CE 234

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
CHAPTER 5
Analysis and Design of Beams for Bending
Lecture By: Dr. Özgür KÖYLÜOĞLU, Yeditepe University

Book: Mechanics of Materials, 6th Edition, by Ferdinand P. Beer; E. Russel

Johnston, Jr.; John T. DeWolf, David F. Mazurek, Mc Graw Hill.

Presentation Reference: Lecture Notes by J. Walt Oler, Texas Tech University on

Mechanics of Materials, 3rd Edition, by Ferdinand P. Beer; E. Russel Johnston,
Jr.; John T. DeWolf, Mc Graw Hill.
Introduction
• Objective - Analysis and design of beams

• Beams - structural members supporting loads at various

points along the member

• Transverse loadings of beams are classified as

concentrated loads or distributed loads

• Applied loads result in internal forces consisting of a

shear force (from the shear stress distribution) and a
bending couple (from the normal stress distribution)
• Normal stress is often the critical design criteria

My Mc M
sx = - sm = =
I I S
Requires determination of the location and magnitude
of largest bending moment
2
 Introduction
Common Beam Support Configurations
Statically Determinate Beams: Statically Indeterminate Beams:

3
Shear and Bending Moment Diagrams
• Determination of maximum normal and shearing
stresses requires identification of maximum internal
shear force and bending couple.

• Shear force and bending couple at a point are

determined by passing a section through the beam and
applying an equilibrium analysis on the beam portions
on either side of the section.

4
 Sign Convention for Shear and Bending Moment
• Internal forces for positive shear and positive bending moment

• Effect of external forces (positive shear)

• Effect of external forces (positive bending moment)

5
 Example 5.01

Draw the shear and bending-moment

diagrams for a simply supported beam AB of
span L subjected to a single concentrated
load P at its mid-point C.

6
 Example 5.02

Draw the shear and bending-moment

diagrams for a cantilever beam AB of
span L supporting a uniformly
distributed load w.

7
 Sample Problem 5.1
SOLUTION:
• Treating the entire beam as a rigid body,
determine the reaction forces

• Section the beam at points near supports and

load application points. Apply equilibrium
analyses on resulting free-bodies to
For the timber beam and loading shown, determine internal shear forces and bending
draw the shear and bend-moment diagrams couples
and determine the maximum normal stress
due to bending. • Identify the maximum shear and bending-
moment from plots of their distributions.

• Apply the elastic flexure formulas to

determine the corresponding maximum
normal stress.

8
Sample Problem 5.1
SOLUTION:
• Treating the entire beam as a rigid body, determine the
reaction forces
from å Fy = 0 = å M B : RB == 40 kN RD = 14 kN
46 kN

• Section the beam and apply equilibrium analyses on

resulting free-bodies
å Fy = 0 - 20 kN - V1 = 0 V1 = -20 kN
å M1 = 0 (20 kN )(0 m ) + M1 = 0 M1 = 0
å Fy = 0 - 20 kN - V2 = 0 V2 = -20 kN
å M2 = 0 (20 kN )(2.5 m ) + M 2 = 0 M 2 = -50 kN × m
V3 = +26 kN M 3 = -50 kN × m
V4 = +26 kN M 4 = +28 kN × m
V5 = -14 kN M 5 = +28 kN × m
V6 = -14 kN M 6 = 0 9
Sample Problem 5.1
• Identify the maximum shear and bending-moment
from plots of their distributions.

Vm = 26 kN M m = M B = 50 kN × m

• Apply the elastic flexure formulas to determine the

corresponding maximum normal stress.

S = 16 b h 2 = 16 (0.080 m )(0.250 m )2

= 833.33 ´ 10- 6 m3

MB 50 ´103 N × m
sm = =
S 833.33 ´10- 6 m3
s m = 60.0 ´106 Pa
10
 Sample Problem 5.2
45 kN
SOLUTION:
0.9 m 0.6 m 0.9 m
2.4 m • Replace the 45 kN load with an
equivalent force-couple system at D.
45 kN/m Find the reactions at B by considering
the beam as a rigid body.
• Section the beam at points near the
support and load application points.
The structure shown is constructed of a Apply equilibrium analyses on resulting
W250x167 rolled-steel beam (S=2.08x106 mm3). free-bodies to determine internal shear
(a) Draw the shear and bending-moment diagrams forces and bending couples.
for the beam and the given loading. (b) determine • Apply the elastic flexure formulas to
normal stress in sections just to the right and left determine the maximum normal stress to
of point D. the left and right of point D.
45 kN/m
27 kN-m 429.3 kN-m

45 kN 153 kN
11
 Sample Problem 5.2
SOLUTION:

(x-1.2)

(x-1.2)
+

(x-3.3)

+
 Sample Problem 5.2
SOLUTION:
Relations Among Load, Shear and Bending Moment
• Relationship between load and shear:
å Fy = 0 : V - (V + DV ) - w Dx = 0
DV = - w Dx
dV
= -w
dx
xD
VD - VC = - ò w dx
xC
• Relationship between shear and bending moment:
å M C¢ = 0 : (M + DM ) - M - V Dx + wDx Dx = 0
2
DM = V Dx - 12 w (Dx )
2

• Dividing both sides by ∆x and letting ∆x approach to zero;

14
 Example Problem 5.03
x
V −VA = − ∫ w dx = −wx
0

1 #1 &
V = VA − wx = wL − wx = w % L − x (
2 $2 '

x x
#1 &
M − M A = ∫ V dx = ∫ w %$ 2 L − x ('dx
0 0

1 1
M = 0 + wLx − wx 2
2 2
Draw the shear and bending moment
diagrams for the beam and loading shown.
1
RA = RB = wL
2

15
 Sample Problem 5.3
90 kN 54 kN 22 kN/m SOLUTION:
• Taking the entire beam as a free body,
determine the reactions at A and D.
• Apply the relationship between shear and
load to develop the shear diagram.
1.8 m 2.4 m 3.0 m 2.4 m
• Apply the relationship between bending
Draw the shear and bending moment moment and shear to develop the bending
diagrams for the beam and loading moment diagram.
shown.

16
 Sample Problem 5.3
SOLUTION:
 Sample Problem 5.5
SOLUTION:
• Taking the entire beam as a free body,
determine the reactions at C.

• Apply the relationship between shear

and load to develop the shear diagram.
Draw the shear and bending moment
diagrams for the beam and loading shown. • Apply the relationship between
bending moment and shear to develop
the bending moment diagram.

18
Sample Problem 5.5
SOLUTION:
• Taking the entire beam as a free body, determine the reactions at C.

å Fy = 0 = - 12 w0 a + RC RC = 12 w0 a
æ aö æ aö
å M C = 0 = 12 w0 aç L - ÷ + M C M C = - 12 w0 aç L - ÷
è 3ø è 3ø
Results from integration of the load and shear distributions
should be equivalent.

• Apply the relationship between shear and load to develop the

shear diagram.
- No change in shear between B and C.
- Compatible with free body analysis

19
Sample Problem 5.5
• Apply the relationship between bending moment and shear
to develop the bending moment diagram.

a
aæ æ x 2 öö é æ x 2 x3 öù
ç ÷
M B - M A = ò - w0 ç x - ÷ dx = ê- w0 ç - ÷ú
ç ç 2a ÷ø ÷ø ç 2 6a ÷
0è è ëê è øûú 0
M B = - 13 w0 a 2

( )
L
M B - M C = ò - 12 w0 a dx = - 12 w0 a(L - a )
a
a w0 æ aö
M C = - 16 w0 a(3L - a ) = ç L - ÷
2 è 3ø
Results at C are compatible with free-body analysis

20
 Design of Prismatic Beams for Bending
• The largest normal stress is found at the surface where the maximum bending moment occurs.

M max c M max
sm = =
I S
• A safe design requires that the maximum normal stress be less than the allowable stress for the
material used. This criteria leads to the determination of the minimum acceptable section
modulus.
s m £ s all
M max
S min =
s all

• Among beam section choices which have an acceptable section modulus, the one with the smallest
weight per unit length or cross sectional area will be the least expensive and the best choice.

21
 Sample Problem 5.7
6 kN/m 90 mm
20 kN

2.4 m 1.2 m

A 3.6-m long overhanging timber beam AC with a 2.4 m span AB is to be designed to

support the distributed and concentrated loads shown. Knowing that timber of 90 mm actual
width a 12 MPa allowable stress is to be used, determine the required depth of the beam.

22
 Sample Problem 5.7
SOLUTION:

+
 Sample Problem 5.8
SOLUTION:
20 kN/m
• Considering the entire beam as a free-body,
determine the reactions at A and D.
• Develop the shear diagram for the beam
and load distribution. From the diagram,
determine the maximum bending moment.
• Determine the minimum acceptable beam
A 5-m long simply supported steel beam is to section modulus. Choose the best standard
carry the distributed and concentrated loads section which meets this criteria.
shown. Knowing that the allowable normal
stress for the grade of steel to be used is 160
MPa, select the wide-flange shape that should be
used.

24
Sample Problem 5.8
• Considering the entire beam as a free-body,
determine the reactions at A and D.
å M A = 0 = D(5 m ) - (60 kN )(1.5 m ) - (50 kN )(4 m )
D = 58.0 kN
å Fy = 0 = Ay + 58.0 kN - 60 kN - 50 kN
Ay = 52.0 kN
• Develop the shear diagram and determine
the maximum bending moment.
V A = Ay = 52.0 kN
VB - V A = -(area under load curve) = -60 kN
VB = -8 kN
• Maximum bending moment occurs at
V = 0 or x = 2.6 m.
M max = (area under shear curve, A to E )
= 67.6 kN 25
 Sample Problem 5.8
• Determine the minimum acceptable beam section modulus.
M max 67.6 kN ⋅ m
Smin = = = 422.5×10 −6 m 3 = 422.5×10 3 mm 3
σ all 160 MPa

• Choose the best standard section which

meets this criteria.
Shape S, mm 3
W410 × 38.8 629
W360 × 32.9 475
W310 × 38.7 547
W250 × 44.8 531
W200 × 46.1 451

W 360´ 32.9
26
 Load and Resistance Factor Design
γ D M D + γ L M L ≤ φ MU
Where, γD and γL are load factors and Φ is the resistance factor.
MD and ML are bending moments due to dead and live loads;
MU is equal to product of section modulus, S of the beam and the ultimate strength of the material:

MU = Sσ U

27
 Non-Prismatic Beams
(Beams of Non-Uniform Cross Section)

28
 Non-Uniform Cross Section
Sample Problem 5.12

Two steel plates, each 16 mm thick, are

welded as shown to a W690x125 beam to
reinforce it. Knowing that σall=160 MPa for
both the beam and the plates, determine the
required value of (a) the length of the plates,
(b) the width of the plates.

29
SOLUTION: Sample Problem 5.12
xm