L3 PropositionalEquivalences

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Propositional Equivalences

Course Code: CSE-173 Course Title: Discrete Mathematics

Dept. of ECE
School of Engineering and Physical Science

Lecturer No: 3 Week No: 2 Semester: Fall - 22


Lecturer: Dr. Razib Hayat Khan
Lecture Outline
1.2 Propositional Equivalences
• Tautology
• Contradiction
• Contingence
• Logical Equivalences
Objectives and Outcomes
• Objectives: To understand the terms Tautology, Contradiction,
Contingence with examples, to understand the standard logical
equivalences, to determine whether a compound proposition is a
Tautology or Contradiction, to determine whether two compound
propositions are logically equivalent.
• Outcomes: Students are expected to be able to write the definitions of
Tautology, Contradiction and Contingency with examples, be able to
determine whether a compound proposition is a Tautology or
Contradiction using a Truth Table and standard logical equivalences, be
able to determine whether two compound propositions are logically
equivalent using a Truth Table and logical equivalences.
Tautology

Tautology: A compound proposition that is always


true is called a tautology.
Examples:
a) p Ú ¬p
b) The professor is either a woman or a man
c) People either like watching TV or they don’t
Contradiction
Contradiction: A compound proposition that is always
false is called a contradiction.
Examples:
a) p Ù ¬p
b) x is prime and x is an even integer greater than 8
c) All men are good and all men are bad
Examples of Tautology and Contradiction
Contingency

Contingency: A compound proposition that is neither a


tautology nor a contradiction is called a contingency.
In other words, a compound proposition whose truth
value is not constant is called a contingency.
Examples:
a) p ® ¬p
b) p
c) ¬p
How to determine whether a compound
proposition is a Tautology or Contradiction?

• We can determine whether a compound


proposition is a Tautology or contradiction it in
two ways:
1) Using a truth table – The easiest way to see if a
compound proposition is a tautology or
contradiction is to use a truth table. Show that the
compound proposition is always true
2) Using (laws of) Logical Equivalences
Tautology : Example

Show that [¬p Ù(p Úq )]®q is a tautology using a


Truth Table
Solution

p q ¬p p Úq ¬p Ù(p Úq ) [¬p Ù(p Úq )]®q

T T

T F

F T

F F
Solution

p q ¬p pÚq ¬p Ù(p Úq ) [¬p Ù(p Úq )]®q

T T F

T F F

F T T

F F T
Solution

p q ¬p p Úq ¬p Ù(p Úq ) [¬p Ù(p Úq )]®q

T T F T

T F F T

F T T T

F F T F
Solution
p q ¬p p Úq ¬p Ù(p Úq ) [¬p Ù(p Úq )]®q

T T F T F

T F F T F

F T T T T

F F T F F
Solution

p q ¬p p Úq ¬p Ù(p Úq ) [¬p Ù(p Úq )]®q

T T F T F T
T F F T F T
F T T T T T
F F T F F T
Since the truth table shows all the true values of compound proposition
[¬p Ù(p Úq )]®q are true(T), so it is a tautology.
Class Work

1) Determine whether ¬ (p Ù q) Ú p is a tautology or


contradiction.

2) Determine whether p Ù (q Ù¬p) is a tautology or


contradiction.
Logical Equivalences

• Compound propositions that have the same truth


values in all possible cases are called logically
equivalent.

• Definition : Compound propositions p and q are


logically equivalent if p « q is a tautology (denoted by
p º q or p Û q )
How to determine whether two compound
propositions are logically equivalent?

• We can determine whether two compound


propositions are logically equivalent in two ways:
1) Using a Truth Table
2) Using (laws of ) Logical Equivalences
Using a Truth Table to determine whether two
compound propositions are logically equivalent

• Two compound propositions are logically equivalent if they


always have the same truth values in the corresponding rows.
• Construct a truth table for the given two compound propositions
[in one table]
• If the truth values of both of the compound propositions are
same in the corresponding rows, then they are logically
equivalent.
• If the true values of both of the compound propositions are
different in one or more rows, then they are NOT logically
equivalent.
Example 1
Show that p « q is logically equivalent to (p ® q) Ù (q ® p)

Since the truth values of both of the compound propositions are same in the
corresponding rows, they are logically equivalent.
Class Work

Show that p Ú (q Ù r ) and (p Úq ) Ù (p Ú r ) are logically


equivalent
Solution

Since the truth values of both of the compound propositions are same in the
corresponding rows, they are logically equivalent.
Logical Equivalences
Table 6 ( page 24 ) è Rosen, 7th edition
A very Useful Logical Equivalence(ULE)

p®qº¬pÚq
Example 1

Show that ¬(p ® q) and p Ù ¬ q are logically equivalent.

Solution:
by ULE
Example 7 (page 26)

Solution:
Exercise

Show that (¬p Ù(p Úq ))®q is a tautology using a


series of logical equivalences.
Solution
(¬p Ù(p Úq ))®q
º ( (¬p Ùp)Ú(¬p Ùq) ) ® q Distributive Law
º ( F Ú (¬p Ùq))®q Negation Law
º (¬p Ùq )®q Identity Law
º ¬ (¬p Ùq ) Ú q ULE
º (¬(¬p)Ú ¬q ) Ú q De Morgan’s Law
º ( p Ú ¬q ) Ú q Double Negation Law
º p Ú (¬q Úq ) Associative Law
º pÚT Domination Law
º T So, (¬p Ù(p Úq ))®q is a tautology.
Summary
• What is Tautology and Contradiction? What is Contingency?
• How to show/determine whether two compound propositions are logically
equivalent?
• Using a truth table
• Using logical equivalences
• How to show whether a compound proposition is a tautology?
• Using a truth table
• Using logical equivalences
• Note: Make sure you learn the important Logical Equivalences in Table 6 (page
24) & ULE ( p ® q º ¬ p Ú q )
• Practice @ Home: Relevant Odd-numbered Exercises (e.g. 1, 3, 7, 9, 11, 15, 17 )
Books

• Discrete Mathematics and its applications with combinatorics and graph


theory (7th edition) by Kenneth H. Rosen [Indian Adaptation by KAMALA
KRITHIVASAN], published by McGraw-Hill
References

1. Discrete Mathematics, Richard Johnsonbaugh, Pearson education, Inc.


2. Discrete Mathematical Structures, Bernard Kolman, Robert C. Busby,
Sharon Ross, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
3. SCHAUM’S outlines Discrete Mathematics(2nd edition), by Seymour
Lipschutz, Marc Lipson

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