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    Study Notes 3

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    Afrianto
    1. Antimicrobial resistance is a major global issue that stems from overuse and misuse of antibiotics in human medicine, agriculture, and the environment. Wastewater is an important source for the spread of resistant bacteria and genes between these sectors. 2. A One Health approach is needed to address antimicrobial resistance, considering interactions between human, animal, and environmental health. Reducing unnecessary antibiotic use and improving infection prevention and control can help preserve antibiotic effectiveness. 3. Antibiotic overuse in agriculture contributes significantly to the growth of antimicrobial resistance. Coordinated efforts across human, animal, and environmental health are essential to address this complex issue, including increasing awareness of appropriate antibiotic use and developing

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    Study Notes 3

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    Afrianto
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    1. Antimicrobial resistance is a major global issue that stems from overuse and misuse of antibiotics in human medicine, agriculture, and the environment. Wastewater is an important source for the spread of resistant bacteria and genes between these sectors. 2. A One Health approach is needed to address antimicrobial resistance, considering interactions between human, animal, and environmental health. Reducing unnecessary antibiotic use and improving infection prevention and control can help preserve antibiotic effectiveness. 3. Antibiotic overuse in agriculture contributes significantly to the growth of antimicrobial resistance. Coordinated efforts across human, animal, and environmental health are essential to address this complex issue, including increasing awareness of appropriate antibiotic use and developing

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    STUDY NOTES 3

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    1. Antimicrobial resistance is a major global issue that stems from overuse and misuse of antibiotics in human medicine, agriculture, and the environment. Wastewater is an important source for the spread of resistant bacteria and genes between these sectors. 2. A One Health approach is needed to address antimicrobial resistance, considering interactions between human, animal, and environmental health. Reducing unnecessary antibiotic use and improving infection prevention and control can help preserve antibiotic effectiveness. 3. Antibiotic overuse in agriculture contributes significantly to the growth of antimicrobial resistance. Coordinated efforts across human, animal, and environmental health are essential to address this complex issue, including increasing awareness of appropriate antibiotic use and developing

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    17 views2 pages

    Study Notes 3

    Uploaded by

    Afrianto
    1. Antimicrobial resistance is a major global issue that stems from overuse and misuse of antibiotics in human medicine, agriculture, and the environment. Wastewater is an important source for the spread of resistant bacteria and genes between these sectors. 2. A One Health approach is needed to address antimicrobial resistance, considering interactions between human, animal, and environmental health. Reducing unnecessary antibiotic use and improving infection prevention and control can help preserve antibiotic effectiveness. 3. Antibiotic overuse in agriculture contributes significantly to the growth of antimicrobial resistance. Coordinated efforts across human, animal, and environmental health are essential to address this complex issue, including increasing awareness of appropriate antibiotic use and developing

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    of 2

    Learning Objective:

    1. Students understand the extend of antimicrobial resistance problem.


    2. Students identify sources of antimicrobial resistance.
    3. Students interpret how antimicrobial usage policy affect human, animal, and
    environmental health.

    One health its importance in helping to better control antimicrobial resistance, Approaching
    any issue from a One Health perspective necessitates looking at the interactions of people,
    domestic animals, wildlife, plants, and our environment. For antimicrobial resistance this
    includes antimicrobial use (and abuse) in the human, animal and environmental sectors. More
    importantly, the spread of resistant bacteria and resistance determinants within and between
    these sectors and globally must be addressed. Better managing this problem includes taking steps
    to preserve the continued effectiveness of existing antimicrobials such as trying to eliminate their
    inappropriate use, particularly where they are used in high volumes. In people it is essential to
    better prevent infections, reduce over-prescribing and over-use of antimicrobials and stop
    resistant bacteria from spreading by improving hygiene and infection control, drinking water and
    sanitation. Wastewater as a source of antimicrobial resistance, Wastewater contains a mixture of
    different pharmaceuticals and bacteria, and so it represents an important hotspot for the
    development and dissemination of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes.
    These bacteria together with their genes can spread further into the environment and food chain,
    endangering humans and animals.

    One health approach to reduce the infection and antimicrobial disease, The WHO advocates
    the use of a One Health approach to address antimicrobial resistance (AMR), focusing on
    integrating human, animal and environmental health factors. Nevertheless, there is a dearth of
    AMR research investigating the complexity of down and upstream factors across the One Health
    spectrum, especially in resource-deprived settings.

    Antimicrobial resistance: antibiotics misuse or abuse? Infections caused by multidrug-resistant


    (MDR) strains were first reported in hospital settings, where antimicrobial use was most
    preavalent. Antibiotic compounds are essential not only for human therapy but also for
    prophylaxis and growth promotion in the animal food industry.

    The use of antimicrobials in animals for growth promotion and infection prevention
    significantly contributes to the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), a growing public
    health threat. While the World Health Organization (WHO), the United Nations (UN) and the
    European Union (EU) have taken steps towards reducing and restricting the use of antimicrobials
    in animals, initiatives are insufficient in developing countries where the demands for food
    animals continue to rise over the years. The inter-sectoral acknowledgment of inextricable link
    between animal health, human health and the environment (One Health approach) is critical.
    Concerted and collaborative efforts among all the stakeholders are essential to deal with this
    complex problem of resistance. There is a need to increase awareness among the population on
    proper access, use and disposal of antimicrobials for both humans and animals. Development of
    a drug disposal system at community level would facilitate improved waste management of
    antimicrobials. Together, these measures would help prevent the rate of progression of AMR in
    communities.

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