF
REPETITION
MAKHARIJ 2 TYPES
1.) DHATI
2.) MAHALI
11 RULES OF AHKAM
1.) Rules of Laam
5 TYPES
2.) Rules of Nun Sakin
1.) AL JAWF - & Tanween
The Oral Cavity
3.) Rules of Nun &
2.) AL HALQ -
Meem Mushaddadah
The Throat
3.) AL LISAAN - 4.) Rules of Meem
The Tongue Sakin
4.) ASH 5.) Rules of other
SHAFATAIN - The Idhgham
Lips 6.) Rule of Nun Qutni
5.) AL 7.) Rules of Raa
KHAISHOOM -
The Nasal Cavity 8.) Rules of Maddah
9.) Rules of Haa
10.) Rules of Hamza
11.) Rules of Wuquf




THE RULES OF LAAM
LAAM
AT
TA'REEF
RULES
LAAM AL LAAM AL
HARF
OF FI'IL
LAAM
LAAM AL
LAFDHIL
JALALI


AHKAM AL HUROOF: 1) RULES OF LAAM

Laam Sakin appears in the Holy Qur’an, in many ways, as in a Noun, or a Verb or as a Definite
Article. How and where the Laam Sakin appears, determines the way in which it will be
pronounced. The 4 types of Laam are further Sub-divided into 2 sections each. There are
those that are Idh’haar (where the Laam Sakin appears and is pronounced clearly) and
Idh’ghaam (where the Laam Sakin is written but merged or joined into the letter)
4 TYPES OF LAAM SAAKIN
LAAM AT TA'REEF When the ‫ ل‬appears in the beginning of a Noun

• When a Noun (names of places, things, people) begins with a Laam Sakin, then it
becomes a specific noun and is known as Laam At-Ta'reef or in some places as Laam
Al-Ma'arifa.
LAAM AL FI'IL When the ‫ ل‬appears at the end of a Verb

• When the Laam Sakin appears at the end of a Verb (action word), then the
pronounciation of this Verb will be determined by the word that follows this Verb.
LAAM AL HARF When a word ends with ‫ ل‬. Only 2 words: ‫بَل هَل‬
• Also known as Laam of the Participle (a word that points out meaning of another
word). There are only Two words that end with Laam Sakin in the Arabic Alphabet.
They are Hal ( ‫ ) هَل‬and Bal ( ‫) َبل‬. Their pronounciation is also determined by the
word that follows the HAL or BAL
LAAM AL LAFDHIL
When the ‫ ل‬appears in the name of Allah (swt)
JALALI
• Depending on the Vowel before the Laam in the name of Allah, the word Allah will be
pronounced heavily or lightly


4 TYPES OF LAAM SAKIN – FURTHER DIVIDED
IDH'HAAR (Where the Laam is clearly pronounced) in the 14 Moon

letters (Qamariyyah)
LAAM AT
TA'REEF
IDH'GHAAM (Where the Laam is merged and not pronounced) in the
14 Sun letters (Shamsiyyah)
When the Verb ends with Laam Sakin and the word that follows it,
begins with any alphabet of the Arabic language Except Ra and Laam,
LAAM AL then it is IDH'HAAR (The Laam Sakin is pronounced clearly)
FI'IL
When the Verbs ends with Laam Sakin and the word that follows it,
begins with Ra or Laam, then it becomes IDH'GHAAM (The Laam
Sakin is merged and not pronounced)
If the word following Hal or Bal begins with any of the Arabic
Alphabet except Ra or Laam, then IDH'HAAR applies (The Laam
LAAM AL Sakin is pronounced clearly)
HARF
If the word following Hal or Bal begins with Ra or Laam, then
IDH'GHAAM applies (The Laam Sakin is merged and not pronounced)
If the letter before the name of Allah bears a Fat-ha or a Dhamma,

LAAM AL then the word Allah is recited heavily with a full mouth
LAFDHIL
JALALI If the letter before the name of Allah bears a Kasra, then the word
Allah is recited lightly with an empty mouth


LAAM SAKIN: 1) LAAM AT TA’REEF (SUN & MOON LAAM)

The 28 Arabic alphabet are divided into 14 Sun letters (Al Huroof Al Shamsiyyah) and 14
Moon letters (Al Huroof Al Qamariyyah). The Sun and Moon letters follow different
pronounciation ways when they come directly after the Definite Article ‘AL’.
In English, when we mention the words ‘an Apple’ or ‘a Pear’, this means any Apple or Pear.
When we say ‘the Apple’ or ‘the Pear’, it means that particular Apple or Pear. In Arabic the
word ‘the’ is used as AL )a combination of Alif and Laam). AL is therefore known as the
‘Definite Article’ as it refers to a particular thing. Nouns beginning with Sun and Moon
letters have different pronounciations when they appear directly after the AL.
SUN LAAM MOON LAAM

(AL LAAM AL SHAMSIYYAH) (AL LAAM AL QAMARIYYAH)
Sun letters always carry a

When the Definite Article
Shaddah and when the
AL is before a Moon Letter,
Definite article AL is before
the Laam Saakin HAS to be
a Sun letter, the Laam
pronounced
Saakin in NOT pronounced
14 SUN LETTERS 14 MOON LETTERS

‫تثدذرزسش‬ ‫أبجحخعغف‬
‫صضطظلن‬ ‫قكم وي‬ ‫ه‬
EXAMPLES
َّ ‫أَل‬
EXAMPLES
‫ش َج َرت‬ ‫أ َ ْل ِكتَاب‬
Read as ASH
SHAJARATU & not as AL Read as AL KITABU
SHAJARATU
َّ َ ‫أ‬
‫لرس ْول‬ ‫أ َ ْل ِسنَ ِتك ْم‬
Read as AR RASUULU &
not as AL RASUULU Read as AL SINATIKUM


LAAM SAKIN: 1) LAAM AT TA’REEF (EXAMPLES OF EACH LETTER)

NOTE: All Sun letters following the ‘AL’ always have a SHADDAH (The sound therefore
doubles and pronounciation of the word is easier). The LAAM before the Sun letter does
NOT HAVE a Sakin sign. The ALIF in the ‘AL’ is always a FAT-HA.
Word After ‘AL’ beginning Sun Word After ‘AL’ beginning Moon
with Sun Letter Letter with Moon Letter Letter
‫التين‬ ‫ت‬ ‫الحمد‬ ‫أ‬

‫الثواب‬ ‫ث‬ ‫البيت‬ ‫ب‬
‫الدين‬ ‫د‬ ‫الجمل‬ ‫ج‬
‫الذكر‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫الحج‬ ‫ح‬
‫الرسول‬ ‫ر‬ ‫الخلقون‬ ‫خ‬
‫الزكوة‬ ‫ز‬ ‫العذاب‬ ‫ع‬
‫السمآء‬ ‫س‬ ‫الغرق‬ ‫غ‬
‫الشيطن‬ ‫ش‬ ‫الفتنة‬ ‫ف‬
‫الصمد‬ ‫ص‬ ‫القوم‬ ‫ق‬
ُّ ‫ا‬
‫لضعفآء‬ ‫ض‬ ‫الكهف‬ ‫ك‬
‫الطير‬ ‫ط‬ ‫المغضوب‬ ‫م‬
‫الظالم‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫الواقعة‬ ‫و‬
‫اليل‬ ‫ل‬ ‫الهيم‬ ‫ه‬
‫النفس‬ ‫ن‬ ‫اليقين‬ ‫ي‬


LAAM SAKIN: 2) LAAM AL FI’IL
IDH'GHAAM
IDH'HAAR
(LAAM IS MERGED & NOT
(LAAM IS PRONOUNCED CLEARLY)
PRONOUNCED)
When the Verb ends with

When the Verb ends with
Laam Sakin and the word that
Laam Sakin and the word that
follows it begins with any
follows it begins with Ra or
letter of the Arabic Alphabet
Laam
except Ra & Laam
ONLY 2 LETTERS
ALL LETTERS OF THE
RA or LAAM ARABIC ALPHABET
‫ر ل‬ EXCEPT RA & LAAM
EXAMPLES
EXAMPLES
‫ب‬
ِ ‫قل َّر‬
Read as KUR RABBI & not as
KUL RABBI ‫علَى‬
َ ‫يَت َ َو َّك ْل‬
Read as YATAWAK KAL
‫َي ْج َعل لَّه‬

ALAA
Read as YAJ ALLAHU & not as ‫ُق ْل إ ِ َّن‬

JAJ AL LAHU
Read as QUL INNA
‫فَ ََل تَقل لَّه َما‬

Read as FALA TAKULLAHUMA
‫َي ْف َع ْل ذَا ِل َك‬
& not as FALA TAKUL
Read as YAF AL ZHAALIKA
LAHUMA


LAAM SAKIN: 3) LAAM AL HARF
IDH'GHAAM
IDH'HAAR
(LAAM IS MERGED & NOT
(LAAM IS PRONOUNCED CLEARLY)
PRONOUNCED)
When there is Hal or Bal When there is Hal or Bal and

and the word that follows the word that follows it begins
it begins with Ra or Laam with any letter of the Arabic
Alphabet except Ra & Laam
ONLY 2 LETTERS RA or LAAM ALL LETTERS OF THE

‫ر‬ or ‫ل‬ ARABIC ALPHABET EXCEPT
RA & LAAM
EXAMPLES
‫َهل َّلكُ ْم‬

EXAMPLES
َ‫َه ْل أَتٰك‬
Read as HALLAKUM and not as
HAL LAKUM Read as HAL ATAAKA
ُ‫بَل َّرف ََع ُه اهَّلل‬ َ َ ‫بَ ْل ك‬

‫ان‬
Read as BAL KAANA
Read as BAR RAFA AHULLAHU
and not as BAL RAFA AHULLAHU
This rule of Idh'ghaam applies to all the Ra or Laam that follow

either Hal or Bal, EXCEPT, the word BAL RAANA, because the
compulsory pause (sakt) prevents assimilation
َ‫بَل ۜ َران‬ (SURAH MUTAFFIFEEN 83:14)


UNDERSTANDING HEAVY AND LIGHT LETTERS

THE ARABIC ALPHABET
TAFKHEEM TARQEEQ
(THICKENING/TO MAKE HEAVY) (THINNING/TO MAKE LIGHT)
In recitation of the Holy Qur’an it In recitation of the Holy Qur’an

means giving the letter a quality of it means giving the letter a
heaviness by elevation of the tongue quality of lightness by lowering
to the roof of the mouth (filling the the tongue away from the roof of
space of the mouth with the sound the mouth.
of the letter)
LETTERS THAT ARE:
SOMETIMES HEAVY & SOMETIMES LIGHT
(The letters RA & LAAM – these will be

discussed in the other chapters)
The letters that have a Heavy The letters that have a Light
quality are the 7 letters of quality are the rest of the
Huruful Halqiyya (Throat letters) Alphabet apart from the Throat
letters (19 Letters)
‫قغطظصضخ‬
Tafkheem is used for the rules of the letter RA, and Taghleedth is used for the rules of
the letter LAAM, which apply only for the LAAM of the word ‫اَهَّلل‬
Therefore: Tafkheem = Taghleedth (Both mean to make Heavy)


THE RULE OF LAAM: 4) LAAM AL LAFDHIL JALALI

The letter LAAM is normally recited lightly with a thin sound. However, when it appears
in the name of ‫اَهَّلل‬ (Lafdhil Jalalah), or in ‫ اَ َّلل ُه َّم‬, it’s pronounciation depends on the
following 2 rules:
RULE 1: Read with a Full mouth (TAGHLEEDTH)
When a FAT-HA or a DHAMMA appears on the letter before the word Allah, the LAAM
in the word Allah is pronounced heavily with a full mouth.
ِ‫ُح ُد ْو ُد اهَّلل‬ ِ‫َر ُس ْو ُل اهَّلل‬ ِ‫ِم َن اهَّلل‬ َ‫ا ِ َّن اهَّلل‬

Full mouth if a letter with a DHAMMA is Full mouth if a letter with a FAT-HA is before
before the word Allah the word Allah
RULE 2: Read with an Empty mouth (TARQEEQ)
When a KASRA appears on the letter before the word Allah, the LAAM in the word Allah,
is pronounced lightly with an empty mouth.
ِ‫بِاِذْ ِن اهَّلل‬ ‫هَّلل‬

ُ ‫بَ ِل ا‬ ُ ‫ُّي َو ِّف ِق ا‬
‫هَّلل‬ ‫هَّلل‬
ِ ‫بِ ْس ِم ا‬
Empty mouth if KASRA before the word Allah
NOTE: This rule applies only when‫ ّل‬is in the word Allah. The rule does not apply when
ّ is NOT in the word Allah. Example: ‫( ه َُو َّال ِذيْ َن‬Has a Fat-ha, but recited lightly)
the ‫ل‬


THE RULE OF LAAM: 4) LAAM AL LAFDHIL JALALI
LAAM
(Lafdhil Jalalah)
in the Exalted name of Allah
‫اَهَّلل‬
If the letter before the

If the letter before the
name of Allah has a Fat-ha name of Allah has a Kasrah
or a Dhamma
(Read the LAAM lightly)

(Read the LAAM heavily)
Anywhere else that Laam Shaddah

appears and it is not in the name of Allah
(Read the Laam lightly)


THE RULES OF
NUN SAKIN ‫ ن‬and
ًٌ ًٍ ً TANWEEN
IDH'HAR
to show/be clear
Nun Sakin & Tanween IQLAB

IKH'FAA
to hide -ٌ-ٍ-ً & ‫ن‬ to change
IDH'GHAM
to merge/assimilate


RULES OF NUN SAKIN AND TANWEEN

When letters of the Arabic Alphabet appear after a Nun Sakin or Tanween letter, then
there are 4 rules which affect their pronounciation. All the Arabic letters are divided into
these 4 rules.
The Nun Sakin and letters with Tanween both have the same sound at the end, the Nunation
sound, as in An, In and Un.
‫ن= ن‬ ًٌ ًٍ ً
NUN SAKIN
TANWEEN
The Nun can be with or All Letters of the Alphabet

without the Sukun Symbol that have either symbol
and both are known as Nun Fat-hatain, Kasratain or a
Sakin Dhammatain
‫ْن‬ ‫ًا = اَ ْن ا = ا ِ ْن ا = ا ُْن‬

(Pronounced with a (Pronounced with a
Nunation Sound) Nunation sound)
EXAMPLES
EXAMPLES
‫ِم ْنكُ ْم اُنْظُ ْر اَنْتَ ْر َف ُع‬ ‫د ِيْ ًنا َش ْىء َخي ْر‬
‫ِّص ُك ْم اَْمُتْن‬ ‫َج َّنات َي ْو َمئِذ‬
ْ ُ ‫َي ْن‬
‫َوأَنزَ ْل َنا‬ ‫ُش ُه ْود َنفْس‬
‫َزيْت ُْون‬


RULES OF NUN SAKIN AND TANWEEN

Nun Sakin is the Nun with or without the Sukun whereas, Tanween is basically Nun Sakin
added to the end of the word. Nun Sakin is a Nun free from any vowel (Fat-ha, Kasra or
Dhamma). Tanween is written as a double Fat-ha, Kasra or Dhamma. In Tajweed, Nun Sakin
and Tanween are the same. So whatever applies to Nun Sakin, also applies to Tanween.
In continuous recitation of the Holy Qur’an, it is pronounced. However when pausing or

stopping, the Nun Sakin is omitted and not pronounced.
How it is pronounced if How it is pronounced in The Word

pausing or stopping continuous recitation
‫َكبِي ْ َرا‬ ‫َكبِي ْ َر ْن‬ ‫َكبِي ْ ًرا‬

‫ف ِ َئ ْه‬ ‫ف ِ َئتِ ْن‬ ‫ف ِ َئة‬
‫َحك ِْي ْم‬ ‫َحك ِْي ُم ْن‬ ‫َحك ِْيم‬
• This is the Nun with or without a Sakin sign
‫ْن‬
• It's pronounciation depends on the letter which follows it.
• It can be found in continuous reading as well as when one stops
• It is present in all parts of speech of the Arabic language
(Noun, Verb and Particle)
• The Tanween appears in connected speech. It is the

pronounciation of an additional non-vowelled Nun at the end of
-ٌ -ٍ -ً
a word.
• It is not pronounced when a stop is made at the end of a word
• The Nun is not written, It's sign is either two Fat-ha, two
Kasrah or two Dhamma.


THE FOUR RULES OF NUN SAKIN AND TANWEEN
IDH'HAAR
(To recite
clearly)
IQLAAB RULES OF
IDH'GHAAM
NUN SAKIN
(To turn or (To merge
& or join)
convert)
TANWEEN
IKHFAA
(To hide or
to conceal)


THE LETTERS RELATED TO THE NUN SAKIN AND TANWEEN RULES
NAME LETTERS THAT FOLLOW RULING
Nun Sakin or Tanween will be pronounced

Idh’haar ‫أ هح خ ع غ‬ clearly (NO hiding or merging)
Nun Sakin will be merged into the following

Idh’gaam ‫ي م و ن‬ letter and be pronounced with Ghunnah
‫ر ل‬ Nun Sakin will be merged into the following

letter but no Ghunnah will take place
Ikhfaa ‫ج د ذ زس ش ت ث‬ Nun Sakin or Tanween will be pronounced

with a Ghunnah of 2 harakah. The Ghunnah
‫صض طظ فقك‬ must be strong because it is hidden.
Nun Sakin or Tanween will be changed to

Iqlab ‫ب‬ the letter ‘meem’ and pronounced with
Ghunnah of 2 harakah.


NUN SAKIN AND TANWEEN
RULE 1: IDH’HAAR (to say CLEARLY)


NUN SAKIN AND TANWEEN: RULE 1 IDH’HAAR (to say CLEARLY)
a.) WHAT IS THE MEANING OF IDH’HAAR – To recite the Nun Sakin or

Tanween Clearly. The Nun sound has to be touched and let go with a slight
ghunnah, it should not be extended. The letter following the Nun Sakin or
Tanween should also be pronounced clearly with NO change.
Note: Slight Ghunnah to be applied due to the Nun
Nun Sakin example Tanween example
‫ُون‬
َ ‫َي ْن ِحت‬ ‫َرغ ًَدا َح ْي ُث‬
b.) THE DIFFERENT STEPS IN APPLYING IDH’HAAR
Step 1: Find Nun Sakin or Tanween Step 1 & 2 applies
Step 2: Look at the letter immediately after Nun Sakin or Tanween to all the 4 Rules
Step 3: The letter after must be a Hurooful Halqi letter (Throat letter)
Step 4: Recite the Nun Sakin or Tanween clearly.
c.) THE LETTERS OF IDH’HAAR – These are the 6 Throat letters (Huruful
Halqiyyah) also known as the Idh’haar letters.
‫ه‬ ‫ء‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ع‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ح‬

d.) IDENTIFYING & APPLYING IDH’HAAR – The Nun should NOT be
pronounced as if it is carrying a vowel, it should be a quick passing and clear with
slight ghunnah, otherwise it will sound as if it is carrying a Shaddah.
‫عليم خبير‬ ‫منغضب‬ ‫وانحر‬ ‫انعمت‬

‫عنه‬ ‫قو ًماغي ًار‬ ‫نو ًحاهدينا‬ ‫شيءعليم‬
‫قوم هاد‬ ‫من امن‬ ‫من ارضكم‬ ‫طي ًراابابيل‬


NUN SAKIN AND TANWEEN: RULE 1 IDH’HAAR (to say CLEARLY)
Full sound of ٍ‫ْن‬ ‫أ هح خ ع غ‬ + ًٌ ًٍ ً or ٍ‫ْن‬

Read Nun Clearly Throat Letters + Tanween or Nun Sakin
PRACTICING RULE OF IDH’HAAR – Nun is an original Ghunnah letter. Therefore

even if it is in Idh’haar, a slight Ghunnah must be applied. The Ghunnah of Idh’haar Nun
Sakina is 1 haraka (pause or gap)
READING IDH’HAAR WITH EACH OF THE THROAT LETTERS
ٍ‫ُك ُفوا أ َ َح ْد‬ ٍ‫اب اَلِي ْ ٌم‬ٌ ‫ع َ َذ‬ ٍ‫ِم ْن أ َ ْه ِل‬ ‫أ‬
ٍُ َ ‫ََتْتِهَا ْاْل َْْن‬
‫ار‬ ٍَ‫َس َل ٌم ِهي‬ ٍ‫ِمنْ ُه ْم‬ ‫ه‬
‫ِر ْزقا َح َسنا‬ ٍْ ‫ِم ْن َح ْو ِل ِه‬
‫م‬ ‫يَنْ ِحتُ ْو ٍَن‬ ‫ح‬
ٍ‫ِم ْن ِخ ْزي‬ ٍْ ُ‫اِ ْن ِخ ْفت‬
‫م‬ ِ ْ ‫ِمنْ َخ‬
ٍ‫ْي‬ ‫خ‬
ٍ‫َوا ِس ٌع عَلِي ْ ُم‬ ٍ‫ِم ْن عَ ْي‬ ٍ‫اَنْعَ ْم َت‬ ‫ع‬
‫عَزِي ْ ٌز َغ ُف ْو ٌٍر‬ ٍْ ‫قَ ْوما َغ ْْيَ ُك‬
‫م‬ ٍ‫ِم ْن ِغل‬ ‫غ‬
REMEMBER: An Alif with any of the vowels is also known as a Hamza. Hamza is the King of
Letters provided with a seat. Hamza Alif is just a seat of Hamza, therefore we pronounce
the Hamza sound because Alif is a silent letter or Maddiya letter. In the Arabic script,
when Alif appears without the Hamza, it is a vowel and when it appears with a Hamza, it is
a consonant.


RULE 2: IDH’GHAAM (to Merge or Join)
IDH'GHAAM LETTERS
(Merge or join)
‫يرملون‬
IDH'GHAAM BILA IDH'GHAAM MA'AL

GHUNNAH GHUNNAH
(Join without Ghunnah) (Join with Ghunnah)
‫لر‬ ‫ي م و ن‬


NUN SAKIN AND TANWEEN: RULE 2 IDH’GHAAM (To Merge or Join)
a.) WHAT IS THE MEANING OF IDH’GHAAM - To merge or join one letter

into the other. We join the letter of Nun Sakin or Tanween with the letter of
the following word. In this rule, when pronouncing the letters, you have to hide
the sound of Nun Sakin and Tanween, by adding a Nasal sound (Ghunnah)
NOTE: Care must be taken when adding the nasal sound to avoid pulling too much.
Idh’ghaam cannot be applied in a single word but must be the joining of 2 separate
words, thus making them into one emphasized word.
Example:
Nun Sakin example Tanween example
ٍ‫ب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ُي‬

ِ ُ ‫ن‬‫أ َ َم‬ ٍ‫اب َر ِحي ْ ٌم‬
ٌ ‫تَ َو‬
ُ ْ
Ammayy yujeebu Tawwa Bur Raheemun
Notice the sound of Nun Sakin and Tanween is hidden and is not pronounced
b.) THE LETTERS OF IDH’GHAAM are: ‫ن‬ ‫يرملو‬ These letters can be
remembered by memorising the acronym YARMALUN
c.) THE DIFFERENT STEPS IN APPLYING IDH’GHAAM

Step 3: The letter after must be a YARMALUN letter ( ‫)ي ر م ل و ن‬
 With Ghunnah ‫يمنو‬
 Without Ghunnah ‫ل ر‬
Step 4: Join or merge the letter of the Nun Sakin or Tanween with the Yarmalun letter
of the following word.


d.) THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF IDH’GHAAM – There are two types of

Idh’gham. The type of Idh’ghaam pronounced depends, on which letter from the
letters of Yarmalun, follows the Nun Sakin and Tanween.
IDH'GHAM
Idh'ghaam With Ghunnah
6 LETTERS
2 types 2 types
"YARMALUN"
Full Ghunnah
With Ghunnah
‫م ن‬
‫يمنو‬ Partial Ghunnah
‫يرملون‬ ‫ي و‬
Without Ghunnah
‫رل‬
TYPE 1 – IDH’GHAAM MA’AL GHUNNAH – Merging with Nasal Sound - LETTERS

‫يمنو‬ also known in acronym as YAMNU letters
Whenever a word ends with Nun Sakin or Tanween, and the next word starts with the
letters Ya, Nun, Meem or Waw, then these letters are pronounced in one of the following
two manners:
 Full Ghunnah - Letters ‫ – م ن‬Complete Merging letters which when they appear, will
have a Shaddah and are pronounced from the nose (with Ghunnah – 2 counts)
‫جزءاًمن‬ ‫من ُّنطفة‬

 Partial Ghunnah – Letters ‫يو‬ – Incomplete Merging letters which are literally
hummed. Sometimes these appear with NO Shaddah sign.
‫قر ًيبا يوم‬ ً ‫اجا وح‬

‫اجا‬ ً ‫سر‬



TYPE 1 – IDH’GHAAM MA’AL GHUNNAH – Merging with Ghunnah of 2 harakah
‫َمن يَّقُو ُل‬ Read with

Ghunnah ‫َميَّقُو ُل‬
ٍ ‫ِمن َّو ِلي‬ ٍ ‫ِم َّو ِلي‬

Read with
Ghunnah
‫َرح َمة ِمنَّا‬ Read with

Ghunnah ‫َرح َمت َ ِمنَّا‬
TYPE 2 – IDH’GHAAM BILA GHUNNAH – Merging without Nasal Sound - LETTERS

‫ر ل‬- Whenever a word ends with Nun Sakin or Tanween, and the next word starts with
the letters Laam and Ra, then the letters Laam and Ra are pronounced with a Shaddah and
both the Nun Sakin and Tanween are dropped completely. The Nun is hidden.
There is no trace of Nun in the recitation and there is NO Ghunnah (Nasal sound)
‫اَن َّّل‬ ‫ا َ َّّل‬

will be
read as
‫ب‬
ِ ‫ِمن َر‬ will be read
as ‫ب‬
ِ ‫ِم َّر‬
‫ﺳو ٍل‬
ُ ‫ِمن َّر‬ will be read
as ‫ﺳو ٍل‬
ُ ‫ِم َّر‬


e.) IDENTIFYING & APPLYING IDH’GHAAM

Idh’ghaam Ma’al Ghunnah – Merging with Nasal Sound (Ghunnah)
‫َب ْعض يَّ َت َسآ َءلُ ْو َن‬ ‫ف ََم ْن َّي ْع َم ْل‬ ‫ي‬
‫ِم ْن َّمارِج‬ ِ‫ِم ْن ِّم ْثلِه‬ ‫م‬
‫َس ًّدا َّو ِم ْن َخ ْلفِه ِ ْم‬ ‫ل ََهب َّو َت َّب‬ ‫و‬
‫ا ِ ْن ن َّ ْح ُن‬ ‫َم ْن َّنشَ آ ُء‬ ‫ن‬
Idh’ghaam Bila Ghunnah – Merging without Nasal Sound (Ghunnah)
‫غَ ُف ْو ًرا َّرح ْ ًِمي‬ ‫ِم ْن َّربِّ َك‬ ‫ر‬

‫ل َْم يَكُ ْن َّل ُه‬ ‫ك ُ ٌّل َّل َّما‬ ‫ل‬
f.) EXCEPTIONS TO THE IDH’GHAAM RULE

In these words, rule of Idh’ghaam is not applied as the Yarmalun letter appears
after the Nun Sakin and Tanween in one word and not in two separate words.
This is known as IZHAAR MUTLAQ. Ghunnah of 1 harakah is applied.
‫ق ِ ْن َوان‬ ‫ِص ْن َوان‬ ‫ب ُ ْن َيان‬ ‫الدن ْ َيا‬

ُّ
Qinnwaanun Sinnwaanun Bunnyaanun Dunnya


RULE 3: IKHFAA (to Hide or to Conceal)
‫تث‬
‫ج‬
‫د ذ‬ ‫فق‬
‫ز‬ IKHFAA
‫ك‬
(To hide or
conceal)
‫سش‬ ‫ط ظ‬
‫صض‬


NUN SAKIN AND TANWEEN: RULE 3 IKHFAA (To Hide or Conceal)
a.) WHAT IS THE MEANING OF IKHFAA - Whenever Nun Sakin and Tanween
precede one of the fifteen Ikhfaa letters, then the actual sound of Nun is
concealed or covered to a point where only its nasal sound is evident and is
stressed for the count of two.
Question: What is hiding or concealed in Ikhfaa
Both Nun Sakin and the Tanween end with the Nun Sound. In Ikhfaa, the full Nun sound
is NOT pronounced. We partly hide the makharij of the Nun sound and hold it (do
Ghunnah for two counts), then it continues, behind the makharij of the Ikhfaa letter
that is coming up. Example:
Notice when you read as Antum, the tip of the tongue touches
the upper palate, but when you hide the full Nun and do ٍ‫اَن ْ ُت ْم‬
Ghunnah, the tongue is floating, as it prepares to say the letter
Read as Annn Tum
Ta, which is the next letter
and not Antum
b.) THE LETTERS OF IKHFAA - 15 Letters - The letters that are in shaded
boxes are heavy letters
‫ك‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ظ ف‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ز س ش ص ض‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ت ث‬
An easy way to remember the Ikhfaa letters. All the 28 letters of the Arabic alphabet are
divided into the 4 rules of Nun Sakin and Tanween, therefore we remove all the letters of
Idh’haar, Idh’ghaam and Iqlab, the rest are all Ikhfaa letters
‫ه‬ ‫ء‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ع‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ح‬

IDH’HAAR – 6 Throat
letters (Huruful Halqiyya)
‫ي ر م ل و ن‬
IDH’GHAAM – 6 Yarmalun
letters
‫ب‬
IQLAB – 1 Qalb letter
‫تثجدذزسشصضطظفقك‬
IKHFAA – All the rest of
the Arabic Alphabet – 15
letters


NUN SAKIN AND TANWEEN: RULE 3 IKHFAA (To Hide or Conceal)

c.) THE DIFFERENT STEPS IN APPLYING IKHFAA
Step 3: The letter after must be an Ikhfaa letter (from the 15 letters)
 5 heavy letters, read with heavy Ikhfaa ‫ص ض ط ظ ق‬
 10 light letters, read with light Ikhfaa ‫ت ث ج د ذ ز س ش ف ك‬
Step 4: The full sound of Nun is hidden and we partially pronounce it and hold for 2
counts (ghunnah), then join it with the Ikhfaa letter that follows it.
d.) THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF IKHFAA - 2 Types

 Heavy Ikhfaa – If the letter after Nun Sakin and Tanween, is a letter of Ikhfaa
and a heavy letter, recite the Ikhfaa heavily
 Light Ikhfaa – The rest of the Ikhfaa letters are read lightly
Light Heavy
Ikhfaa Ikhfaa
‫ُكن ت ُم‬ ‫ِمن قَب ِل‬
ٍ‫ِمن ث َ َم َرة‬ ‫ص ُر‬

ُ ‫يَن‬
e.) IDENTIFYING & APPLYING IKHFAA

Light Ikhfaa Heavy Ikhfaa
‫أَن ْ َذ ْرن َ ُاك ْم‬ ‫ف ََم ْن َشآ َء‬ ‫َم ْن طَ َغا‬ ُ‫َي ْنظُ ر‬
‫َي ْو َمئِذ َشأْن‬ ‫َو َكأ ْ ًس د ِ َهاقًا‬ ‫ُكتُب َقي َِّمة‬ ِ َ ‫َع َذا ًبا‬
‫َقيْ ًبا‬
‫َت ْنزِيْ َل‬ ‫اَ ْن ُف ِسه ِ ْم‬ ‫َع ْن َض ْي ِف‬ ‫َش ْىء َق ِديْر‬


RULE 4: IQLAB/QALB (to Change or Convert)


NUN SAKIN AND TANWEEN: RULE 4 IQLAB (To Change or Convert)
a.) WHAT IS THE MEANING OF IQLAB – To change or convert. The Nun Sakin
or Tanween is converted into a Meem. Therefore one letter changes into another.
NOTE: The ‘MEEM’ here refers to the small ‘MEEM’ between or on top of a word.
It is always very small and shaded. In most copies of the Qur’an, a small ‘MEEM’
is written above Nun or Tanween, as a reminder of the rule.
Example:
NUN SAKIN TANWEEN
ٍ‫ِمن ۢ بَعْ ِد‬ ‫َسيْعَ ٍا ۢبَ ِص ْْيا‬

َِ
Mimmm Ba’di Samii Amm Baseeraa
b.) THE DIFFERENT STEPS IN APPLYING IQLAB

Step 3: The letter after must be the letter baa ‫ب‬

Step 4: Convert the Nun Sakin or Tanween into a Meem. Pronounce the Meem with a
Nasal sound and hold the Meem sound for 2 counts.
c.) THE LETTER OF IQLAB is the letter baa ‫ب‬ when it appears after the
Nun Sakin or Tanween.
d.) IDENTIFYING & APPLYING IQLAB IN THE QUR’AN – In the rule of

Iqlab, the letter Meem ( ‫ ) م‬hides in the letter Be ( ‫ ) ب‬in such a way, that the
lips do not meet, they get near each other and a very narrow space will be left,
sufficient for a very thin paper to pass through.
An Toobsala Nafsumm bimaa Kasabat


NUN SAKIN AND TANWEEN: RULE 4 IQLAB (To Change or Convert)

In the rule of Al Qalb, the lips should not entirely be pressed together,
this will allow the Meem sound to come through the nasal passage. The mouth
should be prepared to say the Baa after sounding the Meem
for two counts.
IMPORTANT TO NOTE: Do not mix up the two types of Meem that appear on top of the
letters. The full shaped Meem ( ‫م‬ ) indicates Iqlab or change and the cut Meem ( ‫م‬ )
indicates a compulsory stop. EXAMPLES:
COMPULSORY STOP MEEM ‫م‬ IQLAB – CHANGE BAA TO MEEM ‫م‬
Quran 10:65 Qur’an 2:95


NUN SAKIN AND TANWEEN SUMMARY
Look for Nun Sakin or Tanween
Look at the letter after Nun Sakin or Tanween
‫ء‬
‫ي‬
‫ه‬
‫ل‬
‫ع‬ ‫و‬
‫ب‬
‫ح‬ ‫م‬
‫ر‬ The rest of
the letters
‫غ‬
‫ن‬
‫خ‬
IDH’HAAR IDH’GHAAM IDH’GHAAM IQLAB IKHFAA

with ghunna without ghunna
Recite Clearly Merge or Join Convert Hide or Conceal


THE RULES OF
NUN & MEEM MUSHADDADAH
GHUNNAH
(TO BE APPLIED FOR 2 SECONDS)
When the Nun & Meem

Mushaddadah appear in
any word
‫ن‬ ‫م‬


RULES OF NUN SHADDAH AND MEEM SHADDAH

Nun Shaddah and Meem Shaddah are also known as Nun and Meem Mushaddadah (meaning
a doubled letter or letters bearing a Shaddah)
When these two letters appear with a Shaddah sign in any word, a Ghunnah has to be applied
for a period of 2 counts. This is because the Shaddah is already a double letter + the
Ghunnah (2 counts).
The Ghunnah is applied to Nun and Meem Mushaddadah, whether they occur in the middle
or the end of a word, in continuous reading or when stopping and in all parts of speech.
ٍ‫ن‬ • Nun letter with a Shaddah
‫م‬ • Meem letter with a Shaddah
WHAT IS GHUNNAH?
1.) Ghunnah is applied when Nun and Meem have a Shaddah.
2.) Ghunnah is a sound emitted from the Nasal Passage, without any function of the
tongue.
3.) This is when a certain sound is held in the nasal cavity (Nasalisation) for a length
that is longer than the short harakah (about 2 beats)
4.) Professional Qur’an reciters pay much attention to these sounds.
5.) Application of Ghunnah by the reciter, adds beauty to the recitation.
NOTE: Ghunnah is divided into 4 parts:
 In ‫م‬ and ‫ ن‬, the Ghunnah is applied for 2 counts (2 Harakah)

 In ‫م‬ and ‫ ن‬, in Idh’haar the Ghunnah is applied for 1 count (1 Harakah)
 In ‫م‬ and ‫ ن‬, in Idh’ghaam the Ghunnah is applied for 2 counts (2 Harakah)
 In ‫م‬ and ‫ ن‬, with Short vowels, the Ghunnah is applied for ½ count (1/2 Harakah)


RULES OF NUN SHADDAH AND MEEM SHADDAH
EXAMPLES: The letters Nun and Meem have original Nasal sounds. Notice the Meem
Shaddah and Noon Shaddah are stretched through the Nasal cavity and not the tongue.
‫اِ ٍَن‬ • Read as In....na

• (Not Inna) ‫ث ُ َّم‬ • Read as Thum....ma
• (Not Thumma)
Meem with Tashdeed Nun with Tashdeed
‫قَ ْوم َاما‬ ٍ‫فَل َ َم‬ ٍ‫ِم َن‬ َ َ ‫اِن‬

ٍ‫ك‬
Qaw-mammmm-maa Fa-lammmm-ma Minnnna Innnn-na-ka
‫ن َ ْف ٌس َما‬ ٍ‫َعبْدا ِم ْن‬ ٍ‫اِ َن ال َ ِذي ْ َن‬ ٍ‫َجهَنَ َم‬

Naf-summmm-maa Ab-dammmm-min Innnn-nal-ladhii-na Ja-hannnn-nama
ٍ‫بَ ِين َ ٌة ِم ْن‬ ٍ‫ي‬ ِ

ٌْ ٌ‫ب‬‫م‬
َ ‫ر‬ ‫ح‬
ْ ِ
‫س‬ ِ َ‫ي الن‬
ٍ‫اس‬ ِ ُ ‫ا َْع‬ َ َ ‫كَاَن‬
ٍ‫ك‬
Bay-yinatummmm- Sih-rummmm- A’a-yuninnnn-naasi Ka-annnn-naka
min mubeen
ٍ‫ِب ْو َن‬ ِ ‫و ُهم ُمست َ ْك‬

ُ ْ ْ َ ٍ‫فَأُ ُم ُه‬ ٍ‫َولَي َ َم َسنَ ُك ْم‬ ٍ‫َم َس َن‬
ٍَ ْ ِ‫ِِف ْاْلُ ِمي‬
‫ي‬ ٍَ ْ ِ‫اِ َمام ُمب‬
‫ي‬ ٍُ ‫َوالنَ ْج‬
‫م‬ َ ُ ‫لَن ْر‬
ٍ‫ُجنَ ُك ْم‬
ٍ‫َض َلل ُمبِ ْي‬ ٍ‫دَ َم َر‬ ٍ‫َع ِن النَعِي ْ ِم‬ ٍ ُ َ‫يُ ُك ْو ُن الن‬
‫اس‬


THE RULES OF
MEEM SAKIN ‫م‬
Idh'ghaam
Shafawi
‫م=م‬ ‫م‬
to merge
into +
(Ghunna 2
counts)
Ikhfaa
Shafawi to hide
‫ب‬+‫م‬
(hidden sound of ‫)م‬
(Ghunna 2
counts)
Idh'haar Clear sound of Meem =

to
Shafawi
(No Ghunnah)
show 26 letters of Idh'har + ‫م‬


THE RULES OF MEEM SAKIN ‫م‬

Meem Sakin is simply a Meem with a Sukun sign. The Meem Sakin can appear with or without
a Sukun symbol.
Example:
Meem Sakin with a sukun

‫َا ْل َح ْم ُد‬ ALHAMDU
Meem Sakin without a sukun ‫َت ْر ِم ْيهِم ب ِ ِح َخ َارة‬ TARMEEHIMMM

BIHIJARATIN
The pronounciation of the Meem Sakin depends on the letter which follows it. There are 3
rules that take place when certain letters appear after the Meem Sakin.
a.) IDHGHAM SHAFAWI

b.) IKHFAA SHAFAWI Shafawi means articulated from
c.) IDH’HAR SHAFAWI the two lips
THE 3 RULES OF MEEM SAKIN
2.) Ikhfaa Shafawi

(To hide or conceal)
1.) Idh'ghaam Shafawi 3.) Idh'haar Shafawi

(To merge or join) (To recite clearly)
RULES
OF
MEEM SAKIN


MEEM SAKIN: RULE 1 - IDH’GHAAM SHAFAWI (To merge or join)

e.) WHAT IS THE MEANING OF IDH’GHAAM SHAFAWI – Idh’ghaam means to
merge or join. When Meem Sakin ‫ م‬is followed by another Meem carrying a vowel,
instead of reading 2 meems, they merge into each other and the sound of meem
is held in a ghunnah. There is a difference between Idh’ghaam and Idh’ghaam
Shafawi. Example:
IDH’GHAAM SHAFAWI IDH’GHAAM

Meem Sakin followed another Meem Nun Sakin followed by the letter Meem
‫َو َلكُم َّما َك َسبَتُم‬ ‫ِمن َّماء‬

Ghunnah is applied to both the above for 2 harakah,
Meem Shaddah + Meem Sakin = 2 counts of ghunnah
f.) THE DIFFERENT STEPS IN APPLYING IDH’GHAAM SHAFAWI

Step 1: Find Meem Sakin
Step 1 & 2 applies
Step 2: Look at the letter immediately after Meem Sakin to all the 3 Rules
Step 3: The letter after must be the letter Meem: ‫م‬
Step 4: The first Meem is assimilated (or disappears) into the second Meem. The second
Meem takes on a Shaddah during pronounciation, indicating Idh’ghaam. Nasal sound
(Ghunnah) is applied with the lips closed for 2 counts.
g.) IDENTIFYING & APPLYING IDH’GHAAM SHAFAWI –

READ AS WRITTEN AS
َ َ
‫ك ه ِم ْن‬ ‫ك ْم ِم ْن‬
َّ‫َل ُك ْم ما‬ َ‫َل ُك ْم ما‬
َ‫َ ْ ُ ْ ُّ ْ َ ُ ْ ن‬ َ‫َ ْ ُ ْ ُ ْ َ ُ ْ ن‬
‫ِاليكم مرسلو‬ ‫ِاليكم مرسلو‬
ُ ُ
‫ِا َّن ُه ْم َّم َعك ْم‬ ‫ِا َّن ُه ْم َم َعك ْم‬


MEEM SAKIN: RULE 2 - IKHFAA SHAFAWI (To hide or conceal)
a.) WHAT IS THE MEANING OF IKHFAA SHAFAWI – Ikhfaa means to hide or

conceal – to partly hide or conceal the sound of Meem Sakin in the nose. When
Meem Sakin ‫ م‬is followed by the letter Ba, the letter Meem ‫م‬ is concealed by
it and a nasal sound is retained. The Meem is hidden with Ghunnah (Nasal Sound)
to a count of two. The lips should not be completely closed to avoid making the
‫م‬ evident. There is a difference between Ikhfaa and Ikhfaa Shafawi.
Example:
IKHFAA SHAFAWI IKHFAA
Meem Sakin followed by the letter Ba Ikhfaa in the rules of Nun Sakin
‫َت ْر ِم ْيهِم بِحِ َج َارة‬ ‫ُم ْن َف ِّكي َن‬
b.) THE DIFFERENT STEPS IN APPLYING IKHFAA SHAFAWI

Step 1: Find Meem Sakin
Step 1 & 2 applies
Step 3: The letter after must be the letter Ba: ‫ب‬
Step 4: The Meem is concealed or hidden by the Ba and the word is pronounced with a nasal
sound (Ghunnah) held for 2 counts, with a paper thin gap between the lips.
c.) IDENTIFYING & APPLYING IKHFAA SHAFAWI – The rule applied for all the
words below is the same and Ghunnah of 2 counts will be applied as we partly hide
the sound of Meem Sakin in our nose (flattening the lips).
‫أنتم به‬ ‫انهم بادون‬ ‫ربهم بهم‬

‫أم ًدابع ًيدا‬ ‫من بعد‬
‫أمدم بع ًيدا‬ Read as Read as ‫مم بعد‬
IMPORTANT NOTE: - Do not confuse the small Meem of Iqlab ‫م‬ with the Baa and
Meem Sakin of Ikhfaa Shafawi.


MEEM SAKIN: RULE 3 – IDH’HAAR SHAFAWI (To recite clearly)

a.) WHAT IS THE MEANING OF IDH’HAAR SHAFAWI – Idh’haar means to
recite clearly – to show. When Meem Sakin is followed by any of the 26 letters
(apart from Ba and Meem), then the Meem Sakin is pronounced clearly and
distinctly from its makharij, without the nasal sound (ghunnah)
There is a difference between Idh’haar and Idh’haar Shafawi. Example:
IDH’HAAR SHAFAWI IDH’HAAR

Meem Sakin followed by any of the 26 Idh’haar in the rules of Nun Sakin
letters (apart from Ba & Meem)
‫ف ََج َع َل ُه ْم َك َع ْصف‬ ‫ِم ْن َحا‬

b.) THE DIFFERENT STEPS IN APPLYING IDH’HAAR SHAFAWI
Step 1: Find Meem Sakin Step 1 & 2 applies
Step 3: The letter after must be any of the 26 letters of the alphabet, except for the
letter Ba: ‫ب‬(which falls under the rule of Ikhfaa Shafawi) and the letter Meem: ‫م‬
(which falls under the rule of Idh’ghaam Shafawi)
Step 4: The Meem is recited clearly, without a nasal sound (no ghunnah)
c.) IDENTIFYING & APPLYING IDH’HAAR SHAFAWI: When pronouncing the

letter Meem Sakin with Idh’har note the following:
1.) It should not be given a sound as if it is carrying a vowel. A clear pronounciation
and a quick passing of the letter Meem Sakin should be observed, otherwise it
will sound as if it is carrying a Shaddah.
2.) If the letter Meem is followed by either Fa or Waw extra effort should be made
to retain Idh’har, because the letter Meem easily becomes hidden next to the
letter Fa and is easily merged in the letter Waw.
‫َوه ُْم َسال ِ ُم ْو َن‬ ‫َس ْل ُه ْم َا ُّي ُه ْم‬ ‫َلكُ ْم َجزَا ًء‬ ‫َا ْل َح ْم ُد‬ ‫َال َْمتَ َر‬


THE 3 RULES OF MEEM SAKIN
IDH'GHAAM IDH'HAAR
IKHFAA SHAFAWI
SHAFAWI SHAFAWI
(Ghunnah 2 counts) (No Ghunnah)
(Ghunna 2 counts)
‫م=م‬+‫م‬ ‫ب‬+‫م‬ 26 letters +‫م‬

of Idh'haar
Meem Sakin Meem Sakin Meem Sakin

followed by a followed by the followed by any
Meem - The two letter Ba - The other letter,
Meems merge Meem is hidden apart from
into each other by the Ba and Meem and Ba -
and the ghunna the ghunna is The Meem
is held for 2 held for 2 Sakin is
counts counts pronounced
clearly
Read as Read as
AT AMAHUMMM RABBAHUMM Read as
MIN BIHIM ALAM TARA
‫أَط َع َم ُهم ِمن‬ ‫َربَّ ُهم ِب ِهم‬ ‫اَلَم تَ َر‬
Read as
Read as MAA LAHUMM Read as
HUMMM MIN BIDHAALIKA
TUM SUUNA
‫ُهم ِمن‬ ‫َما لَ ُهم ِبذَا ِل َك‬ ُ ‫تُم‬
َ‫ﺳون‬


THE RULES OF MEEM SAKIN IN BRIEF

1.) IDH’GHAM of Meem Sakin – If after Meem Sakin, comes a Meem, there will
be Idh’gham of the lips (Idh’gham Ash Shafawi - Both Meems will Assimilate
into each other) with a nasal sound.
Idghaam of two identical letters ‫هم‬ = ‫ م‬+ ‫ْم‬

READ AS WRITTEN AS
ْ‫َأ َّمن‬ ْ‫َأ ْم َمن‬
Second Meem First Meem is joined

takes on a Shaddah into the second Meem
2.) IKHFAA of Meem Sakin – If after Meem Sakin, comes a Ba, there will be
Ikhfaa of the lips (Ikhfaa Ash Shafawi). Ikhfaa literally means to hide, the
qualities of Meem are concealed and instead a nasal sound is produced.
Hidden sound of Meem ‫م‬ ‫ب‬ + ‫م‬
‫ربهم بهم‬
Second word begins with First word ends with Meem

Ba that bears a vowel Sakin (read with Ghunna)
3.) IDH’HAR of Meem Sakin – If after Meem Sakin, comes any letter besides
Ba or Meem, there will be Idh’har of the lips (Idh’har Ash Shafawi - to make
clear) and the Meem Sakin will be pronounced normally, without a nasal sound
(no ghunnah)
Clear sound of Meem 26 letters of Idh’har + ‫م‬


THE RULES OF
OTHER IDH’GHAM
IDH'GHAM
MUTAMAATHILAYN
OTHER
IDH'GHAM IDH'GHAM
MUTAQAARIBAYN
TYPES OF
MUTAJAANISAYN
IDH'GHAM
IDH'GHAM
MUTABAA'IDAYN


THE RULES OF OTHER IDH’GHAM

Idh’gham means to merge, blend, assimilate or absorb. It is the merging of a letter carrying
a Sukun into the following letter, which carries a vowel, so that they become one. The letter
accompanied by a Sukun is omitted and the following letter is then pronounced with a
Shaddah. This merging can be either complete or incomplete:
 Complete merging or Idh’gham al-Kaamil implies a complete blending of a letter

into the letter it follows, to a point where there is no trace of the first letter in
pronounciation.
 Incomplete merging or Idh’gham an-Naaqis implies a partial blending of a letter
into the letter it follows.
IDH'GHAM AL-KAAMIL
IDH'GHAM
Complete Merging
IDH'GHAM AN-NAAQIS
Incomplete Merging
WHY IDH’GHAM
Idh’gham is designed for easy pronunciation. It is difficult to pronounce two similar

letters, one after the other. Idh’gham is applied to remove this difficulty. There are
different types of Idh’gham
TYPES OF OTHER IDH’GHAM
1.) Idh’gham Mutamaathilayn – Merging of same letters, with the same Makharij and
same Sifat.
2.) Idh’gham Mutajaanisayn – Merging of related letters, with the same Makharij but
different Sifat.
3.) Idh’gham Mutaqaaribayn – Merging of similar letters, that are close to each other in
Makharij and Sifat.
4.) Idh’gham Mutabaa’idayn – Merging of distant letters, whose Makharij is far from
each other. There is NO Idh’gham between distant letters.


OTHER TYPES OF IDH'GHAM
1.) IDH'GHAM 2.) IDH'GHAM 3.) IDH'GHAM

MUTAMAATHILAYN MUTAJAANISAYN MUTAQAARIBAYN
Merging of Merging of Merging of

Identical letters Related letters Similar letters
(Same Makharij & (Same Makharij (Close to each

Sifat - Same
BUT other in Makharij
Letters)
different Sifat) AND Sifat)
)‫ ب‬- ‫(ب‬ )‫ و‬- ‫ م‬- ‫(ب‬

)‫ ك‬- ‫(ق‬
)‫ ن‬- ‫(ن‬ )‫ ع‬- ‫(ح‬
)‫ ر‬- ‫(ن‬
)‫ ك‬- ‫(ك‬ )‫ ظ‬- ‫ ذ‬- ‫(ث‬
)‫ ر‬- ‫(ل‬
)‫ م‬- ‫(م‬ )‫ ز‬- ‫ س‬- ‫(ص‬
)‫ ط‬- ‫ د‬- ‫(ت‬ )‫ ج‬- ‫(د‬
)‫ ش‬- ‫(ش‬
4.) IDH’GHAM MUTABAA’IDAIN – Letters whose Makharij is far from each other.
There is NO Idh’gham between two distant letters


RULES FOR OTHER TYPES OF IDH'GHAM
1.) IDH'GHAM 2.) IDH'GHAM 3.) IDH'GHAM

MUTAMAATHILAYN MUTAJAANISAYN MUTAQAARIBAYN
Merging of Merging of Merging of

Identical letters Related letters Similar letters
AS-SAGHEER AS-SAGHEER AS-SAGHEER

SMALL SMALL SMALL
(When the 1st (When the 1st (When the 1st
letter has a Sukun letter has a Sukun letter has a Sukun
and the 2nd letter and the 2nd letter and the 2nd letter
has a Haraka) - has a Haraka) - has a Haraka) -
Rule is to MERGE Rule is to MERGE Rule is to MERGE
ٍ‫يُ ْد ِر ْك ُك ْم‬ ٍ‫اعب َ ْدتُ ْم‬

َ ‫َم‬ ٍ‫ُق ْل َر ِب‬
AL-KABEER AL-KABEER AL-KABEER

BIG BIG BIG
(Both the letters (Both the letters (Both the letters
have a Haraka) have a Haraka) have a Haraka)
ٍ‫ِح َجج‬ ‫ب‬

ٍ ‫ط‬ ِ
َ ْ َ ‫الص‬
‫و‬ ُ

‫ات‬ ِ
‫اِل‬ َ ٍ‫قَال َ َر ِب‬

RULES OF OTHER IDH’GHAM – 1.) IDH’GHAM MUTAMAATHILAYN
The assimilation of same letters. This rule is applied when two identical letters follow each
other in either the same word or in between two words, where the first one is Sakin and
the Second one has a vowel, the Sakin letter is assimilated (merged) into the one with the
vowel and the vowelled letter is pronounced as if it has a Shaddah.
Examples of Identical Letters: ( ‫ ط‬-‫د( )ط‬-‫م( )د‬-‫س( )م‬-‫ن( ) س‬-‫)ن‬

Example: Merging of Identical Letters.
َ‫ُق ْل ْل‬ ‫َرب ِ َح ْت ت َِج َارتُ ُه ْم‬ ‫َك ْم ِم ْن‬ ‫َق ْد َد َخلُوا‬
‫اك‬ ِ ْ ِ‫ا‬
َ ‫ْض ْب بِ َع َص‬ ‫اِذْ َذ َه َب‬ ‫ِم ْن نَار‬ ‫لُ ُه ْم َما‬
‫اِذْ َّذ َه َب ُم َغا ِض ًبا‬ ِ‫َمال َْم َت ْس َت ِط ْع َّعل َْيه‬
Read as: Written as:
‫َق َّد َخلُوا‬ ‫َق ْد َد َخلُوا‬

‫يُ ْدر ُِّك ُم‬ ‫يُ ْدر ِْككُ ُم‬
َ‫َاق َُّلك‬ َ‫َا ُق ْل َلك‬
NOTE: Ghunnah is applied, whenever two Nuns or two Meems are assimilated into one.
CAUTION: If a Sakin letter is a letter of Maddah (Alif, Waw and Ya), then it will not be
assimilated. Below is an example of two identical letters of which, one letter is a letter of
Maddah
Note: Two similar letters ‘YA’ are next to each other. In this example the Ya Sakin
or Waw Sakin, will not be assimilated (merged), as they are acting as a Maddah
‫َّال ِذ ْي يُ َو ْسو ِ ُس‬ ‫ف ِ ْي َي ْوم‬ ‫َءا َمنُ ْوا َو َعمِلُوا‬



RULES OF OTHER IDH’GHAM – 2.) IDH’GHAM MUTAJAANISAYN
The assimilation of related letters. The term related letters used here refers to the
letters that are from the same Makharij (point of origin) but having different Sifat
(qualities, characteristics).
When two letters from the same Makharij but having different qualities, follow each other,
in either, the same word or in between two words, where the first letter has a Sakin and
the second letter has a vowel, the Sakin letter is assimilated into the letter with the vowel
and the vowelled letter is pronounced as if it has a Shaddah.
Examples of Related Letters:
)‫– ط‬ ‫د‬ – ‫(ت‬ )‫– ز‬ ‫س‬ – ‫(ص‬ )‫– ظ‬ ‫(ث – ذ‬

(‫ و‬- ‫ م‬- ‫)ب‬ )‫– ع‬ ‫(ح‬
Examples: Merging of Related Letters.
‫َو َقال َْت طَّآ ِءفَة‬ ‫اَن َّ ُه ْم اِذْ ظَ ل َُم ْوآ‬ ‫اُ ِج ْي َب ْت َّد ْع َو تُكُ َما‬ ‫َب َس ْط َّت الِ َ َّي َي َد َك‬
NOTE: Ghunnah is applied on the Meem Mushaddadah.
OBSERVE: With the exception of the letter Ta ( ‫ط‬ ), all the Sakin letters of Idh’gham
Mutajaanisayn undergo a complete assimilation and are not pronounced. The letter ( ‫)ط‬
involves a partial merging, where it will have a trace of its characteristics in pronounciation.
MUTAJANISAYN EXCEPTION: One exception of two related letters which occurs only
in the case of letters Ba ( ‫ ) ب‬and Meem ( ‫ ) م‬appears only in Surah Hood, Ayah 42
Read as: Written as:
‫ا ِ ْر َك َّم َع َنا‬ ‫ا ِ ْر َك ْب َم َع َنا‬


Examples of Idh’gham Mutajaanisayn – Related letters
Read as: Written as: Related letters
‫أَ ْث َقل ََّد َع َوااهَّلل‬ ‫أَ ْث َقل َْت َد َع َوااهَّلل‬ ‫ت د‬

‫َقت َّ َبي َّ ْن‬ ‫َق ْد َت َبي َّ َن‬ ‫ت‬ ‫د‬
‫َو َّدطَّائِفَه‬ ‫َو َّد ْت طَائِفَه‬ ‫ت ط‬
‫َب َس َّت‬ ‫َب َس ْط َت‬ ‫ط ت‬
َ‫َيل َْه َّذالِك‬ َ‫َيل َْه ْث ذَالِك‬ ‫ث ذ‬
‫ا ِ َّظلُ ُموا‬ ‫اِذْظَ ل َُموا‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ذ‬
Common mistakes of 2 words that are merged, where they should NOT be merged.
‫بَ َس ْط َّت‬ ‫َف َق ْد َض َّل‬

‫ط‬ And ‫ ت‬have the same Makhraj point The Makharij for ‫د‬ is different from the
but different Sifaat. Makharij of ‫ض‬
‫ط‬ is from the heavy letters. We have to ‫ض‬ is from the edge of the tongue,
be careful to pronounce the heaviness of
whereas ‫د‬ is from the tip of the tongue.
the ‫ط‬
Therefore both ‫ ط‬and ‫ ت‬are read with Therefore both ‫ د‬and ‫ ض‬are read with
their characteristics and not merged. their characteristics and not merged.


RULES OF OTHER IDH’GHAM – 3.) IDH’GHAM MUTAQAARIBAYN
The assimilation of similar letters or letters that are next to each other. Similar letters
refers to the letters that:
 Their Makharij (articulation point or place of origin) and Sifat (attributes,

characteristics) are very similar to each other
 Their Makharij is the same and their Sifaat is different
 Their Makharij is different and their Sifaat is the same
When similar letters follow each other in either the same word or in between two words,
where the first one is Sakin and the second letter has a vowel. The Sakin letter is
completely merged into the vowelled letter, to a point where there is no trace of the Sakin
letter and the vowelled letter is pronounced as if it has a Shaddah.
Similar Letters are: Near in Makharij ( ‫ ك‬- ‫)ق‬

Near in Qualities ( ‫ ج‬- ‫ ) د‬, (‫ ر‬- ‫ ) ل‬, (‫ ر‬- ‫) ن‬
Letters with same

Makharij but
different Sifaat
Letters with
Letters with
different
similar Makharij
Makharij but
& Sifaat
same Sifaat
IDH'GHAM
MUTAQAARIBAYN


THE 4 RULES OF IDH’GHAM MUTAQAARIBAYN
‫ْن‬ meets the ‫ ك‬+ ‫ق‬ Shams letter + ‫ا ْل‬ ‫ ر‬+ ‫ْل‬
Idh’gham letters
When the Nun Sakin When the Qaf When Laam At- When the Laam
meets any of the meets the Kaf. Tareef (The ‘AL’ Sakin meets the Raa.
Idh’gham letters where we make
something specific) The Laam is not
Appears only once in meets any of the 14 pronounced and it
the Holy Qur’an Shams (Sun) letters, merges into the Raa
the Laam is not
pronounced
Rule: To Merge Rule: To Merge Rule: To Merge Rule: To Merge
‫ِم ْن َّول ِ ّي‬ ‫أَل َْم ن َ ْخلُ ْق ُّك ْم‬ ‫لسا َء ُة‬
َّ َ‫ا‬ ‫َو ُق ْل َّر ِّب‬
Read as Can be read in 2 ways Read as Read as
MIW WALLIY YIN AS SAA AH WA KUR RABBI
ALAM NAKH LUK KUM
‫َيكُ ْن َّل ُه‬ Or

َّ ‫َو‬
‫الش ْمس‬ ُ‫بَ ْ َّْلف ََع ُه اهَّلل‬
ALAM NAKH LUQ KUM
Read as (Notice here we Read as Read as
YA KUL LAHU pronounce the heaviness WASH SHAMS BAR RAFA
of the Qaf)
AHULLAAHU
‫ َراق‬ٜ‫َو ق ِ ْي َل َم ْن‬ Surah Al-Qiyamah 75 Ayah 27
The above verse is an exception to the rules of Idh’gham. When reciting the above
verse, the Holy Prophet (saw) stopped between the Nun Sakin and Raa (He did a SAKT*)
and he did not merge them.
This Ayah is therefore read as ‘WA QIILA MAN RAAQ’
*Sakt – Means to stop and with the same breath and to continue (a breathless pause)


HOW THE RULES OF IDH’GHAM MUTAQAARIBAYN ARE READ
Read as Written as Similar letters
‫أَل َْم ن َ ْخلُ ُّك ْم‬ ‫أَل َْم ن َ ْخلُ ْقكُ ْم‬ ‫ك ق‬
‫ُ ََّقبِّى‬ ‫ق ْ َُْلبِّى‬ ‫ل ر‬
َ‫ِم َّل ُدنْك‬ َ‫ِم ْن َل ُدنْك‬ ‫ن ل‬
‫ِم َّر ُسول‬ ‫ِم ْن َر ُسول‬ ‫ن ر‬
RULES OF OTHER IDH’GHAM – 4.) IDH’GHAM MUTABAA’IDAIN
Distant Letters are two letters whose Makharij is far from each other. They are
articulated from two different areas. For example: ( ‫ ي‬- ‫) ح‬, (‫ ) ح‬is articulated from
the throat and (‫ ) ي‬is articulated from the tongue. And if the letters are articulated from
one area they must be separate by at least one Makharij or more. For example: (‫ خ‬-‫)هر‬,
(‫ ) هر‬is articulated from the deepest part of the throat and (‫ )خ‬is articulated from the
part of the throat nearest to the mouth. The Makhraj of the mid-throat separates them.
NOTE: There is NO Idh’gham between two distant letters


THE RULES OF
NUN QUTNI
(THE SMALL ‫) ن‬
When Sukun
appears after
Tanween
Nun Qutni
Change the
(Small Nun) Tanween into
a Kasrah
‫ن‬
Add a small
Nun with a
Kasrah


NUN QUTNI (SMALL NUN ‫ن‬ )
RULE: Two Sukun letters cannot be read in the Qur’an. Example:
‫يومئذ ٱلسلم‬
‫ل‬ ‫ن‬+‫ذ=ذ‬ (as it appears)
‫ل‬ ‫ن‬+‫ذ=ذ‬ (changed to)

Here the 2 Sakin meet each other or the Tanween is followed by the Sakin.
Therefore, the Nun Sakin of the Tanween letter is converted into a Nun with
a Kasrah. In Arabic 2 Sukun cannot be pronounced, therefore ‫ِن‬ is added.
When reading Qur’an with an Uthmani script, one is expected to know this and
do the conversion themselves, whereas in the Majeedi script, a small Nun with
a Kasrah is indicated. This small Nun is known as NUN QUTNI
QUR’AN WITH MAJEEDI SCRIPT QUR’AN WITH UTHMANI SCRIPT
Preferred by those from Indo/Pak, Used by those familiar with the Arabic
South Africa & other countries Language
‫يومئذ ِنٱلسلم‬ ‫يومئذ ٱلسلم‬

The Tanween is separated and the The Tanween is followed by Laam Sakin
Nun in the Tanween is always and you have to convert the Nun in the
converted into a Nun Kasrah. Tanween into Nun Kasrah
The small Nun Kasrah indicates this. There is no indication and the reader
has to be aware of the rules.
Both the above are pronounced as YAWMA IDHINIS SALAMA
NOTE: The Uthmani and Majeedi script Qur’an both produce the same results
in terms of final pronounciation. The difference is in their fonts and some
indications which are different.


Nun Qutni Nun Qutni

Majeedi Script Uthmani Script
ُ‫نُو ُح ِنٱبنَه‬ ُ‫نُو ٌح ٱبنَه‬

Read as
NUUHU NIBTAHU
‫ ِن‬+ ‫ُح‬ ‫ٌح‬
Read as
NUUHU NIBTAHU
PRACTICE READING NUN QUTNI



When the Nun Qutni appears after a full stop, there are 2 options:
 The reciter can stop at the full stop and then start the new sentence with the Nun
Sakin of the Nun Qutni OR
 The reciter can choose not to stop and just continue
Example:
Nun Qutni at a How to read How to read

stop when stopping when continuing
َ‫الي ًماً ِنالَّ ِذين‬ Aliimaa.

Alladhiina
Aliimanilladhiina
‫عليمً ِنالَّ ِذي‬ A'liim.

Nilladhiina
Aliimunilladhii
‫قديرً ِنالَّ ِذي‬ Qadeer. Nilladhii Qadeerunilladhii
َ‫جمي ًعاً ِنالَّذِين‬ Jamii-aa.

Nilladhiina
Jamiianilladhiina
َ‫مرتابً ِنالَّذِين‬ Murtaab. Nilladhiina Murtaabunilladhiina


THE RULES OF RAA
‫ر‬


THE RULES OF RAA ‫ر‬

‫ ) ر‬is sometimes pronounced with Tafkheem (heavy, with a full mouth),
The letter Raa (
and sometimes pronounced with Tarqeeq (light, with an empty mouth). When Raa (‫ ) ر‬is
pronounced with Tafkheem (heavy, with a full mouth), the tip of the tongue moves upward
towards the roof of the mouth and the lips are rounded. When Raa ( ‫ ) ر‬is pronounced with
Tarqeeq (light, with an empty mouth), the tip of the tongue moves towards the gum of the
top incisors and the lips stretched to form a smile.
15 RULES OF RAA
ََ 8 rules related to Fat-ha & Dhamma, always read as
Tafkheem (Heavy, with a full mouth)
ًِ 4 rules related to Kasrah, always read as Tarqeeq

(Light, with an empty mouth)
ًِ 2 exception rules for Kasra, always read as Tafkheem

(Heavy, with a full mouth)
Certain words where both Tafkheem and Tarqeeq are allowed


THE 8 RULES OF RAA TAFKHEEM RELATED TO FAT-HA & DHAMMA

Raa is pronounced with Tafkheem (full mouth) when it is bearing a Fat-ha or a Dhamma or
a Fat-hatain or a Dhammatain, or the last sound before the Raa (when it is bearing a Sakin
or when it appears at the end of the sentence – at stops) is the letter with a Fat-ha or a
Dhamma.
8 RULES OF RAA TAFKHEEM WITH EXAMPLES
1.) When Raa is bearing a Fat-ha (Rule 1) OR a Dhamma (Rule 2) or the Tanween
of Fat-ha or Dhamma. Even when there is a Shaddah sign with the Fat-ha or
Dhamma, it will still be pronounced with a full mouth – Tafkheem.
ْ َ َْ َ‫ُقدر‬ ُ ْ‫َف َرض‬
‫ليس ال ِبر‬ ‫ُر َح َم ُاء‬ ‫َر ِح َم‬ ِ ‫ُر ِزق‬
2.) When Raa is bearing a Sukun, preceded by a letter carrying a Fat-ha (Rule 3) OR
a Dhamma (Rule 4)
ْ‫َا ْل َق َمر‬ ‫ُد ُس ْر‬ ‫َم ْرَي َم‬

َ َُْ
‫فرقان‬
ْ َُْ
‫قرءان‬
3.) When Raa is bearing a Sukun, preceded by a letter with a Sukun, preceded by a
letter carrying a Fat-ha (Rule 5) OR a Dhamma (Rule 6). This rule is used at stops
and difficult to pronounce. To practice this, listen to a Qari.
ْ‫ُخ ْسر‬ ْ‫َع ْشر‬ ْ ‫َو ْال َع‬

ْ‫صر‬ ْ‫َا ْل ُي ْسر‬ ْ‫َو ْال َف ْجر‬
4.) When Raa is bearing a Sukun, preceded by Alif – the long vowel (Rule 7) OR Waw
– the long vowel (Rule 8). This is a rule used at stops.
ْ‫ُن ْور‬ ْ‫َف ُخ ْور‬ ْ‫م ْع َشار‬ ْ‫َغ ُف ْور‬ ْ‫َالن َهار‬
ِ


THE RULES OF RAA TAFKHEEM

(Heavy – Full mouth pronounciation)
‫ َر‬or ‫ُر‬
‫ ر‬+ًُ orًَ ‫ ر‬+ً+ًُ orًَ

Raa Tafkheem
(Heavy
pronunciation -
Full mouth - or a
bit of a rattling
sound)
(heavy + ‫ ر‬+ ًَ ‫ ر‬+‫و‬ or ‫ا‬
letter without Kasra in (long vowel
the same word) ‫ و‬and ‫) ا‬
‫ر‬+‫ٱ‬


THE 4 RULES OF RAA TARQEEQ RELATED TO KASRA

Raa is pronounced Tarqeeq (Lightly with an Empty mouth) when it is bearing a Kasrah,
OR the last sound before the Raa (when it is bearing a Sakin or when it appears at the
end of the sentence – at stops) is Kasra
1.) When Raa is bearing a Kasra or the Tanween of Kasra. Even when there is a
Shaddah sign with a Kasra, it will be pronounced with an empty mouth – Tarqeeq.
ْ َ ْ َ ُ َ‫اخ َلق‬
َ َ َ ْ َْ ْ َ َ َ
‫أ ِرن‬
‫نحر‬ ‫ح ِرمت‬ ‫ِمن ش ِرم‬ ‫أخ ِرجنا‬
2.) When Raa is bearing a Sukun and preceded by a letter carrying a Kasra
َ
‫ِف ْر َع ْون‬ ‫َي ْو ٌم َع ِس ْر‬ ْ‫َي ْغف ْر َل ُكم‬ ْ‫َو ُيج ْر ُكم‬ ‫ِم ْرَية‬
ِ ِ
3.) When Raa is bearing a Sukun, preceded by a letter carrying a Sukoon, preceded
by a letter carrying a Kasra. This rule is used at stops and difficult to pronounce.
To practice this, listen to a Qari.
ْ‫فى س ْدر‬ ْ‫الذ ْكر‬ ْ َ

‫الس ْح ْر‬
ِ ‫ِب ِه‬ ِ ِ ‫ِل ِذى ِح ْج ْر‬ َ
ِ ‫أ هل‬
4.) When Raa is bearing a Sukun, preceded by Yaa – the long vowel or Yaa Sakin – Yaa
bearing Sukun). This rule is used at stops.
ْ‫َق ِدير‬ ْ‫َن ِذير‬ ‫َب ِش ْير‬ ْ‫َنصير‬ ْ‫َخبير‬ ‫َي ِس ْير‬
ِ ِ
ْ‫َالس ْير‬ ْ‫َالط ْير‬ ْ‫َغ ْير‬ ْ‫ب ْال َخ ْير‬ َ
‫الض ْي ْر‬
ِ


THE RULES OF RAA TARQEEQ

(Light – Empty Mouth Pronounciation)
‫ِر‬
‫ ر‬+ً+ًِ Raa Tarqeeq
‫ ر‬+ ًِ
(Light
pronunciation -
Empty mouth)
‫ر‬+‫ي‬
‫ر‬+‫ي‬ (long vowel
Yaa)


THE 2 EXCEPTION RULES OF RAA TAFKHEEM RELATED TO KASRA

When Raa Sakin (Raa bearing a Sukun) is followed by a Tafkheem letter (Heavy letter),
OR preceded by Hamzatul Wasl, the Raa is pronounced with Tafkheem (full mouth).
2 EXCEPTION RULES WITH EXAMPLES
1.) When the Raa is bearing a Sukun and is preceded by the connecting Hamza
(Hamzatul Wasl) in any circumstance.
‫َر ِب ٱ ْر ِج ُعو ِن‬ ْ‫إن ٱ ْرَت ْب ُتم‬ ‫َر ِب ٱ ْر َح ْم‬

ِِ
When Raa Sukun is preceded with Hamzatul Wasl, with whatever sound the Hamzatul
Wasl is to be pronounced (even if it is a Kasra – even if the letter before the Hamzatul
Wasl is a Kasra), the letter ( ‫ ) ر‬will be pronounced with Tafkheem)

2.) When Raa is bearing a Sukun and although preceded by a letter carrying a Kasra,
it is followed by a heavy elevation letter of Iste’laa, then it is pronounced with
Tafkheem (heavy). The Heavy letters are: ‫صضطظغخق‬

ْ‫ف ْر َقه‬ َ ْ َ ‫ا ْر‬ َ ْ ْ َ
ِ ‫ِقرطاس‬ ‫صادا‬ ِ ‫اْلرصاد‬
ِ ‫ل ِب‬
For the above rule to be followed correctly, the following conditions have to take place:
a.) There has to be a heavy letter. i.e. A Kasra letter, then Raa Sakin, followed by a
heavy letter.
b.) The Heavy letter should NOT be having a Kasra
c.) The heavy letter has to be in the same word, i.e. A Kasra letter, then Raa Sakin, then
followed by the heavy letter, all in one word.
Heavy letter,
without a Kasra, Raa Sakin Any Kasra letter
in the same word
If the above 3 conditions are not met, then the Raa is to be pronounced lightly.


CERTAIN WORDS WHERE BOTH TAFKHEEM AND TARQEEQ IS ALLOWED
There are some words in the Holy Qur’an which can be pronounced heavily or lightly.
Both Tafkheem and Tarqeeq can be ٍِ ۡ ‫ل فِ ۡرق كَا َلط ۡو ِد الۡعَ ِظي‬
ٍٰ‫م‬ ٍ ُ ُ‫ك‬
applied if reading continues and
Surah Shuara, Verse 63
there is no stopping.
Both Tafkheem and Tarqeeq can be

َ ْ ِ ‫ل ِ َق ْو ِمكُ َما بِم‬
‫ِّص بُ ُي ْو ًتا‬
Surah Yunus, Verse 87
applied if stopping.
‫ال ال َ ِذى ا ۡش ََت ٰ ُٮه ِم ۡن ِم ۡص ٍَر ِْل ۡم َراَتِ ٍه‬

َ َ‫َوق‬
Other words are in:
‫َي ْس ِر‬ Surah Yusuf, Verse 21

In Surah Wal-Fajr: verse 4
ِ
ُُ
‫نذ ِر‬ ٍ‫ي‬ ‫ال ۡاد ُخل ُ ۡوا م ۡص َر اِ ۡن َشٓاءَ ُه‬
َؕ َ ۡ ‫اّلل ا ٰ ِم ِن‬ َ َ‫َوق‬
Surah Yusuf, Verse 99
In Surah Wal-Qamar: verse 16
ْ َ ٍ‫ك ِم ۡص ٍَر َوهٰ ِذ ِه ۡاْلَْنۡ ٰ ٍُر‬

ٍ ُ ۡ ‫اَلَيۡ َس ِِلۡ ُمل‬
‫أس ِر‬
Surah Zukhruf, Verse 51
In Surah Hud: verse 81,
Surah Al-Hijr: verse 65,
Surah Duhaa: verse 77,
ٍ‫ي الۡقِ ۡط ِرَؕ َو ِم َن ا ۡۡل ِ ِن‬

َ ۡ َ‫َو ا ََسلۡنَا ل َ ٗه ع‬
Surah Ash-Shu’a’raa: verse 52,
and Surah Ad-Dukhan: verse 23
Surah Sabaa, Verse 12


NOTES to remember:
1.) The general rule in the pronunciation of the letter Raa ‫ر‬ is that the short vowels
Fat-ha ًَ and Dhamma ًُ are the cause of heavy pronunciation.
2.) The short vowel Kasra ًِ is the cause for light pronunciation of letter Raa ‫ر‬
3.) The vowels Fat-hateenً and Dhammateen ًٌ , and the long vowel Alif ‫ ا‬and
َ and Dhamma ًُ , and
Waw ‫ و‬are similar as the short vowels of Fat-ha ً
they all are the cause of heavy pronunciation of the letter Raa ‫ر‬
4.) The vowel Kasrateen ًٍ , and the long vowel Yaa ‫ى‬ are similar as the short
vowel Kasra ًِ , they are the cause of light pronunciation of the letter Raa ‫ر‬
5.) ‫ر‬ Raa Sukun can sometimes be pronounced as both Tafkheem (Heavy) and
Tarqeeq (Light) eg the word ‫ق‬

ِ ‫( فِر‬Surah Ash-Shu’araa, Ayah 63), Tafkheem
because it is followed by a letter of elevation and Tarqeeq because it is
accompanied by Sukun and is situated between two letters that are accompanied
by Kasra.
6.) ٍِ ‫ال ۡار َكب ُ ۡوا فِيۡهَا بِ ۡس ِم ه‬

ٍٍ‫اّلل ََمْرٍٮهَا َو ُم ۡر ٰسٮهَا َٰؕ اِ ٍَن َر ِ ٍبۡ لَـغ َ ُف ۡو ٌٍر َر ِحي ۡ ٌم‬ َ َ‫َوق‬
The letter Raa in the word MAJRIIHA in Surah Hud: verse 41 is pronounced with
Tarqeeq because the long vowel of ( ‫ ) ا‬has the rule of the big lean.


RULES OF RAA
NO Does the Raa have a Sukun YES
What is the symbol on the letter Raa
Fat-ha / Dhamma Kasra
Heavy Light
What symbol does the letter before

Fat-ha / Dhamma the Raa Saakinah have ?
Heavy
Kasra Yaa Sakin & Stop
Is Raa followed by a Light

heavy letter
YES
NO
Is Raa preceded by a Hamzatul Wasl

Heavy
YES NO
Heavy
Light


AHKAM AL MUDOOD
(THE RULES OF MADDAH)


AHKAM AL MUDOOD - THE RULES OF MADDAH
The linguistic meaning of Madd is to prolong or to do something extra. Maddah simply means
Elongation of Sounds.
 Madd means the elongation of the letters (another meaning is to stretch or to

lengthen the letters)
 The letters of Maddah are three: ‫ي‬ ‫و‬ ‫ا‬

 The duration of the elongation is measured in terms of the length of the vowels
(Harakah)
 There are Three kinds of duration of the elongation for different syllables that
are regulated by certain principles.
i.) QASR (Shortness) – the duration of the elongation should not be more
than 2 harakah long.
ii.) TAWASSUT (Intermediate) – the duration of the elongation is between 3
– 5 harakah long
iii.) TUUL (Lengthy) – The duration of the elongation is between 4 – 6 harakah
long.
Individual single Maddah are called Maddah (Singular), whereas, many Maddah are
referred to as Mudood (Plural).
DURATION OF ELONGATION OF MADDAH


THE 9 TYPES OF MUDOOD
The Maddah letters of Alif, Waw and Ya, have rules which determine how the Maddiya
letters are pronounced. These rules are known as the ‘Rules of Maddah’. They are divided
into 2 groups, Maddul Asli or Tabee (Original/Natural Madd) and Maddul Far’i
(Secondary/Derived Madd).
MADD UL ASLI OR
MADD UT TABEE
(Original / Natural Madd caused by
Madd) other factors
TYPES OF
MADDAH
MADD AL FAR'I
Madd caused by
(Secondary / Derived Hamza
Madd)
Madd caused by
Sukun
BREAKDOWN OF THE 9 TYPES OF MUDOOD
1.) MADD UL ASLIYYA also known as MADD UT TABEE is the Original Madd
The rest of the Madd come under MADD UL FAR’I which is the Secondary Madd.
CAUSED BY OTHER FACTORS
2.) MADD UL-BADAL – The Substitute Madd

3.) MADD UL-SILAH – The Connecting Madd
4.) MADD UL-EWAD – The Replacement Madd
CAUSED BY HAMZA
5.) MADD UL-MUTTASIL – The Connected Madd

6.) MADD UL-MUNFASIL – The Detached Madd
CAUSED BY SUKUN
7.) MADD UL-LAAZIM – The Compulsory Madd

8.) MADD UL-LIN – The Gentle Madd
9.) MADD UL-ARID LIS SUKUN – The Abrupt Stop Madd


TYPES OF MADDAH
MADD AL-FAR’I MADD AL ASLIYYA

(SECONDARY/DERIVED OR AL-TABEE
MADD) 1.) Original /
8 TYPES Natural Madd
CAUSED BY OTHER FACTORS
2.) MADD UL-BADAL – The Substitute Madd

3.) MADD UL-SILAH – The Connecting Madd
4.) MADD UL-EWAD – The Replacement Madd
CAUSED BY HAMZA
5.) MADD UL-MUTTASIL – The Connected Madd

6.) MADD UL-MUNFASIL – The Detached Madd
CAUSED BY SUKUN
7.) MADD UL-LAAZIM – The Compulsory Madd

8.) MADD UL-LIN – The Gentle Madd
9.) MADD UL-ARID LIS SUKUN – The Abrupt Stop
Madd


TYPES OF MADD: 1.) MADD AL ASLIYYA OR AT-TABEE
NATURAL OR ORIGINAL MADD
It is named Original because it is the origin of all Mudood (lengthening). It is called

natural because it follows the sound’s normal and natural (Tabee) way of pronounciation
without any decrease or increase in its timing.
CONDITION OF MADD AT-TABEE – The Madd letter Alif should be preceded by any
letter carrying a Fat-ha, the Madd letter Yaa should be preceded by any letter carrying
a Kasra and the Madd letter Waw should be preceded by any letter carrying a Dhamma.
There should be no Hamza before the word or Hamza or Sukun after the word.
TIMING: It is lengthened for two vowel counts
INDICATIONS OF THE ORIGINAL MADD
‫ء‬
There should not be a ‫ُ و‬- ‫ِ ي‬- ‫ ا‬-َ There should not be
Hamza before it a Hamza ‫ ء‬or Sukun

When Alif is preceded by a letter
bearing a Fat-ha sign (can be any letter) ً after the word
When Ya is preceded by a letter bearing
a Kasra sign (can be any letter)
When Waw is preceded by a letter

bearing a Dhamma sign (can be any
letter)
WHAT IS A VOWEL COUNT OR LENGTHENED FOR 2, 4, 6 HARAKA MEAN?
When reading Maddah, we have to extend or lengthen the sound. How does one measure
the length of the sound? Some count the fingers on the hand and some use the seconds of
the watch. The oldest and preferred method is the time it takes to say a haraka (vowel)
‫َب َب َب َب َب‬ ‫َب َب َب َب‬ ‫َب َب َب‬ ‫َب َب‬ ‫َب‬

5 counts 4 counts 3 counts 2 counts 1 count
ba ba ba ba ba ba ba ba ba ba ba ba ba ba ba


MADD UL ASLIYYA / MADD AT TABEE
(ORIGINAL / NATURAL MADD)
Lengthening of a sound using the 3 Madd letters
Yaa Maddiyya Waw Maddiyya Alif Maddiyya

empty preceded by empty preceded by empty preceded by
any Kasra letter any Dhamma letter any Fat-ha letter
‫ِ ي‬- ‫ُ و‬- ‫ ا‬-َ
‫ال َّرحِيِ ْم‬ ‫يُوق ِ ُنون‬ ‫ال َقارِ َعة‬
‫َي ْس َت ْحيِى‬ ‫َدا ُوود‬ ‫َمال ِ ِك‬
THE ORIGINAL MADD CONDITIONS
1.) The Madd letters of ‫ايو‬ are empty and do not have any haraka (Fat-ha, Kasra or
Dhamma)
2.) Madd letters must be preceded by its own haraka i.e. Madd letter Alif by Fat-ha,
Madd letter Waw by Dhamma and Madd letter Ya by Kasra.
3.) There is no Hamza before the word and no Hamza or Sukun after the word.
4.) To be extended for Two haraka OR Two counts only


MADD AL FAR’I – 8 TYPES OF MADD
• Madd ul-Badal
MADD CAUSED BY
• Madd ul-Silah
OTHER FACTORS
• Madd ul-Ewad
MADD CAUSED BY • Madd ul-Muttasil

HAMZA • Madd ul-Munfasil
• Madd ul-Laazim
MADD CAUSED BY
• Madd ul-Lin
SUKUN
• Madd ul-Aarid lis Sukun
MADD CAUSED BY OTHER FACTORS
4.) MADD UL-EWAD

2.) MADD UL-BADAL 3.) MADD UL-SILAH
(The Replacement
(The Substitute Madd)
Madd)
Elongation: 2 Haraka
Elongation: 2 Haraka
MADD UL-SILAH AS-SUGHRA MADD UL-SILAH AL-KUBRA

The Minor Connecting Madd The Major Connecting Madd
Elongation: 2 Haraka Elongation: 4 to 6 Haraka


MADD AL FAR’I: MADD CAUSED BY OTHER FACTORS
2.) MADD UL-BADAL – The Substitute Madd – When any of the Madd
letters of ‫ ا و ي‬are preceded by a , and not followed by a Hamza or ‫ء‬
Sukun. This Madd is stretched to 2 Haraka.
‫أُوتُوا‬ ‫َءا َم َن‬ ‫َر َءا ُه‬ ‫بِئَا َيات ِ َنا‬
3.) MADD UL-SILAH – is the prolonging of the Haa ( ‫ ) ه‬of the pronoun
that represents a third party of male gender.
 The Haa ( ‫ ) ه‬has to fall between two voweled letters (neither of them have
a Sukun)
 You must continue to the next word in order to sound this Madd. eg. If you
stop on this Haa, then NO Madd.
 The Madd will be with Waw if the Haa has a Dhamma, and by Yaa if the Haa
has a Kasra. Eg. ‫إِن َّ ُه َعل َى َر ْج ِعهِ َل َقاد ِر‬ NOTE: Letter Haa does not bear a Fat-ha
There are 2 types of Madd ul-Silah
Madd ul-Silah as-Sughra (Lesser) Madd ul-Silah al-Kubra (Longer)
 The two vowels between which the  The two vowels between which
Haa sits, should be a Fat-ha, Kasra the Haa sits, should be a Fat-ha,
or Dhamma and not a Sukun Kasra or Dhamma and not a Sukun
 The Haa is not followed by a Hamza  The Haa must be followed by a
‫ء ا‬
( or ) Hamza ( or ) ‫ء ا‬
 Haa to be stretched for 2 counts  Haa to be stretched for 4 - 5
just like Madd Tabee counts just like Madd Munfasil
 ‫َوأ ُ ِّمهِ َواَب ِ ْي ْه‬ ‫َمالُ ُه َو َم َاك َس ْب‬  ‫ط َ َعا ِمهِ أَ َّن‬ ‫َما َل ُه أَ ْخل ََده‬
 Notice a vowel after the Haa and NO  Notice the Hamza after the Haa
Hamza


EXCEPTIONS OF THE MADD UL-SILAH
a.) Notice the word ‫يَ ْر َض ُه َلكُ ْم‬ . The Haa in this word fulfils all the conditions of Madd
ul-Silah as-Sughra, yet it is not stretched when reciting. There is a vowel before
and after the Haa, and no Hamza after the Haa, yet there is no Madd in this word
(Surah Zumar Ch. 39 Ayah 7)
b.) Notice the word ‫ َو َي ْخلُ ْد ف ِْيهِ ُم َهانَا‬. The Haa in this word does not fulfil all the
conditions of Madd ul-Silah, yet it is stretched when reciting. There is a vowel
after the Haa, but there is a Sukun before the Haa, and no Hamza after the Haa,
yet a stretch of 2 counts is made on this word (Surah Furqaan Ch. 25 Ayah 69)
Note: Copies of the Qur’an printed in Arab countries usually indicate Madd ul-Silah by a small Ya
or Waw next to the Haa. These symbols are not present in copies of the Qur’an printed in India,
Pakistan and other countries.
Examples of the small Ya or Waw in Madd ul-Silah as-Sughra
Kitaabahuu waraa’a ‘ibaadihii khabeeraa Lahuu maa fee
Examples of the small Ya or Waw in Madd ul-Silah al-Kubra
Wathaaqahuuu ahadun Haathiheee eemaanan Maalahooo akhladahu

Notice the small Ya & Waw have a small Madd on them for Silah al-Kubra
4.) MADD UL-EWAD – The Replacement Madd – involves replacing the Fat’hatain that
occurs at the end of a word with the Alif Madd with Fat-ha, when a reader stops on it.
This Madd is stretched to 2 Haraka. This rule is not applicable to Kasratain or
Dhammatain.
‫ﺳبحا‬
َ Will be read as ‫ﺳب َحا‬
َ (Sabhan to Sabhaa)
‫أَمر‬ Will be read as ‫أَمر‬ (Amran to Amraa)
NOTE: This rule applies to all letters including Hamza but not the letter TA MARBUTA . ‫ة‬
Ta Marbutah is the exception to this rule as it is pronounced as HA when it occurs at a stop.


MADD AL FAR’I: MADDAH CAUSED BY HAMZA
MADD CAUSED BY HAMZA
5.) MADD UL-MUTTASIL 6.) MADD UL-MUNFASIL

The Connected Madd The Detached Madd
Elongation: 4 to 6 Haraka Elongation: 3 to 5 Haraka
AL MADD AL-WAJIB AL-MUTTASIL AL MADD AL-JAA’EZ AL-MUNFASIL

(Obligatory Prolongation) (Permissible Prolongation)
(Per mis
CONDITIONS: CONDITIONS:
 This Madd is Obligatory as a  This Madd is named Munfasil
Hamza follows any Madd letter of (separated) as it is sounded over
Alif, Yaa or Waw in ONE WORD (if TWO WORDS
it is in two words, then it is Madd  Occurs when a word ends with a
al-Munfasil letter of Madd and is followed by
 It is prolonged for either 4 or 6 a word that begins with Hamza
counts  It is prolonged for either 3 or 5
 If you choose to prolong for 4 counts
counts, then this must remain  Al Madd al-Munfasil cannot
consistent throughout the exceed Al Madd al-Mutasil (Both
recitation have to be the same count)
EXAMPLES: EXAMPLES:
ُ ْ ‫اِذَا َجآ َء َن‬

‫ِّص‬ ‫َي َدآ أَبِي ل ََهب‬
Ja is to be stretched for 4 to 6 counts Da is to be stretched for 3 to 5 counts
‫الس َمآ ِء‬

َّ ‫َو‬ ‫َوفِي أَ ْن ُف ِسه ِ ْم‬
Ma is to be stretched for 4 to 6 counts Fi is to be stretched for 3 to 5 counts


MADD AL FAR’I: MADDAH CAUSED BY SUKUN
AL-MUKHAFFAF
Light form
Elongation: 6
AL-HARFI Harakat
Involves Letters AL-MUTHAQQAL

Heavy form
Elongation: 6
Harakat
7.) MADD UL-
LAZIM
AL-MUKHAFFAF
Light form
Elongation: 6
AL-KALIMI Harakat
MADD Involves Words

AL-MUTHAQQAL
8.) MADD UL-LIN
CAUSED The Gentle Madd
Heavy form
Elongation: 6
BY Elongation: 2, 4, 6 Harakat
Harakat
SUKUN
AL-MAHMUZ
Madd followed by The letter
Hamza
Elongation: 4 to 6 Harakat
9.) MADD UL-
ARID LIS SUKUN
GHAY AL MAHMUZ
Madd followed by any letter
other than Hamza
Elongation: 2 to 6 Harakat
MADD AL FAR’I: MADDAH CAUSED BY SUKUN – 7.) MADD UL-LAAZIM


7. MADD UL-LAAZIM – The compulsory Madd – Occurs when any of the Huruful Madd
is followed by a letter with a Sukun (ً+ ‫ي‬, ‫ و‬, ‫ ) ا‬or a Shaddah (ً + ‫ي‬, ‫ و‬, ‫) ا‬
This Madd occurs in either a word (Kalimi) or in a letter (Harfi). These are further divided
into 2 parts each.
Maddul Lazim al Kalimi Maddul Lazim al Harafi

(Maddah in a word) (Maddah in a letter)
Maddul Lazim al Kalimi al Muthaqqal Maddul Lazim al Harfi al Muthaqqal

(Heavy) (Heavy)
Maddul Lazim al Kalimi al Mukhaffaf Maddul Lazim al Harfi al Mukhaffaf
(Light) (Light)
MADD UL LAAZIM
(When there is a permanent Sukun after any letter of Madd)
AL KALIMI AL HARFI
When the Sukun after the When the Sukun after the
letter of Madd is in a WORD letter of Madd in in a LETTER
AL KALIMIL AL KALIMIL AL HARFIL AL HARFIL

MUTHAQQAL MUKHAFFAF MUTHAQQAL MUKHAFFAF
HEAVY LIGHT HEAVY LIGHT
When the Sukun When the Sukun

is in the form of a When the Sukun is in the form of a When the Sukun
Shaddah is normal Shaddah is normal
NOTE: The heavy form of Maddul Lazim occurs when a Maddah letter is followed by a
letter bearing a Shaddah. The Shaddah indicates that Idhgham has taken place and also
represents a doubled letter, the first of which bears a Sukun.
Example: ‫س‬
ُ +‫س=س‬
ُّ ‫ ِم‬+ ‫ِم = م‬ َ‫ ق‬+ ‫َّق = ق‬


MADD AL FAR’I: MADDAH CAUSED BY SUKUN – 7.) MADD UL-LAAZIM
MADD UL LAAZIM AL KALIMI MADD UL LAAZIM AL KALIMI

(MUTHAQQAL - HEAVY) (MUKHAFFAF - LIGHT)
When a Shaddah ً follows a Madd When a Sukun ً follows a Madd letter

letter in a word. It is stretched for 6 in a word. It must be prolonged no less
vowel counts than 6 vowel counts
EXAMPLES EXAMPLE - Only 1 case in the Qur'an
َ‫ءَآلْـََٰٔ َن‬
MADD UL LAAZIM
(Maddah caused by Sukun)
MADD UL LAAZIM AL HARFI MADD UL LAAZIM AL HARFI

(MUTHAQQAL - HEAVY) (MUKHAFFAF - LIGHT)
If a Madd letter is followed by a If a Madd letter is followed by a Sakin
Mushaddad letter, the reader is letter, the reader is required to prolong
required to prolong the Madd letter. the Madd letter.
This Madd must be prolonged for 6 This Madd must be prolonged to 6 vowel
vowel counts. counts.
This Madd occurs only in the Huruful Muqat’ta’aat letters.
Examples and more details are explained in the next page


DETAILED EXPLANATION & EXAMPLES ON MADD UL-LAAZIM AL-HARFI
The Madd ul-Laazim al-Harfi is the Madd that occurs in letters and not words (Madd ul-
Laazim al-Kalimi). In this case all the letters are from the Huruful Muqatt’ta’aat (The
Mysterious Letters – discussed elsewhere in this book)
The letters of Huruful Muqatt’ta’aat are 14 letters (half of the Arabic Alphabets). They
appear in 29 chapters in the Holy Qur’an as the opening of the Surah and they appear in 14
different ways, as 1 letter alone, or together as 2, 3 or more letters.
THE 14 HURUFUL MUQATT’TA’AAT
THE 14 HURUFUL MUQATT’TA’AAT IN THE MADD UL-LAAZIM AL-HARFI
1.) The individual letters have to be pronounced by reading out their respective names
according to their spelling.
2.) The length of each letter’s prolongation will be determined by the Madd rule
inherent within the spelling of it.
3.) The difference of the length of its prolongation is determined by the number of
letters that are used to spell the name of that particular letter.
4.) These Madd can contain one, two, three or more letters.
5.) In regards to their lengthening, the Huruful Muqatt’ta’aat are divided into 4 types
6.) The divisions into these types is based on how the letters are spelt.
Important Note: When reciting the Huruf ul Muqatta’at, “all the letters with a
Maddah sign should be read as the letter itself, and all the letters with the
standing Alif, should be read as the sound of that letter”


DIVISION OF THE 14 HURUFUL MUQATT’TA’AAT ACCORDING TO THEIR

PROLONGATION
1.) The letter ‫ الف‬- ‫( ا‬Alif – when we spell the letter). It does not have a Madd in-
between it’s spelling, therefore we do not stretch it and say it plainly as Alif
2.) The 5 letters of ‫ ح ي ط ه ر‬, are known by the acronym ‘Hayy Tuhr’
‫ٍحي طهر‬ These letters are written with their spelling and read out without being
followed by a Hamza or Sukun
‫را‬ ‫ها‬ ‫طا‬ ‫يا‬ ‫حا‬

Raa haa taa yaa Haa
Notice when the above 5 letters are read by their names, they all have the Alif Maddah
in-between, this makes it Madd at-Tabee and these letters are stretched for 2 counts
3.) The 7 letters of ‫س ن ق ص ل ك م‬, are known by the acronym Sanaqussu

Lakum, ٍ‫ل ُك ْم‬
ٍ َ ‫ َسن َ ُق ُص‬These letters are written with their spelling and read out. In
these 7 letters, the letter of Madd is within it, when followed by Sukun, it is
merged and therefore is has Madd al-Harfi, which is elongated by 6 harakat.
‫م‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ن‬ ‫س‬

‫ِميم‬ ‫َكاق‬ ‫َّلم‬ ‫صاد‬
َ ‫قَاف‬ ‫نُون‬ ‫ِﺳين‬
meem kaaf laam saad qaaf noon seen
4.) The letter ‫ عين‬- ‫ع‬ (Ayn – when we spell the letter). It has the Yaa Madd in-
between, which is the letter of ease. This makes it Madd al-Leen and it is
elongated for 2, 4 or 6 Harakat.


DIVISION OF THE 14 HURUFUL MUQATT’TA’AAT ACCORDING TO THEIR

PROLONGATION
• 1 Letter • 5 Letters
• No Madd • Madd at-Tabee
• 2 counts
‫حي‬
‫ا‬ ‫طهر‬
‫سن‬
‫قص‬ ‫ع‬
• 7 Letters
‫لكم‬ • 1 Letter
• Madd al-Harfi • Madd al-Leen
• 6 counts • 2, 4 or 6 counts
ELONGATION OF HURUFUL MUQATT’TA’AAT
Written
ْ ‫ِم‬ ‫طَا‬ ‫َطا َها‬

Read
‫يم‬ ‫َحا‬ ‫سِي ْن‬ ‫َيا‬ ‫سِي ْن‬
6 2 6 2 6 2 2 2 Length of Stretch
Written
ٍْ ‫َص‬
‫ٓاد‬ ٍ‫يم‬ ِ ‫أَل ِ ْف ٍآلَم ِميمٍ أَل ِ ْف آلَم را َطا ِس‬
ْ ‫ي م‬
Read
ْ َ ْ ْ ْ
6 6 6 2 2 6 1 6 6 1 Length of Stretch
Written
َ ‫َكآف هَا يَا َعين‬

‫صآد‬ ‫نُون‬ ‫قَآف‬ Read
6 6 2 2 6 6 6 Length of Stretch


THE MADD AL-HARFI IN THE HURUFUL MUQATT’TA’AAT
The 7 letters which when spelt out or individually read,

have a Madd letter in the middle and end with an original
or permenant Sukun. ‫س ن ق ص ل ك م‬
Known by
the acronym
Merged into Not merged
the letter ‫َس َن ُق ُّص َلكُ ْم‬ into the
that comes letter that
after it comes after
it
Madd ul-Laazim Harfi Muthaqqal Madd ul-Laazim Harfi Mukhaffaf
EXAMPLE EXAMPLE
‫م‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬

‫ِميم‬ ٍ‫ْل َ ْم‬ ‫اَلِيف‬ ‫را‬ ٍ‫ْل َ ْم‬ ‫اَلِيف‬
The Alif is read normally as
The Alif is read normally as
Alif, the Laam ends with a
Alif, the Laam ends with a
(Meem Sakin) and the Meem
Meem Sakin and the Raa
begins with a (Meem with a
has one Madd, therefore no
vowel). When the Meem Sakin
merging takes place.
meets the Meem Kasra,
Idhgham takes place.


MADD UL LAAZIM
(COMPULSORY LENGTHENING)
MADDUL LAAZIM AL KALIMI MADDUL LAAZIM AL HARFI
(6 Haraka Lengthening in a Word) (6 Haraka Lengthening in a Letter)
Compulsory Heavy Compulsory Light Compulsory Heavy Compulsory Light

Lengthening in a Lengthening in a Lengthening in a Lengthening in a
word word Letter Letter
(Madd al Laazim (Madd al Laazim (Madd al Laazim (Madd al Laazim

Kalimi Muthaqqal) Kalimi Mukhaffaf) Harfi Muthaqqal) Harfi Mukhaffaf)
DEFINITION
DEFINITION DEFINITION
Occurs when an Occurs when an ‫ص لَ ُكم‬

ُّ ُ‫ﺳنَق‬
َ *
original Sukun that original Sukun that The letters of the group
is merged (the is NOT merged are each individually read
letter has a (NO Shaddah on as a 3 letter word, the
Shaddah on it) it) follows a Madd middle letter being a
comes after a letter in a WORD Madd letter, and the 3rd
Madd letter in a letter having an original
WORD or permanent Sukun is:
EXAMPLES Appears in only 2 Merged into the NOT merged into

places in the Holy letter that comes the letter that
Qur’an. Surah after it, as it has a comes after it
Yunus: Ayah 51 & 91
ٓ‫الصآخَّة‬
َّ Shaddah
ٓ‫الر‬
َ‫ءَآلْـََٰٔ َن‬ ٓ‫الٓم‬
*‫لَ ُكم‬ ‫ص‬ُّ ُ‫ﺳنَق‬
َ is the acronym given to the letters that are read as 3 letter words eg, ‫ّلم‬
‫نون‬ ‫ ﺳين كاف صاد قاف ميم‬Notice all these letters have a Maddah in the middle.


EXAMPLES OF MADD UL HARFEE MUTHAQQAL
EXAMPLES OF MADD UL HARFEE MUKHAFFAF


MADD AL FAR’I: MADDAH CAUSED BY SUKUN – 8.) MADD UL-LEEN
Leen literally means Softness. Madd al-Leen occurs when certain letters are pronounced
softly and with ease. Leen letters are:-
(Waw Leen) ‫ًَو‬

Ya Sakin or
Waw Sakin
(only if there is
a Fat-ha letter
before them)
‫ًَي‬ (Ya Leen)
THE RULE OF MADD UL-LEEN: If one of the Leen letters is followed by a letter at the
end of a word, which has been Saakin due to stop (If the reader will not stop, no Madd is
applied), the reader should prolong the Leen letter. The reader can choose to prolong it 2,
4 or 6 beats.
Examples:
YA LEEN
‫طَي ْ ًر‬ ‫َعل َْيه ِ ْم‬ ‫بِا ْل َغ ْي ِب‬

WAW LEEN
‫ال َّت ْو َرا َة‬ ‫ف َْوقِه ِ ْم‬ ‫ِم ْن َخ ْوف‬
Examples of Maddul Leen
‫ُق ُريْش‬ )‫( ُق ُري ْ ْش‬ ‫َخ ْوف‬ )‫( َخ ْو ْف‬

If stopping read as: Quraish If stopping read as: Khawf
If continuing read as: Quraishin If continuing read as: Khawfin


MADD AL FAR’I: MADDAH CAUSED BY SUKUN – 9.) MADD UL-ARIDH LIS

SUKUN
Madd Aridh Lis Sukun means “Temporary Madd for stopping”. The reciter must exercise
consistency with the length of the applied stretch in the entire recitation.
CONDITIONS OF MADD UL-ARIDH LIS SUKUN
a.) The Madd should be the 2nd last letter in the word
b.) The Sukun is found in stopping on (the sound of) the last letter of the word
c.) The Madd MUST NOT have a Fat-ha, Kasra or Dhamma on it
d.) The letter before the Madd letter, must have a suitable diacritic, i.e. Fat-ha
before the Alif, Kasra before the Yaa and Dhamma before the Waw
e.) The reciter must stop after the word being recited in order to sound this Madd
for 2, 4 or 6 counts
f.) The reciter can sound this Madd for 2 counts whether they are stopping or not,
but generally, 2 counts are sounded only when the reciter wishes to continue,
which should be considered as Madd Tabee (2 counts elongation)
SPECIAL CASE: Where a Fat-ha precedes the Yaa Madd or Waw Madd, it becomes known
as Madd al-Leen. Al Madd al-Leen has the same principles as Al Madd al-Aridh lil Sukun.
In brief Maddul Ardhwi – The temporary stop Madd occurs when a letter of Madd is
followed by a letter bearing a vowel that becomes Sakin, when the reciter stops or pauses
to take a breath, usually at the end of a verse.
Examples of Maddul Ardhwi
‫أَط ِْي ُعو ِن‬ ‫أَط ِْي ُع ْو ْن‬ ُ ‫َا ْل ِح َس‬

‫اب‬ ْ ‫َا ْل ِح َس‬
‫اب‬
ِ ‫ا ْلمِ ْر َصاد‬ ‫ا ْلمِ ْر َصا ْد‬ َ ُ‫َي ْع َمل‬
‫ون‬ ْ ‫َي ْع َم ُل‬
‫ون‬


RULES OF HAA
‫ه ه ه‬
ALL ARE ‘HAA’ & CAN BE
WRITTEN IN DIFFERENT WAYS
2) Haa Sakt
The Consonant
Haa
1) Haa Thatee 3) Haa Dhameer
The Essential The Pronoun
Haa Haa
3
Types


RULES OF HAA
The letter Haa ( ‫ ) ه‬that comes at the end of words in the Holy Qur’an ( ‫ ) ه مه‬is one
of the three types mentioned below:
1.) Haa Thatee, the essential Haa

2.) Haa Sakt, the consonant Haa
3.) Haa Dhameer, the pronoun Haa
1.) HAA THATEE – THE ESSENTIAL HAA
The essential Haa is the letter ( ‫ ) ه مه‬that comes at the end of the word and is part of
the word itself, it cannot be separated from it.
Examples:
َِ
‫ك َه‬ ‫ُو ُج ْوه‬ ‫َو ْج ُه‬ ِ‫َت ْن َته‬ ِ‫َي ْن َته‬ ُ‫ف ََواكِه‬ ‫َن ْف َق ُه‬ ُ‫اَهَّلل‬
2.) HAA SAKT – THE CONSONANT HAA
The consonant Haa is the letter ( ‫ ) ه مه‬that comes at the end of the word, it is not part
of it and does not have any meaning. It is there to confirm the necessity of stopping at the
specified word. If you choose to continue with the next word it should be pronounced as a
consonant Haa. Examples where the consonant Haa appears in the Holy Qur’an:
‫فَب ِ ُه ٰدى ُه ُم ا ْق َت ِد ْه ل َْم َي َت َس َّن ْه‬ ‫َما ه َِي ْه‬ ‫ك ِ َتاب ِ َي ْه‬ ‫ح َِساب ِ َي ْه‬ ‫َمال ِ َي ْه‬ ‫ُسل َْطان َِي ْه‬
Surah Surah Surah Surah Al- Surah Al- Surah Al- Surah
Al-Baqarah Al-An’aam Al-Qaari’ah Haaqqah Haaqqah Haaqqah Al-Haaqqah
Verse 259 Verse 90 Verse 10 Verse Verse Verse 28 Verse 29

19 & 25 20 & 26


3.) HAA DHAMEER – THE PRONOUN HAA
The pronoun Haa is the letter ( ‫ ) ه مه‬that comes at the end of the word and takes the
place of the name. Example:
‫ك ِ َتاب‬ ِ‫ك ِ َتابِه‬ ‫ِمن‬ ‫ِم ْن ُه‬

book his book from from him
The pronoun Haa never carried a Fat-ha, it always carries either a Kasra or a Dhamma. But
sometimes the short vowel of the pronoun Haa is pronounced as a long vowel, with Ishbaa,
meaning with repletion, and is sometimes pronounced normally as a short vowel, without
repletion.
ISHBAA – Means satiate or full. It usually refers to elongation or lengthening. When we

mention Ishbaa in Mudood, then it means the longest lengthening of six vowel counts, when
we say Ishbaa in Imaalah, it means the grand Imaalah and when we mention Ishbaa in
vowels, it means lengthening the vowel. In the case of reciting Haa with or without Ishbaa,
refers to lengthening the Haa sound with a vowel.
PRONOUN HAA READ WITH ISHBAA
The short vowel of the pronoun Haa is pronounced as a long vowel when both sides of the
letter ( ‫ ) ه مه‬are carrying a short vowel. If it carries Dhamma ( -ُ ) it will be pronounced

as the long vowel ( ‫ ) و‬and if it carries Kasra ( ِ- ) it will be pronounced as ( ‫)ي‬
Examples:
‫َربُّ ُه بِكَل ِ َمات = َربُّ ُهو بِكَل ِ َمات‬ ‫إِن َّ ُه َل َق ْو ُل = إِن َّ ُهو َل َق ْو ُل‬
‫بِهِ َوْل = بِهي َوْل‬ ‫َم َوا ِض ِعهِ َو َن ُسوا = َم َوا ِض ِعهِي َو َن ُسوا‬


PRONOUN HAA READ WITHOUT ISHBAA
The short vowel of the pronoun Haa will be pronounced normally, with the short vowel it is
carrying when:
i) One side or both sides of the pronoun ( ‫ ) ه مه‬are accompanied by a Sukun

‫َو َل ُه ا ْل َح ْم ُد‬ ُ‫إِل َْيهِ ال َْمصير‬ ‫ِم ْن ُه َل ْج ًما‬ ‫ل ََد ْيهِ ُخب ْ ًرا‬
ii) A letter accompanied by Shaddah follows the pronoun ( ‫) ه مه‬

َ ‫قي َل َل ُه َّات ِق ا‬
‫هَّلل‬ َ ‫بِهِ ْلَّذ‬
‫ين‬ ُ‫َي ْعل َْم ُه اهَّلل‬
iii) The pronoun ( ‫ ) ه مه‬is preceded by a long vowel

ً ‫فيهِ ه‬
‫ُدي‬ ُ َ ‫َن‬
‫ِّصو ُه‬ ‫أَنْزَ ْل َنا ُه‬
NOTE:
1.) The Haa ( ‫ ) ه‬at the end of the word ( ِ ‫ٰه ِذه‬ ), even though it is an essential Haa,
is pronounced with Ishbaa (under the rule of Ishbaa)
2.) The pronoun Haa ( ‫ ) مه‬in these two words is accompanied by Sukun, ( ‫ )أَ ْر ِج ْه‬in
Surah Al-A’raaf, Ayah 111 and in Sura Ash-Shu’araa, Ayah 36 and ( ‫ ) فَأ َ ْلق ِ ْه‬in
Surah An-Naml, Ayah 28
3.) The pronoun Haa ( ‫ ) مه‬in ( ‫ ) َي ْر َض ُه َلكُ ْم‬in Surah Az-Zumar, Ayah 7 is read
without Ishbaa.
4.) The pronoun Haa ( ‫ ) مه‬in ( ‫ ) َو يَ ْحلُ ْد فيهِ ُم َهانَا‬in Surah Al-Furqaan, Ayah 69 is
read with Ishbaa.


HAMZA
2 TYPES
HAMZATUL QAT'AA HAMZATUL WASL

also known as also known as
(Normal Hamza) (Aliful Wasl)
‫ء‬ ‫ٱ‬


HAMZA
2 Types of Hamza in the Holy Qur'an
Both are read and treated differently
HAMZATUL QAT'AA HAMZATUL WASL

also known as also known as
(Normal Hamza or cutting Hamza) (Aliful Wasl or Connecting Hamza)
‫ء أ إ ؤ ئ أل ﺋ ﻹ‬ ‫ٱ‬
The Head of the letter Ayn
which can appear alone or Alif with a Half
above or below certain Saad (fish shape)
letters on top
1) Appears as only One form.

1) Appears in many forms Sometimes appears as a bare Alif
without the Saad.
2) Can appear in the beginning,
middle or the end of words 2) Appears only in the beginning
of words
3) Can carry vowels of Fat-ha,
Kasra, Dhamma, Sukun and 3) Has no vowels in written form.
sometimes Tanween We will discuss further on how it
can be read with the Fat-ha,
4) It is always pronounced as a
Kasra & Dhamma.
Hamza, even if it is sitting on
another letter or even if it has a 4) Is not always pronounced and
Sukun certain rules are applied to its
pronounciation


HAMZATUL QAT’AA ‫ء‬

Hamzatul Qat’aa looks like the top half of the letter ‫ع‬. It is sometimes referred to as
the normal Hamza OR the cutting Hamza OR the dividing Hamza.
MANY FORMS OF HAMZATUL QAT’AA – In whichever form the Hamzatul Qat’aa

appears, it is always read clearly and the sound is always ‘A’, ‘I’ or ‘U’, depending on the
vowel (haraka) it appears with. The sound of the Hamzatul Qat’aa is produced by cutting
off the airstream at the top of the windpipe.
‫ئ‬ ‫إ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ء‬

Hamza on a Yaa Hamza below the Hamza seated on Hamza by itself
(Note: This Yaa has Alif (appears with top of an Alif
NO dots) the Kasra vowel)
‫ﻹ‬ ‫أل‬ ‫ؤ‬ ‫ﺋ‬
Hamza under the Hamza seated on Hamza seated on a Hamza in a joining
Alif on the letter the Alif in the Waw format
LaamAlif letter LaamAlif
Hamzatul Qat’aa is a regular consonant letter that in writing appears anywhere in a word,
either by itself or is carried by an Alif, Ya or Waw. It can appear in any part of a word, in
the beginning, in the middle or at the end. EXAMPLE:
Hamza in the beginning of a word
‫أ َ َك َل‬ َ ‫أَن َعم‬

‫ت‬ AKALA AN AMTA
Hamza in the middle of a word

َ ‫َرأ‬ ‫ال َم ََل ِء َكة‬ RA A AL MALAA IKA
Hamza at the end of a word
‫ﺳ َماء‬
َّ ‫ال‬ ‫َجا َء‬ AS SAMAA JAA A


Head of Ayn, appears alone or on

top of the letters Alif, Waw or Ya
In written form, it has the It can appear in the

Haraka signs of Fat-ha, beginning, middle or end of a
Kasrah, Dhammah, Sukun & word. It is pronounced
sometimes Tanween. clearly with the Haraka
(sign) that it carries.
WAYS OF READING HAMZA:
When it appears with a Sukun, there is a jerking or cutting sound and it

is pronounced at Half its normal length.
‫ُم ْؤ َص َدة‬ ْ‫فَأْتُوا‬

Mu’ sadatun and not Muusadatun Fa’ tuu and not Faatuu
When 2 Hamzas’ appear together, next to each other, the Hamza is

pronounced clearly for both of them, continuously with no cut
‫َءأَْمُتْن‬ ‫َءأَن ْ َت‬

A-antum (continuously no cutting) A-anta (continuously no cutting)
Sometimes the Hamza is not written above the Alif, only a Sukun is
written. The jerky sound (half it’s normal length) will still be
pronounced. Example:
Qa Ra’ Tu ٍ‫قَ َرا ُْت‬ wa’mur ٍ‫َواْ ُم ْر‬ na’ti ٍ‫نَا ْ ِت‬


As a Kasrah As a Dhamma As a Fat-ha
(iimaanun) (oosratan) (akhazha)
‫إ ِ َيمان‬ َ ْ ُ‫أ‬
‫َسة‬ ‫أَ َخ َذ‬
Notice for the Kasra, Notice for the Fat-ha & Dhamma,
Hamza is Below the Alif Hamza is on Top of the Alif
‫َو ِإ َيمان‬ َ ْ ُ ‫َوأ‬

‫َسة‬ ‫َوأَ َخ َذ‬
Wa iimaanun Wa oosratun Wa akhaza
NOTICE: Hamzatul Qat’aa is still pronounced in all

cases even though it was preceded by another letter


HAMZATUL WASL ‫ٱ‬

This is the connective Hamza that always appears at the beginning of nouns, verbs and
prepositions. It is represented by the symbol that looks like an Alif with a half Saad ‫ص‬
over it, thus the name Hamzatul Wasl OR Aliful Wasl.
It occurs only at the beginning of a word and does not have any vowel on it. In some Qur’an,
the Alif has no such sign over it, so it’s an Empty or Bare Alif.
HAMZATUL WASL
SKIPPED
PRONOUNCED
(The Hamzatul Wasl is written
(The Hamzatul Wasl is read)
but not read)
When Hamzatul Wasl appears at the When Hamzatul Wasl appears in

beginning of a word continous recitation with a letter
OR before it
If the reader AFTER A PAUSE OR

resumes recitation from the word If the reader starts from the
carrying Hamzatul Wasl letter/word preceding Hamzatul Wasl
3 RULES APPLY IN THIS CASE 2 RULES APPLY IN THIS CASE


WHEN CONTINUING
READING
SKIPPED & NOT 1) When reading from the
PRONOUNCED letter/word with any vowel
preceding Hamzatul Wasl.
(2 rules are 2) When reading and the

applicable here) preceding letter has a
Tanween
the Hamzatul Wasl is
written but not pronounced.
HAMZATUL
1) IN THE DEFINITE
WASL
ARTICLE 'THE' ( ‫ ) ا ل‬when
something is made specific.
The Hamzatul Wasl is read with
‫ٱ‬ PRONOUNCED
&
a Fat-ha
2) NOUNS
READ The Hamzatul Wasl is read with a
Kasra
(There are some exceptions in
When reading this case)
with the first
letter as
3) VERBS
Hamzatul Wasl
(Hamzatul Wasl will be
pronounced with a Dhamma if
(3 rules are the third letter of the Verb has
applicable here) a Dhamma - Except for some
Verbs)
&
(Hamzatul Wasl will be
pronuonced with a Kasra if the
third letter of the Verb has a
Fat-ha or a Kasra)


THE RULE OF HAMZATUL WASL: SKIPPED IN CONTINOUS RECITATION
The 2 rules when Hamzatul Wasl appears in continuous recitation with a letter
before it. The Hamzatul Wasl is written but skipped during recitation.
RULE 1: If the Hamzatul Wasl appears RULE 2: If the Hamzatul Wasl appears in
in continous recitation and there is no continous recitation and there is no pause,
pause, and the letter preceding but the letter preceding the Hamzatul Wasl
Hamzatul Wasl has a Vowel, then the is a Tanween, then one harakah from the
Hamzatul Wasl is dropped and not Tanween is dropped and a small Nun with
pronounced. Kasrah is placed under the Hamzatul Wasl.
The Nun Kasrah connects with the next
letter.
This small Nun with Kasrah is called NUN

QUTNI (Refer to the Chapter on Nun Qutni
where this is covered in detail)
EXAMPLES EXAMPLES
Notice the Hamzatul Wasl is not Notice the Hamzatul Wasl has a Nun
pronounced Kasrah under it, the Tanween changes to
one vowel + a small Nun Kasrah
‫وٱلعذاب بٱلمغفرة‬ ‫يومئذ ِنٱلسلم‬

Wal adhaaba Bil maghfirati Yaw ma idhinis Salama
‫ب ٱلعالمين‬
ِ ‫َر‬ ‫قدير ِنٱلذ‬
Rabbil Aalameen Kadeeru Nilladhi
‫ماٱبتلىه‬ ‫خي ًار ِنٱلوصية‬

Mabtalahu Khairanil Wasiyyah


THE RULE OF HAMZATUL WASL: SKIPPED IN CONTINOUS RECITATION
RULE 1: WITH A VOWEL BEFORE THE HAMZATUL WASL

Example:
‫َح‬
ْ َ ْ ‫َو ﭐن‬ (wanhar) ‫ُق ِل ﭐ ْل َح ْم ُد‬ (Qulil Hamdu)
join join
ِ‫َربَّ هَاذَا ﭐ ْلب َ ْيت‬ ‫َما ﭐ ْل َقارِ َع ُة‬ ‫لدن ْ َيا‬

ُّ ‫فِي ﭐ‬
Rabba Haadhal Bayti Mal Qaari atu Fid Dunya
‫لس َمآ ِء‬

َّ ‫َو ﭐ‬ ‫غَي ْر ِﭐل َْم ْغ ُض ْو ِب‬ ‫ِّص َاط ﭐ َّل ِذيْ َن‬
َِ
Was Samaaaai Ghairil Magh Dhoobi Siraa Tal Ladhii na
RULE 2: WITH A TANWEEN BEFORE THE HAMZATUL WASL

Example:
Majeedi Qur’an Uthmani Qur’an Majeedi Qur’an Uthmani Qur’an

Indo-Pak Indo-Pak
Khairanil wasiyyah Yawma izinil haqqu
Bighulaami nismuhu Qawmanil llahu


1.) HAMZATUL WASL PRONOUNCED IN THE DEFINITE ARTICLE ‘THE’ ‫اَل‬

In the Sun and Moon letters (Hurooful Shamsiyyah and Huruful Qamarriyya), the letters
are preceded by the letters Alif and Laam. This combination of Alif and Laam is known as
‘AL’ and makes it specific. Whenever the Hamzatul Wasl is followed by Laam, it is always
pronounced as a Fat-ha
Example
‫ٱلشمس‬ ‫ٱلقمر‬
Is the letter after

YES the Hamzatul Wasl, YES
the letter Laam ( ‫? ) ل‬
Give the Hamzatul Wasl, a Give the Hamzatul Wasl, a

Fat-ha – (ASH SHAMSUU) Fat-ha – (AL QAMARU)
IN THE SUN LETTERS IN THE MOON LETTERS
 The letter Laam of the Definite  The letter Laam of the Definite
article is NOT pronounced article is pronounced
 The Sukun shaped diacritic is  The Sukun shaped diacritic is
NOT written on top of the Laam written on top of the Laam
 The Hamzatul Wasl has a Fat-ha  The Hamzatul Wasl has a Fat-ha
 The Definite article sounds as ‘a’  The Definite article sounds just
 The letter following the Laam has like its name ‘AL’
a Shaddah
Example: ‫ٱلسمآء‬ Example: ‫ٱلوسيم‬

‘as samaaa i’ ‘al wasii mu’


2.) HAMZATUL WASL PRONOUNCED IN NOUNS – The Hamzatul Wasl is

read with a Kasra.
Example:
‫ٱشت َ َر ُوا‬
Is the letter after

the Hamzatul Wasl, NO
The 3rd letter has a Fat-ha, Look at the Harakah (symbol)

we give the Hamzatul Wasl a on the 3rd letter of the word,
Kasrah - (ISHTARAWUU) including the Hamzatul Wasl
EXCEPTIONS TO THE HAMZATUL WASL

Hamzatul Wasl is always read with a Kasrah in the following words regardless of what is on
the third letter.
VERBS and NOUNS WHERE HAMZATUL WASL IS READ WITH A KASRA
‫إبنوا‬ ‫ﭐبنوا‬ ‫إمشوا‬ ‫ﭐمشوا‬ ‫إمضوا‬ ‫ﭐمضوا‬

Ibnuu Imshuu Imdhuu
‫إبن‬ ‫ﭐبن‬ ‫إئتوا‬ ‫ﭐئتوا‬ ‫إقضوا‬ ‫ﭐقضوا‬

Ibnun I’tuu Iq’dhuu
‫إسمه‬ ‫ﭐسمه‬ ‫إمرؤ‬ ‫ﭐمرؤ‬ ‫إمس‬ ‫ﭐمس‬

Ismuhu Imru oon Imsoon


3.) HAMZATUL WASL READ IN VERBS – in the beginning or after a pause
Look at the 3rd letter of the Verb
If the 3rd letter of the If the 3rd letter of the

Verb has a Fat-ha or a Verb has a Dhamma, then
Kasra, then read the read the Hamzatul Wasl
Hamzatul Wasl with a with a Dhamma
Kasra
ish-rab ij-lis ud-khul
‫ﭐشرب‬ ‫ﭐجلس‬ ‫ﭐدخل‬

if-tah im-shi ukh-ruj
‫ﭐفتح‬ ‫ﭐمش‬ ‫ﭐخرج‬

izh-hab im-dhi uk-tub
‫ﭐذحب‬ ‫ﭐمض‬ ‫ﭐكتب‬
Notice: The 3rd letter Notice: The 3rd letter Notice: The 3rd letter
in the word above has a in the word above has a in the word above has a
Fat-ha Kasra Dhamma


HAMZATUL WASL PRONOUNCED IN VERBS – Easy to remember
Is the letter after

YES the Hamzatul Wasl, NO
Give the Hamzatul Wasl, a Fat-ha
Look at the Harakah (symbol) on the

3rd letter of the word, including the
Hamzatul Wasl
If the 3rd letter has a If the 3rd letter has a If the 3rd letter has a
Dhamma Fat-ha Kasrah
‫ضر‬
ُ ‫ٱن‬ ‫ٱذهب‬ ‫ٱﺳتِكبَارا‬
Un dhur Izh haba Istik baaran
ْ‫ﭐ ْد ُخلُوا‬ ‫ﭐ َّت َخ ُذ ْوا‬ ِ‫ﭐ ْقت َِْلف‬

ud khuluu it takha zhuu iq tilaafi
‫ﭐ ْق ُتلُ ْوا‬ ‫ﭐ ْع َملُ ْوا‬ ‫ﭐ ْر ِجع ِ ْي‬

uq tu luu i'maluu ir ji ee
Give the Hamzatul Give the Hamzatul Give the Hamzatul

Wasl, a Dhamma Wasl, a Kasrah Wasl, a Kasrah


HAMZATUL WASL FOLLOWED BY ANOTHER HAMZA

Step 1: We do not pronounce the 2nd Hamza (Hamza al Qat’i – ‫) أ ؤ ئ‬, rather we
exchange it with the Madd letter it is sitting on.
Step 2: We give the Hamzatul Wasl, the matching symbol of the Huroof Madd letter.
‫ و‬Preceded by a Dhamma, ‫ ي‬preceded by a Kasra and ‫ا‬ preceded by a Fat-ha
EXAMPLE:
‫أوتمن‬ ‫ﭐوتمن‬ ‫الذي ﭐؤتمن‬

Step 2: The Haraka Step 1: If paused and
matching the Madd letter recitation starts from the Alladhi ‘ tumina
is placed on the Hamzatul Hamzatul Wasl, then we do
Wasl. not pronounce the second Read with cutting sound
Hamza.
In this case the Haraka (If recited continuously)
Dhamma matches the letter We exchange for the Madd
‘Waw’ letter it is sitting on, which
Read as ‘UUTUMINA’ is the letter Waw, so we
keep the letter Waw
‫إيذن‬ ‫ﭐيذن‬ ‫يقول ﭐئذن‬

Step 2: The Haraka Step 1: If paused and
matching the Madd letter recitation starts from the Yakuulu ‘ dhan
is placed on the Hamzatul Hamzatul Wasl, then we do
Wasl. not pronounce the second Read with cutting sound
Hamza.
In this case the Haraka (If recited continuously)
Kasrah matches the letter We exchange for the Madd
‘Ya’ letter it is sitting on, which
Read as ‘EEDHAN’ is the letter Ya, so we keep
the letter Ya


AL-WAQF
(THE STOP)
WAYS OF STOPPING & STARTING WHEN

RECITING THE GLORIOUS QUR'AN
AL- WAQF AS-SAKT AL IBTIDAA

The Stop The Breathless The Beginning
pause


AL-WAQF – The Stop
Introduction: In Arabic, the word WAQF is singular and WUQUF is plural. Wuquf means
confinement, restriction or limitation in Tajweed.
Linguistic definition of the stop: Halt and imprisonment
Applied definition of the stop: Cutting of the sound at the end of a word, usually for the
period of time of breathing, with the intention of return to the recitation, not with the
intention of abandoning the recital.
 The Bismillah is required after the stop when beginning a Surah

 The stop can be at the end of an Aayah, or in the middle of an Aayah
 It can never be in the middle of the word, nor in between two words that are joined
in writing.
One of the most important areas in the science of Tajweed is the knowledge of Al-Waqf
and Al-Ibtidaa, which means the stop and the beginning. The understanding of Allah’s words
cannot be realized, nor can comprehension be achieved, without this knowledge.
Imam Ali (AS) said: “Tarteel means Tajweed of the letters and knowledge of stops.”
One scholar described Al-Waqf as: “The stop is sweetness of Tilawah, beautifies the
reciter, an announcement of the succeeding, understanding for the listener, pride of the
scholar, and through it one knows the difference between two different meanings….”
DIVISIONS OF THE STOP
THE OUT OF CHOICE STOP

AL WAQFUL IKH-TIYAARI
THE EXAM STOP THE FORCED STOP

AL WAQFUL IKH-TIBAARI AL WAQFUL IDH-TIRAARI


DIVISIONS OF THE STOP
1.) THE EXAM or TEST STOP – AL WAQFUL IKH-TIBAARI – Occurs when a student
is being examined by a teacher. The student stops when instructed to or when a
mistake is being corrected.
2.) THE FORCED or COMPELLED STOP – AL WAQFUL IDH-TIRAARI – Occurs when

a reader has to stop due to shortness of breath, sneezing, coughing, disability,
forgetfulness, etc. In this case, it is allowed to stop on the end of the word, even if
the meaning is not complete. The reader then starts with the word stopped on, and
then joins it with what follows if it is a sound beginning; if not, the reader then
should start back one or two or more words, until they can start with what is sound
for a beginning.
3.) THE OPTIONAL STOP or OUT OF CHOICE STOP – AL WAQFUL IKH-TIYAARI

– Occurs when the reciter chooses to stop by his own choice, without any outside
reasons. This is the Stop that needs to be studied and applied in the correct way by
the reciter of the Qur’an. The out of choice stop has been divided into four
categories:
 The complete stop – Taam – it is the stop on a Qur’anic word complete in meaning
and not attached to what follows it in grammatical expression or in meaning. RULE:
Best to stop on the word that is a complete stop, then start on what follows it.
 The sufficient stop – Kaaf – it is the stop on a Qur’anic word that is complete in
meaning, and is attached to what follows it in meaning, but NOT in grammar. It can
be at the end of a verse, or in the middle of a verse. RULE: It is advisable to stop
on it and start with that which follows, just as in the complete stop (Taam).
 The good stop – Hasn – it is the stop on a Qur’anic word, complete in its meaning,
but is attached to what follows it grammatically and in meaning. RULE: It is allowed
to stop on it, but not allowed to start on what follows it due to its attachment to
what follows grammatically and in meaning, except on the end of an aayah. Stopping
on the end of an aayah is Sunnah.
 The repulsive (ugly) stop – Kabeeh – it is the stop what does not give a correct or
intended meaning, since whatever comes after it has a strong connection in meaning
and grammar. RULE: Not allowed to stop intentionally. In case one stops due to
shortness of breath or sneezing or forgetting, then the reader must repeat one, two
or more words, as necessary to convey the correct and sound meaning.


THE SYMBOLS OF WUQUF


THE SYMBOLS OF WUQUF
Knowledge of the rules and of the places of Waqf is critical in preventing errors that may
lead to ambiguities in the intended meaning of the verse. The correct recitation of the
Holy Qur’an requires a complete familiarity with the rules of punctuation and the places
where one can pause.
To assist the reader with this aspect of recitation, the Qur’an contains an elaborate system
of abbreviations that identify the places and types of Waqf. These are found in the middle
or the end of the ayaat and give us an indication whether stopping/pausing is permitted or
not.
Whenever more than one sign are found together, the reciter should follow the sign that
is above all (on top of) the others. The most commonly found signs are:
An option to stop
or continue
To pause without
breaking the
You must Stop breath
Common
symbols in the
Holy Qur'an
End of the verse

Do not Stop
(Stop)
Stop at either
one, but not both
ۛ ۛ


SUMMARY OF THE SYMBOLS OF WUQUF………………………………………………Page 1
SYMBOL NAME WHAT TO DO
Waqf al-Laazim It is necessary to stop here and take a pause;

‫م‬ (The Compulsory stop) otherwise one can change the meaning of the verse
‫ط‬ Waqf al-Muttlaq It is better to stop and take a gap in reciting the
(The Absolute pause) long passage by taking breath. After the break the
recitation should continue from the next word. It
helps in making the reading process easier by fully
grasping the meaning of the already read text.
‫ال‬ Waqf al-Mamnu If this sign is at the end of verse with the circle,
one can stop or continue. If it appears in the middle
of a verse, it is prohibited to stop, as it would
change the meaning of the Ayah completely.
‫ج‬ Waqf Jaa’iz It is better to pause at this sign but it is also

(The Permissible stop) permissible to continue. It points towards the
completion of the matter discussed in that
fragment of the Ayah, so as to absorb the meaning
discussed in the previous part, and get ready to
know about new matter in the following part of the
same verse.
‫ز‬ Waqf Mujawwaz It is better not to pause at this sign. The reciting
(Continue reading) process can continue, although there is no
prohibition in stopping here.
‫ص‬ Waqf Murakh-khas This symbol permits the reader to take a break and
(The Licensed pause) take a breath in case if getting tired only, but it is
highly advisable to carry on reading.
‫صىل‬ Alwaslu Awlaa This means that it is better to continue, with no

(Preference for need to stop.
continuation)


SUMMARY OF THE SYMBOLS OF WUQUF………………………………………………Page 2
SYMBOL NAME WHAT TO DO
‫ق‬ Qila Alayhil Waqf Not recommended to stop at this sign, but one can
(Better not to stop) pause
‫قف‬ Qif This is an order to pause, and one should stop at this
(The Anticipation sign. The sign is used at all places where the reciter
mark) would otherwise have continued without pausing.
‫س‬ Saktah Here one should have a short pause in such a way
(The Silence symbol) that the breath is not broken. Brief pause and
‫السكت‬ continue recitation. A breathless pause.
‫وٓقفة‬ The Longer pause Here the pause is longer than Saktah. The pause is
done without breaking the breath. Longer pause and
continue recitation.
‫معٓٓٓٓمع‬ Waqf al-Mu’anaqah When these signs appear close to each other, a
(The Embracing Stop) pause at the first place makes a pause at the second
ۛۛ
prohibited, because the meaning of the verse is
incomplete. One must pause at any one of the
signs, but not both.
‫صل‬ Qad Yusal Permission to continue reading, although one could

(The Permissible stop here.
pause)
‫قال‬ Qila La Waqf Alayh It is better to continue the recital at this sign
‫ك‬ Kadhalik This sign means that the punctuation to be followed

(Means ‘Like that’) is the same action as the preceding symbol.
The Perfect Stop This indicates the end of the verse. The reciter has
‫۝‬ or ‫۝‬ to stop here and take a breath before continuing to
read further.
‫ع‬ This indicates the end of a paragraph.
Sajda Al-Tilaawat An indication that the reciter has to perform

۩orٓ۩ Sajda when reciting that particular Ayah


THE RULES OF WUQUF

Besides learning the Wuquf signs, it is equally important to know how to pause at a
Waqf. There are several rules of Tajweed that apply on the last letter of the word on
which Waqf occurs. These rules need to be observed to correctly recite the Qur’an.
These rules have been categorised by the Diacritics found on the last letter of the
word on which the Waqf is exercised.
Definition of Diacritic – A mark, or a sign, or a phonetic character, which, when written

above or below a letter indicates a difference in pronunciation from the same letter
when unmarked or differently marked.
Simply put:
A Diacritic is a mark added to a letter,
usually to indicate a specific pronunciation of that letter.
Arabic Diacritics include:
a.) Harakah – These are the short vowels of Fat-ha, Kasra and Dhamma.
b.) Sukun – The Hicup sound.
c.) Tanween – The Nunation sounds of Fat-hateen, Kasrateen and Dhammateen.
d.) Shaddah – The double letter
The Signs of Wuquf give us a guideline on where to stop, pause or continue,

whereas the Rules of Wuquf guide us on how to stop when various Diacritics
appear at the end of an Ayah


RULES OF WAQF (STOPPING RULES)
1.) The general rule of Waqf is to remove the harakah of the last letter and
replace it with a Sukun / Jazm. The harakah can be a Fat-ha, Kasrah,
Dhamma or a Kasratain or a Dhammatain (Not Fat-hatain)
Written
as
Read
as
2.) If the last letter has a Fat-hatain, take out one Fat-ha and read with
the Alif after it (If there isn’t an Alif after it, then add one)
Written
as
Read
as
3.) If the last letter is a round Taa ( ‫ة‬ ), change it to a small Haa ( ‫ه‬ ), and
put a Sukun / Jazm on it.
Written
as
Read
as


RULES OF WAQF (STOPPING RULES)…………………………………………..continued
4.) To read as it is. No change will take place when stopping: a) if the last
letter is an Alif with a Fat-ha before it; b) if the last letter has a
Sukun/Jazm; c) if the last letter has a standing Fat-ha
Written
as
Read
as
5.) If either Alif, Waw or Yaa (Maddah letters) come before the last
letter, then pull slightly when making Waqf
Written
as
Read
as
6.) If the last letter has a Tashdeed, pull a little when making Waqf.
Written
as
Read
as


EXAMPLES FOR RULES OF WAQF (STOPPING RULES)
When there is a single harakah of Fat-ha, Kasrah or Dhamma at the end of a

verse, then replace it with a Sukun
When there is a Kasratain, Dhammatain or Sukun at the end of a word, then read
as a Sukun on the last letter.
When there is a Fat-hatain at the end of a verse, whether there is an Alif

attached to the word or not, take one Fat-ha off and read with an Alif.
When you stop on a word that ends with Alif or Standing Fat-ha, then read as it
is written, NO change will take place.
If you see a round Taa ‫ ة‬or Haa ‫ ه‬with any harakah on it, then end it as Haa
Sukun ‫ ل ْهٍ ه‬, except for the Haa that has a Standing Fat-ha


At the end of a verse, if the word ends with any Harakah,

other than Fat-hatain - then change the Harakah into
Sukun on the last letter.
If the letter is any letter other than

Meem or Nun or Qalqalah letters -
then stop with a Sukun on both
Stopping at the End of Words
identical letters with a small jerk

(Nabr) in the reader's voice
At the end of a If the letter is Meem or Nun

verse, words ending Mushaddad - then stop with NO
with a Mushaddad Harakah and make Ghunnah for 2
letter beats
If the letter is a Qalqalah letter -

then Stop with Strong Qalqalah
At the end of a verse, if the word ends with Taa Marbutah

- then change it into Haa Sakin (For this change - any
Harakah can be on the Taa Marbuta, except for the Haa
with a Standing Fat-ha)
Words ending with Sakin letter or with Madd letters of

Alif, Ya or Waw - THERE IS NO CHANGE - READ AS IS
At the end of a verse, if the word ends with Fat-hatain -

then change it into one Fat-ha + an Alif (if there is no Alif
at the end)


AS – SAKT ‫الﺳكت‬ or ‫س‬ (The Breathless Pause)
Literally meaning: Prevention
Technically means: Cutting the sound on the last letter of a Qur’anic word for a short
time (the duration of two harakaat), without taking a breath to continue the recitation
immediately. The symbols: ‫س‬ or ‫الﺳكت‬

4 places in the Qur'an where it is 2 places in the Qur'an where it is
obligatory (Wajib) to do Sakt optional (Jaiz) to do Sakt
Surah Kahf - Chapter 18

Between Ayah 1 & 2 Surah Haqqah - Chapter 69
Ayah 28
Can stop as end of Ayah, but if

one continues, then apply Sakt 3 ways to read:
1) Sakt - Breathless pause
Surah Yaseen - Chapter 36
Ayah 52 2) Continue with Idh-ghaam
3) Complete stopping
Continue with Sakt

End of Surah Anfaal and
Surah Qiyamah - Chapter 75 Ayah 27 beginning of Surah Tawba
(Between Surah Nos 8 & 9)
Apply Sakt - No Idh-haar since

Sakt prevents the Idh'ghaam
3 ways to read:
1) Sakt - Breathless pause
Surah Mutaffifeen - Ch 83 Ayah 14
2) Continue with Iqlaab
3) Complete stopping
Apply Sakt - No Idh-haar since Sakt

prevents the Idh'ghaam


AL-IBTIDAA (The Beginning or Starting)

Technically it means: To commence reading after one has stopped reading due to one reason
or another. If one stopped due to cutting the recitation and turning away from it, then one
must observe the rules of Isti’aadha and the Bismillah. If one simply applied a stop then
there is no need to observe the Isti’aadha and the Bismillah, since the stop was only done
for rest and to take a breath.
Al-Ibtidaa is the “resumption in recitation” after a pause. Resuming of recitation always

occurs on voweled letters. Since Hamzatul Wasl occurs without a vowel, one needs to be
mindful of the several rules that govern the application of particular vowels on it, in order
to determine the most suitable to use.
AL WAQF WITH HAMZATUL WASL
There are two types of Hamzah
a.) Hamzatul Qat’aa ‫ء‬ – This is the regular consonant letter that in writing appears
anywhere in a word, either by itself or is carried by Alif, Ya or Waw. It is always read
clearly with the sounds A, I and U, depending on the harakah it appears with.
Example:
‫يؤاخذ‬ ‫األسماء‬ ‫أنعمت‬

Yu Aakhidhhu As maa i An amta
b.) Hamzatul Wasl also known as Aliful Wasl ‫ٱ‬ – This is the conjuctive or connective
Hamzah that always appears at the beginning of nouns, verbs and prepositions. This Hamzah
is always represented by the symbol that looks like an Alif with a small Saad over it, in the
Qur’an that is printed in Arab countries (Uthmani Script Qur’an).
In other countries like India & Pakistan (Majeedi Script Qur’an), it is simply written as an
Alif. It is pronounced when starting with a word and dropped when continuing the
recitation, when joining the word that begins with it, with the one that precedes it.
NOTE: These rules have been discussed extensively on the chapter of Hamzatul Qat’aa
and Hamzatul Wasl and the chapter on Nun Qutni, but we will briefly touch on them in this
chapter.


AL-WAQF WITH HAMZATUL WASL

1.) Continuing recitation with words beginning with Hamzatul Wasl
RULE 1: If the Hamzatul Wasl appears in continous recitation and there is no pause, then
the Hamzatul Wasl is dropped and not pronounced. Example:
Wal adhaaba Bil maghfirati

‫وٱلعذاب بٱلمغفرة‬
(Notice the Hamzatul Wasl is not pronounced)
RULE 2: If the Hamzatul Wasl appears in continous recitation and there is no pause, but
the letter preceding the Hamzatul Wasl is a Tanween, then one harakah from the Tanween
is dropped and a small Nun with Kasrah is placed under the Hamzatul Wasl. The Nun Kasrah
connects with the next letter. This small Nun with Kasrah (Nun Maksur) is called NUN
QUTNI. Example:
Kadeeru Nilladhi
‫قدير ِنٱلذ‬
Notice the Hamzatul Wasl has a Nun Kasrah under it, the
Tanween changes to one vowel + a small Nun Kasrah
In copies of Qur’an printed in Arab countries, this Nun Qutni is not present. However, the
rule still applies.
2.) How to resume recitation with a word that starts with Hamzatul Wasl after a
pause
RULE 1: Hamzatul Wasl is always read with a Fat-ha if a Laam follows Hamzatul Wasl in
the same word or a word starts with ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ (Rule related to Sun and Moon letters)
RULE 2: Hamzatul Wasl is read with a Dhamma if the third letter of the word bears a
Dhamma (Rule related to Nouns)
RULE 3: Hamzatul Wasl is read with a Kasrah if the third letter of the word (verb) bears
a Fat-ha or Kasrah (Rule related to Verbs)
Detailed explanations and examples for all the above are discussed elsewhere in this book
in the Chapters on Nun Qutni, Hamzatul Qat’aa and Hamzatul Wasl.


SOME
EXCEPTIONS
FOUND IN THE
HOLY QUR’AN


SOME EXCEPTIONS IN THE HOLY QUR’AN…………………………………1
1) In some words a small and light ‫س‬ is found written above the ‫ص‬
Examples in the Holy Qur’an (small ‫س‬ above the ‫)ص‬
ٍ‫ض َويَب ۡ ُص ُط‬ ِ‫و ه يقب‬

ُ ۡ َ ‫اّلل‬
ُ َ
Surah Al-Baqarah – Chapter 2 – Ayah 245 (Read with the ‫)س‬
ٍ‫م ُت ۡفلِ ُح ۡو َن‬ ٍِ ‫ُخل َ َفٓاءَ ِم ۡ ۢن ب َ ۡع ِد قَ ۡو ِم ن ُ ۡوح َوزَادَ ُك ۡم ِِف ا ۡۡلـ َل ۡقِ بَ ۡص َطةٍ فَا ۡذ ُك ُر ۡوا ٍا ٰ َْل ٍءَ ه‬
ٍۡ ‫اّلل لَعَل َ ُك‬
Surah Al-A’raaf - Chapter 7 - Ayah 69 (Read with the ‫) س‬
َ ِ‫ا َۡم ِعنۡ َد ُه ۡم َخ َزآ ِئ ُن َرب‬

ٍ‫ك ا َۡم ُه ُم اۡلۡ ُ َصي ۡ ِط ُر ۡو َ َؕن‬
Surah At-Tur - Chapter 52 - Ayah 37 (can be read with the ‫ س‬or the ‫)ص‬
Preferred to be read with a ‫ص‬
ٍ‫ت عَلَي ۡ ِه ۡم ِ ُِب َصي ۡ ِطر‬

َ ‫ـس‬
ۡ َ‫ل‬
Surah Al-Ghashiyah - Chapter 88 - Ayah 22 (Read with the ‫ ) ص‬in some
Qur’an, the ‫ س‬appears under the ‫ص‬
2) The word ‫ اَنَا‬is always read as َ‫اَن‬ The second Alif is not read ‫اَ َن‬ ‫اَنَا‬
This is covered in detail on the topic of the ‘7 Alifaat’ elsewhere in this book.
3) Wherever the word ٍ‫الٮِه‬

‫ٍَم ﹾ‬ is written, the Alif is not pronounced. Some copies of the
Qur’an have the Alif which is not to be read marked with a prominent circle.
ِ ‫َم َل ِءه‬ ٍ‫الٮِه‬

‫ٍَم ﹾ‬
4) The ‘yaa’ without a vowel at the end of some words is called an ‘alif maqsurah’ or
shortened alif. At this stage, it may be conveniently ignored in pronunciation.


5) The letters Laam and Ra are also known as Idh’gham letters but are read without a
Ghunnah. If after Nun Sakin or Tanween, you see the letters Laam or Ra then you
will merge the Nun Sakin or Tanween with the Laam or Ra but there will be no
Ghunnah.
6) If you see a Ra Mushaddad (Ra with a Shaddah) bearing a Fat-ha or Dhamma on it
then it will be read with full mouth
7) If you see a Ra Mushaddad with a Kasra on it then it will be read with empty mouth.
ِّ َ ‫ِم ْن‬
‫ش‬ ‫ل َْي َس ا ْلب ِ َّر‬ ‫ُِس ْو َن‬
ُّ ِ ‫ي‬
Example to be read empty mouth Example to be read full mouth
8) If you are going to stop on a Ra and before it there is a Ya Sakin, then read the Ra
with empty mouth (light Ra).
◌‫َخي ْر‬ ◌‫َق ِديْر‬ ◌‫َب ِعي ْر‬

All these will be read with an empty mouth
9) If after a Ra Sakin which has a Kasra before if, you see one of the 7 full mouth
letters then this will be read with a full mouth (heavy Ra – read with a rattling sound
RRRR).
ْ َ ‫ِ َْقط‬
‫اس‬ ‫ِم ْر َصا ْد‬
These examples will be read with a full mouth
10) The ‘alif’ in the word ‫ِمائ َ َة‬ (meaning ‘a hundred’ ) is written but not pronounced.
11) The ‘alif’ at the end of certain forms of verbs is written but not pronounced.
Example:
‫امنوا‬ ‫رضوا‬
aamanuu radhuu


12) The letter(s) coming between a vowel and a letter with a sukun on it are not
pronounced. Example:
Read as ‘mal qaa ri a tu’ and not as ‘maal qa ri a tu’ ‫َماا ْل َقارِ َع ُة‬
In the above example, the two alifs between the ‘meem’ and ‘laam’ are not pronounced.
The first ‘alif’ does not lengthen the ‘meem’.
13) The ‘waw’ in the words ‫َصلٰو ًة‬ and ‫َزكٰو ًة‬ is written but not pronounced.
SOME EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE
Apart from the ‘alif’ used for lengthening the vowel ‘a’, as a general rule at this stage,
do not pronounce letters without vowels or signs.
‫ف ََه ٰدي‬ ‫ا ٰو ٰي‬ ‫الِ ٰي‬ ‫َعل ٰي‬

‫ِمائ َ َة َواَنَا‬ ‫َت ْر ٰضى‬ ‫َي ْحي ٰى‬ ‫اَغْن ٰى‬
‫َماا ْل َقارِ َع ُة‬ ‫ا ٰ َم ُن ْوا‬ ‫َر ُض ْوا‬ ‫ِم َن ْاْل ُ ْول ٰي‬
‫اَنَا‬ ‫َح‬
ْ َ ْ ‫َوان‬ ‫فَا ْن َص ْب‬ ‫بِا ْل َغ ْي ِب‬
‫َزكٰو ًة‬ ‫َصل ٰو ًة‬ ‫ه ًُدي‬ ‫ط ُ ًوي‬



14) The following Seven words are pronounced differently when stopping at them
compared to when joining them with the next word.
When they are joined to the next word, the last letter is pronounced with Fat-ha.
When stopping at them, the last letter is pronounced with the long vowel of Alif.
The Word When Joining When Stopping
‫أَنَا‬ ‫أَ َن‬ ‫أَنَا‬

Several places in the Holy Qur’an
‫ٍل َٰ ِكنَا‬ ‫ٍل َٰ ِك َن‬ ‫ٍل َٰ ِكنَا‬

Surah Al-Kahf : Verse 38
‫َا َّلظ ُنونَا‬ َ ‫َا َّلظ ُن‬

‫ون‬ ‫َا َّلظ ُنونَا‬
Surah Al-Ahzaab : Verse 10
‫َال َّر ُسوْل‬ ‫َال َّر ُسو َل‬ ‫َال َّر ُسوْل‬
َّ َ‫ا‬
‫لسبيْل‬ َّ
‫السبي َل‬ َّ َ‫ا‬
‫لسبيْل‬
‫َسْلسِْل‬ ‫َسْل ِس َل‬ ‫َسْلسِْل‬ or ‫َسْل ِس ْل‬

Surah Al-Insaan : Verse 4
‫اريرا‬
َ ‫َق َو‬ ‫ارير‬
َ ‫َق َو‬ ‫اريرا‬
َ ‫َق َو‬
Surah Al-Insaan : Verse 15
This word occurs twice in the same Surah. The one mentioned above is
the first one, because the second one is in Ayah 16, and is pronounced
without the long vowel of Alif either way.



15) ISHMAM – You show with your lips that you are pronouncing a Dhamma but you don’t
actually make the dhamma sound. Keeping the lips in the position of Waw, while articulating
the letter Nun.
This appears in the Holy Qur’an in Surah Yusuf, Chapter 12 – Ayah 11. Sometimes there is
a diamond shape on the word and sometimes it appears without the diamond shape.
Note: When you hear a person reciting this Ayah, you will not be aware of the Ishmam, but
when you see the person reciting the Ayah, you will see them forming the shape of Waw on
the lips, without pronouncing the Dhamma sound.
16) IMAALAH – To produce a sound which is between the Alif and the Yaa. Its not an Alif
(aa) or a Yaa (ii), rather it is in-between (e)
This appears in the Holy Qur’an in Surah Hud, Chapter 11 – Ayah 41. Sometimes there is a
diamond shape on the word and sometimes it appears without the diamond shape.
This word is not read as Majraahaa, nor is it
read as Majriihaa. It is read as Majrehaa


17) In some words a superfluous tooth (an extra line like a Be ‫ ٮ‬without the dot) is written
after the standing fat-ha. Like empty letters, this tooth is also only written, but is not
read.
ٍ‫اٰتٰٮ ُك ْم‬ ‫ٮه َما‬ ِ

ُ ٰ‫ا ْحد‬
Aataakum ihdaahumaa
ٍ‫ا َدْ ٰرٮ ُك ْم‬

Adraakum
‫َهدٰٮنَا‬ ُ ٰ ‫َمثْو‬
ٍ‫ٮه‬
hadaanaa Mathwaahu
ٍ‫ٮه ْم‬
ُ ٰ ‫ََنْو‬
najwaahum


TERMINOLOGY FREQUENTLY USED IN TAJWEED Page 1
TRANSLITERATION ENGLISH MEANING
Ayah A verse of the Qur’an

Ruku A paragraph or section of the Qur’an, containing 7 – 12
(Plural: Rukuat or Arkaan) ayaat. One paragraph is called a Ruku
Surah A chapter of the Qur’an (Total – 114 Surahs)
Juz - Part (Plural: Ajza) A division of the Holy Qur’an into 30 equal parts. This allows
 Rub ¼ part the reciter to complete recitation of the Whole Qur’an in
 Nisf ½ part one month.
 Thalatha ¾ part
Manzil (Plural: Manaazil) A division of the Holy Qur’an into 7 parts. This allows the
reciter to complete recitation of the Whole Qur’an in one
Week.
Mus-haf The Arabic volume of the Holy Qur’an
Tilawah A Qur’anic recitation
Tajweed To improve or make better or beautify something. To give
(Root word: Jawada) every letter it’s right with description and origination.
Levels of speed in Qur’an Tahqeeq – Reciting slowly with concentration
Recitation Tahdeer – Swift with speed recitation
Tadweer – Average and medium recitation
Tarteel or Murattal Applicable to all the above speeds of recitation. In Tarteel,
each letter is pronounced individually and clearly with due
observance to the rules of Wuqoof
Istiaadha or Ta’awwudh I seek refuge in Allah from the rejected Shaitaan – The
phrase recited before the Bismillah, at the time of
beginning the Qur’an recitation
Bismillah or Tasmiyya ‘In the name of Allah, The Beneficient, The Merciful’ – The
opening phrase when reciting the Holy Qur’an. Applicable to
all the Surahs of the Qur’an except Surah At-Tawbah
Lahn Mistakes in Qur’an reading
Al-Lahnul Jalee Clear mistakes in Qur’an recitation
Al-Lahnul Khafee Hidden mistakes in Qur’an recitation
Muqatta’aat Letters Separate letters in the beginning of a few Surah


Harf A letter of the Alphabet

Huroof Letters
Hurooful Ismat Silent Letters
Al-Huroof Al Qamariyyah The Moon (Lunar) Letters
Al-Huroof Al Shamsiyyah The Sun (Solar) Letters
Harakaat - Symbols Short Vowels (Fat-ha, Kasra & Dhamma)
Mutaharrik Letter that carries a vowel
Fat-ha or Zabar Short vowel marked by a small line written above the letter
pronounced “a” (symbol: ًَ )

Maftooh A letter carrying a Fat-ha
Kasra or Zair A short diagonal stroke written below a letter. It
represents a short vowel “i” (symbol: ًِ )

Maksoor A letter carrying a Kasra
Dhamma or Paish A small apostrophe-like shape written above a letter. It
represents a short vowel “o” (like the ‘u’ sound in ‘who’ but
only stretched for 1 count) (symbol: ًُ )

Madhmoom A letter carrying Dhamma
Tanween Double Vowels that produce “nn” sound immediately after it
(Double Fat-ha, double Kasra and double Dhamma). In other
words, it is Nunnation, duplication sound of letter “Noon”.
Fat-hateen
The two Fat-ha (symbol: ً)
Kasrateen
The two Kasra (symbol: ً
ٍ )
Dhammateen
The two Dhamma (symbol: ًٌ )
Sukoon / Jazm A circle or semi-circle above a letter denoting that it has
no haraka (non-vowelled) (symbol: ً or ْۛ )

Saakinah A letter bearing a Sukoon is known as a Sakin letter
Shaddah / Tashdeed
A small ‘w’ (symbol: ً ) written above a letter. This doubles
the sound of the letter so that it is stressed.
Mushaddad A letter bearing a Shaddah is a Mushaddad letter


Makharij Al-Huroof: (short form: Makhraj) The emission point or Place of origin
or point of articulation from which each of the 28 letters
of Arabic are pronounced.
They are five:
Al-Halq The Throat
Al-Lisaan The Tongue
Al-Jawf The interior or the empty area of the Mouth
Ash-Shafataan (Shafawi) The Two Lips
Al-Khayshoom The Nasal Passage
Sifah Quality or Characteristic of a letter
Sifaat ul Huroof: How the letters are pronounced and how they change
according to the situation. If not pronounced correctly with
its characteristic, then the letter can change into another
letter.
With Opposites:
Hams – Jahr Continuation – Stoppage of breath
Shiddah–Tawassut-Rakhawah Strong stoppage, in-between stoppage & continuation of sound
Isti’laa – Istifaal Pronounced heavily – pronounced lightly
Itbaq – Infitaah Covered - Open
Idhlaq – Ismaat Read with effort – Read with ease
Without Opposites:
Safeer Whistling – Sound like a bird
Qalqalah Echoing/vibration – Breaking of tension or release
Leen Softness – pronounced without difficulty
Inhiraf Inclination – Move makharij of one into another
Takrir Repetition – Prounouncing the letter more than once
Tafashshee Spreading around the sound of the word in the mouth
Istitaalah Prolongation – Stretching sound over entire tongue
Ghunnah Nasal Sound – Comes from the Nasal passage
Nabrah – Related to Hamza: Command and Sharpness, the heaviest of all letters
Tas-heel To make easy / soft
Tabdeel To change 2nd Hamza to the long vowel of Alif
Hathf To Eliminate – Omitting Hamza from the word


Tarqeeq Giving the quality of lightness or thinness

Tafkheem Giving the quality of heaviness or thickness
Taghleedth To make the sound thick or heavy only in the name of Allah
Hukum (Plural Ahkaam) Ruling or Rules
4 Types of Laam Saakin

Laam At-Ta’reef When Laam Sakin appears in the beginning of a Noun
Laam Al-Fi’il When Laam Sakin appear at the end of a Verb
Laam Al-Harf When a word ends with Laam Sakin (Hal and Bal)
Laam Al-Lafdhil Jalali When Laam Sakin appears only in the name of Allah
Nun Sakin & Tanween

Idh’haar To recite clearly, make apparent the pronunciation
Idh’ghaam To merge or assimilate two letters
Iqlaab To turn or convert, the letter Nun into Meem
Ikhfaa To hide or to conceal the sound of a letter
Meem Sakin
Idh’haar Shafawi To recite clearly (Meem sakin followed by any of the 26
letters – apart from Ba and Meem)
Idh’ghaam Shafawi To merge or join (Meem Sakin followed another Meem)
Ikhfaa Shafawi To hide or conceal (Meem Sakin followed by the letter Ba)
Idh’gham – Merging Idh’gham Al-Kaamil – Complete Merging

Idh’gham Al-Naaqis – Incomplete Merging
Other Types of Idh’gham Idh’gham Mutamaathilayn – Merging of Identical letters

(Same letters, same Makharij and Sifat)
Idh’gham Mutajaanisayn – Merging of related letters
(Same Makharij but different Sifat)
Idh’gham Mutaqaaribayn – Merging of similar letters
(Close to each other in Makharij and Sifat)
Idh’gham Mutabaa’idain – Letters far from each other
therefore no Idh’gham between 2 distant letters.
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Nun Qutni Small Nun

Raa Tafkheem Raa pronounced heavily with a full mouth
Raa Tarqeeq Raa pronounced lightly with an empty mouth
Maddah – 9 Types The prolongation or elongation of the sound of a vowel
1) Madd ul Asliyya Also known as Madd ut Tabee – The Original Madd
Madd caused by other

factors
2) Madd ul Badal The Substitute Madd
3) Madd ul Silah The Connecting Madd
4) Madd ul Ewad The Replacement Madd
Madd caused by Hamza

5) Madd ul Muttasil The Connected Madd
6) Madd ul Munfasil The Detached Madd
Madd caused by Sukun

7) Madd ul Laazim The Compulsory Madd
8) Madd ul Lin The Gentle Madd
9) Madd ul Arid Lis The Abrupt Stop Madd
Sukun
Haa
Haa Thathee The Essential Haa
Haa Sakt The Consonant Haa
Haa Dhameer The Pronoun Haa
Hamzatul Qat’aa The Normal or Cutting or Dividing Hamza

Hamzatul Wasl Also known as Aliful Wasl – The Connective Hamza
Saktah or Sakt A breathless pause.

To pause or to make a stop by breaking off the breath at
Waqf the end of the word
The opposite of waqf. The joining of verses / sentences
Wasl without stopping
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Tajweed Final Nov 2020

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Haydari Madrasah Tajweed Qur’an Reading

In the Name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Merciful

ٍ‫لذ ۡك ِر فَهَ ۡل ِم ۡن ُم َد ِكر‬

Then is there any that will remember (or receive admonition)?’

Appears 4 times in SURAH QAMAR

CHAPTER 54 - AYAH 17, 22, 32, 40

O Allah, send blessings on Mohammad (saw) and his progeny

May Your blessings be upon him and his ancestors

In this hour and in every hour

Master, protector, guide, helper, proof and guard

Until he resides peacefully on your earth

By your Mercy, O Most Merciful of the Merciful ones

BEAUTIFUL SHORT DUA

Bismillahir Rahmaanir Rahim

Allahummar Zukna bikulli harfin minal Qur’aani halawa

Wa bi kulli kalimatin karama

Wa bi kulli Aayatin sa’aada

Wa bi kulli suuratin salama

Wa bi kulli juz in jaza

Bi fazlika, wa judika, wa karamika, Ya Arhamar Rahimeen

Wa sal lallaho alaa Sayyidina Mohammad

Wa alaa aalihi tayyibiinat tahireen

In the Name of Allah, The Most Kind, The Most Merciful

O Allah, Grant us Grace through every letter of the Holy Qur’an

Honour through every Word,

Happiness through every Ayat,

Security and peace though every Sura,

and reward through every Juz

By Your Grace, Generosity and Kindness

O, The Most Merciful of the Merciful

Foreword September, 2020

Quran Reading Department

Haydari Madrasah (Nairobi)

NO COPYRIGHT September, 2020

Please note that there is NO COPYRIGHT in regards to the reproducing these

Qur’an Reading Department

Haydari Madrasah (Nairobi)

TOPIC – CONTENTS 1 PAGE

TOPIC – CONTENTS 2 PAGE

Dua of our 4th Imam Zainul Abedin (as):

“O Allah, make the Qur’an a ladder by which I

May climb to the place of safety”.

Some Surahs speak about

Surah Al-Baqarah Surah Al-Kawthar

The Qur'an has a

Imam Ja’far ibne Muhammad as-Sadiq (as) has said:

“The Qur’an is the trust of Allah (given) to His creations,

Usulul Kafi, Volume 2, Page 609

SOME TITLES OF THE HOLY QUR’AN

AL - KITAB AL - FURQAN AL - DHIKR

AL - BAYAN AL - BURHAN AL - HAQQ

The The Argument The Truth

AL - HUDA AL - HIKMAT AL - TANZIL

AL - HUKM AL - NOOR AL - RAHMAT

The The Light The Mercy

PRESERVING THE SANCTITY AND RESPECT OF THE HOLY QUR’AN

Recommendations for reciting the Holy Qur’an:

‫بِ ْس ِم اهَّللِ ال َّر ْح ٰم ِن ال َّرح ِْي ِم‬

 Praying Salaah  Salaah for the Mayyit

THINGS THAT BREAK OUR WUDHOO (MAKE IT BATIL - NOT VALID)