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An Outline
RONALD J. WILLIAMS
HEBREW SYNTAX: AN OUTLINE
HEBREW SYNTAX.
An Outline

RONALD J. WILLIAMS
|

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO PRESS

© University of Toronto Press 1967

Printed in Canada
 To

THEOPHILE JAMES MEEK

(1881-1966)

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 PREFACE

In offering this modest contribution to Hebrew studies, I am

acutely aware of my indebtedness to a host of scholars. The

brief bibliography at the end of this book is but a partial

indication of this debt. To all, especially those who gra-

ciously read the manuscript in its earlier stages, I would

express my obligation and gratitude.

The greatest debt of all, however, I owe to the late Pro-

fessor T. J. Meek whose memory I revere as teacher, colleague

and friend. His profound understanding of the principles of

Hebrew syntax was the stimulation which aroused my special

interest in the subject, and which resulted in this volume.

For many years he taught a course in Hebrew syntax which

greatly enhanced Hebrew studies in the University of Toronto.

When this duty passed to me on his retirement, it was his in-

Spiration and never-failing help that afforded me courage to

assume the task. We had hoped that during his retirement he

would provide us with the long-awaited fruits of his lifetime

studies. I11 health, alas, prevented this, and the present

work must serve as a poor substitute. That I have dedicated

it to him is a small token of my esteem and gratitude.

From the many students who have attended my classes all

through the years I have learned much. As one of the sages

observed long ago: ‘“*ATIIN ANI* WHAT III ntn? m3

O°DD ANI? °T°neNoO1. To them all I offer my heartfelt thanks.

vii
 For the generous loan of a Selectric Typewriter by the

International Business Machines Corporation, and of a Hebrew

typewriter by the Associated Hebrew Schools of Toronto, I am

MOSteGracerule.

R. Wis Wale ams

University of Toronto

April 20, 1967

viii
 CONTENTS

Preface vii

Abbreviations xii

I. ,ANTRODUCTION

II. SYNTAX OF THE NOUN

Number (88 1-16)

Gender (88 17-27)

Bound Structure (§8 28-30) 10

Case (88 31-60) iil

Directive MW, (35 61-64) 5

Apposition (88 65-71) 16

Hendiadys (8 72) ily

Adjectives (88 73-81) 18

Article (88 82-93) Le

Numerals (88 94-105) Pall

Pronouns (88 106-132) 24

ETT. SYNTAX OF THE VERB

Theme (§§ 133-156) 29

Voice (§§ 157-160) 31

Aspect (§§ 161-182) Si2

Mood (§§ 183-191) Sy7/

Verbal Nouns (8§ 192-222) 39

1x
 6. Verbal Co-ordination (88 223-226) 43

se
Concord of Subject and Verb (88 227-234) 44

8.
Synchronism (Simultaneous Action) (§§ 235-237) 45

aT Virg SYNTAX OF PARTICLES

A Prepositions (§§ 238-376) 47

Adverbs (8§ 377-393) 65

Negatives (§8§ 394-428) 68

Conjunctions (§§ 429-461) so

Relative Particles (88 462-474) wiei

Accusative Particle n& (§ 475) 193

Existential Particle wW°(§§ 476-481) 80

V. SYNTAX OF CLAUSES

Noun Clauses (88 483-493) 81

Circumstantial Clauses (8 494) 84

Temporal Clauses (88 495-509) 84

Conditional Clauses (88 510-516) 86

Telic (Final or Purpose) Clauses (88 517-523) 87

Result Clauses (88 524-526) 88

Concessive Clauses (88 527-531) 89

Causal Clauses (88 532-534) 89

Relative Clauses (88 535-539) 90

10. Farce ceatind Clauses (88 540-544) 91

Lis Desiderative (Optative) Clauses (88 545-549) 92

IZ. Adversative Clauses (88 550-553) 93

is Exceptive (Limitative) Clauses (§§ 554-555) 33

14. Restrictive Clauses (§§ 557-559) 93

x
 15. Equational Clauses (§§ 560-565) 94

16. Existential Clauses (8§ 566-568) 25

17. Word Order (8§ 569-578) 96

18. Ellipsis (8§§ 579-594) 98

Bibliography £01

Table of References 103

Hebrew Index 22

xu
 ABBREVIATIONS

Amos Ju Judges

Ca Canticles KAI Donner-R&dllig, Kanaandische

Ch Chronicles und Aramdische Inschriften

Da Daniel Kg Kings

Dt Deuteronomy La Lamentations

Ecclesiastes Lv Leviticus

ES Esther Micah

EX Exodus Nahum

Ez Ezra Nehemiah

Ezk Ezekiel Numbers

Gn Genesis Obadiah

Ho Hosea Proverbs

Is Isaiah Psalms

Jb Job Ru Ruth

Je Jeremiah Si Sirach

Jl Joel Sm Samuel

gn Jonah UTB Gordon, Ugaritic Textbook

Jo Joshua Zp Zephaniah

grad
HEBREW SYNTAX: AN OUTLINE
 . Bavtiel
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Soe mn, 9 eee

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 I. INTRODUCTION

While the morphology and lexicon of Hebrew are reasonably

well understood, its syntax has long been the most neglected

area of study. Many examples could be cited from the Revised

Standard Version to show that it is weak precisely at this

point. Likewise, although many of the emendations proposed

in the notes to Kittel's Biblia Hebraica reveal great ingenu-

ity on the ape of the editors, they all too frequently dis-

play a shocking ignorance of the principles of Hebrew syntax.

Syntax, the relationship of words to one another, forms

together with morphology the material of grammar. Its rela-

tive importance varies according to the language considered.

This is particularly true in the case of word order, and may

be illustrated by languages as structurally different as

Sanskrit and Chinese. The former, a highly inflected lang-

uage, allows great freedom in the order of words, since case

endings make the functions of words abundantly clear. On the

other hand, Chinese has no inflections, and consequently word

order assumes a prime importance and becomes inflexible; po-

sition is the key to the understanding of a Chinese sentence.

When an inflected language loses its case endings, as English

did, then word order and the increased use of prepositions

assume the functions of the former cases. That is why the

two statements the man hit the boy and the boy hit the man

have diametrically opposite meanings. Hebrew is in a similar

3
position to English, having early lost its case endings, and

so depending largely on position for grammatical function.

It is unfortunate that the significance of word order in

Hebrew has not been fully appreciated by grammarians.

The contents of this volume have been developed over the

past fifteen years as a ditiiled of notes dictated to classes

in a formal course on Hebrew syntax at the University of

Toronto. This has determined both their form and their bre-

vity. The work makes no claim to be an exhaustive study but,

as the title implies, merely an outline for’*the use of ad-

vanced classes in Hebrew.

Linguists may be dismayed by the fact that descriptions

of syntactic functions offered are not exclusively intrinsic.

That is to say, distinctions have sometimes been made by a

comparison of the ‘source language' (Hebrew) with the 'target

language' (Englisk). It is axiomatic that ideally only dis-

tinctions felt by native speakers of a language are valid.

Nevertheless, years spent in teaching Hebrew to English-

speaking students have shown the necessity of contrasting

Hebrew usage with that of English. For this reason some fur-

ther distinctions are desirable. There is, of course, no

suggestion that the Hebrew speaker was conscious of the min-

ute distinctions we have made. For instance, when making an

utterance which required the use of the preposition 2 he most

certainly would not ask himself which of the nineteen uses of

this preposition was being employed! For the learner of Heb-

rew, however, a careful cataloguing of the various nuances of

such a morpheme is of real value for a full appreciation of

4
the range of meanings which it possesses.

This description is based on classical Hebrew prose, but

some account is also taken of the deviations in later prose

as well as in poetry. An important feature of the work is a

selection of illustrative examples which should be carefully

studied. All the quotations have been taken from the third

edition of Kittel's Biblia Hebraica. A complete listing of

the passages cited will be found at the end. A selected index

of Hebrew words will make it possible for the reader to find

the main discussions of particles not listed in the Table of

Contents. Fairly exhaustive cross-references will then direct

him to other sections dealing with them. The references in

the text and the indexes are to the numbers of paragraphs.

The final chapter treats of the syntax of clauses. In

some cases readers may feel that the term 'Sentence' would be

more appropriate. The fact is that, although the features of

juncture in Hebrew make the recognition of clauses an easy

task, the problem of defining the limits of a Hebrew sentence

is difficult, and it is probably best to avoid the term.

Perhaps a word should be added concerning nomenclature.

For the widely accepted terms 'absolute'" and 'cOnstruct' I

have adopted the more accurate linguistic expressions 'free

form' and 'bound form,' the construction known as AID ND be-

irig designated as 'bound structure,' following a suggestion

of my colleague Professor J. W. Wevers. To describe the

Ovy333 of the verb, I have preferred the designation 'theme'

to the less accurate 'stem' which has a much wider connota-

tion. Since classical Hebrew had early abandoned the tense

5
concept in favour of an aspectual one, the use of 'aspect' in

place of 'tense' is desirable. To describe the verbal form

contained in the construction usually known as the 'waw-con-

secutive with the imperfect,' the word 'preterite' has been

chosen to indicate its original tense signification as well

as the fact that its origin see different from that of the

imperfect, as is shown by the weak verbs and the Hip*il of

strong verbs. 'Precative' has been employed for the indepen-

dent verbal form commonly designated 'jussive' or 'cohorta-

tive.' The latter expressions are restricted to certain per-

sons of the verb, and a general term denoting the paradigm

as a whole is preferable. Finally, a word to describe verbal

roots other than stative is needed. Those in current use are

either 'active' (properly to be contrasted with 'passive') or

‘intransitive' (the opposite of 'transitive'; yet many sta-

tives have direct objects). The more appropriate designation

"fientive' has been adopted.

 II. SYNTAX OF THE NOUN

1. Number

(a) Singular

1 (i) To indicate a single person or thing, e.g. 720, natn.

2? (it) Tolandicate a collective;* e.g. OY, P32, IRN; note

that. fy, tree,’ 'trees,;* may be either a singular or a

collective.

(b) Dual

3 Confined to substantives, since adjectives and verbs are

inflected for singular and plural only.

4 (i) To indicate objects occurring naturally in pairs, e.g.

Oh Tee odlTy; oo2ys (but always o*yq} or niyay!), even

when more than two are mentioned, e.g. o7533 vz (Is+6/2);

O71 yaqs (Lv 11/23).

5 ii) To.indicate two. of a kind, e.g. pT", oomYy, ODTNDS.

(c) Plural

6 (i) To indicate simple plurality, e.g. O°320, ninatp.

7 (ii) To indicate abstract ideas, e.g. ott, Ove,

O°T4yy, Oren, O71I0-

8 (iii) To indicate respect, often with attributive adjec-

tives in the singular, e.g. °n O°? (II Kg 19/4; but

contrast O°*n ovm?% in I sm 17/26), mw ovsqx (Is 19/4),
qnap (II Kg 22/20).
9 (iv) To indicate composition, e.g. ninby, "lumpsy"" “earth

clods' (Pr 8/26, Jb 28/6), O°Ry, "timber,' 'firewood'

(but note Is 7/2, Ps 96/12), O°DDD, "silver pieces' (Gn

AD
2 ates SMe

10 (v) To indicate natural products in an unnatural condi-

tion, e.g. O°Bn, twine ait in grains (cf. An in the ear),

o°nbd2, 'spelt' (cf. nnd), Oty, ‘barley’ (ct. mye),

O° DT, "shed blood.'

11 (vi) Plural of extension, when the object consists of

many parts, e.g. O°3B, D.INI¥, Dvn.

(d) Formation of Compound Plurals

12 (i) By pluralization of the first element, e.g. 25 ‘ahaa

CECh 7/2), 7 LS Dees (Es Sms 2277)

13 (ii) By pluralization of both elements, e.g. O° 25 * 443

(I Ch 7/5), 0°2°nn 18 {I Kg 15/20), O°N8?2 “Ha (Is

42/22).

14 (iii) By pluralization of the second element only, e.g.

Bias 1s (41 Ch 25/5), ning mia (1 Kg 12731); 4.9

Niqwin (Da 11/15).

(e) Repetition

15). {iy ‘Distributive. (cfs. 100)5 e.g. DID i (Emo /0),

WR BX (Lv 17/10) ,m292 O° AIBP OI , ‘one day ae
each year SGN eLA/ 34,

16 (ii) Emphasis,” 4.9. "DD MDD-TWRI 37 ar WR, "which were

Of pure Gold and silver® {TI tke, 25715), O°32 O°33, 'no-
thing but trenches' (II Kg 3/16), dyn dyn, "very gradu-

ally" (Bx 23/30), Dioy nity, ‘perfect peace' (Is 26/3);

8
 cf. Cn 14710, Nu 3/9, Dt 16/20.

2. Gender

(a) Masculine

Li gaGlin Tots nai cate theimale sex, esqud, 42D.

18 (ii) To indicate grammatical gender for inanimate objects,

e.g. AD, 129, 32%.

19 (iii) In the plural to express abstract ideas (cf. § 7),

e.g. ON, OPT.

(b) Feminine

20 (i) To iadbeaterthe female sex, e.g. OX, ma?n.

21 (ii) To indicate grammatical gender for inanimate objects,

e.g. 31n, DID, BR.

22 (iii) Often to indicate parts of the body, especially

those occurring in pairs, e.g. 717, WN, JQP.

23 (iv) Proper names of countries and cities are usually con-

strued as feminine, e.g. 0°7¥N (Gn 41/8), ax in (II Sm

Bf 2. Te? MEZk 2672)%

24 (v) To express abstract ideas, e.g. TI TON, "faithful-

ness,' TIT8, ‘love,' T1432, "strength,' T2140, 'wel-

fare.' 'benefit.'

25 (vi) To express neuter concepts, e.g. nxt (II Kg 3/18),

ike}, 'wonderful things' (Ex 34/10).

26 (vii) To form collectives, e.g. nayir, "inhabitants,"

n3°k, 'enemies,' ADI, ‘caravan.?

27 (viii) To indicate the single component of a collective,

e.g. 7°18, 'ship' (cf. “IN, ‘fleet"), nay? ‘a hair’

9
 (cf. rye, newts)

a 3. Bound Structure (NJ3°M0)

28 Nouns may be combined into a single accentual unit in

which the second element delimits the range of the first,

e.g. Ox 337 ar ari (Ip Ken 22 /13):.. eThenphonetic: structure of

the language normally results in reduction of vowels in the

first component, which is a peace form. The second element,

a free form, is in the genitive relationship (cf. 8 29), so

that the construction is quite comparable to that in modern

Welsh geiriau y proffwydi, 'the prophets' words," where the

Original case endings have also fallen away.

29 The bound form should be anarthrous (but note Phoenician

?yi T1171, 'blessed of Baal' (KAI, 26A 1/1) and Hebrew in

Ju 8/1 palo 3/145*E*Kq 147247 TL Ko /23/17 ftewice) pa25 719,

Je 25/26!), and directly precede its genitive, except when

two genitives are closely related, e.g. Tey IPys OX (Gn

28/5); cf. Dt 10/18, Gn 14/19. Only one bound form may

precede the same genitive (but note the late expressions

oqwD piv'?s 1pd (Da 1/4) and Hya2-350) 3p (Ezk 31/16).

30 However, the Directive 17 may intervene in a bound struc-

ture (cf. § 62). Occasionally a bound form occurs before

prepositions, e.g. 9/223 "O° 391 (Is 5/11) 5 “ct; Fo Sm 973;

I Kg 22/13, II Sm.1/21, Ju 5/10. Rarely the bound form_of

a substantive is followed by an adjective (cf. § 42), e.g.

yoPa *29 (Is 22/24); cf. Is 28/4, 16. The second element

of a bound structure may also be a noun clause (cf. § 489),

10
 e.g. OAR J39277NT *O.-7D (I Sm 25/15). Some curious in-
stances of hypallage should be noted, e.g. *2 ‘VI niy-a

(it~ Siied/9)5 CEs Sb 27/3), 1S\.1:9/8;, ;Ho 14/3.

4. Case

31 The short vowels of the original case endings, preserved

in Ugaritic, Akkadian and classical Arabic, were lost in

Hebrew ca. 1000 B.C. It is thus strictly speaking incor-

rect to speak of cases in Hebrew. However, the names of

the three cases may be conveniently employed to designate

those syntactic functions ernoons which would be marked by

the appropriate case endings in an earlier period. That

classical Hebrew was still conscious of these separate

functions is clear from the use of the particle nx before

nouns in all situations which would require an accusative

case ending (cf. 8 475).

(a) Nominative

32 (i) Subject of a sentence, e.g. *38°WA yoda (Gn 3/13 and

passim).

33 (ii) Predicative noun, which is regularly anarthrous,

e.g. DVI¥N PARA ONT OWI-*D (Dt 10/19); cf. Jo 27 ihe

When the article is present it expresses the superla-

tave w(Ck. 28,93), e.g. ova OMX “). (ERG 1e/25yi0 Cas

I Sm 9/21; or is the distinctive use of the article

(cf. § 88), e.g. O° YYIN “yl IN) P°ART “> (Ex 9/27).
34 (iii) Vocative, regularly with the article (cf. § 89),

e.g. 7200 nyo in TOXAL (II sm 14/4).

ll
 e

35 (iv) Rhetorical absolute (casus pendens), a hanging nom-

inative case resumed by a later word (cf. § 572), e.g.

oipan (Dt 12/11), 7INT (Dt 11/10).

(b) Genitive

36 This designates the grammatical function which occurs

after bound forms, including prepositions.

SH (i) Subjective, e.g. A-935 (Tena f2s Tey noon (I kg

B/ hO) ihe NUTS. (I Kg 10/9).

38 (ii) Objective, e.g. vats 22m It PIX (Dt 6/3), AHX ONN,
"the violence done to your brother' (Ob BOD).

39 (iii) Possessive, e.g. 7200 A ae(LeKgvD ALO) sa) 22en (Je

7/4).

40 (iv) Material, e.g. D2 °72 (I Kg 10/25), Py yIAw, (Dt

10/1); so with numerals (cf. § 95), e.g. Or. NYY
(Gn 30/36).

4l (v) Attributive, where English would employ an adjective,

e.g. 700 Viad (I Sm 9/1), PI¥ “3tXpD (Lv 19/36), “912-10

(Ps 2/6).

42 (vi) Appositional, e.g. O° 8) PAS (Bx. 7/43) ; NB- ITI (Gn

15/18), Jin¥ ma, 'the daughter Zion’ (II Kg 19/21), AgK

aigcn?ya (I /Smi..28/7).2 9 cin, Ju.19/22.. Also, withadjec=
tives, e.g. myrwan nya (IL. Kg.177 6), TAA ny (Nu

23/31).

43 (vii) Explicative, e.g. Oty *¥y, ‘acacia et (Ex

Si /.0.)y, DIS ‘nat, "men who sacrifice' (Ho 13/2).

44 (viii) Result, e.g. m3 Ik¥, 'sheep for the slaughter'

(Ps 44/23, with which contrast m3? JR cin. Te 12/3)s;

L2
 abQioy D4, 'chastisement for our welfare' (Is 53/5).
45 (ix) Agent or means, after the bound form of a passive

participle, e.g. OvT?X TDD, "smitten by God' (Is 53/4),

OR niDpyw, "burned with fire' (Is 1/7).
46 (x) Specification or epexegetical, after the bound form
of an adjective, e.g. TYTN P (Ex B2/9)-, TNNT ADs (Gn

SIG

47 (xi). Superlative, e.g. a°1°ym WY (Ca 1/1), O° a2 NT kas)

(DE LOSL Tip: ME SEX 29/37

48 (xii) Measure or number (rare), e.g. 1B0n ‘no, ‘a few

men' (Gn 34/30), oyinp ‘Qh, ‘water up to the thighs'

(Ezk 47/4); contrast § 69.

49 (xiii) Dependent, after prepositions: passim.

(c) Accusative

50 (i) Direct object of a verb, e.g. OINA-MY O77 813°1

(Gn 1/27 and passim).

SL (23) Cognate accusative, e.g. THe WnS (Ps 14/5), RON

O?yr1. ANN (La 1/8); cf. II Kg 4/13, 13/14.

p2e, (sit) Product or result, e.g: main ae m3*) (I Kg

56722) ¢° (et. i-Gm B/ i.

53 (iv) Material, e.g. 1BY OINT NN O7K, % E21 (Gn 2/7),

JaX PRI
—9D TMe InAy} (Jo 7/25); cf. Dt 27/6.
54 (v) Directive or terminative, after verbs of motion, e.g.

nya SX ,. go: oututo; the: field": “(Gn/27/3) .. >The"apparent

exceptions N*a (e.g. II Kg 19/37) and nne (e.g@201LT Kg

5/9) are really bound forms of substantives used loca-

tively as prepositions (probably in the accusative of

13
 e

manner, cf. § 60), similarly to 7)1, 'towards,' eb

‘opposite,' ?¥X, 'beside' (Dt 11/30).

55 (vi) Separative, only after Nx*, e.g. O3°R] "IRM ‘Ja(Je

10/20); cf. Gn 44/4, Am 4/73.

56 (vii) Temporal, expressing duration of time, e.g. My\~'23)

wan (Gn 3/24)5 giof 28x L377. AN. Basih)ge Dt 9725.6 Con=

trast II Sm 2/10 with Gn 47/18, ngs? with p32 (Ru

3/13), Jo 8/3 with Gn 26/24, D3*°f with of*3.
57 (viii) Specification, e.g. 1.2778 men (I Kg 15/23), &%
Yel 433 (Gn 37/21); cf. Gn 41/40, II Sm 15/32. This
may sometimes be a clause (cf. § 492). Here belongs

the predicative accusative (contrast the predicative

nominative, § 33) which is anarthrous, e.g. mwn your)

M22 OYNA-M (Nu 11/10), PAY *M°xI qk (Gn 7/1); cf.
Tosm 9711.

58 (ix) Emphatic accusative of specification, when the accu-

Sative is ne semantic subject which precedes the verb,

with concord of person, number and gender, e.g. AYT

Ra AWABY “PTT42WIHT (IT sm 3/25), O° 7¥—T ARI")

TNH NWT MDI“°D WYRI-AY (Gn 12/14); cf. I Kg 5/17, Gn
1/4. Occasionally no verb precedes, e.g. 2D) 721207 084

0 Bit 2k (TE Kg 6/5); cf. Nu 11/22 (here the following

verb is singular!), Ju 6/28, II Sm 21722. ~ in. place of

a finite verb, it may be followed by a construct infin-

itive, e.g. Min? W_ITMY PRY1 (I Kg 19/4); contrast

I Kg 19/10. This differs only slightly from the rhe-

torical absolute (cf. § 35); note the example —Ps RT

Sark 1% wip, ‘as for anyone, in the matter of his

14
 Poered things, they shall be his' (Nu 5/10), where Dr’

is a rhetorical absolute and ‘pTAR an emphatic accusa-

tive of specification.

59 (x) Determinative, in which the apparent object is really

the subject, and follows the verb without concord, since

ends sisdrsensl and often passive, e.g. “NX 1/237? TW?)

Wy sane (Gn27/42)ig)) CEGnL7/S, Am 4/2,;Dt 12/22, -

DjKG 2724 Ll sm a/2Sf Neal 9/32 240 ‘Sm 20/19),. andimnote

medieval Latin legitur Vergilium. This may also occur

with an infinitive, e.g. 332 pny? nx 1% s>4ma (Gn 21/5);

Cite Gn 21/8, Nu y/,1O, Mor with @ clatise (Et 26493)",

e.g. 4X 7 TAY WROK A Tay? Tan Taq (Jo 9/24). Excep-

tions, in which the verb exhibits concord, are Nu 17/2

fa Li Kg (18/730 (=nisi36715) and Gn 29/27. In “Oy

Tips Hynes 132 (Jo: '22/17)the) predicate’ is nota verb)

but an adjective.

60 (xi) Manner is expressed by the accusative, which is also

known as the adverbial accusative. It is anarthrous,

e.g. moa 1IWAL (I sm 12/11), M*npip, ‘erect’ (Lv 26/13);

cf. I Sm 3/17; so also in the case of IND, ma, etc.

This may even, on occasion, be a clause (cf. 8 491).

S. Darective Ny

61 That this is not the old accusative ending is shown by

the evidence of Ugaritic, in which argh = mys, Smmh =

np ow. Note that this ending is not present in TaD ,

Ugaritic tmt, where the ending is an original deictic t

Le
 as in Ugaritic hmt= mit; CEL ‘Kg h23 8.

62 (a) Directive or terminative, e.g. TD? Ova xian (Gn

15/5), no) ai OZR AR 827 (Gn 43/16). This ending may

intervene between a bound form and its genitive (cf.

§ 30), e.g. ADI* AN|a (Gn 43/17), pyr Miaqp (I kg

LO/TSVS 3

63 (b) Temporal, meaning 'until,' e.g. 11D" 1 o-n’D, ‘from

year to year™ (Ex 13/10, 0u 11/40).

64 (c) Occasionally separative, e.g. m233N (Jas27 LG),

m1 DRO (Jo 15/10). Note the irregular

use with a,

rig Tete 2SfLSyo LS svEsspesa fla }A TL 4Sm 20725 peor 7¥R,

e.g. I Kg 4/12 (all proper names!).

6. Apposition

65 (a) Genus and species, e.g. TI DPR TR (Tl Ke 7/54); nI71

amzang (i Kg 2/2), Ins 2° {Ly 21/9).

66 (b) Attributive, where the second element is equivalent

words” (Pr 22/21), myaR jo", ‘intoxicating wine," Lit,

wine, staggering' (Ps 60/5), 79) }12 (Ps 120/3).

67 (c) Predicative, when a substantive is used in place of

an adjective, e.g. VITT ANA AN, (I: Ra _LOZsG), oroyn

Jet O2°3X (Gn 43/27).

68 (d)eMaterial, | ‘e.g. nna 1235 (II kg 16/17) ; ef 2aith

15/19; mgo-AXo (II Kg 7/1), orp. Ory (Gn 41/1); cf.

TIS Kg: 3/4, SALT; Ex 39/17. So with numerals, e.g. ee)

O°33 (contrast § 40). Occasionally the first element

16
 fds the article while the second is anarthrous, e.g.

O° ?tanm (Gn 6/17); cf. Phoenician J? AWN] natnn

(KAT, 10/4).

69 (e) Measure or number, e.g. 1801 o*1D* (Nu 9/20), o°1n

ahr "water extending to the knees' (Ezk 47/4);

contrast § 48.

70 (f£) Explicative, giving the name or title, e.g. PaNa

12 (Nu 34/2), A2nn WHY? (I Kg 2/17), the former

being the commoner order (contrast § 42). When the

name follows, any preposition or the accusative par-

ticle is repeated, e.g. Gn 24/4, 4/2 (but note the

exceptions in Gn 24/12, I Sm 25/19, Jb 1/8), whereas

when the pinsipedteden thiseis not so, é.g. Gn 4/8,

16/33

71 (g) Anticipative, with pronominal suffixes. This is com-

mon in Aramaic and Ethiopic, but rare in Hebrew, e.g.

reokg 23/134

7. Hendiadys

We A single concept may be expressed by two words linked

with the conjunction 1, e.g. 10} Don (Am 3/10, Je 6/7,

20/8, Ezk 45/9), cf. English ‘assault and battery’; -{71

T3313 (Is 14/22, Gn 21/23, Jb -16/15);, ef. *khith and-kin’;

NOK I Ton, "true loyalty’ (Ex 34/6, Jo 2/14, II Sm 2/6,

15/20; in Pr 16/6 only one preposition is used!); nan

TOnA), ‘loving faith" (Dt. 7/9, 12, I. Kg 8/23, Ne 9/32);

17
 733 t3n, 'glorious splendour' (Jb 40/10); nyo?x} wn,
*s
epic
rT:

"blackest darkness' (Jb 10/21); 24s TO (Jb 4/16);

ama} ao dened s2)a

8. Adjectives

73 (a) Attributive adjectives follow their substantives,

with concord of gender, number and determination, e.g.

Deane Oe (Dt 8/19), AIAN *AR (I Sm 18/17). With

dual substantives the plural is used, e.g. nip oy 3°

and niyia 07573 (db: 4/3ef.), and) this may also occur

with collectives, e.g. O°X¥NIT oyin (I 2m 13/15) 3°" of,

Gn 30/36. Plurals of respect may be followed by the

Singular ofthe plural (ef. § 8). Attributive adjec-

tives follow all the constituent elements of a bound

structure, exhibiting concord with the component to

which they refer, e.g. nitpnn an Ala Wwy *t1a (Gn

27/15). Anomalous instances of an anarthrous substan-

tive with a determinated adjective do occur, e.g. TEn

m2iwaa (I Kg 7/12); cf. Ezk 40/28, Je 6/20, I Sm 12/23.

74 (b) Demonstrative adjectives follow their substantives

and any attributive adjectives (but note Je 13/10, II

Che 0) ; with concord of gender, number and determin-

ation, e.g. AXTA nyIn maven (Je 8/3), ona ovann ovpea
(Ex 2/23); but note 847 mera in Gn 19/33, 30/16,

32/23, I Sm 19/10. However, they do not take the ar-

ticle when modifying a substantive determinated only by

reason Of a pronominal suffix, but are used in apposi-

18
 tion, e.g. mt qmiza 72 (Ju 6/14); cf. Dt 5/29, Jo 2/20,
Thang; lop Gn 2470; but’ note *Jo6N2/ 17 and IT ch°1/10!

75 (c) Predicative adjectives may precede or follow their

substantives, with concord of gender and number, but

ane (‘normally anarthrous (¢£ 2 7§ § 33; *S7) , “erg. set

To AIA niaya (Nu 13/28), OKT AYT Ta] (Gn 6/5), O°37
pn (I Ch 21/13). However, when they precede, they

need not exhibit concord, e.g. TORY Ww? (Pe) PESTS

7)

76° (d) Comparison is expressed by jb (cf. §§ 317 f£.), e.g.

Dyt-2ap
F3a (1 Sm 9/2), yan> nyo 37 OwADT Ard,
"their possessions were too great for them to live to-

gether’ (Gn: 36/7) 7 6 %ct . “I ‘Kg “8/64.

(e) The superlative is expressed:

77 (i) By a determinated adjective, e.g. yoen Wa, "his

youngest son' (Gn 9/24); cf. § 93.

78 (ii) By a bound structure, e.g. 1°33 op, ‘the young-

est of “his "sons" (LI Ch 21/17).

We, (iii) By means of a pronominal suffix, e.g. naib, "the

best of them' (Mi 7/4), O30P-ty1 O2ITAD (Jn 3/5).

80 (iv) By means of a superlative genitive (cf. § 47),

S60 oan 730 (Ec 1/2), ovtay tay (Gn 9/25).

81 (v) By using a divine epithet, e.g. Ovi? ALITA Ay

(Jn 3/3), DPR MIN? vA (I Sm 14/15); cf. Gn

35/5, ' Sm 11//7;. Ps 80711 /'36/7.°" So also" in Ugaritic,

e.g. tlhn i1, ‘a gorgeous table" (UTB/ 51.41.39).

9... Article

82 The article is regularly omitted from bound forms and

19
 substantives with pronominal suffixes (but cf. § 29 and

note the anomalous forms in Lv 27/23, Jo 7/21, 8/33, II

Kg 15/16 » Gn 31/13, Ex y9/18.pr TD Kg 123/17 pols 136/16 ~Ezk

46/19, Ps 123/4). This does not, of course, apply to

participles with the relative article (cf. § 90), e.g.

11D A?72NBT (Dt O/L6) merck .\De 20/Lwiisw7l2 MPs 16733, Ju

8/11 The article is rare in poetry which, being some-

what archaic in its language, reflects the period before

the development of the article, e.g. rst O° mp (Gn

14/19).

83 (a) Definite, especially when the person or thing has al-

ready been mentioned, e.g. 183°) an"? Inp Ween THR I

Tzpn ‘3H? ayn (I Kg 3/24); cf. Gn 18/7 £.
84 (b) The article is employed when the object or person is

definite in the thought of the narrator, although such

words are indefinite in English, e.g. 15bd3 (I Sm LO/25)7

Bip 3s (PIP Kg G/B cet cE StOS9 wkfo 92/ Uh

85 (c) As in English, the article is used when an object or

person is a well-known or recognized fact, e.g. np y

NPINBA-
NN] URITMY Isa npr... n’ya oxyoA’ oAIIR (Gn
22760 S CEwy Ty Sin) 18/24.

86 (d) Possessive, e.g. TH DATA wma meets "David would take

his lyre' (I Smel6/ 23k + CL Gn 4247/65

87 (e) Demonstrative, e.g. bien, 'today' (I Sm 24/19), oyan,

“this telne A(Grw 12/23)".

88 (£f) Distinctive, e.g. DTTeNT, "the true God' (I Kg 18/39),

137, "the Euphrates" (Gn 31/21).

89 (g), Vocative; (cf. 8\.34)),-e.g. 12700 “758 nyowin (lie Kg

20
 6/26).

(h) Relative, i.e. equivalent to a relative pronoun:

90 (i} Withbagparticiples (cf; 90218); /e.g. 128 ARYWT 1s

(Gn 12/7); cf. II°Kg 22/18. ¥
91 (ii) With a perfect aspect, e.g. 284 DY vrAPHN 731 (1 Ch
26/28), TAX RI97M7 (Jo 10/24); cf. I Kg 11/9, Ez
8/25441041 454173

92 (i) Generic, to express classes, e.g. 3730 (JTow7/5); ayn

(Gn 8/7), ‘dyin (Judd bi, Pp ayn (Bei 3/17); dthis is

'the normal use in comparisons, e.g. O32 O°matx (IT Kg

9/22 eect, aligkge 52427 7eleSm. 979960177345. Am 5/19.

93 (j)oSuperlatives (cfs 6077), \e%g. “Jap WT) sion Ons

Da*338 (Ti Kii20¢3) ai cfsedtel V7.2 ; a

10. Numerals

(a) Cardinal

94 (i) "One" is an attributive: adjective’ (cf£.° 8°73), €.g.

WHR WX (Ju 18/19), AMX MPR (II Kg 4/1), NOXT AInoT
(Gn 32/9). Sometimes THs is anarthrous, even when its

substantive is determinated, e.g. THK ven (I Sm

Lyd £5

95 (ii) 'Two' to 'ten' are substantives which may precede

the numbered object in the bound structure, the object

being in the plural of the genitive of material (cf. §

40), or be in the free form with the object as an ap-

position of material (cf. § 68), in both cases without

concord of gender (except for 'two'), e.g. ere! nnn,

2L
 J.3 (Nu 31/8) or O°yIR mypnt (IL Kg 25/19) ,MikD vond
(Jb 1/3) or p*tys vont (I Sm 25/42), later also DBM
won (IT Ch 3/11); but aryix cay (IIT Sm 4/2), Dg) + AY
(I Ch 4/5); cf. misa vivw) ovl3 nya (Jb 1/2). For ex-
ceptions to the rule with regard to gender see Gn 7/13,

Tn6meL07355 Toi AAs

96 (iii) '11-19' and multiples of ten are substantives which

normally precede in apposition to the object enumerated

which is in the plural (except, after 11-19, for a few

common words, viz. W'S, val, 2a, my, Sixpyathé? digit

showing inversion of gender, e.g. D°3s3 wy magnon (II Sm
9/10); cf. Jo 4/8. Multiples of ten, when preceding,

take the enumerated object in the plural, e.g. b* ya 08

ov32 (Ju 12/14), except for the common words HX, UR,

ois, m0, UDI, Po, 3D (cf. II Sm 15/1), but if the

numbered object precedes, the plural is always used,

e.g. O°yaI8 Ds ?p¥-ADD (Ne 5/15). When the expression

is definite the article may be prefixed either to the

numeral, e.g. Ook wy o3y (Jo 4/4), or to the accom-

panying substantive, e.g. PRT ov} 387 nywy Dy AY (Jo

4720); “ct. JU 17/25 Gn .18/28.

97 (iv) Multiples of ten plus units take the enumerated ob-

ject either after, in the singular, e.g. nse Dey} DAW

(Gn 5/20), or before, in the plural, e.g. O° yaya *758)

oy3y4 Bl 7-) (Da 9/26). Note also the construction von

mw O*y 3} BY (Gn 12/4). The article may be prefixed

to the numerals, e.g. O° AREA} o°yawiny mo wi (Nu 3/46)

or the accompanying substantive, e.g. Da 9/26 above.

we
 (b) Ordinal
98 (1) 'First' to 'tenth' are attributive adjectives (cf.

SPE S op Ce Sep nen m3 wa (Gn 47/18). Sometimes they occur

after the bound form of the thing numbered, e.g. oe

‘yawn (Dt 5/14) ;\ cf. II Kg 17/6. This is the apposi-

tional genitive (cf. 8 42). Rarely the bound form of

the substantive is followed by the cardinal numeral,

e.g. Ding niga (II Kg 15/32); cf. II Kg 18/10. Occa-

sionally the cardinal numeral is employed for 'first,'

e.g. “30m ve soos TnRT py (II Sm 4/2).

99 (11) 'Eleventh,' etc. The cardinal numerals are employed,

a: at he WwyTnpawa (Gn 7/11), yas ovqby niga (I kg

16/10), the enumerated object being anarthrous. When

the expression is definite, the article may be attached

to the numeral, e.g. WwyA o°3va RAT} (I Kg 19/19),

and exceptionally Wy D3 9m (I.Ch. 25719), ‘although this

is not required, e.g. van Wey" Aya my Oya Ika vay

(Dt 1/3).

(c) Distributive

100 (i) Simple repetition (cf. § 15), e.g. pr3y Dy, "two by

two' (Gn 7/9, 15), 133 P32 (Ex 30/7).

101 (ii) Repetition with the conjunction | (cf. § 442), e.g.

Vitoria (Dt 32/7), wy1 we, 'six each' (II Sm 21/20).

102 (iii) Repetition with the preposition S (CE. 62254) se sg.

y3na wn (I Kg 20/30), mya mya (II kg 17/4); cf. I

onal Ar. Pitch 30/21; “i Cn 27234

103 (iv) By means of the preposition ? (cf? 5 ZS1)i, “egg.

23
 O° DN?) nIND?, "by hundreds and thousands' (I Sm 29/2);

cf. Am 4/4.

104 (v) Sometimes a word (usually a participle) occurs in the

plural with a singular predicate expressing the meaning

"everyone who,' e.g. Wa m30n1 (Pr 3/18), nin n° 2200

nixi> (Ex 31/14); cf. Gn 27/29, Lv 17/14.

105 (vi) The substantive by followed by an indefinite sub-

stantive may have a distributive sense, e.g. =) 140

sian n’a (Is 24/10); cf. Gn 2/9, Ru 4/7.

11. Pronouns

(a) Independent Personal

106 (i) As subject of a finite verb for emphasis or contrast,

SSCS ja-29pA TART, "you are the one who must master it'

(Gn 4/7); cf. Det 5/31:

107 (121i) In apposition to a- pronominal suffix -(in genitive. or

accusative functions), e.g. ‘3870 3392 (Gn 27734);

“a8 “HAN JAY * 1 (ils Uo ia, TININ TIAN “Dr, {Dt Sy 3)e

eis I Kg 21/19, If Srug/>. As-a rhetorical absolute

(cf. § 35) in the following: %% 72° 2n 338 ba (I Sm

12/23)

108 (112) .As subject Of sa participle,;.es.9. bien WARN *238

(DE 8/1as

(b) Suffixed Personal

109 “{i)*subjectives’ e.g? 02728 (Gn 3/5), oe rama (Gn 2/4),

seas baen a
‘ay uDtad/ 20),
em
110 (ri)» Objective, e.g. ATay? sel anid 24. (Gn 2725) ehtonn,
Ts Sd a pe ri

24
 ‘the wrong done to me' (Gn 16/5), “3wont> (Je 37/7).
Re a
111 (iii) Possessive, e.g. “Ha (Gn 6/18) ye a7o Ps 89/19).

112 (iv) After prepositions only the suffixed forms of pro-

nouns are used.

(c) Demonstrative (Deictic)

113 mt is employed when something is first mentioned or

about to be mentioned; &1i indicates something already

mentioned, e.g. 9?* X17 TAN T2°Ar al PN TOR WR TTT

oqhe (gu 7/4).
114 (i) Explicative, e.g.01°n mr (Ju 4/14), “723 nine TER

Wwy (Gn 36/10).

£35 anti) Coon bakive; Sagi DoT xt 7. (I Kg 18/39), aly
RIT 7B? O'I¥N (Gn 47/6). Note that this form is
used even with a first person, e.g. 1aIHT RTT IR,

(te 52/6), or a second person, e.g. av fiogn RanmTaN

GE Smr7728)c.

116 (iii) Antithetical, when repeated to express a contrast,

e,9. NT. 2 ity Lehas 4 itt thats tthetoner. “sa

the “other” +(1s%6/3), TPR - + « M98, "Some. . .

others” (Jo 8/722).

117. (iv) Adjectival, either as an attributive adjective,

e.g. noNn o330 (I Sm 18/23), or in, apposition, ¢.¢.

my yR nxt (II Kg 6/33), jXxn TPR (PChe2zislyy se “ers

§ 74.

118 (v) Enclitic, as an undeclined particle for emphasis,

e.g. min, ‘what in the world?' (I Sm 10/11), “mB?

mt, ‘why ever?’ {1 “6m 17/28) ; TTT (I Kg 19/5),

PAS
 nt TAY CLEKG «17
/ 24) | ‘3a mt TART, "Are you really my

gon?» (Gn, 27/21)39) cf." I Kap LO / Pye 1L7genwis/i7c). Warn

the verb ny the form p&t is always used, e.g. n&t77n

avy (Gn 3/13); cf. Gn 42/28. The unchangeable form

mt regularly precedes in expressions such as oD’qwy nt

my, 'for twenty years now' (Gn 31/38); cf. Gn 27/36,

43/10.

(d) Interrogative

119 The forms ‘hp and nie) are indeclinable.

(mpi Q

120 (1) Interrogative, 'who?', e.g. 42 31M %M (Gn 3/11);

Cle Iie 83%

baal (2) Indefinite, 'whoever,' e.g. %%R 49% 31 (Ex 32/26);

ate ue
G£ Ta Ue? / Se

2D (3) Desiderative or optative, to be rendered 'would

thatt, “at. only!“ tas in’ ~1s2

“TT
bay
”
Inf
Resin \"
(II Sm

15/4). It is usually expanded to jm°—*h

ve ae (cf. § 546).

123 (@)oRaverbial/\*how?") datrarejteg. Py DyP* % (Am

q fi25 Bi)

(ii) OQ
124 (1) Interrogative, 'what?', e.g. ny mM (Gn 4/10);
ic

Cho Gn So) 265

125 (2) Adverbial, 'how?', e.g. W°R AD 35? mr JAR 7 (IL

Kg 4/43); cf. Gn 44/16, Nu 23/8; or 'why?', e.g:

syetas 2 ndRAD (II Kg 6/33); cf. II Kg 7/3, Ex

14/15, although this is usually ne.

126 (3) Indefinite, 'whatever,' is rare, e.g. “iD V3tI

26
 7 yr
SLOT AAMAS
Ce a 4 ee) 6 me
NY, 23/3)¢n0 ef sIeSm 29/3.
127 (4) Exclamatory, 'how!', e.g. azn ofpan 81}37Mm (Gn

26/7 joer aN 2.475),

128 (5) Negative (cf. $ 428), a rare use arising from its

employment in rhetorical questions, e.g. pen 3327An

"fs 08 o =

pi aie be mn N? | 3133 (I Kg 12/16; parallel to

pj Rin It -Sm 20/1); cf. Ca’8/4 (note the parallel

with privative O&% in 2/7.

(e) Relative

129 The true relative pronoun Jt, found in Phoenician,

é.g. J?on* “32 1 na (KAI, 4/1), is preserved in Hebrew

only as an archaism in poetry, e.g. nex. TIDY (Ex

IS7tSyy crs Bx 15/16)-Ps O/16, 10/21) DIgIN12 Ah

"my statutes which I will teach them' (Ps Meets tt ;

Bie sa! jn 42 (Ps 104/26); cf. Jb 19/19. In north

Palestinian and late Hebrew the form -¥is also found

(Ia J7/12,-Ti Kg 6/11, Bo 1/14; - cf. 860 470: £.)a 0 Other]

wise the relative is expressed by the particle We (cf.

§§ 462 £.) as in Moabite.

(f) Reflexive

130 Hebrew has no partitive, distributive, reciprocal or

reflexive pronouns. The last may be expressed by the

use of suffixed personal pronouns, e.g. D* Dyan on “ANT

DOK Ri?n . .., ‘Do they anger me? Is it not them-

selves?' (Je 7/19), or by vpl. That these are inter-

changeable is clear from a comparison of ” “148 yay

wera (am 6/8) with a on? ayay3 Wy, (Ex 32/13).

°
The
.

27
 reflexive idea may also be expressed by the Nip‘al or
HitpS*el theneds! (cf) 8S DSS) "152, “LSd ery.

(g) Distributive

Ak To express the distributive 'each' Hebrew employs ON,

e.g. toon Bex OF30

=e . oe ere
OF9mM zoom’
=~: o*\" >
(Gn 40/5); cf. Ex
LZf3, Jb 42/11.

(h) Reciprocal

TSP The lack of reciprocal pronouns is compensated for by

the use of IMR... wx (Dt 1/16), Vprs +. gv’ (Gn

eo eet Or SS Sa te CES. 6.3) hae Or, 116. On oc-

casion this may be expressed by the Nip‘al or Hitpd‘el

themes (cf. §§ 137, 153), or the rare Pofel (cf. § 156).

28
 III. SYNTAX OF THE VERB

1. Theme

(a) Qal
133 (i) Stative, expressing a state or condition, e.g. 733,

"be heavy,' JOP, "be small,' no, "be dead," DIB,'be

ashamed. '

134 (ii) Fientive, expressingvan action ,.e2.c. }os, give,”

N20, 'go,' O°, 'put.'

(b) Nip‘al
135 (i) Reflexive, e.g. 1001, "guard oneself,' 1Ads, 'hide

oneself.'

136 (ii) Middle, e.g. YRYI, “ask for oneself,” i.e. “ask

leave' (I Sm 20/6, 28).

(37m Cis) Reciprocal, .2..¢). bev), "go to law with one an-

orner”™ (1 Sm 12/7), ON731, ‘Eight with one another,’

mal, "struggle together.'

138 (iv)pTolerative, €.g. 7713, ‘let oneself be consulted’

(Hinks 14/3). <

139 (v) Passive, either of Qal, e.g. EVE: ‘be born,* or of

Piel, e.g. 3933, ‘be honoured.'

(ce) Pitel/Pu‘al

140 As Goetze has demonstrated, the usual description of

these themes as ‘intensive' is inaccurate.

29
 e

141 (i) Factitive, with stative verbs, e.g. wan, 'restore,'

'renew,' 13D, ‘honour,’ 870, 'fill.'

142 (ii) Causative, with fientive verbs, e.g. 37°, ‘help in

childbirth,' 387, 'teach.' This is not a common use.

143 (iii) Plurative or repetitive (perhaps having a separate

origin, with infixed assimilated n?), e.g. 1aU, "smash

to bits,. vpa, 'search,' 97, 'walk about,' 'prowl,'

ap, 'bury large numbers,' PRY, "beg' (Ps 109/10).

144 (iv) Denominative, i.e. verbs formed from nouns, e.g.

vw (< wi), lroot Gut, ! >'upréect,' voy (< viow), "do

three times, '."'triple,' qnd (<: jd), ‘actias priest."

145. (v) Privative, ive. RON, "sin,' kon, ‘purify from sin'

(Ps 51/9); 22d, "stone,' ?—d, 'clear of stones" (Is

5/20

(d) Hip‘’i1/Hop‘al

146 (i) Causative, e.g. X°*xIn, ‘bring out,' 2°28, "feed,'

AR, "show. !

147 (ii) Declarative, e.g. p’3xiI, ‘declare righteous,' 'jus-

tify," poi, 'declare guilty,' 'condemn.'

148 (iii) Putative or estimative, e.g. ?pn, 'belittle.'

149 (iv) Factitive, although rare, is found with some sta-

tive verbs, e.g. AX 2, ‘exhaust,' P* opi, "deepen,'

m°ai7, ‘make high,' 3°7Pi, "bring near,' ay TNs "make

eeeree
ee

live,' 'revive.'

150 (v) Intransitive, a use which indicates the entry into a

state or condition and the remaining in the same, e.g.

p pra, “Grow old," mwpn, "become difficult,' vain,

30
 "become Grey. P* ANT, "become sweet'; or the exhibit-

ing of a state or quality, e.g. bsayn, ‘act wisely,'

yon, "act wickedly,' a ract prareiies

151 (vi) Denominative (rarer than Pi‘el), e.g. ww, "grow

roots' (contrast DW), 1p, 'grow horns,' haba,
'slander' (Pr 30/10), J*n°n, ‘go right,' DROIT, "go
Lett...”

(e) Hitpd‘el
152 (i) Reflexive-iterative, e.g. TNT, "walk about' (cf£.

French se promener), xanni, ‘hide oneself,' 22 Ni,

"intercede' (cf. German sich verwenden), BAN,

"sanctify oneself.'

153 (ii) Reciprocal-iterative, e.g. ORIN, "look at one

another.'

154 (iii) Reflexive-factitive, e.g. ea, "aggrandize

oneself.'

155 (iv) Reflexive-estimative, e.g. LON, "feign iliness,'

TABI, ‘regard oneself as a prince,' Xa] iT, "play the

part of a prophet.'

(£) Pofel
156 Reciprocal, e.g. wbIy, "be an opponent at law' (Jb

9/15).

2. Voice

(a) Active

LS] Expressed by the Qal, Pi‘el and Hip‘il themes.

31
 (b) Middle

158 Expressed by means of the Nip‘al theme (cf. § 136).

(c) Passive

159 (i) PaSsive themes may be employed, viz. Qal passive

jms (Nu 32/5; cf. npy, etc.), Nip‘al, Pu‘al, Hop al,
260°" (12) pe Pere themes in the impersonal third person sing-

ular or plural may be used, e.g. Nip (Gn 11/9), 413 A*

(I Kg 18/23).

3.07 Aspect

(a) Perfect

161 (i) Stative, expressing a state or condition. This is

rendered normally by a present tense in English, e.g.

*AIV) sAlpt c3Nt (I Sm 12/2).

162 (ii) Completed action, expressing actions completed

either in reality or in the thought of the speaker.

It may be rendered in English by: (1) a past tense,

@.Gs O° TN R12 (Gn 1/1); (2) a perfect tense with

"have' denoting action completed in the past but con-

tinuing in its effects into the present, e.g. *FYID

AOR TID (Ps 143/6), 1928 WADA ON NID (Ps 10/11); cE.
Is 1/4; (3) a pluperfect tense to indicate action an-

terior to the accompanying verb, e-g- Onis ons

"Rachel had stolen them' (Gn 31/32); an - Sm 9/15,

II Kg 7/17 (note that the subject usually precedes;

cf. § 572, 4); (4) a future perfect tense, e.g. pn3

“7
(Dt 8/10), Brannan (Je 8/3).
32
163 (iii) Experience, when a fientive verb expresses a state

of mind, e.g. *AYT" "I know' (Gn 4/9), 43920, ‘we re-

member ' (Nu 11/5), “ADD, "I despise’ (Am 5/21).

164 (iv) Instantaneous action, expressing an act in the pre-

sent which by that very act is completed, e.g. *Ayavs,

‘Twsewear*(ge’22/5) » Mya, 'I testify’. (Dt 8/19), .

MAS er lift’ up (my hand in an oath)' (Gn 14/22),

*81DS Citesmel9730)s.

165 (v) Certainty (the so-called 'prophetic perfect'), ex-

pressing a vivid future when the action is viewed as

‘as goodas done,' e.g. 42338 422 AITIN YI TT (Nu

LI/27 ss cheeGreek OkWAQ) § Chawrsed/i3e

166 (vi) Conditional. The perfect aspect is employed in un-

real conditions in the past, e.g. &% onix onan 9

DONS “ALIN (Gu (S719)et ic £PGne4 37/105 *_Eeiistalso used

r expressions of unfulfilled desire, e.g. T3071?

O° 7x5 P83, ‘If only we had died in the land of Egypt!'

(Nu 14/2), with which contrast ney 2 2, e' Lf vonly we

might daet! +(cf£F586174)):

(b) Imperfect

167 (i) Incompleted action, either in the present, e.g. “fin

VPIR (Gn 237/15) ya cfs ‘I (Smel/8;* or.inithe-pastj;satter

Dio and o7b2, e.g. 42307 ny» (Gn 19/4) and ty, e.g.
paar TPN yi, ‘till the priests had sanctified
themselves! (11 Ch 29/34). Thus it may be used for

simple futurity, regularly with statives, but also with

fientives, e.g. *?pa AyD R21 09 TIS DKK? 14 (Ex

33
 e

4/1); cf. Ex 6/1. Sometimes this may involve the fu-

ture from a past point of view, e.g. V22R° nv-*3 Ayny

on, 'They heard that they would have a meal there’

(Gn 43/25); cf. Gn 43/7.

168 (ii) Frequentative or habitual, indicating action re-

peated either at any time, e.g. nvpsn-?a ai°x myy» m9

(Jb 1/5), 7393 MIB Orn? Ado pAI-MD (T Kg 5/25), or
customarily at a given time, e.g. O° 9370 M3 *WyR VZRD
(Dt 1/44), 728. WS 72KB-7BD (Gn 6/21), Jr7247 (Gn
43/32). This is specially common in proverbial say-

ings, e.g. INN? pn ja (Pr 15/20; the parallel

stich has a participle).

169 (iii) Potential, expressing ability, but less emphatic

than van with the infinitive, e.g. *72° KR M28 (Dt

1/12; cf. O2nX DRY 332 224R7R? ifilviCoh} GER IT Kg
9/37, Jb 4/17.

LAO (iv) Permissive, expressing an idea to be translated by

'may;' (e.g. 728A YR IAAT Py 9D (Gn 2/16), ‘32 "197 nS

AR WRN ROK NDA (Gn 42/37), Ar*yoN *7aI ANNI,

"After I have spoken, you may mock' (Jb 21/3).

171 (v) Desiderative, expressing a wish, e.g. ORT OY *22n77

Mit, 'Will you (i.e. do you wish to) go with this |

man?' (Gn 24/58), ne wo-npa ANR-OR, 'If you want to

take Lt, sdoeso". (i.Sm.21 710) 20 .er. wit 6/6,

172 (vi) Obligative, to be rendered by 'ought to,' e.g.

“Toy ny Toy ree WR, DVyD, "You have done things to
me that ought not to be done" (Gn 20/9); cf. Gn 34/7,

LV. 4/1301 Ke. 18/27.

34
173 (vii) Injunctive, expressing a strong command, to be

rendered by 'must,' 'shall,' ‘are to,' etc., e.g. ~?y

PRA Tyl WN AMA (Gn 3/14); cf. Ex 21/12. With
the negative particle 89 it expresses prohibition

(which is stronger than the vetitive, cf. 5 186), e.g.

Ex 20/13-17.

174 (viii) Conditional. The imperfect aspect is used in

real conditions in the future, e.g. 5 PIXON

“ayw1> (Jb 9/20), Nipe¥ RAD TPR~*D (Ps 23/4), or

desire with 1%, e.g. ByD pe 21 pe N° (Jb 6/2; con-

trasti:$ 166).
175 (ix) The imperfect aspect is employed after telic par-

ticles, viz. (WR) 1yno? (ofoj8 867) pieeg oeGn 912/13,

Je (42/67 ° Jan (cf. § 461), .e.g.),.Gn 3/3) ire (cf.

§ 424), e.g. Ex 20/20; Poe wa § 521), e.g. Gn

27/4; Wr, (cf. § 466), e.g. Dt 4/40.

(c) Preterite

176 This was originally a true past tense, as in Ugaritic

whlin.‘nt.1lbth.tmgyn / t¥tql.ilt.lhklh / wl.&b‘t.tmtysh.

b‘mq, "See! Anat proceeded to her house, the goddess

started for her palace; but she was not sated with her

fighting «in, théejvalley *)(UTB,~'nt II.iii.17-19) and in

Moabite wnd Js" "5 Ja yO ARM AN Wy st PRIwW* FPN ANY

M183, ‘Omri, king of Israel, oppressed Moab for a long

time, because Chemosh was angry with his land' (KAI,

181/4-6); cf. also Akkadian iprus.

Ls In classical Hebrew this form is preserved in archaic

35
 e

(poetic) language, e.g. iny?aA || nos (Ex 15/12; cf.

14 £2), 1218 (Tbh 3/3 p> C£sul 1 bencie’ De? 32/lpets 5/12,
9/17. It occurs in prose after 1&, e.g. mo iP > TR
(I Kg 8/1), MYm-IYs tN (Ex 15/1); cf. Dt 4/41, Nu
21/17, Jo 8/30, 10/12 (note that the perfect aspect is

found «in, Gn (47.26; «J0,10/33,e11.Ke 14/8) .-eihis 2 sthe

form which occurs with the waw-'consecutive,' from which

use, by analogy, came the construction waw-'consecutive'

plussperrect.

(d) Consecution

(i) 'Consecutive' waw expressing temporal sequence (cf.

5495) oreresult ice. 1 524).

178 ‘(1) 'Consecutive' waw and the 'imperfect,' originally

the preterite with the early pronunciation of the

conjunction retained as wa-, now equivalent to the

perfect aspect, e.g. pasam2y TR TR 73a oyant

O°qa~7a Tp2*s (Gn 7/19); cf. Gn 18/7, I Sm 15/20.
19 (2) AES ek eae waw occurs with the perfect. Since it

is a later development, the conjunction has the nor-

mal later vowel reduction, becoming we=, This is an

equivalent of the imperfect aspect, e.g. ?3m1~

48

432 4871 ni NRAH 1D “ax (I Sm 9/5); cf. Gn 18/18,

24/4.

(ii) 'Simple' waw.

180 (1) Sometimes this occurs with the imperfect aspect as

a simple imperfect, e.g. DX *DRT (Gn 49/7); cf. Is

5/29. This seems to be eonelnred to dowel (an ex-

36
 ception) is) Eke: 18/27)

181 (2). Simple ' waw with the precative expresses purpose

(cf. §§.187,517), e.g. on ty Myyx1 (II sm 9/1),

or occasionally a command (cf. § 185), e.g. xT

28 NII. Oviw-B (II Kg 2/9).

182 (3) 'Simple' waw with the perfect occurs in classical

Hebrew when two or more verbs follow in a closely

related series, e.g. AS 7201 Nipaa~ nx VDT RIT

ee ee ea earner
cr. II kg 21/6, 23/4 £., II Sm 7/9-13. A clear ex-

ception is “INIT (II Kg 8/10); examples such as

ryat (II Sm 13/18), naa (I Kg 20/21), should per-

ea be Gecntaned as absolute infinitives (cf.

§ 210). In late usage the waw-'consecutive' con-

struction breaks down, e.g. BIIT *227NR ADDY

noan3 abriea) (Be 1/13). wsft Ee 2712-7.
wi mr $

4. Mood

(a) Precative

183 This is identical in form, though not in origin, with

the preterite.

184 (i) Optative, expressing a strong desire or wish (cf.

§ 545) ;%elg. THT ay" (I Sm 10/24), 1277 Ne /y oP

(I Sm 1/23), Wa M238 (DE sLI 720"F. .6£. ‘DWEsPIZT+. §/Por

negation ?X is used, e.g. Boar nina TRIN ?R (Gn 21/16);

cf. Je 17/18.

185 (ii) Jussive and cohortative, expressing a command in

ad
 the third and first persons respectively, e.g. m2 73
D°INN OX AIay31 (Dt 13/7); cf. Ju 15/2, Sometimes
this occurs neceungelincae waw when purpose is not in-

tended (cf. § 181), e.g. anna") o-18 oy NI2-II ATS

Dr yyn ry wp wry Ais

ALW TES e aie Se EES TEL Sa
29;
186 (iii) Vetitive, the negative of the imperative (cf.

§ 188), is expressed by 28 with the second person of

the precative, e.g. navAmdK It Ca(btO9/

7) OGe£. 1 -Xg

13/22.
187 (iv) Purpose, employed after 'simple' waw instelic

clauses: (cf. §§ 517,' 181), e.g. mae >» nN * 37) (Gn

27/4); cf. I Kg 21/2.

(b) Imperative

188 (i) Command, in the second person only; otherwise the

precative must be used (cf. § 185), as also for the

vetitive (cf. § 186).

189 (ii) Purpose may occasionally be intended when two im-

peratives are joined by waw (cf. § 518), e.g. “37

T2BI—NN “orDt myy Nb AYY*® (I Kg 1/12); cf. II kg

5/10; (22 om 2L/ 3s

190 (iii) A conditional meaning can also be expressed by

two imperatives joined by waw, e.g. wont Avy net (Gn

A2/ESVe Vehs Fso36741e6 x :

191 (iv) Interjectional, when employed in the singular as a

particle, e.g. pip” (Ex-32/1), nan (Gn Sli ss) <2, m2?

(Gn. 19/32).

38
 5. Verbal Nouns

(a) Construct Infinitive

192 (i) As subject of a sentence, e.g. INA nfm JOR?

1339 (Gn° 2718); cf. I Sm 18/23. It may “be accom-

panied «by the introducing 2. (cf.-§ 276), e.g. y2 ONT

ats T3y 2. ae (Jo 24/15).
193” (31) As object of a verb, e.g. 82) DRY YIN X89 (I Kg
a7 i)? Ct. Dt 10/10; also with the introducing 2 (om.

§ 276), e.g. M28 yar? sq ANI-K? (Gn 20/6). This may

even occur with the accusative particle: FP AINT nx
28 (TI ko 19/27 = 1s°37/28):
194 (iii) As a genitive, e.g. 8p 738 O13 (Gn 2/17)3% cf.

Gi 29/i~« 1°50 ateee after prepositions (cf. § 36).

195 (iv) "As a gerund, with ? of norm (cf. § 274), to be ren-

derea "by . . »-ing,” €:g. naga my pe TDS

D?iy meqa anit? nagacns nivy? (Ex 31/16); cf. I sm
127/33, 12/17: sO TAR? (Ex 5/19). The negative em-
ploys "RI? (CE. 87423), 6. Ge 7-18 nDvAT JB m1? apg

aTxD ing *API? YT TIN, (DE" S711), “The meaning is sim-

ilar to Latin (ad) portandi/um/o (especially in the

ablative).

196 (v) As a gerundive, with ? GESDLOGUCES (Chaat a2z7s), tCoube

rendered “is to be». .« ..-ed,! e.g. von 72 nivy' mp

72B0- 78 T2712 (II Kg, 4413343 4 Cf. sGnelS/ 12, 43e}2/5;

Es 3/14. The negative is expressed by ¥? (cf. § 397),

eag. (1° ova Wari? x” (Am 6/10), or, in late usage, by

Jk (cf. § 410), e.g. JX °B mB Tye "1D? Ty. R137)

39
 pe wrara T20N wyO-?x x13” (Es 4/2). This is similar
in meaning to Latin portandus est.

197 (vi) Purpose, with ? (cf. 8 277), Jyn? (cf. S 4267) "OF

Ways (ck. § 521), and in the negative with Ara?

(cis 5 F4249,

LOG (vii) Consequence or result, with 2 (cf. 3 °279)4 to be

rendered 'thus .. .-ing,' e.g. Toryan? (DE"4/25) 3 of.

Niue TL/Vi Pp PLeA 20797 LD Ko 27277 or else "se sys crak

- oe ey! Ong. TVD? TIT Ya I TNYD yIND (Ru 2/10).

Rarely Jyh? is used (cf. § 368), e.g. ove 22M Jy?
‘WIP. (Am 2/7) ; cf. II Kg 22/17.
139 (viii) Degree, with ” (cf. 8 275), to be rendered ‘enough

to. . .,' e.g. IMM TOR Vaya niennin }13 DX? WA

(TI, Smeis/2); cfs Dt: 9/20; II Kg 20/1.

200 (ix) Frequently after prepositions, especially with tem-

poral (cf. §§ 502-507), causal (cf. 8 534), or conces-

sive (cf. & 530 £.) meaning.

(b) Absolute Infinitive

201 Of different origin to the construct infinitive, it

normally takes neither prefixes nor suffixes (note, how-

ever, 8 207).

202 (i) As subject of a sentence (confined to poetry), e.g.

aiw-?a wana OIE ID (Pr 24/23); cf. Jb 6/25.

203 (ii) As object of a verb, e.g. “M17 390 “AI RTR? (Tb
G7 LE) Pp Pak, “Devzs/560;, is L/L sy

204 (iii) In the adverbial accusative of manner (cf. § 60),

e.g. WN JBI (Jo 2/5), 3H APN (Dt 13/15), Wary

40
 oe? pawn *AVPET cr om L776)", PAT 7240 A? WAT (Gn

21/16), m3) ann (I $m°3/12).

205 (iv) To indicate emphasis, the absolute infinitive pre-

cedes Cheveei: & form of the same root (but not neces-

sarily the same theme), e.g. NIDA nip (Gn 2/17), ame

ie (Gn 44728) “or. Ant "O/e, “3b 6/2, Ex 21712. In-

stances of this construction in Ugaritic reveal that

the infinitive was in the nominative case, e.g. hm gmu

gmit (UTB, 5l.iv.34); so with following infinitive:

yspi spu (UTB, 121.11.10). In Hebrew the infinitive

may occasionally follow, e.g. NTN? Ryy CIT Rg ef aly;

so always with an imperative, e.g. bia RI a0 (Nu

11/15). This infinitive normally precedes a negative,

e.g. iwrin x9 wai (Ju 1/28), ATO DAT PR nol (I Kg

3726); “St. Ju 5713; Is 30/19. It may, however, fol=

low, e.g. TOUR ToT 8 (Am 9/8); cf. Ps 49/8, Gn 3/4.

206 (v) To express continuous action or repetition it fol-

lows the finite verb, and is often of the same root,

a.g. 21987DA V2¥"} (Gn 31/15); cf. Nu 11/32. This is

especially common with a second infinitive, e.g. t270

iyal Mn (I Sm 6/12); cf. Ju 14/9, Gn 8/3, 5; or

with an adjective, e.g. 33) TWA wit (I Sm 14/19), or
participle, e.g. 37?) Tiva Ter. (IT sm 18/25).
207 (vi) As a genitive (rare), e.g. 2awnt TAD (Pr 21/16);

cf. Is 14/23. So also exceptionally after preposi-

tions: TRIN? (Ju 13/21 ,°1 am 3/23), nany (iT Ke

13/17, 19), ing *anxi (I Sm 1/9).
208 (vii) As a substitute for a finite verb (cf. French voir,

41
 and the Greek infinitive of command) :

209 (1) For the imperfect, e.g. maya 73 O°33N3 ats oi47
(Nu. 15/35) s:. cfs Nu 30/3, Dt 15/2, Il. .Kg. 4/43), Gn
h7/10), Ex 412/48.

210 (2) For the perfect, e.g. D773 WR O°TDT pinay (gu
7/19) pee Gant) Sm 2/28, Gn 41/43, Ee 3/7137 Pa, LIS/ 5,

Thus the absolute infinitive sometimes precedes an

independent personal pronoun, as frequently in Phoen-

ician, e.g. Titesrpa(KALy, 10/2) noch sgKALA26R 1/6,

ll; so in Hebrew ‘38 nay} (Ec 4/2)4; Hick 1 Ese9/L.

211 (3) For the oreescrs ne AXnI Ton (TT Kae, 5/10)

cf. Is 14/31 (parallel to an imperative).

212 (4) For the precative, e.g. T2RT Urea 2120 35 wire

TAIRA 2°DD (Pr 17/12); cf. Lv 6/7.

(c) Participle

elem Ae) LO express continuous action, either in the present,

e.g. UpIn ‘DIX *HRTMY (Gn 37/16); cf. Gn 3/5, I Sm

23/57 is Ko tt/9p yor in the past, €.q. in ninaa Pp.

ToPH natn (L.Ko 3/3)9 icf. bs /14. 7 the werb mn

sometimes accompanies the participle in such expres-

sions of duration, e.g. sme nw na was (I Sm

2/ tb) pares 6/2 heks Chis 254

214 (ii) To indicate imminent action, e.g. X°3n “327 CURT

21amMk (Gn 6/17); cf. Gn 20/3, I Kg 20/13.

215 (iii) Adjectival, either attributive, e.g. uel UR (Dt

4/24), or predicative, e.g. R¥I* wR (Ju 1/24).

216 (iv) In a gerundive or admissive sense, meaning 'may be

42
 freee tisrto bes... a) Thisviea.uiswally. ithe Nip‘al

theme, e.g. T3351, "honourable,' Rq13, "terrible,' Tonk,

'desirable,' Ik], ‘dependable, ' ayn, 'detestable,'

but the Putal may also be used, e.g. 22a, "laudable, '

"praiseworthy.' ss

217 (v) Substantival, e.g. =e ba "enemy, ' nin, "seer,' nya,

"shepherd, ' Ww, ‘watchman, spy.'

PANS: (vi) As equivalent to a relative clause, with the ar-

ticle (cf. § 90), e.g. ma VRE YIM (Gn 26/11); cf.

Gn 12/7, Ju 6/28.

219 (vii) In circumstantial clauses (cf. 8 494), e.g. Did)

BIQ- Aya ww? (Gn 19/1), on? 22K M°RI (I kg 21/5).

220 (viii) To express simultaneous action (synchronism; cf.

§§ 236 £.), e.g. Py¥D RAM} 789 yorret (II Kg 2/12);

Cie Tinka as55) Tasm 25/20.

22k (ix) To indicate repetition or continuous action (like

the absolute infinitive; cf. § 206), e.g. ney TIT}

m2i34 avy onto Noypa (II sm 15/30); cf. I sm 17/41,
Exe 971.9%

222 (x) To express an indefinite subject, e.g. ?BIN 7B 79

V3 11D (Dta227/8lece cle DL) Sm 27/9,2Am 9/1,,J3e,8/23%

6. Verbal Co-ordination

223 In this construction, the second verb usually expresses

the principal idea, while the first indicates the manner,

and may conveniently be rendered in translation by the use

of an adverb.

43
 (a) Two Finite Verbs

224 (i) With the conjunction, e.g. 32u7) Ws, "he lay down

again' (I Kg 19/6), oya-me TPp*) rpaa yyIny art,

‘Joshua mustered the people first thing in the morn-

ing’ (Jo_8/10).;. cf. Gn’ 25/1, 24/18, .J0,8/14,

225 (ii) Asyndetic (usually confined to poetry), e.g. &?

Oni, Thy m°DIN (Ho 1/6); cf. I Sm 2/3, Ps 106/13,
Zp 3/7; for a prose example cf. Gn 30/31. But im-

peratives may be asyndetic even in prose, e.g. 34

329
AY:
(I Sm 3/5 £.).

(b) Finite Verb with Infinitive

226 The infinitive usually has the introducing c (cE

e276), ©-0- n3? Neand ne%, 'Why did you run away fur-
tively?" (Gn 31/27), 2180! mvp, "you have made a dif-

ficult request" (Il Kg 2/10); cf. = Sm 15/iz, Fs

126/2 £.; however, the preposition may be omitted,

e.g. bien x3 PANT yuan, "Why have you come so quickly

GOoday? wal Ex, 2/158) + Cte NU 2/, 5. ek onl AG aor

7. Concord of Subject and Verb

227 (a) When the subject precedes, the verb normally exhibits

concord of gender and number, e.g. of). Tbs AOTINI

o138 (Gn 157 i2)

228 (b) When the verb precedes, the third masculine singular

of the verb is often used regardless of the gender or

number of the subject, especially when the latter is

inanimate or animal, @.0. +. « . O° ng yop alse) ia

44
 nae? tony (Gm 1/14); cf. Gn 39/5, 11 Kg 3/18, 26;
note that the following verbs exhibit concord. An ex-

ample itch, a human subject is niap Ww TART (Ju 8/6).

229 (c) Collectives often take the plural of the verb ad

sensum, e.g. DIN, WjT) Cr Kg *20/20)3 ci.- f° kg- 18/24,

Jb 1/14, I Sm 17/46.

230 (da) Compound subjects usually take the verb in the sing-

ular when the latter precedes, and in the plural when

it follows, e.g. 1? 73 7pNAI ABZ) °NT FyAL (Gn 31/14);

ef. Na 12/1 £., 1% Sm-19/18, II Ka 3/9:
231 (e) Dual subjects normally have the verb in the plural,

Son 7 ma prin (Ta J/1L1).

232 (f) Subjects in the plural of respect (cf. § 8) take the

verb normally in the singular, e.g. rer tee 1°32 787OR

MWe (Ex 21/4); cf. Ex 21/29.
233. (g) Abstract plural subjects (cf. § 7) may have the verb

in the singular, e.g. *3\1491 Wi2 VAnNA (Ps 103/5).

234 (h) Second feminine plural forms of verbs are rare, and

are usually replaced by the masculine, e.g. on*ay Wa

(Ru 2/8); ct. Am 4/1, Jl 2/722. Similarly the mascu-

line is used for the third feminine plural imperfect,

e.g. IY “30 yaw i eee ninen yag1 (Gn 41/27),

especially when the verb precedes, e.g. Aisa Ast

Hu (Ju 21/21) ;) «fF. I Kg 11/3; IT sm 4/1.

8. Synchronism (Simultaneous Action)

235 (a) Indicated by two perfects with the subjects preced-

45
 «

ing, the first subject being asyndetic, e.g. ‘J83 Nail

Haya? TDR 24ND} MAY PIND (I Sm 9/5); cf. Gn 44/3 f£.,

Ju 15/14. This may even be accompanied by a negative,

e.g. T°2R TT 4 7Q]TT ATI"AD TyH Rys RX? Anyyr (IT Kg

2074) .

236 (b) Indicated by two participles, with subjects preced-

ing, the first asyndetic (cf. 5 220; but note II Kg

2/12 with introductory waw!), e.g. ya nina O° R32 mai

DORIA? RX IMAM TTI (I Sm 9/14); cf. II Kg 8/5,

Lt Sm: 25/7205

237 (c) Indicated by a participle and a perfect, with sub-

jects preceding, the first asyndetic, e.g. ory Dit

niqyd ANY ABT WyA mzypa (I Sm 9/11); cf. I sm

8/27.

46
 IV. SYNTAX OF PARTICLES

1. Prepositions

238 When a preposition governs more than one object, it is

normal to repeat it before each one, e.g. ALI] AIT?

7°38 Naps FAT 2 TaD (Gn 12/1); cf. Ho 2/21.. However,

this is not always the case, e.g. Donat nivya nF panit
(I -SaslS/22)
230 —) Ua) 2, expressing rest or movement in place or time.

240 (i) Locative, e.g. na3, ‘in the house,' PANS, Mepn/

through the land," 113, ‘on the mountain.'

241 (ii) Temporal, expressing point of time, e.g. 9/933

(with which contrast the temporal accusative, § 56).

It may be used also with an infinitive (cf. § 503),

e.g. ON 3/12 (Gn 2/4), or with a noun clause (cf.

§ 498), e.g. 1°xp2 OvIN ny oy Tiya (Am a/Ty.

242 (iii) Adversative, expressing disadvantage, e.g. sae

in Yo a2 Yaa (Gn 16/12); cf. I Sm 18/17. Some-

times this is to be rendered ‘in spite of,' e.g." 8?

jaya ‘ayy WS ninkn faa 32 sx. (Nu 14/11); cf.

hs 39)/ WIR

243 (iv) Means or instrument, e.g. 283 ix 1373 TAyAD I~JB

Cex 5/3) HO icf SES IGZ3 7 ME 4 /i4 .

244 (v) Transitivity, in the completion of some verbs

where the preposition really expresses means, but

47
 an accusative is normal, e.g. ‘YX ina B27 79 Ty IR)
(Jb 16/4; contrast Ps 22/8), on*ea ree tye (J 5716710:

contrast Jb 29/23)% sci. Pr 6713o(contrast. Prii0/40),

Ps 46/7;,.Ex 7/20.

245 (vi) Agent (rare, usually expressed by 2, ef. 5 280),

e.g. Wy) Toa OIN| OANA O74 qpV (Gn 9/6); cf. Nu 36/2.
246 (vil) Price or exchange, e.g. D232 71D727 NS ‘2a A (I Kg

21,6) +) ect te Pv KG uh0729'. Sometimes this is to be ren-

dered 'at the risk/peril of,' e.g. o-3vnn o*wIRT O77

onivpia (II Sm 23/17); cf. I Kg 2/23.

247 (viii) Causal, e.g. 1*yn-?a7ns mona nena (Gn 18/28);
so with an infinitive (cf. § 534), e.g. nip Ns ee ett

/s (I Kg 18/18) or a noun clause (cf. § 533), e.g.

imgR-MR Wea (Gn 39/9); cf. Gn 39/23.

248 (ix) Accompaniment, e.g. 723 7703 AD?" R254 (I Kg

10/2) 3 ef. Gn 9/47 I. Ko 19/19, Bx L0/9.

249 (x) Identity (essentiae), with a predicate, explicative

of some noun in the clause (cf. French agir en témoin,

déguisé
—_
en pélerin), -
e.g. *11y3
estes
38°
*H9R~*D
Lie) ig
(Ex 18/4),
yD ‘Mpa (Dt 26/5, 28/62); cf. Ex 6/3.
250 (xi) Specification, indicating the parts of which the

whole consists, e.g. niya paeam ey vena waa yrasy

pawn 7334 manat mpTaa (Gn 7/21); cf. Ex 12/19, 13/2.

25.L (xii) Partitive, e.g. oyn Rypa AAR 4NvI} (Nu 11/17);
cf. TErKo 17/25.

252 (xiii) Norm, expressing a state or condition, e.g.

oivwyg (Gn 15/15), ina (Pr 19/1), p3¥a (Lv 19/15),

mya (Ex 32712),

48
253 (xiv) Pregnant, with verbs of motion, expressing move-

ment to resulting in rest in a place, e.g. “PX m2 4

Vatp3 Wy" (Lv 16/22); cf. I Kg 11/2, Gn 19/8. 3

254 (xv) Distributive (cf. § 102), e.g. ofa of* (II Ch

30/21), Miva My (I Sm 1/7); cf. Ne 8/18, T Sm

= /20p) Bet S74 ght Chi 277 2x

2554 (b) 2, expressing likeness, which may be either simil-

arity or identity.

256 (i) Comparative, e.g. mta ?itam 1393 ama (Dt 4/32);
with an infinitive, “Tan yeva Taya) (Ju 14/6);

cf. II Sm 3/34. When used ina Ryo RBeee Se sense

this must be rendered 'as if,' 'as it were,' e.g.

pyre? MQ ONIAD Tp INT NN bay Mama (Is 10/15). It

may also be used with a clause introduced by WR,

Re “28 TIDSA WD HiAXx1 (Gn 34/12). The meaning

"such . . . as' may be expressed in several ways,

e.g. M7 1373 (Gn 44/7), Tpa-We ra (Je 5/9), R¥DIT

Ok m3 (Gn 41/38). The preposition may be repeated

to express the meaning 'the same as,' e.g. TR MEP)

nay "M324 (Jo 14/11); cf. Gn 18/25, I kg 22/4,

ta om 1/25.

257 (ii) Approximation, with numerals, e.g. Wwy2 oy V3723

on3y (Ru 1/4); cf. Ex 12/37, I Sm 9/22.

258 (iii) Concessive, with an infinitive (ci. §°531), e.g.

ot* o1° D128 M1aID vy (Gn 39/10).

259 (iv) Norm, meaning 'in accordance with,' e.g. y°K

13373 (7 Sev 13/14), Devo (Ti. Ko. 11/14), ee (Ps

49
 5143 dic

260 (v) Causal, before clauses introduced by WR , meaning

properly 'in accordance with the fact that .. .’

(cf. § 533), e.g. ” 24 p8 AY DUK? WRB (I Sm 28/18);

of otipkqel/726 »~Nteo27/24).JuaG/2ts

261 (vi) Asseverative, expressing identity, e.g. R473

ADR VRD, ‘for he is a truly honest man' (Ne 7/2),

TP) 3° As 1, 'I will make you a veritable gazing-

stock” .(Na43/6)it») Cia (EI «Sm 9/48 ,. 1 aSme20/3 7,0 bel 079),

Nuit Alt

262 (vii) Temporal, expressing exact point of time, to be

rendered 'as soon as," ‘at the very time,' e.g. nya

Wp (TeeSm 89/6) se GE acGn) LS /L0),, P47) witht tan “anton

tive (cf. § 504), e.g. Tg. IYD O7IR R122 ‘ary (Gn
12/14). With a clause introduced by WR or -y the
meaning has weakened to a mere 'when' (cf. § 499),

C+g- TINX WA (I Sm 8/6), OXND OF ?y ViBAYa (Ec

S/ 12)» “The, Eorm ey) may be followed by a clause

without an introductory particle, e.g. n2y ana 193-1

(Gn *L9 A415)

263 (viii) Pregnant, resulting from an ellipsis of another

preposition, e.g. of b] in Poy 4s D-1 2° oe ye 113 ‘3

ray Jiyaaa (Is 28/21), and of ? in % nes We aby

03) n2*nX? (Jo 1/15). But contrast nJVR}32 (Ju

20/22) ¢

264 (ix) Degree, with a noun clause introduced by wk and

followed by 1D, with the meaning 'the more ee r the

more,' e.g. May> 2 ink Vay) wea) (Ex 1/12).

50
265 (c) a expressing motion towards a thing or person, or

relation to something.

266 (i) Terminative in space or time, to be rendered 'to,'

‘upptosd, eng. Wy? (I Sm 9/12), 11% ake (Dt. 7/9),

aviv’ (ZieKs. 5/27) %
267 (ii) Directive, meaning 'towards,' e.g. Tine?, "back-

wards' (Je 7/24), MeyO?, 'upwards' (Ezk 8/2), 13y?

THR (I Sm 14/40).

268 (iii) Temporal, meaning 'towards,' 'by,' e.g. may

“35D. VATPR TPa2 Hr Pyt par Jind, 'Be ready by ihe

morning, and come up in the morning to Mount Sinai'

(Execs /2)\-fomet. PRs. 90/69. Rx5L9/ ligalh Koi4/16,. Gn

17/21. In late texts 7 may take the place of a tem-

poral accusative (cf. 8 56), expressing duration of

time, e.g. whow T

D°3? ° e
(TIACh Vi sie. ef.£it ch

29 faT

269 (iv) Indirect object, e.g. 1234 TRY To- part (Gn 24/35).

270 (v) Possessive, e.g. 2IRY? p°pxA syrey (I Sm 14/16);

cf solL Kg 5/9..This (is required swhen }theypossessor

is definite but the object possessed indefinite,

e.g. WI? Ja °NRT WT (I Sm 16/18); cf. I kg 18/22,

Dt»5/9 s

Qi (vi) Interest, expressing either advantage, e.g. SB

mi bya ne 1) (Nu 22/6);> cf. Nuc23/1;) ox disadvan-

tage, e.g. °? 84M MIxND (II Kg 5/7); cf. I Sm 9/20

(7), Tiyeli2f Svs

2h2 (vii) Reflexive, restricted to the same person as the

subject of the verb (unlike the ? of interest), and

Bt
 G

especially common with verbs of motion, e.g. 2772 (Gn

12/1), O32 4249 (Dt 5/30); cf. Nu 22/34, Gn 21/16.

273 (viii) Specification, meaning ‘with respect to," e.g.

22? and Yr? . . . MIMD MM RITK? (Gn 41/19); cf. Dt

5/8, I Sm 9/20. Sometimes this takes the place of the

accusative of specification (cf. § 57), e.g. 3% m2o3}

(Lv 4/26), leading to the use of ? with a substantive

as a variant of the accusative of the direct object of

a verb, e.g. “W43ya Vy? ne? (ZT (Smo23 710) ¢ - ef. Dt

9/27, >0Ame8/9, Ib' 5725 11 USmi37305 8Sovalso with the

verb RIP, e.g. oh TIN? D*TPR R1P7 4 (GR D~5)'s Vefe® Gn

1/10. Contrast Gn 26/33, and compare the passive verb

in Gn 2/23. It may also appear in place of the normal

subject of a passive verb, e.g. Oyn— 2374 77202 yr? IB

oT H aries + Ee *

(LL-Sm 17716),

274 (ix) Norm, expressing mode or manner, and meaning 'ac-

cording “to,” e.g. f'n “15 ny “12 Vy (Gand /149 ;. "ee.

Gn 13/17. This is equivalent in meaning to an accusa-

CiVvelof manner *(cf "96 0))e.g ox?, ‘gently' (Is 8/6),

no3?, "securely' (I Kg 5/5), ADK? + tfalehfully' (Is

42/3). With an infinitive i expresses the equivalent

of a gerund (cf. § 195). Sometimes this preposition

must be rendered 'as compared with,' e.g. PI-WE TY

By? (Dt 9/21).

275 (x) Degree, with a construct infinitive, meaning 'enough

to «Ry (ek 4 199)% ese Dns THVT? p23 /s magne)

(DEO9/
8 pplecE DEVI 2Z0 FALE MSp ‘Lav as re .
276 (xi) Introducing, to complete a construct infinitive (cf.

52
 §§ 192 £.), where it is pleonastic, e.g. nivy> yrs

3%] (II Ch 2/13), to be contrasted with-nivy ayys-x

mas (Am 3/10).
277 (xii) Purpose, e.g. myvnn? Tran Tikpnome . . . OToN Byrd
OV he(Gml/l6)p. cfy Gn «22/7, Ju 20/20. It is espe-
cially frequent with the construct infinitive (cf.

8 197).

278 (xiii) Product, when an action results in a state or

condition, e.g. 2173 412 AVyS! (Cnet 27 2) aac f aaeiss

7/15, I Sm 15/1, Ex 21/2. It is very common with the

verb ma in the meaning 'become' (e.g. Gn 1/14). With

a construct infinitive it imparts a gerundive sense

(cofa.s 196):

279 sixty) sReSULE, with a CONStrUuce, ntiniecive (cE. s) LIsN,

and occasionally with a substantive, e.g. mm30? JRX

(Je, 1273)"<

280 (xv) Agent, with passive verbs, e.g. 430m} nie qa RYT

(eetGn 21/15) 7. sree 127 te.

ZeLve(xvi.) Distributive (cf. § 103) ; e.g. O° 722? VIIPHAI

VWInaA o*yi1? (Jb 7/18); ck. LT Sm 29/2, 2) ho 10/228

282 (xvii) Assistance or partisanship, meaning 'for,' 'on

the side Of), e.0% V3 °¥77OR TAR 4327 (Jo 5/13).

283 (xviii) Asseverative, as in Ugaritic, witha substan-

tive, e.g. 1437p RW? YiTP?1 Aldip ish ey, SEruly

Yahweh is our shield; truly the Holy One of Israel

ig our king’ (Ps 89/19); cf. Jb 13/12.

284 (xix) Obligation, a rare use (mostly late) meaning 'en-

cumbent upon’ (so 9y, cf. § 294), e.g. nyt? 022 ROT
53
 DBYEM-AX (Mi 3/1); cf. I Sm 23/20, II Ch 13/5.

285 (d) rd expressing motion or rest on or above something.

This was originally a substantive (cf. II Sm 23/1, Gn

49/25).

286 (i) Locative, to be rendered 'on,' e.g. MINT 7y (Ex

20/12); ‘over,’ ‘above; e.g. PINT 2y (Gn 1/203 of.

Dt 28/23); ‘beside,’ e.g. M9 IP?y (I Kg 6/5).

287 (ii) Terminative, meaning 'down to/on,"' e.g. Dy ABT 7y

(Gn 15/11): cf Gn 21/14, Ex 20726.

288 (iii) Adversative, expressing disadvantage, e.g. mn

707 ry (Gn 48/7); cf. Nu 11/13, I Sm 21/16, Ps

142/4; sometimes to be rendered 'in spite of' (cf.

§ 530), e.g. yore N2-°D HAyA?y (Jb 10/7); cf. Jb

36/6, 18 53/9.

289 (iv) Specification, to be rendered 'concerning,' e.g.

Boye. my yee OtonA nilwn yr (Gn 41/32); cf. Ex

22/83

290 (v) Norm, meaning ‘in accordance with,' 'on the basis

of,’ e.g. MXM Ov73IT~D Py (Ex 24/8), Ofkay->y (Ex

12/51), 1M-2y, 'abundantly' (Ps 31/24), o°vEvnn oy
TPT (Nu 35/24).
291 (vi) Causal} e.g: ja-?y and ANPP-We TRA ?y nn WA

(Gn) 20/3)" “ct. Dt S/LS> wien ane tneinaerve: (ch.

§ 534), e.g. *33 3°777y T2IDI AO Oipan ov x17)

/S—pe OMI 2yt PRI. (Ex 17/7); cf. Je 2/35; or
with a noun clause (cf. § 533), e.g. —AR Py 3337)

RAT mya °D V2 tran rPardy “OWA 7322 32 (Gn 31/20).

54
292 (vii) Addition, e.g. myn s3°pwon-2a-2y Tapp —>H (I Sm
12/19), MBX? To yewi-vy . . . AMO-AY M|r1(Gn 28/9);
Cine NUS. S L/6, P2671O's

223 (viii) Accompaniment, e.g. TAPIN? os nay (Ex 12/8);

CFO Rx85/22,9R Kg 25/20'.

294 (ix) Obligation, meaning 'encumbent upon," e.g. ~?yt

nny nn FIDD mwy 72 nn? (II Sm 18/11; cf. II kg

aeyl4}; efrePr 7/4 jel kg 477;

295 - (x) Advantage, meaning 'on behalf of,' 'for the sake

of,' e.g. O3°7y "38 ONPI-W (Ju 9/17); cf. II Kg

2.0735 °Gre. /17 5° T- Ko" 2718.

296 (xi) Indirect object, a late use (so ra efi as 300),

e.g. 370 q2mm-vy

"OR (Es 1/19); cf. Ez 7/28.

297 (e) 28, expressing motion towards a person or thing. It

is never used with an infinitive or a noun clause.

298 po) grarminetive. meaning “into, "unto, ese, RT2ETR?

mh? a7 2x nayin (Dt 7/26); cf. Gn 6/18; equivalent

to ? (cr. 2 266),

29) (ii) Directive, meaning 'towards,'" e.g. TETRA, RBA}

NDI Px m*3°y-my (Gn 39/7); cf. I Kg 8/29 £., Gn

32/31; equivalent to 2 (ef. S$ 267).<

300 (iii) Indirect object, e.g. Fr TIy— Re Sala (T0 Ko

e/l1) 3 cE. Dt S/1, Gn 20/17, 16/ll?;. equivalent te

2 (Sf 8 269).
301 (iv) Assistance or partisanship, meaning 'for,' 'on

the side of,' e.g. 981. 2M T2wN *H (IT Kg

6) fy eet f ge" l5/1i;-Ezk 36/97 "equivalent to °? (Cin

a5
 §. 282)%5

302 (v) Advantage, meaning 'for the sake of,' 'on behalf

OLpure die OY5I~ 2X a P a (Tie Kon / Tote Cli Ig5G 19/23

equivalent to ?y (cf. § 295) and (cicaiss 271).

303 (vi) Adversative, expressing disadvantage, e.g. op?t

Tn 22178 }?P (Gn £7 8h of, Nu. 32/1l4oqde720/13 ;

33/26; equivalent to ?y (cf. § 288); cf. also ?

(e291)
304 (vii) Accompaniment, e.g. OTA~ 2X 7282 £219 TRON NTN? |
(I Sm 14/34); equivalent to ?y (cf. §°293).

305 (viii) Addition, e.g. WR AyInyI-78 ato) Apon ABDdIA

Ay HY (I Kg 10/7); equivalent to ?Y (e£0e8<292).

306 REY sabe ea cen meaning 'concerning,' e.g. PAR NT *D

PARW-OR PRIDY (I Sm 15/35); cf. II Sm 24/16, I Sm

4/19; equivalent to ?y (cf. § 289); cf. also %

Comodo)

307 (x) Norm, meaning 'in accordance with,' 'on the basis

of,' e.g. 7° *B-9N (Jo 15/13), H33-oN, 'assuredly'

(I Sm 23/23); equivalent to 2Y (cf. 5 290); cf. also

? (§ 274).
308 “({xi)° Locative, Meaning "at,* "by, 'neary* e.g. TTF ONDA I

pays Nirayn-PKe (Ju 12/6); cf. I Kg 13/20; equiva-

lent to 7y (cf. = 5286).

(f) Wy
309 (i) Terminative, meaning ‘as far as,' e.g. FIT AW

(Cnwli/ 31), sencietilesms 9/9

310 (hi) Locative, meaning 'near,' ‘at,' 'by,' e.g. ANAS

56
 CvOrt 9 (Gn"13/12) 7+ ck) Ju%4 119" De 2723.
311 (iii) Temporal, meaning 'until,' e.g. Mma Of*a ty (Gn
26/33);_ ALSO™With a Construct inftinteive: (cf: §- 507),

e.g. ADINAg 78 W249 Ay¥"'(Gn°3/19)7* VeEI I Kg 218/29 (with

introducing 7 cf. § 276); or a noun clause intro-

duced by TR (of. SU502):, Pecg. ty 737? “BI DRITN?

“3°y TI MINT TMRATWR(I Kg 10/7), or %5, e.g. jae")

TBO? PIN-*D TY . . . Ta MDI* (Gn 41/49). With the
meaning 'by' it occurs in Van Ty HoT *NTa 6/7 SL) a CL.
I Sm'25/22; so also with an infinitive, e.g. TINT

pan (II Sm 17/22). Rarely it has the meaning of

"during,' 'while' (cf. Aramaic ty), e.g. “ty on np

72K “2433 (II Kg 9/22); cf. Ju 3/26, I Sm 14/19.

With a negative ROTTY means 'before,' e.g. nyy ROT

nivin} 7k (Pr 8/26; parallelled by ova in v. 25).

312 (iv) Degree, meaning ‘up to,' e.g. RIK? mo WAT | (II Sm
23729)2 "Cl. Lc sm Ll/is, © Ch*4/27; “sovalso wien van

infinitive, e.g. 1°13 YY ons iowa Ty (I1I*Kg 24720).

313 (wv) Inclusive, in the construction Ty (1) - 2 + JN, often

to’ be" rendered’ “both << 2) and" Wert? 3 °327)) "e.g jor
2ita—Ty) (I Sm 5/9); cf. Gn 19/4, Ex 9/25; sometimes

without JD, e.g. TRIP Ty jawn—7y} ad TT? IASI

an-ty} (I Sm 18/4); cf. Lv 11/42, Nu 8/4.
314 (vi) Emphatic, to be rendered ‘even," e.g. om WINN?

THR TY Ex 147 20) $* Cr. li Sin 11 /22,° 00 257J.

(g) JD
315 (i) Separative, e.g. tipn ?BIn 2B 72 (Dt 22/8); cf.
57
 Jo 10/7, Dt 30/3.
316 (ii) Temporal, e.g. 020K “AYR Diip (Dt. 9/247 mets TESm
18/9; hence in the meaning ‘after,' e.g. wrwDD ane)

O-wIn (Gn 38/24); cf. Ho 6/2, Ps 73/20.

317 (iii) Comparative, with an adjective (cf. § 76), e.g.

“ID TY Tl Yap pine-ag.

(Ju 14/18); cf. Ezk 28/3.
It is sometimes followed by an infinitive, e.g. 3%

WHR BR? AMR > AAD hb ANN ‘mn (Gn 29/19).

318 (iv) Absolute comparative (elative), expressing a qua-

lity of too high a degree, e.g. 123 ‘0 Rpt (Gn

18/14); cf. Dt 14/24, Nu 11/14; so also with an in-

finitive, e.g. tan) n3¥p 37 O¥4D9 mm-*D (Gn 36/7);

Cfo TsKg. 8/64.

319. (v). Causal, e.g. sep PRA KYAT - + + dpp wy orn

(Nas L/S, 6.5 Chin EX. 2/23: swithoan anfinatave (cf.

§ 534), e.g. 022 /y pun O° py 7ap 03370 NX> (Dt 7/7);

cf. II Sm 3/11; with a noun clause introduced by WR

(G25 55, 533 )ien Be iy *2°y3 MP. WED (Is 43/4). |

320 (vi) Means, e.g. 7437 ‘ep Tiy wav? nD KP} (Gn
9/11); cf. Jb 7/14. Used rarely also for an agent,

e.g. AUN AWAIA MRI (Lv 21/7).

321 (vii) Privative, meaning ‘deprived of,' 'without,' e.g.

o*p3 nan ITY piawn ?¥a (Je 48/45); cf. I sm 15/23;

with an infinitive, e.g. PRWI—2y 121 nivap /> ADR"

(I Sm 15/26); cf. Lv 26/13; even with a noun clause,

e.g. JAntP.— 7p (Dt 33/711).

322 {Vili) Source, &.q. on? nan ps8 (Ju 12/8); ¢€f. Gn 2/7,

I Sm 24/14, I Kg 2/15.
58
323. (ix) Relationship: (1) In space, e.g. 2k 32 Orn (Gn

| 12/8), Wy? WWPXO (Jo 8/13), jaye? Tayo (Nu 32/19);

cf. Dt 5/8. (2) In time, e.g. nine (Gn 19/34), t8D
CL TS Sy/43)4,)ie (3) Sometimes it is to be rendered

"before,' "in the sight of' (i.e. from the’ standpoint

of), e.g. MRIWiDI />p Or9pI BN? eau 32/220%, vABED

VZAT Taw. AMvyp OX PAY ALND (Jb 4/17), JITRY ARTY
Pyy yo Om Jw} AINA OWI (Si 10/7); cf. Je 51/5.

324 (x) Partitive, e.g. BP2? DYNJO IN. (Ex 16/27), R21
Boehm ey yi (Gnud/3)am CEe _LiKouless.

325 (xi) Emphatic (similar to ty, cf. § 314), e.g. may}

1311 ESB: "if he does any one of them' (Lv 4/2), es

TgAR q33 mayen 75° OR ‘>, "As Yahweh lives, not even

a hair of your son shall fall to the ground" (II Sm

14/11 = I Sm 14/45).

326 (xii) Explicative, meaning 'consisting of,' e.g. jnpays

w7n3 WR Yap Ol OM? (Gn 6/2), OAD} 3D O4P> ‘oa

(Je"44/28)3 cf.. Gn 7/22,,00/10 pve dd/ 3270 ene 5/18,

Je 40/7.

327 (xiii) Inclusive, in the construction ty (1) Poe. [DF

often to be fendered thot et <2. 2andinr (c£i2 36313),

e.g. jer tys Vyas (Gn 19/4) 5" -cE. Tism5/9o7 Ex 97257

inh eae followed by the directive a in place of

ty, e.g. Mybs Aan awn Yan (II Kg 3/21).

(n) By
328 (i) Accompaniment, e.g. Tey" WR, OWI RTT XI (Gn 24/54);

Cty Dtel27 28%

59
329 (ii) Locative, meaning 'near,' 'beside,' e.g. PHS? 27)

‘Non? qNa-Oy (Gn 25/11); cf. Ju 18/3.

330 (iii) Possession, e.g. tipy 37 NEDO" Da yan7o2 (Gn
24925) Och Gh SUAS 2%

331 (iv) Advantage, e.g. ney TI°O°RI (Gn. 32/10) 3)? ck. ‘Gn

20/12 6 26/29. :

332 (v) Adversative or disadvantage, meaning 'against,' e.g.

ny 4ipy MyyAOX (Gn 26/29); cf. Ps 94/16; sometimes

to be rendered 'in spite of,' e.g. &? anen on? mr ~oy)
Ag PI (Ne 5/18).

333 (vi) Co-ordination, meaning 'and,' ‘as well as,' e.g.

yon opvwnA
OA Y-Dy (Jo 11/21).
334 (vii) Comparison, e.g. 113 airy AIS I (Ps 28/1);

Cimber 9/267 _

335 (viii) Reciprocal, e.g. Pew" Dy one TDDRI OR ?D4

(ie Sia} 13/5)48 9 of. Gn! 307 852-26
/ 205" DorRceyu.

336 (ix) Assistance, e.g. ma o1°n Avy Dr ToRoy™*D (I Sm

14/85)38 Sct Das b17/39.

337 (x) Consciousness, derived from the expression 222-oy,

e.g. Ata i232 38 TIT Iazoy wT) (I Kg 8/17; cf.

10/2), *Ty *348 JIT? *9 (Tb 9/35); cf. Jb 10/13,
it Smec/f22.

(i) ng
338 (i) Accompaniment, e.g. age INS (Ex 18/22).
339 (ii) Locative, meaning 'near,' 'beside,' e.g. Ww R47)
24 2077-8 WR, O° 2° DBT 1D (Ju. 3/19) o2 eiyrio Kg 9/26.

340 (iii) Possession,e.g. 42AN nt (I Smd/T) PCl.2Gn 27715,

60
 Pa oer her oo

341 (iv) Advantage, e.g. orn DAR my WR 793 (DE 1/30);

e£.0Dt 10/21 yoI) Smi12/7. :

342 (v) Adversative or disadvantage, e.g. TY] “AX my TAN}
(SUNEL/27)4

343 (vi) Co-ordination, meaning 'and,' 'as well as,' e.g.

ee ee ReTy Mawes ae
344 (vii) Reciprocal, e.g. /* *3D? DDAK MOURN (I Sm 12/7);
GELRSS/ 53/7108 . .

345 (viii) Assistance, meaning 'by the help of' (rarer

than OY, cf. § 336), e.g. /°7M By rN92 (Gn 4/1);

Clee WDE 6/48 Us 87 7h

346 (ix) Partisanship, meaning 'for,"' 'on the side of,'

e.g. 7 AN 7D TONS} (Tongs 9/32)

347 (x) Consciousness (cf. 8 337), e.g. TIAN jssyye- >a (Is

59yi12)35 ChesJbyi2/73% Gn 420714,

348 (j) NBA,

a=al actually the bound form of a substantive, often

employed in the accusative of manner (e.g. Gn 49/25)

or with the preposition Jn of relationship (cf. § 323,

eyg.fEx)20/4)5

349 (i) Locative, meaning 'under,' e.g. oy nena nnA (Gn

1/19),eo0nr.'atithe base, of,'. e.g. 1a nnn narh jae

(Ex 24/4). ef

350 (ii) Authority) or’ control, e.g. ays 3> nna TIBET I

(Gn 41/35), 79°R AA TROD nsw R2-OR} (Nu 5/19);

cf. Is 24/5.

351 (iii) Identity of situation, to be rendered 'in one's

61
 place, ‘om therspotip e.g. ‘isang vitoys (I Sm

14/9); cf. II Sm 2/23.

BD2 (iv) Exchange, meaning 'in place of,' ‘instead of,'

e.g. 113 nna avy? In2ye I (Gn 22/18); 0¥0£./E)Kg 11743,

21/2, Ex 21/23; with a noun clause introduced by

I Ne soe adda veh hcl

37? Dengn (Dt 28/62).
355 (v) Causal, with noun clauses introduced by Wr (cf.

g0533)) sexy. IHR? RIP WR, MA (Nu 25/13); cf. II

Kg 22/17; or by %D, e.g. <]°H3N7NK,
ITN *D MAN) (Dt
4/37).

354 (k) 793, the bound form of the substantive tya (Ca Asi;

Seem O/a7)0)he

355 (i) Locative, meaning 'behind,' e.g. Oiya nape (Ju

9/51), or 'through,' e.g. pena ya ?3na oT iAt (Jo

2/15) e ef. Mul S/28

356 (ii) Advantage, meaning 'on behalf of,' e.g. 22 Bnet

7s-O8 OIya (I Sm 7/5);
© ea +
cf. I Sm 7/9, Ex 32/30.

Bod (1) O8/*30X%, probably the bound form of a substantive

meaning 'butt'(?) (II Sm 2/23); with suffixes the

plural form is always used.

358 (i) Locative, meaning 'behind,' ‘'after,' e.g. 32°)

eK INK HOI* (Gn 37/17); cf. II Kg 13/2, Dt 11/28,
I Sm 14/13. It was an easy transition from the

meaning ‘after' to ‘in the retinue of,' and thence

to 'with,' e.g. Ne 3/16-31 (where ye 30R is parallel-

led by $3*~2y), Dt 23/15, Am 7/15.
62
Bao (ii) Direction, with the meaning 'west of,' e.g. Ams}

VBTBT ANN PRRITNK (Ex 3/1), OY? MIP VINX mA (gu

U8 /12) ;7—- cf . odor 8/2;wEzky41/1$2 pt.i1/30:
360 (iii) Temporal, meaning 'after,' e.g. TINT O°7277 IX

(Gn ebS/ ik), 277K OA} (Gn..6/4) pescfseGn 9/28; with

antintinitiver (ef ea $r505) precg. ipyn piv-a3en als

(Gn v1 3/L4)s" -CELA Te Kg 13/23; « with! asnoun! clause

(cf. § 500), e.g. AYR Or IaTAAy /* Jay ANN THe)

(Jb 42/7); cf. I Sm 5/9. This may be introduced by

WR, e.g. nya on? AMA-WE +INN (Jo 9/16).

361 (iv) Adversative, meaning 'against,' e.g. VR WA ObR

Daw 1 na myst (IL Kg 19/21); cf. I kg 14/10,

ZL favs

362 (v) Norm, meaning 'in accordance with,' 'after the man-

ner of," e.g. ab “IHR RACs O-wIRn 7D mse 150" 1

W3N TTT ODD Wwe (11 Ch 2/16); “cf. 1105/2,nEak

13/3. |

3.63 eee (1) Wt, also the bound form of an original substantive.

Always in a causal sense: rarely with substantives,

e.g. I> nay iA 78 Wy. (Ezk 5/9); with an infinitive (cf.

§ 534), e.g. yin nivy? A DoNH Wy? (I Kg 21/20); with
a noun clause (cf. § 533), e.g. *3 DAI ONT NY 1y* (Nu
20/12), which may be introduced by Wk (e.g. Gn 22/16)
or *) (eegu Nu 11/20).

364 (n) yD?, a compound formed of a preposition and a sub-

stantive.

365 (i) Advantage, meaning 'for the sake of,' e.g. YOON?

63
 Rapa WR
OP ANT Own jyn? Dipp? (Gn 18/24); cf.
De’ 30/6

366 (ii) Causal, meaning ‘on account of,' e.g. /’ Taye t

Daiyn? "Bi NDE1 3726); VEEMISKGS 11/392

367 (ial) rapeus (cof @30 LOFP ewith an intanitive (cf.

§ 519); e.g. wes *TIYT NR TINT yn? napya noy ean

(ILEKGe10/19);1°c£.4Gn 37/227 with a-noun clause

and the imperfect aspect (cf. § 520), e.g. 1yo?

Bet dd 273207) (Gn 12/13), often introduced by “WR,

e.g. TAXI Ww jyn? (II Sm 13/5); ‘in the negative

with 8%, e.g. TtT BR DES,

IPT? i
WH
Ss
yn?
ear
(Nu 17/5).
368 (iv) Result, a rare use (cf. 8§ 198,525), with an in-

finitive, e.g. “3JD°yon jyn? O°ns OTR Ayepry (II

Kg 22/17).

369) (0) 135?, a compound formed of a preposition and a sub-

stantive in the bound form.

370 (i) Locative, meaning 'before," ‘in front of,' e.g.

abe fae. Iby aaniy on738) (Gn 18/22).

371 (ii) Temporal, meaning 'before,' e.g. vy *35? o nsw

(Am 1/1); with an infinitive (cf. 8 506), e.g. %35D?

Mipy-Mey oto-ne /* pny (Gn 13/10).

372 (iii) Mental, meaning 'in the sight of,' e.g. ADR >
*337 PeT¥ “MRI (Gn 7/1); cf. I Sm 20/1, II kg 5/1.
S12 (iv) Comparison, meaning 'like' (a rare use), e.g. ~?8

2yrza-ma 35? ANOR-AK JAR (I Sm 1/16); cf. Jb 3/24,

wn
374 (p) *3J3D, a compound formed of a preposition and the

64
 bound form of a substantive.

375 (i) Locative, meaning 'from (before)

,' e.g. TINY yo")

on san aya (Ex 14/19).

376 (ii) Causal, e.g. D7°38n DOM PIkA ARYO-*D (Gn 6/13);
ie Me ene vT Chdeina ra a Ye

cf. Ex 3/7; with a noun clause introduced by Wx

(cf. § 533), e.g. Moy TT) WR

T ~ ovues
“Jen iva yy c37D TI
ae a) "., - = . cd

veo /s (Ex 19/18).

Cite

2. Adverbs

377 Hebrew possesses very few adverbs. These are normally

replaced by substantives in the accusative of manner (cf.

§ 60) or with the preposition 3 of norm (cf. § 252), e.g.

O70 and pba, the similarly employed prepositions ? (CEE

6.274). or 7. (c£. &§ 290), or the first element in verbal

co-ordination (cf. § 223). Substantives with adverbial

endings are often used, e.g. DINK, oun, OP* 1, oot’, OI w,

ONne. For negative adverbs see §§ 394 ff. A few adverbs

of manner are here discussed.

(a) 02
378 (i) Addition, meaning 'also,' either with a following

word, e.g. Ay A RP-OA JAA] (Gn 3/6); cf. Gn 4/4,

27/34; or with a clause, e.g. “?S TOR™*3 BD. (Ru 2/21).

Hence D1(1) . . . Dd, “both % .aeteand,. cen. VInIR OI

Jota yr2an RYDIT

WR DA (Gn 44/16); cf. I Sm 20/27
(negative). j

379 (ii) Emphatic, meaning 'even,' 'just,' like Greek kat,

e.g. Hex nina “av Da J3+OR* RPO AAT (Ex 4/9),

65
 “Ta AP yD YLDTAR WR] OA ART caXt (I Sm 24/12);
Cf. Nu ee Gn 20/4, 46/4.

380 (iii) Rhetorical) e%g. afl ma" oa, ‘yes, and he

shall be blessed!" (Gn 27/33), 4pPhy 41M? oye yr7n

wa WIZA~DA (Tb 21/7); cf. Is 13/3, Je 6/15.
381 (iv) Correlative, meaning "on one"s part," e.g. “oa

FIERO Vaya (IT Swi 12/13)'9 er Potesm 1/28

382 (v) Concessive, meaning 'although,' ‘even though' (cf.

'°'S29)3, “alge 793 WRI Oa ‘s4ana (Ps 95/9); so also

with °3, e.g. YR ca1°k PHN JaAIM.D OA (Is 1/15);

cf. 8 448.

3'33*2 (b) AIR, rare in prose, but common in poetry.

384 (i) Addition, meaning 'also,' with a following word,

e.g. ‘olona ‘INHK (Gn 40/16); cf. I Sm 2/7; with

a clause, e.g. SJNR°3N WITT Jn NIy PIR-?K RP AR
(Nu 16/14).

385 (ii) Emphatic, e.g. #1*y ANDB my ?y He (Tb 14/3); cf.

Jb 15/4, Gn 18/13; Gwrthrarelause,e gq. TOR™ 3 FIR

Dre (Gn 3/1). In a question, this indicates some-

thing contrary to expectation, e.g. *OBYN TDA FPR iT

(JhO“Z0Ke) pS SFLA Ib 34717.

386 (iii) Rhetorical, in poetry, e.g. —93 |X ayoi—23 IN

Oyta PARA WIW7a AN ay (Is 40/24), J1°02—-5K ayyan
(PS 65714) 5° cf P18 42/13,"Ps 16/6,°Pr 23728.

387 (iv) A fortiori, meaning 'how much more/less,' fol-

aoe by °D, €.¢. ROInS ywy-d AN O70" PISA PLAY JT

(Pe 11/31). ‘ef, 3b.9/14, 15/16, be hose 727, Sm
66
 AAS Ole Las >) is omitted when a second one follows,

@.g- VOT FM a’ ?k IRD ARI (IT Kg 5/13); cf. I sm

22 ear /1

(c) 78
388 (i) Restrictive, meaning 'only,' with a following word,

e.g. DYBI-IX AIVINI "PIR? Wy RINPN (Gn 18/32); cf.

ivom 26/6, Je 16/19; with © clause (cf. § 558), e.g:

T2IKN R? Tot fwpla WwaTyk (Gn 9/4); cf. I sm 18/17,

Tie 4 /i3,
S99 2) Asseverative, meaning ‘surely (i.e. nothing else

than),' e.g. AW
, AW YR24 (Gn 44/28); cf. I Sm 16/6.

(d) Pl

390 (i) Restrictive, meaning 'only,' with a following word,

e.g. FD TAN RODT Pr (Gn 41/40); cf. Ex 10/17; with

a clause (cf. § 559), e.g. 1°OPDI Maro kIT Nin|aa Pr

(I Kg 3/3); (ck. Gn 24/8. Le es used redundantly. with

TX in /* ay AYM|ATAX PIN (Nu 12/2).

391 (ii) Asseverative, meaning ‘nothing but,' 'only,' 'sure-

ly," e.g. OFM-7D y PL ta? Havnp ayr~%2) (Gn 6/5);

cf. Gn 26/29; with a clause, e.g. X?} *JNRIv~pY
“a RIMS (Ju 14/16).

392 (iii) Exceptive or limitative, after a negative, with

the meaning 'except,' e.g. O° 387 nin’? “a0 Pr pinwa Jos

Gl RGES/ 9) + ORCEn hac Kgta7y/is.

393 (iv) Emphatic, with conditional DX, meaning 'if ...

(DE 15/5. EL tet. ah Ka ta725i

67
 31 Negatives

394 Double negatives, when they occur, merely add emphasis,

6g. Pew a O°MeN

oo ry ° r = ont
PR Yeon
. : . rm
KTIPKG 173,760,016) 3 loan
14/11;.26 272.

(a) XY :
395 (i) Objective denial of a fact, like Greek ov. Used

with both perfect and imperfect aspects, e.g. Jr PO?)

nyd X° dnnin- oN) (Gn 4/5), ADIRATAR Thy PPP? AOR-R?

(Gnx 8/21)

396 (ii) Prohibition, with the imperfect aspect (cf. § 173),

e.g. 34D 728N 8? (Gn 2/17).

397 (iii) With the gerundive use of the construct infinitive

(cf. § 196), e.g. MDa” vn? an? R27} (I Ch 5/1); cf.

Am. 6/107 ITeCch-1572) [dund/195

398rq (im) Elliptics(c£sgG°590),se.g2-N 7 pken 4duelZ/5) ; =cf.

Gn 18/15. |

399 (v) With nominal or adverbial predicates: (1) adjec-

tives, e.g. 133° O78 nina 33O-Rk> (Gn 2/18); cf. Ex

18/17; (2) passive participles, e.g. 7ppa 3403 2 ADR

nxt a mi AT (Dtp28/62) 7" (cfs LEsSm 3/34; (3) substan-

tives, e.g. dive: TTS} R°n (Jb 4/6); cf. Jb 9/32,
Ex 4/10, Nu 23/19; (4) prepositional phrases, e.g.

4s Wea XY (I Kg 19/12); cf. I Kg 19/11, Jb 28/14.

400 (vi) Privative, e.g. O2n X82 JA7-RIM (Ho 13/13); cf.
Ps 36/5, Je 2/2, Is 10/15; also with the preposi-

tion 3 (cf. § 252), 'without,' e.g. —¥%a inva ava in

PIX (Je 22713); cf. JBSS7ibp Nu vas/23% |
68
 (b) 78
401 (i) Subjective denial of a wish, like Greek uf\. Used
with thé precative™ (c£.° $9184), e.g. nina TRART PR

39°
yr (Gn 21/16).
402 (ii) Vetitive, with the precative (cf. § 186), e.g.

DI3N XWATPN (Gn 15/1).

403 (iii) Elliptic (cf. § 591), e.g. YX NW" 721 fe THK" I
(LiekKG@uosiah = Cf. Ru L/i3.

404 (iv) In an elliptic statement with the ? of obligation

(cf. 5 284) and a modal sense: Ian pya?n? 28

(Pr 31/4).

405 (v) As a substantive, occurring in only one poetic

passage: nen 2K? ows} (Jb 24/25).

406 (c) RS, properly a substantive (cf. Is 40/17, 23) like

@* (cf. § 476).
407 (i) In a bound structure with a following genitive

e.g. VWaa MOIR MIM) (Gn 37/29); especially with

the subjects of participles, e.g. jan 03? yn “33°R

(Ex95710).2 0 Sc£ v 6Gn 93 9/29..

408 (ii) In apposition to a substantive which usually pre-

cedes, e.g. ANINM-NX

TTT te
T2y?
="\-
JX
ane
OWT
TiS
(Gn 2/5); cf.
aT Kg 4l 9/3.

409 (iii) Elliptic, e.g. [°s! ea ai! Tages (I sm 9/4);

(hen open IveThe

410 (iv) With the gerundive use of the construct infini-

tive (cf. § 196), with the meaning 'it is not pos-

sible to . .°." (mostly late), e.g. 3x7 nn? Woy ORI

69
 (II Ch 20/6); ‘cf. tBS4/2, Ez 9/15. “Thistconstruc=

tion may be accompanied by the ? of,obligation (c£%

§ 284), e.g. PNWa Nn? WR ASL GNI (IT Sm 21/4).

411 (v) Privative, with 3 (cf. § 252), meaning 'without,'

e.g. 141 P83 nt. RIT (Pr 5/238) ;70r 2 (cf. 5 274);

e.g. IBDN pos? OF PAS yey) CE) Che22/4)y.

ee aoe Core 9 Be

412 (d) vee only in poetry. C

413 (i) Objective denial (like ¥9; cf. § 395), with both
perfect and imperfect aspects, e.g. FIN qyas-a FIN

oyra paxa vidoe AX ayjt—%a (Is 40/24), ba taza DR

DIX (Ps 10/6); cf. Ps 147/20.
414 (ii) With nominal or adverbial predicates (like xX;

cf. § 399): (1) adjéctivés,.eé.g. BEDS ov iB "130

310793 (Pr 24/23); (2) prepositional phrases, e.g.

Wpy-73 1a?) (Pr 23/7).
415 (iii) Subjective denial (like INF c£. a8 n402))} with

the precative, e.g. On* mys pa on?x-?34 (Ps 141/4).

416 (iv) With a construct infinitive (like *A232; Cre

§ 423), only in 4°?X Jip a (Ps 32/9).

417 (e) a, mostly confined to poetry.

418 (i) Objective denial (like 89; cf. § 395), with both
perfect and imperfect aspects, e.g. 1% Ta) “aay
R47 N73 *B (Gn 31/20), Rb3* *?2 HOR (Is 32/10); cf.
DC 28/55, (Ls *"24/6%

419 (ii) With nominal predicates (like 8¥; cf. § 399),

either adjectives, e.g. Ine non 773 (II Smily217,
or participles, e.g. n?ip Yow. *2a (Ps 19/4).

70
420. (iii) Privative (like 89; cf. § 400), e.g. ANNTaAy
ee eb 8/11); so with an infinitive, e.g. *?20
PARTON Dx? an? Is na (Dt 9/28). Often with the

prepositions 3 (cf. § 252) or % (cf. § 274), e.g.

ny3-*73a (Dt 4/42), pm-*9a9 (Is 5/14).

(2) spa
421 (i) Privative (like 82;
cf. 5 400), e.g. mp ‘Aya nan
(Is 14/6), Xt 1imy ‘APA (I Sm 20/26).
422 (ii) Limitative, usually after a negative, meaning ‘'ex-

cept,' e.g. Imad “> vaba one ovnoRd nat (Ex 22/19);
=s cee Th ele «dc
cf. I Sm 2/2; sometimes also with pleonastic O®& (cf.

§ 457), e.g. JIYIA JIN7ON YAYa NXT PK (Ju 7/14).

It may Occur with a-clause (cf.. 5 555), /e.9. ANTON

D3 Ax O2°ne *A73 *35 (Gn 43/3), sometimes with pleo-

nastic DX, e.g. Atyil7oe vAMD In) Or3¥ tee Be

a7 33) Cie eV oa

423 (iii) To negate construct infinitives, usually with rn

e.g, TDN-7IN ‘Az? mae (Gn-3/11).

424 (iv) With the preposition ? before a clause to express

negative purpose, e.g. TRON ‘A? (Ex 20720) 4 of.

TI Sm -La7ea ef. *$5 470973 S235.

425 (g) DEX, properly a substantive (cf. Is 34/12, 41/12),

employed commonly as a poetic synonym of JR.

426 (i) Privative, with a substantive, e.g. otpn DER Ty

(ie55/S); of, Ii Sm 9/3 (parallel stougs in ve 1))

II Kg 14/26; also with 3 (cf. § 252), meaning 'with-

out,' e.g. MJjpR DEXA H292 4 (Tb, 7/6); “cf. Pr 14/28.

71
427 (ii) Restrictive, meaning 'however,' ‘only,' e.g. DEN!

TaTN Hk AT2k IBINTWS IBAITNN (Nu 22/35); or 'yet,'

'nevertheless,' with a noun clause introduced by °)

(cf. § 557), e.g. MIVIT?y AAQNED ALAN 8? °D DBR (Ju

4/9).
‘

428 (h) 1, used occasionally like Arabic ma (cf. § 128),

e.g. ATR Ne dy AAA TA YRTAN (Ca 8/4; contrast

2/7 \vieg BE. db 21/1,

4. Conjunctions

429 There are relatively few conjunctions in Hebrew, and

they are frequently replaced by prepositions before

noun clauses.

(a) J

430 (i) Co-ordfnative, meaning 'and,' e.g. M278 Sale wn? }

(Gn 1/5) act, Gn, 10/2.

431 (ii) Disjunctive, expressing a contrast, e.g. ya 330

(Gn 2/17), H2°21 DF (Gn 8/22).

432 (iii) Adversative, meaning 'but,' e.g. yn RSD ns}

#4990 (Gn 6/8) peoctagl Kg 2/26.

433 (iv) Alternative, meaning 'or,' e.g. AIA TAX

TTBS TFT 3y (Ex 20/10); cf. Ex 21/16.. However, in

such expressions as 0°D*70 mw 2 Drv, "two or three

eunuchs' (II Kg 9/32), the conjunction is not used.

434 (v) Explicative, to be rendered 'even,' e.g. 8°37 237}

magne TINY nijzap RIO (Gn 4/4).

de
435, (vi) Pleonastic, where it is merely stylistic, as in

Ugaritic, Arabic and Ethiopic, e.g. Annv! IMA awa (II

ew | 4 Te ee om

Sm 13/20), 7J3y
Noe
“IRI
Ae
TAY)
ai
TROBe TINT AN, Tay
sate
(IT sm
Yorsays CL. Am 4710, db 4/6.

436 (vii) Accompaniment, meaning 'with,' e.g. PIINT NR TWAT

Cano
fe IGOP Es
“oY
CM
AX}eS TeasIMT M4aDy OXImae» TAWA
1G aiaie eh Cady CM rbd
OXICO AS mPayn-oR
Rti ae
4%
Cree omaGyAal) jo cr ae om 25/42) eel eS! 2/ SO So. watt

circumstantial clauses (cf. § 494).

437 (viii) Comparative, only in poetry, e.g. ]J°?N PTROR IT

N-ayo? 728 70) Jh39 (Jb 12/11); cf. Jb 5/7, 16/21,
Pie 2 5/20.

438 (ix) Emphatic, meaning ‘and specially,' e.g. T21R nat

7290) 7a 1ayy (Gn 3/16); cf. I Kg 11/1.

439 Ovp¥a niaay Avy “aq
(x) Sarcastic, e.g. 1332 Ny17,
Mt (II Kg 7/19), BAIN *Hs (I Sm 10/12); cf. II sm
18/11, Ju 14/16,
440 (xi) Resumptive, introducing an apodosis, etc., e.g.

Had PDR AR 52 aed! hel Gy BayWR GRRD IE

T?7BO AORN! /* 727 (I Sm 15/23); cf. Gn 18/26, 32/19.
441 (xii) Adjunctive, meaning 'also,' e.g. ~ 1277 2Ng)
nQ476T, 'Ask for him the kingdom also!" (1 Kg 2/22);

cf. Nu 34/6.

442 (xii14) Distributive (cf. § 101), e.g, yt ca (Ez

UO 714}; of. Dt. 32/7 pak. Cha26/13;

(b) &
443 Alternative, with substantives, e.g. 18 Viva ma* T3IyOX
jo
TDR (Es “27/732),0r clauses, €.9'. ma nla -} ik 3
na) Ja7-} TR

The
 (Ex, 21/31).

(c) *D
444 (i) Causal (cf. § 532), e.g. TMX TAIN Dt nvyy *D (Gn
3/14): .cf. Gn ‘6/12 ¢-
445 (ii) Temporal (cf. § 496), meaning 'when,' only in ver-

bal clauses, e.g. 372 INT ny. she (Gar 6/1 yet.

ou 2 75.

446 (iii) Conditional, in real conditions (cf. 8 514), e.g.

Po nee R2 WOR yD" *D (II Kg 4/29); cf. II Sm 19/8,

II Kg 18/22. There is one unusual example in an un-

real condition (cf. § 516): TPH ees * DR ‘> (Ru

T/A 2s

447 (iv) Adversative, after a negative (cf. § 553), e.g. —x>

my ny *D Ww mM NIPN (Gn 17/15); cf. I Kg 21/15;

it is more common with pleonastic OX (cf. § 457), e.g.

PRWwI-OX DART Tiy OS®, Jpyr XP (Gn 32/29).

(v) Concessive, meaning 'though' (cf. 8 529), e.g. ey

ATTN own wp W32 Avan (Je 49/16); cf. Ps 37/24.

449 (vi) Asseverative, originally in oaths, e.g. >| my BA

DAX O°711N (Gn 42/16); cf. I Sm 14/44, tes with

pleonastic:, O§:(cf.:5 457), @2q. 1308 “AY OR™*D foetal

(TI Kg 5/20)» \.\hence meaning.."truly,' indeed," -e.g.

Oyoyp nt 1339 Tayo*a saqDTQN R242 (Gn 43/10); cf.

PS 87/20 ip SO S/oy L477 6

450 (vii) Resultative (cf. § 526), e.g. MAY ydnexy nat Api.
on? 8x? Tnl—>3 m413 (Ju 8/6).3\ ci. Jb -38/20,) II Kg
18/34, Je 2/5.
74
451 (viii) Nominalizing, introducing noun clauses like Greek

6t1, e.g. JiO7*D OAK RIA (Gn 1/10); cf. Gn 22/12;

sometimes after the prepositions Ty, 2, apy, A,

}y*. Such a clause may occasionally follow the inter-

rogative particle thus,"3 (89) 71, with the meaning 'is

it (not) a fact that?' (cf. § 487), e.g. thyW> 30

baxg n°3? nil Ws, (II Sm 9/1); cf. Jb 6/22; xion
DIN “NAY *2IN 1D (IT Sm 13/28); cf. I sm 10/1.
452 (ix) Recitative, introducing direct speech like Greek

Ot1, e.g. 3237 A72¥ AQ 2 PMMIN IDX} (IT Kg 8/13);

ets 2 Ke 2176,-Es 3/i2.

(d) OX
453 (4) (Conditionaljin real conditions. (cf. -8 514), "e.g.

Dipan-7a? spews} aya nina opty ovo dto2 xyQX-oN

Ova (Gn 18/26); cf. Gn 31/8. Perhaps, as an ex-

ception, in two passages to introduce an unreal con-

dition: $mip. . . . GAWD P*N-VB ODTOX (Je 37/10)

andePs S50 /12s+ ct...§. SLE.

454 (ii) Concessive (cf. § 528), e.g. ?RINYI TWN Thyr~OKX

TM DyNToN WE PR °IB? (Je 15/1); cf. Am 9/2-4,
455 (iii) Alternative, in interrogative clauses (cf. § 543),

e.g. V3 °7¥270R TAN 132 (Jo 5/13) ere LE sme24 /13.

456 (iv) Privative, expressing a negative after an oath form-

ula ("Di° i3} DNR ny sip) whether expressed or im-

plied, e.g. THA IZTITNN nyyR-Oe sip ny aan (II Sm

£1712) feeofesd Smel7?/55,ebbiKo 3/14. The affirmative

is expressed with ¥9, e.g. “DAT HST nti * DIT NK R9-ON

te)
 UHR THK] 133 (II Kg 9/26); cf. Jb 1/11.
457 (v) Pleonastic, after Ty (introducing an element of

doubt) with a noun clause, e.g. V¥PI772 AX 1?D7OX Ty

(Ru 2/21); cf. Gn 24/19; sometimes with the particle

WR, e.g. OIPP-PN OINIT-ON WR IY (Nu 32/17); cf.

Gn 28/15; after P) when adversative or asseverative

(cf. §8 447, 449) and after *A?73 (ots S42 2

458 (vi) Optative (cf. § 549), rarely in place of 4%, e.g.

yoy 19% FopAOX (Ps 139/19); cf. Pr 24/11.

(e) 42
459 (i) Conditional, to introduce unreal conditions (cf.

§ 515), whether in the past (with the perfect aspect),

e.g. ANIDd AY 4378p NPP-K? Aina? “% yen 4? (du

13/23); the present (with a participle), e.g. X71

LARD Rao LAIN BR, NANNIES Nee ATT on

18/12); or.the future (with the imperfect aspect),

SA RUA RSID PUTA | a: NTN SID gia?

eo ‘23D Aly (Ezk 14/15). The negative is expressed

by *242/8747, e.g. “OI Onkyo XP “aya OMVIN NPA?

(Fim h/18).2 «ch a jl lhe, 4/14 .

460 (ii) Optative (cf. § 547), either in the past (with the
perfect aspect), e.g. O°7x%n PNB ‘son71? (Nu 14/2);

or in the future (with the imperfect aspect), e.g. -19

35? La PRYOWs (Gn 17/18); or even with the preca-

tive mood, e.g. W272 77> 4% (Gn 30/34).
ye Wane aS

(£) R

461 Before a clause this particle expresses fear or pre-

76
 caution, and is to be rendered 'else,' 'lest," e.g. x2]

JimoA-JB Fa Ayan (Gn 3/3); cf. Gn 24/6, 32/12. Often

it is used-elliptically (cf. 8 587), when it means 'be-

ware lest,’ e.g. Si2ptmh ONY NOB (Is 36/18); cf.

Dt A298
/ hte

5. Relative Particles

(a) The Particle WR

462 _ By the tenth century B.C., Hebrew (and Moabite) had

abandoned the use of the true relative pronouns (cf.

§ 129), and had substituted for it a particle of rela-

tionship We, which was derived from an obsolete sub-

stantive meaning 'place.' Such a procedure is semanti-

cally akin to the use of wo in colloquial German or TOO

in modern Greek as the equivalent of a relative pronoun.

The particle was then employed as a 'gap-word,' to be

resumed by a later element in the clause such as a

pronominal suffix, etc.

463 (i) Relative, e.g. M1q¥D “DX OADWS O2°BX ADIT 738
(Gn 45/4 )e. eeChoe BXs 3/5y,- Dit lI LO Nie 0/2.0r eeSometimes

it is used without antecedent, e.g. TIA AW ne * AY TS

Was INA WRI TIN (Nu 22/6); cf. Ju 1/12.
464 (ii) Nominalizing, used like 5 (cf. 8 451) and Greek

6t1 to introduce noun clauses, e.g. RATT WS PANY RV

IND 9°DvD (I Sm 18/15); cf.) Dt 9/7.» This is espe-
cially frequent after prepositions.

465 (iii) Result, very rarely used like 1» (cf. 5 526), e.g.
7
 cf. Gn 13/16,
on (II Kg 9/37);
"; MRT TINN*TR? WR
DAI
Tikg.a/l2er
466 (iv) Purpose, a very rare use (cf. § 522), e.g. “No Ww1%

Isby ANI Azan (Ex 20/26); cf. Dt 4/40, Jo 3/7.

467 (v) Recitative, used like °) (cf. § 452) and Greek 6T1

to introduce direct speech (a rare use), e.g. TDR? IT

ipa ‘ayow WR, WANN bang (I Sm 15/20); cf.

11) Sm..1/4,

468 (vi) Causal, introducing a noun clause probably equiva-

lent to an accusative of specification, meaning ‘in

that . . .,' hence employed like °*3 (cf. 8 532), e.g.

rey m32” WS, 1732 MMT TYRA-Ja M21 (I Kg 3/19); cf.

ToS eS LS eG SASS oa / 2s.

469 (vii) Conditional, very rarely used like *D (cf. § 446)

in real conditions, e.g. “ niYD~ oN AYDUA We (Dt 11/27
|| ox in v. 28), "Mp 02°32] IPR? WR (Jo 4/21 || +p in
v. 6). This is to be construed as a noun clause in an

accusative function in the light of U°8 BON WE, ON

Anyi? (I Kg 8/31 || OX in II Ch 6/22).

(b) The Particle W/o

470 In north Palestinian and late Hebrew the original rela-

tive pronoun v/-o was in use, but since it no longer

exhibited distinctions of gender or number it may be re-

garded as a particle (cf. 8 129). Its uses parallel

those of Wk, (cf. § 462).

471 (i) Relative, e.g. 0°17 ney yw ing (Ju 7/12), n°ne-nD
mew R41 (Ec 1/9).
78
472 eee Nominalizing, e.g. “py 13715 TERY nix »» ny) (Ju

CP 17 py pian wav) vas “ORI (Ee. 2/713)5 Asch. <Bos2/14;

so also after prepositions, e.g. a (Ec 2/16), 9 (Ec

Sf ie LOSSis BWiestdu 65/7).

473 (iii) Result, e.g. tsnyavn noag rino qiin-mp (ca 5/9),
MPR
!
OFM 497 OIVRIAa OMAMy
et
mToe AD (Ec 7/10).
474 (iv) Causal, with a noun clause equivalent to an accu-

sative of specification (cf. § 468), e.g. TAN*IRY

(Ec 2/18), vipa “nowy nanan’ ay “218 TA7 28 (ca
176)9%, cf. Cals/z. (

6. Accusative Particle ns

475 The particle NX, rare in poetry but normal in prose,

serves to introduce a determinated substantive, pronoun

or clause when in the accusative function, e.g. myx

PIST ART Orpen MY ovo RIA (Gn 1/1), OFX One 737)
(Gnwl/22 eeercinwlLiekKg, 8/5. » Occasionally it i siaincor—

rectly used with an undeterminated accusative, e.g. vyrt

Nips M*a-M¥ (I Kg 12/31); cf. II sm 4/11. It is also

employed with the accusative of specification (cf. § 57),

e.g. ice nen (I Kg 15/23); cf. I Sm 24/19; the

emphatic accusative of specification (cf. § 58), e.g.

aio-"3 TINA~ ME O°T7X NIT (Gn 1/4); the determinative

accusative (cf. § 59), e.g. Way *277 MR mp3? Tart (Gn

27/4A2ve: cfl.( le Ka; 18/ U3 the ‘temporal srousatl ve (che

§ 56), e.g. O°D'A AYIW MX vag, nin (Ex 13/7); the

accusative of material (cf. § 53), e.g. ~ mR PIRa R?DAT

79
 D°mt (II Kg 3/20). The particleMR occurs with *n, but
orhae oe °

never with An.

T

7. Existential Particle 92

476 (a) Occasionally used in its original function of sub-

stantive, e.g. ‘S ans 2ins 3 (Pr< S721), cr. Sz

257 2a 27 oie

477 (b) Expressing existence, e.g. rey 2 R" 33 he (II Kg

5/8), Wyd WN] OPAY OryNHYs *94N (Gn 18/24); so

with a noun clause, e.g. 1291 o* 1? aya ve qs, 931

java?y (Nu 9/20); cf. Nu 9/21.

478 (c) Expressing possession, with the preposition ? Gin

§ 270), e.g. Jat IM 1279s (Gn 44/20), PRIWI? OTPVr

(I Sm 17/46); cf. II Kg 4/2.
479 (d) Occasionally employed to introduce the pronominal

subject of a participle, e.g. /*"M¥ D°aMX DITA AYT?

(Dt 13/4); especially after OX when the construction

expresses intention, e.g. ‘aya ne ?yp RI“. “ON (Gn

2A fA2)) * ict. "Gn 43/4".

480 (e) Expressing obligation, with a construct infinitive,

e.g. 2A 28 T2133? wn (II Kg 4/13); cf. II Ch 25/9

(with the 2 of) obligations cfs 2e4)e* This eS

variant of the gerundive use of the construct infini-

tive’ (oFis $2" L96) %

481 (f) Elliptic, e.g. vw m3 DNA} (I Sm 9/12); cf. II Kg

LO/wS.

80
 V. SYNTAX OF CLAUSES

482 Semitic languages, in contrast to Indo-European languages,

express logical subordination normally by grammatical co-

ordination, i.e. parataxis.

1. Noun Clauses

483 Certain. clauses are regarded by native Semitic grammar-

ians as equivalent in function to nouns. Such clauses

may, On rare occasions, be determinated by the article (cf.

§ 91), and when equivalent to an accusative case may also

be marked bythe particle my (cf. § 475). They are fre-

quently introduced by TR (at 12g e464) ors") .(4£ f190451).

It should be stressed that the case names merely express

syntactic functions.

(a) Nominative

484 (i) As subject of a verb, e.g. Tm orns—*D wan PARZ?2A

necypo (I Sm 23/13); cf. I Sm 27/4, and often after

“ATI, e.g. D°S2NT fin? “SUM NPR 4% JME... TTT (Dt
9/11); cf. Is 7/1; more usually introduced by waw-

"consecutive' (e.g. Gn 21/22).

485 (ii) In apposition to a nominative substantive, e.g.

129P3 Dt nay ing nnays 1340 Jind nox mai} (Dt 13/15,
Li/4) .
486 (iii) As a predicate nominative, e.g. AMX muy A WE, hI
81
 (Gn 6715); GENUEx 729/385

487 (iv) As subject of an interrogative sentence, e.g. ‘2a

Dany m3? anil WR TiyTw. (II sm 9/1); cf. Gn 3/1.

488 (v) With an adjectival predicate, e.g. Tans? Wr atv

(Eoe5/4) etc. Bo #738

(b) Genitive

489 Clauses in this relationship are always asyndetic.

They may occur after a substantive in the bound form,

either with introductory WR, €.g. Tn “TIDR~ WE OFpy

O°VIDK (Gn 39/20); cf. Gn 40/3, Lv 13/46, Nu 9/18; or
without, e.g. yoina 4-993 nenn (Ho 1/2); cf. Gn 1/1,
Lv 0778 5y I vSmi 25/15 pela 8/69 “or they may. fol lLowea

preposition with no introductory particle, e.g. may

A2XT OMEvYaN NX JryovA Py (Dt 7/12); cf. Nu 20/12,

Jb 16/17, Am 2/8, Gn 31/20, or introduced by Wx, e.g.
SA aeRO NEE SNOT ADDY TRICE ARE ARTE rs By
(Je4 i Saegnn—
ers ly hig Le seule y 12be

(c) Accusative

490 (i) As object of a verb, usually with °3, e.g. ” RT

ae eae ny) 137 *D (Gr 6/75)°# \ick IDE FLEW? F for (NX)

WR, e.g. TRO 2 aVD RIT

IR PARY R121 (I Sm 18/15) ;
(chigey ee} 24/11, II Kg 8/5, 12, but occasionally with-

out, e.g. *31n2 4vy 41p ‘Nyy Orxr TD (Ju 9/48).

Clauses may also occur in apposition to an accusative

substantive, e.g. WEI Rae Lh VoTa— ny Ra ATT?

Dvayp 2m? My (Dt 11/2-4).
491 (ii) In the adverbial accusative of manner (cf. § 60),

82
 ipfcan to bokpendered lbyteeeeea-ing.* Such clauses

are usually asyndetic with a finite verb and inverted

word order, e.g. My M2 77D ONND yoin? OFrOR Naat

722277 JD (JOCbO/ Os vot. (Dt 12/22, 7/6 -.Fs 16/19... In

some cases there is no inversion, e.g. /99 Onx on, 37}

* MAY WS TYTNTQWB OMI 7B ray O32 Ory oDiry

DAs (Dt .9/76).3,,.cf. Dt 7/24. Occasionally the con-

junction is used, e.g. ‘a>ya YIN Wew 33 Tyr

O° 7yan- ne V33y" 1 (£00 27h) Ee)9_ Che AM 1/La.) FOE
such clauses in the negative, either X82 or °X may be

employed, e.g. NISWN-?2D IDK? / ‘aoy2 yan myy? 1

Seti (tie kg 13/1 1)y) 5 oy. IIe vad OO? en PN
Vi Tt cup. sa te Pils Pay:
2 RO JO) Td VIDATPK (Jo 1/7).
492 (iii) As an accusative of specification (cf. § 57), al-

ways with TR. (WK), €.9. ojen Bee WR, ‘as it is said

today" {Gn 22/14), aR /* #273 WE, "as Yahweh your

God has blessed you'(Dt 12/7), 7773 1> DY-WE "in

Opposing them in the way™i(PoSm°l5/2)4e**ci sr Ly 26/35.

An instructive example is the following: wns 7 nay

2on Re} on one" *D MAY WS NIHR yxa ont, in which

Opt WR is object of the verb, 2On Kot is an adverbial
accusative, and ane O*D T3% Wx is an accusative of

specification, i.e. 'Yahweh has done what he planned,

has carried out his promise; as he decreed long ago,

he has demolished without pity' (La 2/17).

493 (iv) As a determinative accusative (cf. § 59), intro-

duced by WN, e.g. *O°VY~TWN

Ne “F482 TAIT (I Kg
£87
iS )et che Paes 21/11

83
 2. Circumstantial Clauses

494 Clauses describing concomitant circumstances are in-

troduced by the conjunction J of accompaniment (cf.

§ 436), which is occasionally omitted, then the subject

followed by a participle
(cf. § 219), except in the case

of the verb 'to be," or rarely a finite verbal form.

Examples with a participle: ORB qa VAN} (Dt 5/23);

cf. II Kg 8/7, Ex 22/9 (asyndetic); without a verbal

form: O°n92 WRI} (Gn 11/4), /*9 Nd MDB (Ex 12/11,

asyndetic and with the copula 837); with a perfect as-

pect: ‘a7 Hox “1 (Gn 24/56); cf. Gn 1/2, 26/27,

II Kg 3/22; with an imperfect aspect: — ia DTN}

otyy! Pita ‘4a? (Gn 18/18).

3. Temporal Clauses

495 (a) Simple juxtaposition, meaning 'when,' e.g. 223A}

ToxAl inpya? (Gn 24/19).

496 (b) Introduced by the conjunction “Dd, with the meaning

'when' (cf. § 445), e.g. O°n*n oy VIII IN DT

re 3 : Oe ie
(Gn 26/8).

497 (c) Introduced by prepositions followed by noun clauses

with or without WR: :

498 (i) 3, 'when' (cf. § 241), e.g. *n Waiya (Gn 25/6);

cf. Am 4/7. This is never used before a clause in-

troduced by Wr.
499 (ii) (1p)a, "as soon as,' or (WR) 2, simply 'when'

84
 (cf. 8 262; the meaning has weakened since there is

no contrast with “Wea), e.g. ny qnwn 134 (Gn

19/15), Nims? arrnan +a wea (Gn 24/22).
500 (iii) “JOR, 'after' (cf. § 360), e.g. ine 1307 * OR
te Sm 5/9)2 cft.iJo 9/16.

501 (iv) WY, 'until' (cf. § 311), e.g. ta7nqnii-k? wy ty

md (I Kg 17/17).

502 (d) Expressed by prepositions with an infinitive:

503 (i) 3,.'when' (cf. § 241), e.g. Myre 35% itpya (Gn
41/46).
504 (ii) 3, 'as soon as' (cf. § 262), e.g. D328 8135
McA T bres o
(Gn 12/14).
505 (iii) °NN,
rtd Dod
'after' (cf. § 360), e.g. niaan a4 “nN
si (oa ea)

TOy2-IT|D—
i = SL
NKaes (Gn 14/17).
506 (iv) “527 e'before Jicts tus7Ty ples) vOwATR Ta 7339
(te Sm 37.35) <

507 (v) ty, ‘until’ (cf. § 311), e.g. FOO FONTAN WI

(Gn 27/45).

508 (e) By means of the expression o10( 3), "before,' and a

noun clause with the imperfect aspect (cf. 8 167),

either indicating past time, e.g. AIBN RTI o7noa

(Gn 27/33); cf. Gn 19/4; or future time, e.g. TAIN

MIp¥ OWS (Gn 45/28).

509 (f£) By the expression ‘3b, 'as.often as," with an in-

finitive, e.g. /* M°D 2M KIVA MII (I Kg 14/28),

or with a noun clause and the imperfect aspect, e.g.

85
 PyIR TBI’ ‘AND (Je 20/8).

4. Conditional Clauses

510 The apodosis is usually introduced by the resumptive

}i(cf£. 6440); note, however, II Kg 4/29,:Gn 18/3,,etcs).

Occasionally *& is used in real or unreal conditions (e.g.

Pr 2/5, II Sm 19/7).

(a) Real Conditions

511 (i) By simple juxtaposition (virtual conditional), e.g.

elt TP 387 AS sty (Gn 44/22)%. cf. I-Sm 1973.

512 (ii) By means of a circumstantial clause (cf. 8 494),

e.g. TPT VIII AyaA Orova nia my “> Aan (IT Kg 7/2);
Cee are

o13 (111) With the particle jn (cf. Aramaic «and mit in

oid); e.@: Ds Paka prI¥ JT (Pr 11/31).

old ((iv)iWith the tparticles DMa(efi.-§ 453) ,or 9), (ef515 446),

expressing past time (with the perfect aspect), e.g.

M2°y2 I TONED RI~Ox (Gn 18/3), *3) AW MOA ney »D

AKO (Nu 5/20); past frequentative time (with the

imperfect aspect), e.g. 30 m2) ROTOR) (Ex 40/37);

future time (with the imperfect aspect), e.g. pores

“THY OTe (Gn 28/20); imminent future or present

time (with the participle), e.g. TaN apy” np?-ox (Gn

27/46), 8XT 7Id°R-"D (II sm 19/8); present frequen-
tative time (with the imperfect aspect), e.g. xo ONY

32°O*N (Gn 4/7). Very rarely the particle We is oe

ployed (cf. 3 469); e.gl “Ss DIXB~ 28 TOYA WE, (Dt

86
 LEf2T) cheJdont/2b.

(b) Unreal Conditions

515 (i) With the particle 4192 (cf. § 459), usually in past
time (with the perfect aspect), e.g. Onix oon +9
(Ju 8/19); cf. Ju 13/23; the negative is expressed

by "742 /89-N?, e.g. DEN R212 (Gn 43/10). Rarely

in present or future time (with a participle), e.g.

MDD MPR CEDTPY 229 *DIN 2} (II Sm 18/12); cf. II sm

19/7; in’the negative, “iN <7”. . BSyinT “3a *942
RvJ (II Kg 3/14). In late times 498 is used, e.g.
Dvye O19 HOM ALN APRI (Ec 6/6); cf. Es 7/4.
516 (11) Exceptionally with the particles "5 (e.g. Ru

T7252) or OS (e.g. Ps 50/712) 7 “Cf. 550440, 455.

5. Telic (Final or Purpose) Clauses

517 (a) By means of 'simple' waw and the precative mood (cf.

§ 187), e.g. T2281 *P AX*3N} (Gn 27/4); cf. Lv 9/6.

518 (b) By means of waw and the imperative mood (cf. § 189),

A abies cag eee Le meme Py nyye MQ (II Sm 21/3);

Che als. 45722

519 (c) By ? and the construct infinitive (cf. § 197), e.g.

Ninve} FIN? aNN& Ayal (I Kg 18/42), or Jyhy with the

infinitive (cf. § 367), e.g. 7°80 Jyp? ba7InwWAR-KN a
oi im’ (Gn 37/22).
520 (dj) ‘By lyn? with a noun clause (with or without WR)

ana the imperfect aspect (cf. $3. 175,367), @.g.

439730" WR yD? ynys (Je 42/6); cf. Gn 12/13.

87
521 (e) By 143y3 with the infinitive, e.g. 7° 1byH nxt Ways
*nD— ny AGRA Vaya (Ex 9/16); cf. II sm 10/3 (also
pleonastically 1W3y3?, god Li. Smt 44/20, 2x, 20/20,
or with a noun clause (with or without We), e.g.

BU i Fa a a
Cor Gh27/4,, 21730

522 (f£) Very rarely by means of the particle WR and a noun

clause (cf. § 466), e.g. 20°. WK... 1 pn ne B08 |

AIBN 7° 3374 1? (De 4/40); cf..d0 3/7.
523 (g) Negative purpose is expressed by "Abad with a noun

clause containing an imperfect aspect (cf. § 424),

e.g. Thonn “Anza? . on taa 82 DIN8 nips 143922 ‘2

(Ex. 20/20); > c£. II Sm 14/14; “or with a construct

infinitive (cf. § 423), e.g. ‘nea? nINX 13p2 fy oy)

inypo'?a isk"niaa (Gn 4/15); cf. II Kg 23/10. Rarely,
x O28 ) Jyo? with a noun clause (cf. § 367) is used,

e.g. au UX IAP TR? ws, yD? (Nu "7/5 Scie E2k “14 /Ge3

6. Result Clauses

524 (a) By means of a simple consecutive sequence (cf.

es 178 £2) 46.9. nine B° 33K ANPP (t.ko 2iyi 4).

525 (b) By a construct infinitive with ?, e.g. o¥-nx 22m 24

‘WIP (Lv 20/3), or rarely ]yb? (cf. § 198).

526 (c) With a noun clause introduced by iP) (et Si) 4510)55

e.g. IY AS1PN a RATTAN aN) (Nu» 26/11) 5 cf. GH

20/10, or rarely by WR (GE. 8 4635iolauge AACR? WR

WDr- 23 p°2n3 vx ina (I Kg 3/13). i

88
 7. #Concessive Clauses

ve? (a) By means of a circumstantial clause (cf. § 494),

EAE ete Fe Fad ¢Ong
e.g.
WRT UR ODS LIRR TBI? HNN NID (Gn
ES727) 3 -.cf.. 00, 16715.

528 (b) By means of the conjunction ON (cf. § 454), e.g.

a 3 rhs
R82 “PINON (Tb 9/15); cf. Am 9/2-4,.
529. (c) By means of “D Oa, e.g. yo *33°R non TIN *D OL

(ae 2/15), Gr simply ‘3 (cf, §.448),/e.g. “RK? Ya rane

7p
Sod? (Ps 37/24), or OX (cf. $3 382), e.g.°3499¥ N37
AT

B
2 ; T2228?
sy
DAa 7
IVI
Ftp
(Ps 129/2).
530 (d) By means of the preposition ?y with a noun clause

(hie § 288), e.g. MYY DANK? Py (Is 53/9); cf. Jb

16/17, or with an infinitive, e.g. yyry R2-7D AAyA—Yy
Ws bTa . st =

(Ip LO/7T)-.

531—“{(e) By the preposition 3 (cf. § 258) with an infinitive,

e.g. Dis OF ADI*“oN AIAID v1 (Gn 39/10).

8. Causal Clauses

532 (a) By means of the conjunction ‘2 (cf. § 444), e.g. fp

om°38D ODM PART AYO D IDS Na Wwar-~%D (Gn 6/13), or

CE OS LES ee oO et ar eee a
the particle W¥, (cf. § 468), e.g. WK D4AN*3IN ‘prnyn oopesye

[pant
T Tis:
JXxngeao*n-?y
ee
Oya Yon
ee as
(I Sm 15/15); cf. II sm
PVeve

535.) 0b) By: means of a preposition followed by a noun clause,

ViZs (B/W) Tyr (cf. § 363), e.g. aNda2 173 °D Ty?

Hiey (Is 3/16); cf. Nu 20/12, Gn 22/16; (*B/WR)-?y
(GE. § 291), e.g. TiN INDIR? by (Ps 119/136); cf.
89
 Il Sm.3/30, Juels ("3/18) Ipy, e.g. TAT Izy
joy mn& myn (Nu 14/24); cf. Gn 22/18, II Sm 12/10;
(wx) a (cf.
2=3 I~
§ 247), e.g. imec /3 Wat abee (Gn B97 20) ens
Gn 39/9; (9X)a (cf. § 260), e.g. Unix cyapp Oda)
PINT “Hk OEYMR DryT™ Oley Wea (IT Kg 17/26); cé.
I sm 28/18, Nu 27/14; (Wx) (cf. § 319), e.g. WD
s2°ya mp. (Ts 43/4); (*2/WR) MA (cf. § 353), e.g.
nys quseoea np (Pr 1/29); cf. Nu 25/13, II Kg 22/17;
(WR) “BD (cf. § 376), e.g. DAIWP WR 38D (Je 44/23);
oe. Ex 19/18.
534 (c) By means of a preposition with a construct infin-

itive, viz. 1p (cf. § 363), @,g- “76 sparmi pyo

(IT Ky 19/20)5 Sf.) 1 Kg 21720; 9Y (ef. 5 291), @.0)

P*I¥ HDDS O1dD-vy (Am 2/6); cf. Am 1/9; 3 (cf. § 247),

e.g. Wy A222 RIM (Ex 33/16); cf. I Kg 18/18; JD
(cf. § 319), e.g. TMX TM¥I*H (IT Sm 3/11); cf. Dt
Uf ds

9. Relative Clauses

535 (a) Occasionally in poetry expressed by the obsolescent

relative pronouns Jt, jt, m (cf. § 129), e.g. —nw73

43D9 41 (Ps 9/16); cf. Jb 19/19. i
536 (b) By means of the dialectal relative pronoun ‘o (cE.

§§ 129, 470 £.) in north Palestinian and late Hebrew,

e.g. 13290 *D (IT Ko 6/11) 33 ct. gu g/12, Be 1/9.

537 (c) Usually by means of the relative particle Ws (c£.

§§ 462 £.), rare in poetry, e.g. IDly TAR Ws, Diet

90
 my (EX 3/5)

538 (d) By means of the article before a participle or a

clause with a finite verb (cf. §§ 90 £.), e.g. “9X1

‘9m v1? any nown NIT" 2D (II Kg 22/18); cf.
Is 8/6; o> oye 102 ANWO (I Kg 11/9); cf. Ez 10/17.
539 (e) By means of parataxis or simple juxtaposition of

clauses (virtual relative), a construction common in

poetry (originally employed when the antecedent was

undeterminated, as in Arabic), e.g. 12 TDA18 or 338°

723 MYT We MP "Ay (Tb 3/3); cf. Dt 32/17, Is 40/20,

Je 13/20, Ps 18/44. This is occasionally found also

in prose, e.g. a2 139. TTT ne (Ex 18/20); cf. Gn

15/13.

10. Interrogative Clauses

540 (a) Direct questions are introduced by the particle a,

e.g. MT WRToy *27Ann (Gn 24/58); cf. Gn 50/19.

541 (b) Sometimes they are expressed merely by intonation,

e.g. ayia by TOR? 5 (I Sm 16/4); cf. I Sm 11/12,

EMism Til 3

542 (c) Indirect questions are indicated by i, e.g. nyt?

D2" 98 7M o* 378 p2v ta (Dt 13/4), or DX, e.g. 43%
Mt 720 ATMRTOR . . ww (zi Ke 67/72)...
543 (d) Disjunctive questions are expressed by (1) 5 a

DX, e.g. X?7OX RIT AID MINT RI~IZM (Gn 37/32); cf.
Jb 22/3; less frequently by a ere, i, e.g. XIN pron

nbala (Nu 13/18); or more rarely by te GOR J a, e.g.

91
 =f IX MA
220 ae ONDaeyTir ‘pt: (Ec 2/19); cf. Ju 18/19.
544 (e) Interrogative pronouns or adverbs may be employed,

such as Ope’ whor' 10, "what?! IS, ‘where?' °8, ‘how?!

ll. Desiderative (Optative) Clauses

‘

545 (a) Expressed by the precative mood (cf. § 184), e.g.

or an-22a T20 *2y TDD (Dt 17/14); cf. I sm 1/23.

546 (b) By means of bees with a construct infinitive, e.g.

TANIA CIR “MID JAY-* (IT Sm 19/1); cf. Ex 16/3; a

perfect aspect, e.g. TARYOR I “AY I* JAY" (Jb 23/3);

an imperfect aspect, e.g. “218A 2INwa JAY °D (Tb

14/13); cf. Jb 6/8; in such a case the main verb

may be introduced by waw-'consecutive,' e.g. eee

on? nt 033? aD, (Dt 5/29); or in a non-verbal clause,

e.g. OON*33 /* DYT?D JAY ‘Ot (Nu 11/29); cf. Dt 28/67.

Sometimes; merely. .°D ds used (ef! s$::122)),.e.g. Spe “RD

on GEE (Smy 23/15))\he ci TaiSm £574.

547 (c) By means of ‘39 (cf. § 460) with the imperfect aspect,

e.g. ‘yD 2p¥. Bpy AP (Jb 6/2); cf. Gn 17/18; with

the perfect aspect, e.g. JUV" Vaya Iwas +9NIT 194
(Jo 7/7); cf. Nu 14/2; with the precative mood, e.g.

71333 wis 42 (Gn 30/34); in an existential sentence,

e.g. ‘323 JIN-w. 12 (Nu 22/29).
548 (d) By means of *”M8/*2RK, e.g. WR R27 *2_2 *25R 2 PNN
pinowa (II Kg 5/3); cf. Ps 119/5.
549 (e) Rarely by means of O8 (cf. § 458), e.g. A198 YOPATOR
yor (Ps, 139/19).

92
 12. Adversative Clauses

550 (a) By means of tne conjunction } (cf. 5-432), e.g.

Shiels cael) may O38 FUT NS shy S121? 1 (Gn 17/5);

Chet hg of ile

551 (b) By means of the adverb D2IN (1), e.g. INN D248 I

vip 2433 jopt (Gn 48/19); cf. Ex 9/16, Jb 1/11, 2/5.

BZ (c) The particle 738 (only asseverative in classical

Hebrew) is used in late texts, e.g. Ogee JIA, 238

Oyay* mae WII ney (Lich 474).

pos . {dad} By means of-the-conjunction “D-atter negatives (cf.

§ 447), e.g. “338 YBII-“D (Am 7/14); cf. Gn 17/15.

It is commonly reinforced with pleonastic Of (cf.

§ 457), e.g. A729 AMT. TyO-OX DN? ADRs} (I Sm

BVO ee Cra PSe LL, Det m7,5r

13. Exceptive (Limitative) Clauses

554 (a) By means of O8 °3D, after a negative or a rhetorical

question (cf. § 447), e.g. ‘yn97208 *B ANPWRNP (Gn

Sep atl eChe Gul. O/ by UW «227 Os

555 (b) By means of O%€ *A?3 (dine $422), 6.9... 4°bO fan

Ta7-Ox “Aa inyen i9ip (Am 3/4); also without ple-

onastic O&, e.g. 33°73 *Y aT 78 *A2a 7D yp (Nu 11/6);
ef. Gn 43/3, is 10/4.

14. Restrictive Clauses

557 (a) By means of “3 DBX (cf. ) aie ude

§ A427 oi ty SD DDN

93
 yka 3v* (Nu 13/28); cf. Ju 4/9, Am 9/8. When a
second *5 would follow, the first is omitted, e.g.

ma qaaa / * 278TH AYR FRIT"D DEX (IT Sm 12/14).

558 (b) By means of the particle 7X (cf. § 388), e.g. FX

7N- p32? V2. (LT Sm 18/17); cf. I Kg 17/13, Gn 9/4.

559 (c) By means of the particle pq (cf. § 390), e.g. I
VAT WyA-?s
T. =3 {7 —
ORT D°yiR? (Gn 19/8);
oe . Coxe
cf. Dt 12/15, I kg
3/3.

15. Equational Clauses

560 These are non-verbal statements in present time, since

in past or future time the verb mi is usually employed.

561 (a) With a substantival predicate, e.g. Mil 7177 Ty (Gn

31/52) ,AINI8 ONR o°v3¥ (Gn 13/8), Way-* 4a ning TER,

(Gn 36/10), J¥¥ ayn 2am (Gn 4/2). This fre-
quently occurs when an adjectival predicate might have

been expected, e.g. 1333 Ji93 MX ee toe

o 08
(Dt 13/15), mT NOX,
AyOY WK 277
v= ae -
(I Kg 10/6), ANB Divwn (TRS 3 7¥sy4 Xe -:

The negative is expressed by means of 89 (contrast

non-existence with J°8, § 568), e.g. R41 FORK? (Dt

PPS, “238 8°32 82 (Am 7/14), nav 891 WIN-Rk? (II Kg

4/23).
562 (b) With an adjectival predicate (cf. § 75), e.g. ‘a yt

niD1 AX? (Gn 29/17), May OQnyT (I Sm 12/17), Ayr mar = * 371 re Sear

rysa ONT (Gn 6/5), /* *3>yaR YI AYA, Vida ay vay) (Gn

38/7); the negative is expressed with Ro, e.g. 31U7R?

3% (Ex 18/17).
Le ea :

94
563 (c) With the preposition a of identity (cf. § 249) be-

fore a substantival predicate, e.g. aya *38 “Toes

(Ex 18/4); of. Bsr29/4,

564 (d) With a prepositional phrase as predicate, e.g. “3 iT

Wag SdeMer dele 24752) .-28I7* SPLOOY TI WU IwSIIT

(II Sm 3/17); with ¥¥ in the negative, e.g. wyra x9

SET Get LL Leto ha Nin 23/23«

565 (e) With an adverbial predicate, e.g. 7] PSs nar

(I Sm 20/6).

16. Existential Clauses

566 (a) To express past or future time the verb min is em-

ployed, e.g. PI" P}S3 ni U°R (Jb 1/1); with X?in

the negative, e.g. O°3BA On?-ON"*D On? OY ArA-N?
tl OMe. oy 6

567 (b) The particle oe (cf. § 477) may be employed, e.g.

“3p 3472 wa or Dat (Ru 3/12).
568 (c) Non-existence may be expressed by means of the nega-

tive substantive ]°® (cf. §§ 407 £.), either in the

bound form, e.g. ?8IW?a2 2D JX OAT Orora (Ju 21/25),

or with the free form in apposition, e.g. n12? JR n>}
(II Kg 19/3). In two passages the particle vw: is

used redundantly with J°®: nin mT, Aon MBO. oR

ayn ik (I Sm 21/9), o7>pa NAI-W— POR HX (Ps 135/17).
More rarely the substantive DER (cf. 8 426) may be em-

ployed, either in the bound form, e.g. DDN} WAY DDR |

airy (II Kg 14/26), or with the free form in apposi-

95
 tion, e.g. 24NDyon:
m2 Bx Ty ODRA
SRT (IIT Sm 9/3).

17. Word Order

569 With the loss of case endings, word order became an

important feature of Hebrew syntax (see pp. 3 f.).

570 (a) Verbal Clauses, which are those containing verbal

forms other than participles or infinitives.

By L (i) The normal order is verbal predicate + noun sub-

ject + noun object + adverb or prepositional phrase,

e.g. ON3N79R
i
AYT
TT
OMA
TT:
MX
°°
ADI?
oo
RII
“r=
(Gn 37/2), NII
Re ee

Inobya DINA-MN OvH?X

See 1 7 ‘i "ea
(Gn 1/27); cf. Gn 2/8. Expres-
sions of time are usually placed at the beginning,

e.g. yoITIAON 79 TNX RTT Nya (Jo 5/2), OAT orDAa

cP yrs be ete, 3 Bo sy cee coats cate
nin? spin Az (II Kg 20/1). Pronominal objects
or prepositions with suffixes may intervene between

verb and subject, e.g. JAn* naw? PIXT OMX XvITR>I

Ss ae Tie Greene TT las
(Gn 13/6), AOI* OF? WX} (Gn 44/15). Sometimes the
position of subject and object is reversed, e.g.

@eqw> cga-72) A2en 7° NvaATny ADIN) (I Kg 8/63).

bie (11) The subject may precede the verb: (1) for empha-

sis, e.g. “IN°8T BNI (Gn 3/13), Fyn Wo-aeI> OFoRK

ney? (Gn 22/8); (2) for contrast, e.g. 30° p73
: 7: a ieee

DDT ya
cr Ore aan ant
awe
eons
o1dt i pyla-paxa
gear vyes
(Gn 13/12), &>9 mn}
wa
mney (1 Sm 1/22); cE. Gni39/ll, 4/2: (3)*to"inds-
cate a change of subject, e.g. Shr] 72D PIY- D241
ee On? X°XIA
g9 sy}
(Gn 14/18), Ada IPPr
:Te
PN T1O8 7237)
(Gn 27/6); (4) to express anterior time (equivalent

96
 to an’English pluperfect (cf. § 162, 3), e.g. RxD 734

ONE RIP MGn46/8)y hot Mon wSL/25yeh(S) «to! indicate

synchronism (cf. §§ 235, 237), e.g. momTy RITRIA

TAR rp? Vy Ov Ay? (Ju 15/14); (6) when lengthy, it

may be placed in rhetorical exposure (cf. 8 35), e.g.

rya- qn “Pond DD N°] “Tey TANI Wx TMYXT (Gn 3/12); cf.
Ju 13/8; (7) when the subject is an interrogative pro-

noun, e.g. “dys DTN Va2-A2y*_7 (Ju 1/1).

573 (iii) The object may precede the verb: (1) for emphasis,

| ergy sis nea ‘RYE nm 1R0 Bd (II Kgl 22/7 8)4 Ay 112/27 HR

ee (GneB7 10) se cicleSm! 8/7si yC2)ewhentit asvan in-

terrogative pronoun, e.g. MPR? myye ng (Gn 031743),

*niZ] “OTAR *APYY *HoMRT (I Sm 12/3); (3) when stres-
sed or cumbersome it may be placed in rhetorical ex-

posure, e.g. 77°34 7707) TDR maynmk Dal (I Kg 15/13),

VAIR TAR TPR 4 Ts AWRTAN (I Kg 22/14); cf. II kg
2ayaSt Grewha
Al Ss

574 (iv) A prepositional phrase may also precede the verb:

(1) for emphasis, e.g. on? 2ONA mI"BS NYI2 (Gn 3/19),

Mt PIAA PRI? Aay MATa (Jo 4/22); cf. Gn 2/17;

(2) €or contrast, S04 nyo x9 THI D- ON} 22-781 (Gn

ayes =) cf. Gn 1/53 (3) when lengthy, it may be placed

in rhetorical exposure, e.g. TAN? oY n° Py WR mop

m4 (Te we t/a).

575 (v) In adverbial clauses (cf. § 491) the order subject +

object or prepositional phrase + verb may occur, e.g.

Tiyy> tra 0pe qe Os (Ju 17/6), TWP? V2IN7* BY U°X (EX

16/18).
ae
 (b) Non-Verbal Clauses

576 (i) The normal order is subject + predicate + adverb or

prepositional phrase, e.g. IAyto yi OTR ai Wy), (Gn

8/21 dy o* jaan nam (Gn 6/4), Haya WR 1347 mt (II Kg
175). !

577 (ii) The predicate may arene for emphasis, e.g. wan Ty.

ma (Gn 31/52), mt oF (II Kg 3/23); thus frequently

when the subject is a personal pronoun, e.g. DY Re.

Abe, He (Gnil 3/8) si ciee Gnw37 P97 Er sma 5/29) ) when

the predicate is an adjective, e.g. 7282? ryan 340 (Gn

3/6), especially in a comparative statement, e.g. 2172

xvdn “31y (Gn 4/13);" in a question, -e.g- 432 340 827

TOD 34Y (Nu 14/3), 71°n8 721 °8 (Gn 4/9), and always
with an interrogative pronoun, e.g. Towa (Ex! 3/13),

APPA WNT (Gn 24/65).

Byi/i3! (iii) A prepositional phrase may precede for emphasis,

e.g. yin nx on nnb? (Gn 4/7); so always if it con-

tains an interrogative pronoun, e.g. ION 2D *12-1

Sxqw*
Ci leer
(I Sm 9/20).

18. Ellipsis

(a) In comparisons:

579 (i) Omission of a substantive, e.g. APPARD * PAI Twn,

"making my feet like (those of) hinds' (Ps 18/34

Lae Sy PAPA SE) Ge ehies, eis) Gp alll

580 (ii) Omission of a predicative adjective, e.g. Da? *DbA

pBwDs 07217*D, 'whose images were (greater than those
98
 of) Jerusalem and Samaria' (Is 10/10), OT 9° D7
OE Hg RC
Ton, "<your> life will be (brighter) than noontime'
a}

Gh BY7 7s weCE. OPS 4/8is

581 (b) Pronouns are frequently omitted when clear from the

COnCext:

582 (i) When subject of an infinitive, e.g. a naa

(Gn 19/29), MA VBANTAX Yowa +H.) (I Kg 20/12), es-

pecially when this is indefinite, e.g. “TAA youd

(Ju 14/6), wan waa (I Sm 2/13).

583 (ii) When subject of a participle, e.g. 1hy Mi} (Gn
24/30), TOK AP? 2777 DAs (Gn 32/7); cf. Gn 37/15, Am
7/1, Jo 8/6. Note especially, in an indefinite con-

text, toy 32 D* 7158 Ors 274 (Ex 5/16).

584 (iii) When object of a verb, e.g. DIN 78 k3°1 (Gn

2A19), MOT 28 OvAT (Ei SmsdG/ 13) eect oeb *Sme17/35,

Gn 18/7, BT Ket /5.

585 (c) Brachylogy, i.e. when the common object of a verb

is omitted, e.g. (?1P) Rvs (aie. 42/28) (n773) mp

(I Sm 20/16, II Ch 7/18), (214A) 2°B] (I Sm 14/42, Ib

6/27), (32) O°” (db 4/20, Is 41/20), (937) ava (Ib
La/.22)'<

586 (d) After numerals, when clear from the context, certain

expressions are omitted, e.g. pw (GE sm 8 72,5 Na

7/68), WR (II Sm 8/13), OF (II Kg 25/1), MDX (Ru

S715, 17) «

587 (e) A verb may be omitted when clear from the context,

99
 e.g. D°a py. “INT O MIWA ODMR D7 ‘a8 (II Ch 10/11,
coh ey = aap ietsi aan :
143 “contrast©Io Kg 12/11; 914!) >. cE Wo 24715. eThis

often occurs with the particle JB (cf. § 461).

588 (f) Omissions frequently occur with negatives:

589 PR PU DAGtag aD gtcteht(aac POLE) “oon (Ex

ml
/ TP) «

590 (ii) ¥¥ (cf. § 398), e.g. APA *? 82 ape} (Gn 18/15).

592 (421) 9X (c£.°5°403),/elg. ha YX (Ru 1/13).

592 (g) The oath formula is often omitted, e.g. Ur M7° OS

Maton
Tr -
pan A) TT
my...
ve
ADR Cy oe T
OCwsRa~T =r
(Dt 1/35); cf. Gn

32/52°

593 (h) Aposiopesis, i.e. when the conclusion of a statement,

such as the apodosis of a condition is omitted, e.g.

RJ 73NDSes
PTR ORT OXON
nghiNBATOR
Ri i (Ex 32/32); cf. I Sm

12/14, Gn 50/15, Nu 5/20, II Ch 2/2.

594 (i) Sometimes a single word may constitute an elliptical

utterance, e.g. Tya IDX*}

ae (I Sm 12/5), O98Sime
TOXAI
ae (II
Kg 4/23, 26), 2282 (1% Kg 3/23) 2

100
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Albrecht, C. "Die Wortstellung im hebr4ischen Nominalsatze,"

Zeitschrift ftir die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft, 7

(1887), 218-24; 8 (1888), 249-63.

Brockelmann, C. Hebrdische Syntax. Neukirchen, 1956.

Davidson, A. B. Hebrew Syntax. 3rd ed. Edinburgh, 1901.

Donner, H. and R&éllig, W. Kanaandische und aramdische In-

schriften. 3 vols. Wiesbaden, 1962-4.

Driver, G. R. "Gender in Hebrew Numerals," Journal of Jewish

Studies, 1 (1948), 90-104.

Driver, S. R. A Treatise on the Use of the Tenses in Hebrew.

3rd ed." \Oxtord, 1892;

Goetze, A. "The So-Called Intensive of the Semitic Languages,"

Journal of the American Oriental Society, 62 (1942), 1-8.

Gordis, R. "The Asseverative Kaph in Ugaritic and Hebrew,"

Journal of the American Oriental Society, 63 (1943), 176-8.

Gordon, C. H. Ugaritic Textbook [Analecta Orientalia, 38].

Rome, 1965.

Meek, T. J. "Again the Accusative of Time in Amos 1:1,"

Journal of the American Oriental Society, 61 (1941), 190-1.

Meek, T. J. "The Co-ordinate Adverbial Clause in Hebrew,"

American Journal of Semitic Languages, 47 (1930/1), 51-2.

Meek, T. J. "The Hebrew Accusative of Time and Place," Jour-

nal of the American Oriental Society, 60 (1940), 224-33.

Meek, T. J. "Result and Purpose Clauses in Hebrew," Jewish

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 Quarterly Review, 46 (1955/6), 40-3.

Meek, T. J. ."The Syntax of .the Sentence in Hebrew," Journal

of Biblical Diterature, 64 (1945)), l—3).

NStscher, F. "Zum emphatischen Lamed," Vetus Testamentum, 3

GLOSS) gored 2a 0

Pope, M. H. "'Pleonastic' waw before Nouns in Ugaritic and

Hebrew," Journal of the American Oriental Society, 73

(1953). 8¢93-8%

Rubinstein, A. "A Finite Verb continued by an Infinitive Abso-

lute in Biblical Hebrew," Vetus Testamentum, 2 (1952), 362-7.

Schlesinger, K. "Zur Wortfolge im hebrdischen Verbalsatz,"

Vetus Testamentum, 3 (1953), 381-90.

Scott, R. B. Y. "Secondary Meanings of Nk, After, Behind,"

Journal of Theological Studies, 50 (1949), 178-9.

Speiser, E. A. "Pitfalls of Polarity," Language, 14 (1938),

187-202.

Thomas, D. W. "A Consideration of Some Unusual Ways of Ex-

pressing the Superlative in Hebrew," Vetus Testamentum, 3

MA9353)G¢£209>245

Weingreen, J. "The Construct-Genitive Relation in Hebrew

Syntax," Vetus Testamentum, 4 (1954), 50-9.

Wernberg-Mgller, P. "Observations on the Hebrew Participle,"

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(1959/60), 54-67.

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1.02
 TABLE OF REFERENCES

Gn ay 162, 475, Gn sya 385, 487 Gn 4/10

489 373 175, 461 4/13
1/2 °72, 494 3/4 205 4/15
1/4 58, 475 3/5 109, 213, 4/26 177
175 29828430, 440 5/20 97
574 3/6 378, 577 6/1 445
1/10 27350452 3/10 573 6/2 326
1/11 274 3/11 1207ha%2 6/4 360, 576

1/14 225 n0272 712 572 6/5 75, 39k,

1/16 277 S/S 32$fii8, 490, 562

1/20 286 572 6/8 432, S/F

1/22 475 3/14 56, 173, 6/12 444

ifs? SIP 571 444 6/13 343, 376,

2/4 109, 241 3/16 438 532

2/5 408 SY.) S10fAS744 6/15 486
2/9 53, 322 577 6/17 68, 214

2/8 571 4/1 345 6/18 13a 298

2/9 105 4/2 70, 561, 6/21 168

2/15 110 572 7/1 57, S72

2/16 170 4/3 324 7/9 100

2/17 194, 205, 4/4 378, 434 7/11 99
396, 431, 4/5 395, 574 7/13 95
574 4/7 106, 514, 7/15 100
2/18 192, 399 578 7/19 198; 349

2/19 584 4/8 70, 303 7/21

2/23 By PA272 4/9 16390577 7/22
103
8/3 206 Gn 13/10 37% Gn 18/10 262

8/5 206 13/12 310, 572 18/13 385

8/7 92 13/14 360 18/14 262, 318

8/21 395, 576 13/15 573 18/15 398, 590

8/22 431 13/16 465 18/18 179, 494
9/4 248, 388, L3/licq 274 18/22 370
558 14/10 16 18/24 365,477
9/6 245 14/17 505 18/25 256
9/10 326 14/18 572 18/26 440, 453
9/11 320 14/19 29, 82 18/27 527
9/24 WW 14/22 164 _ 18/28 96, 247
9/25 80 15/1 360, 402 18/32 388
9/28 360 15/5 62 19/1 219
10/2 430 15/11 287 19/4 167;.12133
11/3 122, e139) 15/12 196, 227 327, 508
11/4 494 15/13 539 19/8 253, 559
11/7 132; 1291 15/15 252 19/15 262, 499
11/9 160 15/18 42 19/17 295
11/31 309 16/3 70 19/29 582
12/1 238, 272 16/5 110 19/33 74
12/2 278 16/11 300 19/34 323
12/4 97 16/12 242 20/3 285.6291.
12/7 90, 218 17/5 59, 550 20/4 379
12/8 323 17/10 209 20/6 193
12723 175,367, 17/15 447, 553 20/9 172
520 17/18 460, 547 20/10 526
P2Ai4- > 58) 2262, 17/21 268 20/17 300
504 18/3 510, 514 21/5 59
13/6 571 is/7 178, 584 21/8 59
13/8 561, 577 18/776." "83 21/14 287
104
Gn 21/16 184, 204, 25/6 498 Gn 29/17 562
272, 401 25/11 3:29 29719 317
21/22 484 26/8 29/27 59
21/23 72 26/11 218 30/8 335
21/30 521 26/24 56 30/16 74
22/6 85 26/27 494 30/31 225
22/7 277 26/28 335 30/34 460, 547
22/8 572 26/29 3304, 332 7 30/36 40, 73
S22 451 391 31/8 453
22/13 352 26/33 273%) Syllal 31/13 82
22/14 492 | 27/3 54 31/14 230
22/16 $63 9633 27/4 175, 187, 31/15 206, 280
22/18 533 517, 521 31/20 291, 418,
24/4 70, 179 27/6 572 489
24/6 461 27/10 521 31/21 88
24/8 74, 390 27/15 735 340 31/25 572
24/12 70-332 27 P21 118 31/27 226
24/18 224 27/29 104 aL/32 162, 330
24/19 457, 495 27/33 380, 508 31/38 118
24/22 499 27/34 107, 378 31/43 573
24/25 330 27/36 118 31/52 561, 577,
24/30 583 27/42 59, 475 592
24/35 269 27/45 507 32/7 583
24/42 479 27/46 514 32/9 94
24/51 564 28/5 29 32/10 331
24/54 328 28/9 292 32/12 461
24/56 494 28/15 457 32/19 440
24/58 171, 540 28/17 129 32/23 74
24/65 dG S77 28/20 514 32/27 554
25/t 224 29/7 194 32/29 447

105
Gn 32/31 299 Gn 40/5 131 Gn 44/3 f£. 235
34/7 172 40/14 347 44/4 55
34/12 256 40/16 384 44/7 256
34/13 468 41/1 68 44/15 256, 572

34/30 48 41/8 23 44/16 125, 378

35/5 81 41/19 273 44/20 478

36/7 76, 318 41/27 234 44/22 511
36/10 114, 561 41/32 289 44/28 205, 389

37/2 571 41/35 350. 45/4 463

37/1 572 41/38 256 45/28 508
37/15 167, 583 41/40 57, 390 46/4 379
37/16 213 41/43 210 47/6 115
37/17 358 41/46 50S 47/18 56, 98

37/2au 57 41/49 48/7 288

37/72 367, spel) 42/16 48/19 551
37/26 124 42/18 49/7 180
37/29 407 42/25 49/25 285, 348

37/32 543 42/28 50/15 593

38/7 562 42/35 50/19 540
38/24 316 42/37 1/12 264
39/5 228 43/3 2/6 71

39/6 46 43/4 2/18

39/7 299 43/7 167 2/23 74, =
Lf,

39/9 247, p33 43/10 118, 166 3/1 359

39/10 15, 258, 449, BLS 3/5 463, 537

531 43/16 62 3/7 376

39/20 489 43/17 62 3/12 452
39/23 Za, 407, 43/25 167 3/13 512, Dae

533 43/27 67 4/1 167

40/3 489 43/32 168 4/9 379

106
Ex 4/10 399 Ex 14/28 314 Ex 21729 232

5/3 243 15/1 177 21/7 3t 443

5/10 407 15/22 177 21/32 443

5/16 583 15/13 129 22/8 289

5/19 195 15/14 f. 177 22/9 494

6/1 167 15/16 129 22/19 422

6/3 249 16/3 243, 546 23/30 16

7/15 278 16/18 491, 375 24/4 349

7/19 42 16/27 324 24/8 290

7/20 244 17/7 291, 409, 29737, 47

9/16 521, 551 589 29/38 486

9/18 82 18/4 249, 30/7 100

9/25 313, 327 18/17 399, 562 31/14 104

9/27 33 18/20 539 317-16 195

10/9 248 18/22 338 32/1 Merk

10/17 390 19/11 268 32/9 46

12/3 13k 19/18 376, 233 32/12 252

12/8 293 19/19 221 32713 130

12/11 494 20/4 348 32/26 121

12/16 280 20/10 433 32/30 356

12/19 250 20/12 286 32/32 295

12/37 2577 20713 Ly. 173 33/16 534

12/48 209 20/20 1975, 424, 34/2 268

12/51 290 521, 523 34/6 72

13/2 250 20/26 287, 466 34/10 25

13/7 56, 475 21/2 278 35/22 293

13/10 63 21/4 232 37/10 43

14/11 394 21712 173, 205 39/17 68

14/15 £25 21/16 433 40/37 514

14/19 375 21/23 352 Lv 4/2 325

107
Lv 4/13 U2 Nu 9/20 69, 477 Na 19772 "ts 59

4/26 273 9/21 477 17/5 367, 523

6/7 4i2 10/29 463 17/27 165
7/35 489 11/1 261 20/12 363, 489,
9/6 517 11/5 163 533
1729. 2 11/6 253% 21/17 179
11/32 326 11/10 57 22/6 271, 463
i742 315 11/11 198 22/15 226
13/46 489 11/13 288 22/29 547
16/22 253 11/14 318 22/33 379
177/10 15 11/15 205 (22/34 272
17/14 +104 11/17 251 22/35 427
19/15 252 11/20 363 23/1 271
19/36 41 11/22 58 23/3 126
20/3 198, 525 11/29 546 23/8 125
21/7 320 11/32 206 23/19 399
21/9 65 tagere. e230 23/23 564
22/6 554 12/2 390 24/5 127
26/13 60, 321 13/17 118 25/13 353, 533
26/35 492 13/18 543 27/14 260, 533
27/2382 13/28 75, 557 28/10 292
Nu 3/9 16 14/2 166, 460, 28/31 42
3/46 97 547 30/3 209
5/10 58 14/3 577 31/8 95, 292
5/19 350 14/11 242 32/5 159
5/20 514, 593 14/24 533 32/14 303
7/10 59 14/34 15 32/17 457
7/68 586 15/35 209 32/19 323
8/4 313 16/11 526 32/22 323
9/18 489 16/14 384 34/2 70
108
 34/6 441 By/Sialk 106 10/19 33
35/23 400 6/3 38 10/21 341
35/24 290 af 553 11/2=4 490
36/2 245 7/6 491 11/10 35, 463
Dt 1/3 99 ae 93, 219; TU/o7 469, 514
1/9 169 534 11/28 358, 469
wale 169 7/9 noe 266 11/30 54, 359
1/16 132, afi or 489 is) 492
1/30 341 7/24 491 12740 35
1/35 592 7/26 298 12/15 559
1/44 168 8/1 108 12/20 184

2/23 310° 8/10 162 12/22

3/26 366 8/11 195 12/23
4/21 109 8/16 82 13/4
4/24 215 8/19 ay 164 Me
4/25 198 9/7 186, 464 13/15 204, 485,
4/32 256 9/8 275 561
4/37 353 9/11 484 14/24 318

4/40 175, 466, 9/16 15/2

522 9/18 15/5
4/41 177 9/20 199, 2nS 16/12
4/42 420 9/21 274 16/20
5/1 - 300 9/24 316 17/4
By5| 107 9/25 56 17/14 184, 545
5/8 23 ese 9/27 273 17/15 561
5/9 270 9/28 420 20/1 82
5/14 98 10/1 40 22/8 222,°315
5/23 494 10/10 193 23/15 358
5/29 74, 546 10/17 47 26/5 249
5/30 Dye: 10/18 29 27/6 53

Los
Dt 28/23 286 Jo 5/13 28:21, 455 1/19 397
28/55 418 7/7 547 1/24 215
28/56 203 7/2) 82 1/28 205
28/61 399 7/25 53 2/11 491
28/62 249, 352 8/2 359 3/12 489, 533
28/67 546 8/3 56 3/19 339
29/17 8/6 583 3/26 3B
30/3 315 8/10 224 4/8 171
30/6 365 8/13 3236 4/9 427, 557
3277 101, 442 8/14 224 4/11 310
32/10 Lid 8/22 116 4/14 114
32/17 8/30 5/7 472
33/11 8/33 82 5/10 30
Jo 1/7 9/16 360, 500 5/28 355
1/15 263 9/24 59 6/14 74
2/5 196, 204 10/7 BS 6/17 472
2/14 72 10/9 491 6/27 260
2/15 84, 355 10/12 TAY) 6/28 58, 218
2/1 3357 74 10/24 91 6/31 314
2/20 74 10/33 La 723 121
3/7 466, S22 BE 383 7/4 113
3/14 29 14/11 256 7/5 92
4/4 96 15/10 64 yaaa’ 231
4/6 15/13 307 7/12 129,871,
4/8 96 22/8 335 536
4/20 96 2a7 ig 59 7/14 422
4/21 469, 514 23/1 489 7/19 210
4/22 574 24/15 192, 587 8/1 82
4/23 Ju pan U2 ero 8/6 228, 450
5/2 Syifak a72 463 8/7 345

110
Ju 8/11 29, 82 20/20 sm 8/6

8/19 166, 515 20/32 8/7 573

9/17 295 21/29 yf de) 553
9/48 490 21/25 568 OVAl: 41
9/51 355 1/7 102} 254 W2 76
11/27 342 1/8 167 Ws 30
11/40 1/9 207 9/4 409
12/5 1/16 373 9/5 179, 235
1/22 572 9/7 340
12/6 1/23 184, 545 DBAS) 84, 92,
12/8 1/28 381 309
12/14 96 | 2/2 422 9/11 Sy 237
13/8 572 2/3 225 9/12 266, 481
13/28 207 2/7 384 9/14 236
13/23 459, Si5 2/11 zi 9/15 162
14/6 256, 582 2/13 582 9/16 262
14/9 206 2/28 210 9/20 270) 273,
14/16 391, 439 3/5 £. 225 578
14/18 3175 459 3/6 226 9/21 33
15/2 185 3/8 9/22 257
15/13 205 3/12 9/27 237
15/14 235, 5F2 3/21 10/1 451
16/15 527 4/19 10/3 95
16/21 213 5/9 aes 5275 10/11 118
17/2 96, 340 360, 500 10/12 439
17/6 575 6/11 10/24 184
18/3 1265 329 6/12 10/25 84
18/12 359 7/5 TUy7 81
18/19 94, 543 7/9 11/12 541
19/22 42 8/1 11/15 312
EV
resi Saye 161 Dsm, 15/785 468, 532 T>Sm 19/28 230

WATS) 573 15/20 178, 467 20/1 32

L275 594 15/22 238 20/3 261

2a 1375 341, 15/23 321, 440 20/6 136; —@:505

344 15/26 Eval 20/13 wy)

127i 60 15/29 Byi, 20/16 585

12/14 593 15/35 “306 20/26

12/17 195, 562 16/4 541 20/27 378

12/19 292 16/6 3892 20/28 136

12/23 Mido V0F 16/18 21/7 566

13/5 335 16/23 21/9 568

13/14 259 17/16 21/10 7a

13/15 73 17/26 21/16

13/17 60 17/28 118 2277) 12

yey 94 17/34 92 23/1 213

14/9 B52 17/35 584 23/3

14/13 17/41 23/10 274
14/15 17/46 229, 478 23/13 484
14/16 17/55 23/15 64
14/19 20ie,, 311 18/4 313 23728 64
14/30 387 18/8 388 23/20 284
14/33 95 18/9 316 23/23 307
14/34 304 18/10 254 247 11: 490
14/40 267 18/15 464, 490 24/12 379
14/42 585 18/17 1, 242, 24/14 322
14/44 449 388, 558 24/19 87, 475
14/45 325); 336 18/23 LR 192 25/15 30, 489
15/1 278 19/3 126, 511 25/19 70
15/2 492 19/10 74 25/20 220,236
15/12 226 19/13 584 25/22 3 Eu

2
 Dom: 25/42 95, 436 Loe sm 978 261 II Sm

27/4 484 9/10 96 18/24

28/7 42 10/3 Byal 18/25
28/18 260, 533 wei 456, 541 19/1 107, 546

29/2 nds, 281 11/25 59, 256 19/7 510, 515

31/13 64 12/10 19/8 446, 514

LL *Sm 1/4 467 12/13 19/30 164

1/9 30 12/14 557 20/1 128
1/21 30, 419 12/30 436 20/15 64
2/5 532 13/2 199, PRS) 2/3 189, 518

2/6 UP 13/5 367 21/4 410

2/10 13/18 182 wo /21

2/23 S57 13/20 21/20 AL(GHIL

3/11 534 13/28 21/22 58

3/17 14/4 22/34 ayy)

3/25 58 6/11 23/1 285

3/30 2793, 533 14/14 a23 23/15 546

3/34 256, 3919 14/20 PWG) 246

3/35 506 15/1 96 23/19 BiN2

4/1 234 15/4 122; 546 24/13 455

4/2 95, 98 15/20 72 24/16

4/11 387, 475 15/30 on I Kg 1/2 65

6/22 337 15/32 57 1/12 189

7/9-13 182 15/34 $23; 435 WV 561

7/28 115 17/5 107 2/15

8/2 23 17/9 32 2/UT 70

8/13 586 17/16 273 2/18 2a

9/1 181, 426, 17/22 an, 314 7 a 59

451, 487 18/11 294, 439 2/22 441

9/3 426, 568 18/12 459, 515, OYIE: 246

113
EeKge2Z7z20 432 I Kg 9/10 39 Tea Kona
/7 501
DY 198 9/26 339 17/24 118
B77 mis, 390, 10/2 248, 337 18/5 324
559 10/6 67, 561 18/7 118
3/7 193 10/7 305, cyl 18/13 475, 493

afi 550 10/9 37 18/17 118

3/12 465 10/22 281 18/18 247, 534

3/13 526 10/25 40 18/22 270

3/19 468 10/29 246 18/23 160, 185

3/24 83 11/1 18/24 229

3/26 11/2 18/25 33
4/7 11/3 234 18/27 sy We 180

4/12 11/9 91, 538 18/29 311

5/5 274 11/39 366 18/32 52
5/10 37 11/43 352 18/39 88, 115

5/17 58 ¥2/11 587 18/42 519

5/25 168 12/14 587 19/3 302
6/5 286 12/16 128 19/4 58
7/12 3 42/31 14, 475 19/5 118

7/14 65 13/20 308 19/6

8/1 177 13/22 186 19/10 58
8/9 392 13/23 360 19/11 399, 564

8/17 337 14/10 361 19/12 399

8/23 UZ 14/24 29 19/15 62
8/25 14/28 509 19/19 99, 248

8/27 15/13 573 20/12 582

8/29 15/20 13; 293 20/13 214
8/31 469 15/23 5%, 475 20/20 229
8/63 ey fil 16/10 99 20/21 182
8/64 76, 318 we/is 388, 558 20/30 102

114
I kg meso 187, 352 II Kg 3/23 577, 594 LPKg 77/2 Bile2

21/5 219 3/26 3 E25

21/6 246, 452 4/1 94 WAT

21/13 71, 524 4/2 478 DVIS

21/15 447 4/5 220, 584 i Meg

21/19 107 4/8 84 Ty Mee,
21/20 363, 534 4/13 51, 196, 8/5 236, 475,
21/21 361 480
22/4 256 4/16 268 8/6
22/13 28, 30 4/23 561, 594 8/7
22/14 573 4/26 594 8/10
II Kg 1/2 542 4/29 446, 510 8/12
W3 394 4/43 125, 209 8/13
1/4 574 5/1 9/22
1/6 394 5/3 548 9/26
ei 74 5/7 271 9/32 346, 433

1/16 394 5/8 477 9/37 169, 465

2/9 181, 185 5/9 54, 270 10/3 WE 295

2/10 226 5/10 2e9, 271 10/15

2/12 220, 236 5/11 205 10/19
3/4 68 5/13 387 11/5
3/9 230 5/17 68 11/14
a/13 403 5/20 449 1372
3/14 456, 459, 5/27 92, 266 v3/11
515 6/5 58 13/14
3/16 16 6/2 229, 300, 139727 207

3/18 25, 228 301, 536 13/19 207

3/20 475 6/26 89 14/8 At

a 724 327 6/33 U7, 125 14/26 426, 568

322 92, 494 Wis 68 15/16 82

TTS
II Kg 15/32 98 Ti) Ke 23/17 PHShey 95Me LS WSs 380

16/17 68 23/19 By 14/6 418, 421

17/4 102 24/20 B12 14/22 72

17/6 42, 98 25/1 586 14/23

17/18 392 25/15 16 14/31
17/25 213, 251 25/19 2:9) 95 19/4

17/26 260, 533 is 1/4 162 1978

18/4 182 1/7 45 22/24

18/10 98 1/15 B82 5) 529 24/5

18/14 294 7/27 203 24/10 105

18/22 446 3/7 585 26/3 16
18/30 59 3/16 533 28/4 30
18/34 450 5/2 145 28/16 30
19/3 408, 568 5/8 28/21 263
19/4 8 5/11 30 30/19 205
19/21 42, 361 5/12 aba7 32/10 418
Ag /27 193 5/13 165 34/12 425
19/28 534 5/14 420 36/15 59
19/37 54 5/29 180 36/16 82, 190

20/1 199, 571 6/2 4 36/18 461

20/4 235 6/3 LG se, 37/28 193
21/6 182 7/1 484 40/17 406
22/8 573 7/2 9 40/20 539
Ae/ui 198, 353, 8/6 274, 538 40/23 406
368, 533 9/11 242 40/24 386, 413

22/18 90, 538 9/12 82 SAW 182 425

22/20 8 9/17 ig 41/20 585
23/4 £. 182 10/4 p55 42/2 585
23/8 61 10/10 580 42/3 274
23/10 523 10/15 256, 400 42/13 386

116
 42/22 13 Je 20/8 27, 509 Ezk 46/19 82
43/4 319, 533 oavia 303 47/4 48, 69

45/22 518 22/5 164 Ho Lye 489

52/6 115 22/13 1/6 225
53/4 45 25/26 AS} 272 238
53/5 44 27/16 64 6/2 316
53/9 288, 530 33/26 303 Lay2 43

53/12 344 B7¢7 de0 13/13

59/12 347 37/10 453 14/3
65/2 362 40/7 326 J1 2/22 234
Je 1/2 37 42/6 ATES , 520 1/1 av
2/2 400 44/23 533 1/9 534
2/5 450 44/28 326 2/6 534
2/35 291 48/45 324 aga 198
5/9 256 49/16 448 2/8 489
6/7 72 51/5 323 3/3 422
6/15 380 Ezk 5/9 363 3/4 422, B55

6/20 73 8/2 267 3/7 554

7/4 39 10/3 pel 3/10 72%, 276

7/19 130 13/3 362 4/1 234

7/24 14/3: 138 4/2 59
8/3 74, 162 14/11 wae] 4/3 55
9/23 222 14/15 459 4/4 103
10/20 55 26/2 23 4/7 241, 498

127s 44, 279 28/3 317 4/10 435

13/10 74 31/16 29 5/19 92
13/20 539 36/9 301 5/21 163
15/1 301, 454 40/28 73 6/8 130
16/19 388 41/15 359 6/10 196, Shy)

17/18 184 45/9 2, We 583

Li
1/2 123 Ps 18/34 579 Ps 104/26 129
7/5 123 18/44 539 106/13 225
7/12 491 19/4 419 109/10 143
7/14 553, 561 22/8 244 119/5 548
7/15 358 23/4 174 119/136 533
8/9 273 28/¥arsias4 190/137. £25
9/1 222 29/4 563 120/3 66
9/2-4 454, 528 31/24 290 123/4 82
9/8 205, 557 32/9 416 12H72tt. PI26
10 38 36/5 400 129/2 529
3/3 81 36/7 81 t 130772 129
3/5 79 37/20 449 135/17 568
3/1 284 37/249 a44e7e529 139/19 458, 549
4/14 243 44/23 44 141/4 415
7/4 79 46/7 244 142/4 288
1/5 £. 319 49/8 205 143/6 162
3/6 261 50/12 453, 516 147/20 413
272 394 1 51/3 259 ab 274 566
3/7 225 51/9 145 1/2 95
172 553 60/5 66 1/3 95
2/6 41 65/14 386 1/4 95
4/8 580 73/20" 316 1/5 168
9/16 129, 535 80/11 81 1/8 70
10/2 129 89/19 111, 283 Iv 456, 551
10/6 413 90/6 268 1/14 2134° 229
1O7l1l> 162 92/11 579 2/5 551
14/5 51 94/16 332 3/3 177, 539
16/6 386 95/9 382 3/14 137
17/5 210 96/12 9 3/24 373
18/33 82 103/5 233 ayo ee us
118
Jb 4/6 399, 435 Jb Ney ate Jb 40/10 72
4/16 T2 13/12 42/7 360
4/17 169, 3237 13/22 585 42/11 231
4/19 373 14/3 385 1/29 533
4/20 585 14/7 449 2/5 510
5/2 2737 449 14/13 546 3/18 104
5/7 437 15/4 5/23 411
6/2 174, 205, 15/16 6/13 244
547 16/4 7/14 294
6/8 546 16/10 8/21 476
6/22 451 - 16/17 ’ 530 8/25 311
6/25 202 16/21 8/26 rae iy
6/27 585 18/19 72 10/10 244
7/6 426 19/19 129 ’ 535 21731 387, 513
7/14 320 213 170 14/28 426
7/18 281 2177 15/20 168
8/11 400, 22/3 543 16/6 72
9/14 387 23/3 546 L7f12 212
9/15 156, 528 24/25 405 19/1 252
9/18 203 25/5 314 21/16 207
9/20 174 26/4 345 22721 66
9/26 334 27/3 30 23/7 414

9/32 399 28/6 23/28

9/35 337 28/14 399 24/11 458

10/7 288, 530 29/23 244 24/23 202, 414

10/9 261 2071 428 25/25
10/23 094337 34/6 288 30/10 alow

10/21, t472 34/17 385 31/4 404

LL/V7 BASSO 38/20 450 Ru 1/4 257

12/3 347 40/8 “385 1/8 234

Ru 1/12 446, 516 Ec 5/4 4/5 o5

1/13 A039 O92 6/6 515 4/27 812

2/10 198 7/10 473 5/1 397

Pea 378, 457 7/18 488 5/18 326

3/12 567 9/12 262, 472 7/2 12

avi 56 10/3 * 472 7/5 3

3/15 586 La 1/8 51 12/23 102

S737 586 2/17 492 15/2

4/7 105 Es 1/19 296 15/19 68

241 47 3/13 210 31/13 75

1/6 474 3/14 196 BU/17 £17

2/7 128, 428 4/2 196, 410 22/4

4/1 354 7/4 515 25/19 99

4/3 354 9/1 210 26/13 442

5/2 474 Da 1/4 29 26/28 spl

5/9 473 9/26 od, 27/1

6/7 354 11/15 14 LECeH 1/4 552

8/4 128, 428 11/39 336 1/10 74

1/2 80 Ez 3/4 254 2/2 393

1/9 474536 7/28 296 2/13 276

1733 182 8/25 ei 2/16 362

1/14 129 9/15 410 3/11 95

2/12 ie 10/14 91, 442 6/22 469

2/13 472 10/17 oly 538 7/18 585

2/14 472 Ne 3/16- 3 358 10/11 587

2/16 472 5/15 96 10/14 587

2/18 474 5/18 332 11/17 268

2/19 543 7/2 261 13/5 284

3/17 92 8/18 254 20/6 410

4/2 210 9/32 BOF 72 BY /17 78

120
ee Ch) 25/5 Si 42/3 476 KAI 181/4-6 176

25/9 KAT 4/1 129 UTB 51.1.39 81

29/17 10/2 210 5l.iv.34 205

29/34 167 10/4 68 L212 21.10 205

30/21 102, 254 26A 1/1 29 int tTsii’.

10/7 323 26A 1/6 210 Ue) 76

25/21 476 26A 1/11 210

ana
 HEBREW INDEX

References are to main discussions only.

TR 443 Iy* 363

WNY/ NX 357-362 2 255-264
PS 406-411 "> 444-452
TX 388-389 ¢ 265-284

28 401-405 RY 395-400
28 297-308 12 459-460
DX 453-458 Iyn? 364-368
qX 383-387 ‘3D? 369-373
DDX 425-427 Mt) 124-128, 428
We 462-469 *) 120-123
AX (prep.) 338-347 JQ 315-327
3 239-254 ‘31RD 374-376
72 412-416 ty 309-314
wea) 417-420 7y 285-296
‘A722 421-424 OY 328-337
Vaya 521 12 461
“ya 9354-356 pl 390-393
D1 378-382 ‘W/- 470-474
1 430-442 nnA 348-353
 HEBREW SYNTAX
wlan Outline
te
R, J. WILLIAMS

Although the morphology and lexicon of Hebrew are reason-

ably well understood, its syntax has long been a neglected
area of study. Syntax, the relationship of words to one another,
forms, together with the morphology, the material of gram-
mar. Its relative importance varies according to the language
considered. This is particularly true of word order, for when
an inflected language loses its case endings, word order
assumes many of the functions of the former cases. This out-
line by Professor Williams re-emphasizes the significance of
word order in Hebrew. Developed over the past fifteen years
in a formal course on Hebrew syntax at the University of
Toronto, it treats of the systax of the noun, the verb, particles
and clauses, with a selection of illustrative examples. Its con-
tents are based on classical Hebrew prose, but some account is
also taken of the deviations in later prose and poetry.
Proressor Ronaup J. Writt1as received his B.D. from Victoria
University, Toronto, and his Ph.D. from the University of
Chicago. He was ordained to the ministry of the United
Church of Canada in 1943, and is currently Professor of
Hebrew and Egyptology, and Chairman of the Department of
Near Eastern Studies, University of Toronto.

$3.50