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    FOSSILS

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    Svetlana Samigullina
    Fossils are remnants or impressions of ancient organisms that are naturally preserved in stone. There are two main types of fossils - body fossils which are the actual remains of plants and animals, and trace fossils which show evidence of animal behavior, such as dinosaur footprints. There are also two main types of body fossilization - complete preservation of the original form and details of the organism, or permineralization where minerals replace the original material and change the specimen. Studying fossils provides important insights into prehistoric life and environments.

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    FOSSILS

    Uploaded by

    Svetlana Samigullina
    69 views5 pages
    Fossils are remnants or impressions of ancient organisms that are naturally preserved in stone. There are two main types of fossils - body fossils which are the actual remains of plants and animals, and trace fossils which show evidence of animal behavior, such as dinosaur footprints. There are also two main types of body fossilization - complete preservation of the original form and details of the organism, or permineralization where minerals replace the original material and change the specimen. Studying fossils provides important insights into prehistoric life and environments.

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    Fossils are remnants or impressions of ancient organisms that are naturally preserved in stone. There are two main types of fossils - body fossils which are the actual remains of plants and animals, and trace fossils which show evidence of animal behavior, such as dinosaur footprints. There are also two main types of body fossilization - complete preservation of the original form and details of the organism, or permineralization where minerals replace the original material and change the specimen. Studying fossils provides important insights into prehistoric life and environments.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    69 views5 pages

    FOSSILS

    Uploaded by

    Svetlana Samigullina
    Fossils are remnants or impressions of ancient organisms that are naturally preserved in stone. There are two main types of fossils - body fossils which are the actual remains of plants and animals, and trace fossils which show evidence of animal behavior, such as dinosaur footprints. There are also two main types of body fossilization - complete preservation of the original form and details of the organism, or permineralization where minerals replace the original material and change the specimen. Studying fossils provides important insights into prehistoric life and environments.

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    FOSSILS

    WARM UP
    1. Fossils are remnants or impressions of ancient organisms (living things) that are naturally
    preserved in stone. Look at the pictures and for each group of three, decide which fossil is
    different to the other two.

    A) a fossil of a dinosaur B) fossil ferns C) an insect preserved tn tree


    sap, or amber

    D) a fossil of a tree
    E) dinosaur footprints F) an early hominid skull

    VOCABULARY
    A) Match the beginning and endings of these sentences and use the context to explain the meanings
    of the words or phrases in bold.

    1. Our wet clothes were clinging to our bodies A. and don’t react with other elements.
    2. The use of huge nets for commercial fishing B. because we got caught in a rainstorm.
    also entraps C. in a liquid to make it easier to give to a
    3. The police were able to sequence the genetic patient.
    material D. other animals like turtles and dolphins.
    4. Gases like argon and neon are inert E. proving that some species lived in social
    5. It’s possible to suspend a powerful drug groups.
    6. Scientists discovered the fossil footprints of F. they found at the crime scene and identify the
    young and adult dinosaurs together, thereby killer

    ● Which four words relate in some way to the idea of not being able to move, escape or change?

    B)
    1. a texture A. a hole or empty space in your teeth or body
    2. a cavity B. a type of hard material found naturally in the earth, for example iron or bauxite
    C. a type of material that makes up part of a living thing, for example muscle or bone
    3. Tissue
    D. a very small hole in the outside surface of a living thing, for example in your skin or
    4. A mineral on a leaf
    5. A pore E. something that people study in a museum or scientific experiment
    F. something that stops a gas or liquid from leaving an enclosed space, for example on
    6. A specimen
    a bottle or around the door of a refrigerator
    7. A seal G. the way something feels when you touch it, for example smooth or rough

    ● Why do all but one of these nouns have the indefinite article (a) in front of them?

    WATCH PART 1

    3. Watch the first part of the video (00:00-01:57) and complete the notes about fossilization, or the
    process by which fossils are created. Write one word in each space.

    Fossils 101 | National Geographic


    Fossilization
    There are __________________ (1) of types of fossils, but only two major categories. Body fossils are
    the remains of once-living plants and animals. Trace fossils show how an animal behaved -
    __________________ (2) are an example of this. There are also two major categories of body fossil.
    Sometimes an organism is not __________________ (3) by the fossilization process and the specimen
    shows its original form and __________________ (4) . This type of fossil includes animals and plants
    that have been __________________ (5), preserved in tar pits or mummified. It can also include insects
    that have been preserved in amber. In this special case, tree sap covers an insect and forms a
    __________________ (6). The sap hardens into amber. Because the amber is __________________ (7),
    it preserves all the animal’s soft __________________ (8) .

    ● What do you think mummified means?

    WATCH PART 2
    4. Watch the second part of the video (01:57-03:45) to find out if these statements are true or false.

    1. Coal is an example of fossilization where the specimen has been changed or altered.
    2. Permineralization is an uncommon type of fossilization.
    3. In permineralization, tiny particles of minerals cover the outside of an organism.
    4. We can always identify the tree species of samples of permineralized wood.
    5. We have some information about the genetic material of insects trapped in amber.
    6. Footprints from thousands of years ago help us understand how the first humans lived.
    ● After you watch the second part of the video, answer these questions.
    1. What’s the most interesting or surprising thing you learned from the video?
    2. Look back at the vocabulary exercise. Which of the items do you think will be useful for you to
    remember and use in other contexts and which items do you think are only useful for watching
    this video, or discussing this topic?

    LANGUAGE POINT
    5. Study the words in the table and answer the questions.

    Noun / adjrctive Verb relating to process Noun relating to process

    Fossil Fossilize Fossilazation


    Carbon Carbonize Carbonization
    Mineral Mineralize Mineralization
    mummy mummify mummification

    ● How were the words in the column on the left changed into verbs?
    ● How were the verbs in the middle column changed into another type of noun?
    ● What do you notice about the pronunciation of the words as they grow longer?

    SUFFIXES
    6. Complete the gaps in the questions below, using the correct form of one of the words in the box
    with either an -ify or -ize suffix, possibly with -ation as well. You may need to use only part of the
    root word.

    electric / glory / legal / liquid / memory / modern / pure / simple / solid / symbol

    1. Besides babies, what sort of people need to have ________ food?


    2. Do you think people who own historic cars should ________ them or should we keep them as
    part of history?
    3. Do you think that the ________ of violence in some computer games is dangerous to children?
    4. How do campers ________ water from rivers or streams?
    5. How would your home or school benefit from ________ ?
    6. Is there any part of English grammar that you think should be ________ ?
    7. Jelly is a food that needs to ________ before you eat it. Give some more examples like this.
    8. What are some reasons people have given in favour of the ________ of drugs?
    9. What does a picture of a white dove normally ________ ?
    10. What’s your top tip for ________ new vocabulary?
    ● Ask and answer the questions in pairs. Speak in full sentences using the target language.

    TALKING POINT
    7. Discuss the following questions
    1. What do you think is the most exciting aspect of being a palaeontologist? What might be the
    most frustrating part of the job?
    2. Do you think scientists will ever be able to use ancient DNA to bring extinct animals back to
    life? Is this a good idea?
    3. What do you think is the most important thing that we can learn from the study of fossils?
    4. Was the world better in the time of the dinosaurs? What do you think the earth will be like 150
    million years from now?

    GRAMMAR IN CONTEXT (OPTIONAL TASK)


    8 We often use the passive to describe processes like fossilization, carbonization or
    permineralization. We can also use participle adjectives with -ed endings to show a passive
    meaning. Read the sentences from the video and find examples of these two forms.

    Read the sentences from the video and find examples of these two forms: -Passive verbs and
    Participle adjectives with passive meanings.

    One special case involves trapping organisms, often times insects, in amber. This process begins when
    an organism is covered in tree sap. The sap or resin forms a protective seal around the entrapped
    organism. Over time, the soft resin hardens and turns into amber with the organism suspended within.
    This process creates a biologically inert tomb for the organism, allowing its soft tissues to be
    remarkably preserved.

    ● Why are we using passive verbs in these two examples?


    ● How does the use of -ed adjectives affect the style of this text?

    It’s not always possible to use passives to describe a process. Read the sentences from the video and
    answer the questions.

    But one of the most common types of fossilization that changes a specimen is called
    permineralization. Permineralization begins when minerals from water or the ground enter the pores
    of dead plant or animal material. Over time, the minerals attach themselves, clinging onto cellular
    walls and building a crystalline network in the empty cavities. This mineralization hardens the bone
    and turns it into stone ...

    ● Why can’t we make sentences in the passive with the verbs in bold?
    ● Find two examples of participle adjectives with an active sense.

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