1

CHAPTER SQL Overview

S QL tutorial gives unique learning on Structured Query Language and it helps to make practice on SQL

commands which provides immediate results. SQL is a language of database, it includes database creation,
deletion, fetching rows and modifying rows etc.
SQL is an ANSI (American National Standards Institute) standard, but there are many different versions of
the SQL language.

What is SQL?
SQL is Structured Query Language, which is a computer language for storing, manipulating and retrieving
data stored in relational database.

SQL is the standard language for Relation Database System. All relational database management systems
like MySQL, MS Access, Oracle, Sybase, Informix, postgres and SQL Server use SQL as standard database
language.

Also, they are using different dialects, such as:

∙ MS SQL Server using T-SQL,

∙ Oracle using PL/SQL,

∙ MS Access version of SQL is called JET SQL (native format) etc.

Why SQL?
∙ Allows users to access data in relational database management systems.

∙ Allows users to describe the data.

∙ Allows users to define the data in database and manipulate that data.

∙ Allows to embed within other languages using SQL modules, libraries & pre-

compilers. ∙ Allows users to create and drop databases and tables.

∙ Allows users to create view, stored procedure, functions in a database.

∙ Allows users to set permissions on tables, procedures and views

History:
 ∙ 1970 -- Dr. E. F. "Ted" of IBM is known as the father of relational databases. He described a relational
model for databases.
∙ 1974 -- Structured Query Language appeared.
∙ 1978 -- IBM worked to develop Codd's ideas and released a product named System/R.
∙ 1986 -- IBM developed the first prototype of relational database and standardized by ANSI. The first
relational database was released by Relational Software and its later becoming Oracle.

SQL Process:
When you are executing an SQL command for any RDBMS, the system determines the best way to carry out
your request and SQL engine figures out how to interpret the task.

There are various components included in the process. These components are Query Dispatcher,
Optimization Engines, Classic Query Engine and SQL Query Engine, etc. Classic query engine handles all
non-SQL queries, but SQL query engine won't handle logical files.

Following is a simple diagram showing SQL Architecture:

SQL Commands:
The standard SQL commands to interact with relational databases are CREATE, SELECT, INSERT,
UPDATE, DELETE and DROP. These commands can be classified into groups based on their nature:
DDL - Data Definition Language:
Command Description

CREATE Creates a new table, a view of a table, or other object in database

ALTER Modifies an existing database object, such as a table.

DROP Deletes an entire table, a view of a table or other object in the database.

DML - Data Manipulation Language:

Command Description

INSERT Creates a record

UPDATE Modifies records

DELETE Deletes records

DCL - Data Control Language:

Command Description

GRANT Gives a privilege to user

REVOKE Takes back privileges granted from user

DQL - Data Query Language:

Command Description

SELECT Retrieves certain records from one or more tables

CHAPTER SQL Data Types

5
S QL data type is an attribute that specifies type of data of any object. Each column, variable and

expression has related data type in SQL.

You would use these data types while creating your tables. You would choose a particular data type for a table
column based on your requirement.

SQL Server offers six categories of data types for your use:

Exact Numeric Data Types:

DATA TYPE FROM TO

Bigint -9,223,372,036,854,775,808 9,223,372,036,854,775,807

Int -2,147,483,648 2,147,483,647

Smallint -32,768 32,767

Tinyint 0 255

Bit 0 1

Decimal -10^38 +1 10^38 -1

Numeric -10^38 +1 10^38 -1

Money -922,337,203,685,477.5808 +922,337,203,685,477.5807

Smallmoney -214,748.3648 +214,748.3647

Approximate Numeric Data Types:

DATA TYPE FROM TO

Float -1.79E + 308 1.79E + 308

Real -3.40E + 38 3.40E + 38

Date and Time Data Types:

DATA TYPE FROM TO

Datetime Jan 1, 1753 Dec 31, 9999

Smalldatetime Jan 1, 1900 Jun 6, 2079

Date Stores a date like June 30, 1991

Time Stores a time of day like 12:30 P.M.

Note: Here, datetime has 3.33 milliseconds accuracy where as smalldatetime has 1 minute
accuracy. Character Strings Data Types:
DATA TYPE FROM TO

Char Char Maximum length of 8,000 characters.( Fixed length non-

Unicode characters)

Varchar Varchar Maximum of 8,000 characters.(Variable-length non-Unicode data).

varchar(max) varchar(max) Maximum length of 231characters, Variable-length non-Unicode

data (SQL Server 2005 only).

Text text Variable-length non-Unicode data with a maximum length

of 2,147,483,647 characters.

Unicode Character Strings Data Types:

DATA TYPE Description

Nchar Maximum length of 4,000 characters.( Fixed length Unicode)

Nvarchar Maximum length of 4,000 characters.(Variable length Unicode)

nvarchar(max) Maximum length of 231characters (SQL Server 2005 only).( Variable

length Unicode)

Ntext Maximum length of 1,073,741,823 characters. ( Variable length Unicode )

Binary Data Types:

DATA TYPE Description

Binary Maximum length of 8,000 bytes(Fixed-length binary data )

Varbinary Maximum length of 8,000 bytes.(Variable length binary data)

TUTORIALS POINT
Simply Easy Learning
varbinary(max) Maximum length of 231 bytes (SQL Server 2005 only). ( Variable length
Binary data)

Image Maximum length of 2,147,483,647 bytes. ( Variable length Binary Data)

Misc Data Types:

DATA TYPE Description
 sql_variant Stores values of various SQL Server-supported data types, except text, ntext,
and timestamp.

timestamp Stores a database-wide unique number that gets updated every time a row
gets updated

uniqueidentifier Stores a globally unique identifier (GUID)

xml Stores XML data. You can store xml instances in a column or a variable (SQL
Server 2005 only).

cursor Reference to a cursor object

table Stores a result set for later processing

SQL Operators
What is an Operator in SQL?

A n operator is a reserved word or a character used primarily in an SQL statement's WHERE clause to

perform operation(s), such as comparisons and arithmetic operations.

Operators are used to specify conditions in an SQL statement and to serve as conjunctions for multiple
conditions in a statement.

∙ Arithmetic operators

∙ Comparison operators

∙ Logical operators

∙ Operators used to negate conditions

SQL Arithmetic Operators:

Assume variable a holds 10 and variable b holds 20, then:
Operator Description Example

+ Addition - Adds values on either side of the operator a+b

will
give
30
 - Subtraction - Subtracts right hand operand from left hand operand a - b will
give -10

* Multiplication - Multiplies values on either side of the operator a * b will

give 200

/ Division - Divides left hand operand by right hand operand b / a will

give 2

% Modulus - Divides left hand operand by right hand operand and returns remainder b%a
will
give 0

TUTORIALS POINT
Simply Easy Learning
Here are simple examples showing usage of SQL Arithmetic Operators:
SQL> select 10+ 20;
+--------+
| 10+ 20 |
+--------+
| 30 |
+--------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

SQL> select 10 * 20;

+---------+
| 10 * 20 |
+---------+
| 200 |
+---------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

SQL> select 10 / 5;
+--------+
| 10 / 5 |
+--------+
| 2.0000 |
+--------+
1 row in set (0.03 sec)

SQL> select 12 % 5;
+---------+
| 12 % 5 |
+---------+
|2|
+---------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

SQL Comparison Operators:

Assume variable a holds 10 and variable b holds 20, then:
Operato Description Exampl
r e

= Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not, if yes then condition becomes true. (a = b)
is not
true.

!= Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not, if values are not equal (a != b)
then condition becomes true. is true.
 <> Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not, if values are not equal (a <> b)
then condition becomes true. is true.

> Checks if the value of left operand is greater than the value of right operand, if yes (a > b) is
then condition becomes true. not true.

< Checks if the value of left operand is less than the value of right operand, if yes (a < b)
then condition becomes true. is
true.

>= Checks if the value of left operand is greater than or equal to the value of right (a >= b)
operand, if yes then condition becomes true. is not
true.

<= Checks if the value of left operand is less than or equal to the value of right (a <= b)
operand, if yes then condition becomes true. is true.

!< Checks if the value of left operand is not less than the value of right operand, if yes (a !< b)
then condition becomes true. is false.

!> Checks if the value of left operand is not greater than the value of right operand, if (a !> b)
yes then condition becomes true. is true.

Consider the CUSTOMERS table having the following records:

SQL> SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS;
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| ID | NAME | AGE | ADDRESS | SALARY |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| 1 | Ramesh | 32 | Ahmedabad | 2000.00 |
| 2 | Khilan | 25 | Delhi | 1500.00 |
| 3 | kaushik | 23 | Kota | 2000.00 |
| 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Mumbai | 6500.00 |
| 5 | Hardik | 27 | Bhopal | 8500.00 |
| 6 | Komal | 22 | MP | 4500.00 |
| 7 | Muffy | 24 | Indore | 10000.00 |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)

Here are simple examples showing usage of SQL Comparison Operators:

 SQL> SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE SALARY > 5000;
+----+----------+-----+---------+----------+
| ID | NAME | AGE | ADDRESS | SALARY |
+----+----------+-----+---------+----------+
| 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Mumbai | 6500.00 |
| 5 | Hardik | 27 | Bhopal | 8500.00 |
| 7 | Muffy | 24 | Indore | 10000.00 |
+----+----------+-----+---------+----------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

SQL> SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE SALARY = 2000;

+----+---------+-----+-----------+---------+
| ID | NAME | AGE | ADDRESS | SALARY |
+----+---------+-----+-----------+---------+
| 1 | Ramesh | 32 | Ahmedabad | 2000.00 |
| 3 | kaushik | 23 | Kota | 2000.00 |
+----+---------+-----+-----------+---------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

SQL> SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE SALARY != 2000;

+----+----------+-----+---------+----------+
| ID | NAME | AGE | ADDRESS | SALARY |
+----+----------+-----+---------+----------+
| 2 | Khilan | 25 | Delhi | 1500.00 |
| 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Mumbai | 6500.00 |
| 5 | Hardik | 27 | Bhopal | 8500.00 |
| 6 | Komal | 22 | MP | 4500.00 |
| 7 | Muffy | 24 | Indore | 10000.00 |
+----+----------+-----+---------+----------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

SQL> SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE SALARY <> 2000;

+----+----------+-----+---------+----------+

TUTORIALS POINT
Simply Easy Learning
| ID | NAME | AGE | ADDRESS | SALARY |
+----+----------+-----+---------+----------+
| 2 | Khilan | 25 | Delhi | 1500.00 |
| 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Mumbai | 6500.00 |
| 5 | Hardik | 27 | Bhopal | 8500.00 |
| 6 | Komal | 22 | MP | 4500.00 |
| 7 | Muffy | 24 | Indore | 10000.00 |
+----+----------+-----+---------+----------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

SQL> SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE SALARY >= 6500;

+----+----------+-----+---------+----------+
| ID | NAME | AGE | ADDRESS | SALARY |
+----+----------+-----+---------+----------+
| 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Mumbai | 6500.00 |
| 5 | Hardik | 27 | Bhopal | 8500.00 |
| 7 | Muffy | 24 | Indore | 10000.00 |
+----+----------+-----+---------+----------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

SQL Logical Operators:

Here is a list of all the logical operators available in SQL.
Operator Description
 ALL The ALL operator is used to compare a value to all values in another value set.

AND The AND operator allows the existence of multiple conditions in an SQL statement's WHERE clause.

ANY The ANY operator is used to compare a value to any applicable value in the list according to
the condition.

BETWEEN The BETWEEN operator is used to search for values that are within a set of values, given
the minimum value and the maximum value.

EXISTS The EXISTS operator is used to search for the presence of a row in a specified table that
meets certain criteria.

IN The IN operator is used to compare a value to a list of literal values that have been specified.

LIKE The LIKE operator is used to compare a value to similar values using wildcard operators.

NOT The NOT operator reverses the meaning of the logical operator with which it is used. Eg:
NOT EXISTS, NOT BETWEEN, NOT IN, etc. This is a negate operator.

OR The OR operator is used to combine multiple conditions in an SQL statement's WHERE clause.

IS NULL The NULL operator is used to compare a value with a NULL value.

UNIQUE The UNIQUE operator searches every row of a specified table for uniqueness (no duplicates).

Consider the CUSTOMERS table having the following records:

SQL> SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS;
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| ID | NAME | AGE | ADDRESS | SALARY |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+

| 1 | Ramesh | 32 | Ahmedabad | 2000.00 |

| 2 | Khilan | 25 | Delhi | 1500.00 |
| 3 | kaushik | 23 | Kota | 2000.00 |
| 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Mumbai | 6500.00 |
| 5 | Hardik | 27 | Bhopal | 8500.00 |
| 6 | Komal | 22 | MP | 4500.00 |
| 7 | Muffy | 24 | Indore | 10000.00 |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)

Here are simple examples showing usage of SQL Comparison Operators:

SQL> SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE AGE >= 25 AND SALARY >= 6500;
+----+----------+-----+---------+---------+
| ID | NAME | AGE | ADDRESS | SALARY |
+----+----------+-----+---------+---------+
| 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Mumbai | 6500.00 |
| 5 | Hardik | 27 | Bhopal | 8500.00 |
+----+----------+-----+---------+---------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

SQL> SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE AGE >= 25 OR SALARY >= 6500;
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| ID | NAME | AGE | ADDRESS | SALARY |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| 1 | Ramesh | 32 | Ahmedabad | 2000.00 |
| 2 | Khilan | 25 | Delhi | 1500.00 |
| 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Mumbai | 6500.00 |
| 5 | Hardik | 27 | Bhopal | 8500.00 |
| 7 | Muffy | 24 | Indore | 10000.00 |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

SQL> SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE AGE IS NOT NULL;

+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| ID | NAME | AGE | ADDRESS | SALARY |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| 1 | Ramesh | 32 | Ahmedabad | 2000.00 |
| 2 | Khilan | 25 | Delhi | 1500.00 |
| 3 | kaushik | 23 | Kota | 2000.00 |
| 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Mumbai | 6500.00 |
| 5 | Hardik | 27 | Bhopal | 8500.00 |
| 6 | Komal | 22 | MP | 4500.00 |
| 7 | Muffy | 24 | Indore | 10000.00 |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)

SQL> SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE NAME LIKE 'Ko%';

+----+-------+-----+---------+---------+
| ID | NAME | AGE | ADDRESS | SALARY |
+----+-------+-----+---------+---------+
| 6 | Komal | 22 | MP | 4500.00 |
+----+-------+-----+---------+---------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

SQL> SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE AGE IN ( 25, 27 );

+----+----------+-----+---------+---------+
| ID | NAME | AGE | ADDRESS | SALARY |
+----+----------+-----+---------+---------+
| 2 | Khilan | 25 | Delhi | 1500.00 |
| 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Mumbai | 6500.00 |
| 5 | Hardik | 27 | Bhopal | 8500.00 |
+----+----------+-----+---------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

SQL> SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE AGE BETWEEN 25 AND 27;

+----+----------+-----+---------+---------+
| ID | NAME | AGE | ADDRESS | SALARY |
+----+----------+-----+---------+---------+
| 2 | Khilan | 25 | Delhi | 1500.00 |
| 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Mumbai | 6500.00 |
| 5 | Hardik | 27 | Bhopal | 8500.00 |
+----+----------+-----+---------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

SQL> SELECT AGE FROM CUSTOMERS

WHERE EXISTS (SELECT AGE FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE SALARY > 6500);
+-----+
| AGE |
+-----+
| 32 |
| 25 |
| 23 |
| 25 |
| 27 |
| 22 |
| 24 |
+-----+
7 rows in set (0.02 sec)

SQL> SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS

WHERE AGE > ALL (SELECT AGE FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE SALARY > 6500);
+----+--------+-----+-----------+---------+
| ID | NAME | AGE | ADDRESS | SALARY |
+----+--------+-----+-----------+---------+
| 1 | Ramesh | 32 | Ahmedabad | 2000.00 |
+----+--------+-----+-----------+---------+
1 row in set (0.02 sec)

SQL> SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS

WHERE AGE > ANY (SELECT AGE FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE SALARY > 6500);
+----+----------+-----+-----------+---------+
| ID | NAME | AGE | ADDRESS | SALARY |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+---------+
| 1 | Ramesh | 32 | Ahmedabad | 2000.00 |
| 2 | Khilan | 25 | Delhi | 1500.00 |
| 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Mumbai | 6500.00 |
| 5 | Hardik | 27 | Bhopal | 8500.00 |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+---------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
 SQL Expressions

A
a value.
n expression is a combination of one or more values, operators, and SQL functions that evaluate to

SQL EXPRESSIONs are like formulas and they are written in query language. You can also use them to query
the database for specific set of data.

Syntax:
Consider the basic syntax of the SELECT statement as follows:
SELECT column1, column2, columnN
FROM table_name
WHERE [CONDITION|EXPRESSION];

There are different types of SQL expressions, which are mentioned below:

SQL - Boolean Expressions:

SQL Boolean Expressions fetch the data on the basis of matching single value. Following is the syntax:
SELECT column1, column2, columnN
FROM table_name
WHERE SINGLE VALUE MATCHTING EXPRESSION;

Consider the CUSTOMERS table having the following records:

SQL> SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS;
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| ID | NAME | AGE | ADDRESS | SALARY |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| 1 | Ramesh | 32 | Ahmedabad | 2000.00 |
| 2 | Khilan | 25 | Delhi | 1500.00 |
| 3 | kaushik | 23 | Kota | 2000.00 |
| 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Mumbai | 6500.00 |
| 5 | Hardik | 27 | Bhopal | 8500.00 |
| 6 | Komal | 22 | MP | 4500.00 |
| 7 | Muffy | 24 | Indore | 10000.00 |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+

7 rows in set (0.00 sec)

Here is simple example showing usage of SQL Boolean Expressions:

SQL> SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS WHERE SALARY = 10000;
+----+-------+-----+---------+----------+
| ID | NAME | AGE | ADDRESS | SALARY |
+----+-------+-----+---------+----------+
| 7 | Muffy | 24 | Indore | 10000.00 |
+----+-------+-----+---------+----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
 SQL - Numeric Expression:
This expression is used to perform any mathematical operation in any query. Following is the syntax:
SELECT numerical_expression as OPERATION_NAME
[FROM table_name
WHERE CONDITION] ;

Here numerical_expression is used for mathematical expression or any formula. Following is a simple
examples showing usage of SQL Numeric Expressions:
SQL> SELECT (15 + 6) AS ADDITION
+----------+
| ADDITION |
+----------+
| 21 |
+----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

There are several built-in functions like avg(), sum(), count(), etc., to perform what is known as aggregate data
calculations against a table or a specific table column.
SQL> SELECT COUNT(*) AS "RECORDS" FROM CUSTOMERS;
+---------+
| RECORDS |
+---------+
|7|
+---------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

SQL - Date Expressions:

Date Expressions return current system date and time values:
SQL> SELECT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP;
+---------------------+
| Current_Timestamp |
+---------------------+
| 2009-11-12 06:40:23 |
+---------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

Another date expression is as follows:

SQL> SELECT GETDATE();;

+-------------------------+
| GETDATE |
+-------------------------+
| 2009-10-22 12:07:18.140 |
+-------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
SQL CREATE Table

C reating a basic table involves naming the table and defining its columns and each column's data type.

The SQL CREATE TABLE statement is used to create a new table.

Syntax:
Basic syntax of CREATE TABLE statement is as follows:
CREATE TABLE table_name(
column1 datatype,
column2 datatype,
column3 datatype,
.....
columnN datatype,
PRIMARY KEY( one or more columns )
);

CREATE TABLE is the keyword telling the database system what you want to do. In this case, you want to
create a new table. The unique name or identifier for the table follows the CREATE TABLE statement.

Then in brackets comes the list defining each column in the table and what sort of data type it is. The syntax
becomes clearer with an example below.

A copy of an existing table can be created using a combination of the CREATE TABLE statement and the
SELECT statement. You can check complete details at Create Table Using another Table.

Create Table Using another Table

A copy of an existing table can be created using a combination of the CREATE TABLE statement and the
SELECT statement.

The new table has the same column definitions. All columns or specific columns can be selected.

When you create a new table using existing table, new table would be populated using existing values in the
old table.

Syntax:
The basic syntax for creating a table from another table is as follows:

CREATE TABLE NEW_TABLE_NAME AS

SELECT [ column1, column2...columnN ]
FROM EXISTING_TABLE_NAME
[ WHERE ]

Here, column1, column2...are the fields of existing table and same would be used to create fields of new

table. Example:
Following is an example, which would create a table SALARY using CUSTOMERS table and having fields
customer ID and customer SALARY:
SQL> CREATE TABLE SALARY AS
SELECT ID, SALARY
FROM CUSTOMERS;

This would create new table SALARY, which would have the following records:
+----+----------+
| ID | SALARY |
+----+----------+
| 1 | 2000.00 |
| 2 | 1500.00 |
| 3 | 2000.00 |
| 4 | 6500.00 |
| 5 | 8500.00 |
| 6 | 4500.00 |
| 7 | 10000.00 |
+----+----------+

Example:
Following is an example, which creates a CUSTOMERS table with ID as primary key and NOT NULL are the
constraints showing that these fileds can not be NULL while creating records in this table:
SQL> CREATE TABLE CUSTOMERS(
ID INT NOT NULL,
NAME VARCHAR (20) NOT NULL,
AGE INT NOT NULL,
ADDRESS CHAR (25) ,
SALARY DECIMAL (18, 2),
PRIMARY KEY (ID)
);

You can verify if your table has been created successfully by looking at the message displayed by the SQL
server, otherwise you can use DESC command as follows:
SQL> DESC CUSTOMERS;
+---------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+---------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| ID | int(11) | NO | PRI | | |
| NAME | varchar(20) | NO | | | |
| AGE | int(11) | NO | | | |
| ADDRESS | char(25) | YES | | NULL | |
| SALARY | decimal(18,2) | YES | | NULL | |
+---------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

Now, you have CUSTOMERS table available in your database which you can use to store required
information related to customers.
SQL DROP or DELETE Table

T he SQL DROP TABLE statement is used to remove a table definition and all data, indexes, triggers,

constraints, and permission specifications for that table.

NOTE: You have to be careful while using this command because once a table is deleted then all the
information available in the table would also be lost forever.

Syntax:
Basic syntax of DROP TABLE statement is as follows:
DROP TABLE table_name;

Example:
Let us first verify CUSTOMERS table and then we would delete it from the database:
SQL> DESC CUSTOMERS;
+---------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+---------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| ID | int(11) | NO | PRI | | |
| NAME | varchar(20) | NO | | | |
| AGE | int(11) | NO | | | |
| ADDRESS | char(25) | YES | | NULL | |
| SALARY | decimal(18,2) | YES | | NULL | |
+---------+---------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

This means CUSTOMERS table is available in the database, so let us drop it as follows:
SQL> DROP TABLE CUSTOMERS;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

Now, if you would try DESC command, then you would get error as follows:
SQL> DESC CUSTOMERS;
ERROR 1146 (42S02): Table 'TEST.CUSTOMERS' doesn't exist

Here, TEST is database name which we are using for our examples.

SQL INSERT Query

 T he SQL INSERT INTO Statement is used to add new rows of data to a table in the

database. Syntax:
There are two basic syntaxes of INSERT INTO statement as follows:
INSERT INTO TABLE_NAME (column1, column2, column3,...columnN)]
VALUES (value1, value2, value3,...valueN);

Here, column1, column2,...columnN are the names of the columns in the table into which you want to insert data.
You may not need to specify the column(s) name in the SQL query if you are adding values for all the columns
of the table. But make sure the order of the values is in the same order as the columns in the table. The SQL
INSERT INTO syntax would be as follows:
INSERT INTO TABLE_NAME VALUES (value1,value2,value3,...valueN);

Example:
Following statements would create six records in CUSTOMERS table:
INSERT INTO CUSTOMERS (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY)
VALUES (1, 'Ramesh', 32, 'Ahmedabad', 2000.00 );

INSERT INTO CUSTOMERS (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY)

VALUES (2, 'Khilan', 25, 'Delhi', 1500.00 );

INSERT INTO CUSTOMERS (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY)

VALUES (3, 'kaushik', 23, 'Kota', 2000.00 );

INSERT INTO CUSTOMERS (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY)

VALUES (4, 'Chaitali', 25, 'Mumbai', 6500.00 );

INSERT INTO CUSTOMERS (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY)

VALUES (5, 'Hardik', 27, 'Bhopal', 8500.00 );

INSERT INTO CUSTOMERS (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY)

VALUES (6, 'Komal', 22, 'MP', 4500.00 );

You can create a record in CUSTOMERS table using second syntax as follows:

INSERT INTO CUSTOMERS

VALUES (7, 'Muffy', 24, 'Indore', 10000.00 );

All the above statements would produce the following records in CUSTOMERS table:
 +----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| ID | NAME | AGE | ADDRESS | SALARY |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| 1 | Ramesh | 32 | Ahmedabad | 2000.00 |
| 2 | Khilan | 25 | Delhi | 1500.00 |
| 3 | kaushik | 23 | Kota | 2000.00 |
| 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Mumbai | 6500.00 |
| 5 | Hardik | 27 | Bhopal | 8500.00 |
| 6 | Komal | 22 | MP | 4500.00 |
| 7 | Muffy | 24 | Indore | 10000.00 |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+

Populate one table using another table:

You can populate data into a table through select statement over another table provided another table has a
set of fields, which are required to populate first table. Here is the syntax:
INSERT INTO first_table_name [(column1, column2, ... columnN)]
SELECT column1, column2, ...columnN
FROM second_table_name
[WHERE condition];

SQL SELECT Query

S QL SELECT Statement is used to fetch the data from a database table which returns data in the form of

result table. These result tables are called result-sets.

Syntax:
The basic syntax of SELECT statement is as follows:
SELECT column1, column2, columnN FROM table_name;

Here, column1, column2...are the fields of a table whose values you want to fetch. If you want to fetch all the
fields available in the field, then you can use the following syntax:
SELECT * FROM table_name;

Example:
Consider the CUSTOMERS table having the following records:
 +----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| ID | NAME | AGE | ADDRESS | SALARY |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| 1 | Ramesh | 32 | Ahmedabad | 2000.00 |
| 2 | Khilan | 25 | Delhi | 1500.00 |
| 3 | kaushik | 23 | Kota | 2000.00 |
| 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Mumbai | 6500.00 |
| 5 | Hardik | 27 | Bhopal | 8500.00 |
| 6 | Komal | 22 | MP | 4500.00 |
| 7 | Muffy | 24 | Indore | 10000.00 |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+

Following is an example, which would fetch ID, Name and Salary fields of the customers available in
CUSTOMERS table:
SQL> SELECT ID, NAME, SALARY FROM CUSTOMERS;

This would produce the following result:

+----+----------+----------+
| ID | NAME | SALARY |

+----+----------+----------+
| 1 | Ramesh | 2000.00 |
| 2 | Khilan | 1500.00 |
| 3 | kaushik | 2000.00 |
| 4 | Chaitali | 6500.00 |
| 5 | Hardik | 8500.00 |
| 6 | Komal | 4500.00 |
| 7 | Muffy | 10000.00 |
+----+----------+----------+

If you want to fetch all the fields of CUSTOMERS table, then use the following query:
SQL> SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS;

This would produce the following result:

+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| ID | NAME | AGE | ADDRESS | SALARY |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| 1 | Ramesh | 32 | Ahmedabad | 2000.00 |
| 2 | Khilan | 25 | Delhi | 1500.00 |
| 3 | kaushik | 23 | Kota | 2000.00 |
| 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Mumbai | 6500.00 |
| 5 | Hardik | 27 | Bhopal | 8500.00 |
| 6 | Komal | 22 | MP | 4500.00 |
| 7 | Muffy | 24 | Indore | 10000.00 |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+

SQL WHERE Clause

T he SQL WHERE clause is used to specify a condition while fetching the data from single table or

joining with multiple tables.

If the given condition is satisfied, then only it returns specific value from the table. You would use WHERE
clause to filter the records and fetching only necessary records.

The WHERE clause is not only used in SELECT statement, but it is also used in UPDATE, DELETE
statement, etc., which we would examine in subsequent chapters.

Syntax:
The basic syntax of SELECT statement with WHERE clause is as follows:
SELECT column1, column2, columnN
FROM table_name
WHERE [condition]

You can specify a condition using comparison or logical operators like >, <, =, LIKE, NOT etc. Below examples
would make this concept clear.

Example:
Consider the CUSTOMERS table having the following records:
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| ID | NAME | AGE | ADDRESS | SALARY |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| 1 | Ramesh | 32 | Ahmedabad | 2000.00 |
| 2 | Khilan | 25 | Delhi | 1500.00 |
| 3 | kaushik | 23 | Kota | 2000.00 |
| 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Mumbai | 6500.00 |
| 5 | Hardik | 27 | Bhopal | 8500.00 |
| 6 | Komal | 22 | MP | 4500.00 |
| 7 | Muffy | 24 | Indore | 10000.00 |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+

Following is an example, which would fetch ID, Name and Salary fields from the CUSTOMERS table where
salary is greater than 2000:

SQL> SELECT ID, NAME, SALARY

FROM CUSTOMERS
WHERE SALARY > 2000;

This would produce the following result:

+----+----------+----------+
| ID | NAME | SALARY |
+----+----------+----------+
| 4 | Chaitali | 6500.00 |
| 5 | Hardik | 8500.00 |
| 6 | Komal | 4500.00 |
| 7 | Muffy | 10000.00 |
+----+----------+----------+
Following is an example, which would fetch ID, Name and Salary fields from the CUSTOMERS table for a
customer with name Hardik. Here, it is important to note that all the strings should be given inside single
quotes ('') where as numeric values should be given without any quote as in above example:
SQL> SELECT ID, NAME, SALARY
FROM CUSTOMERS
WHERE NAME = 'Hardik';

This would produce the following result:

+----+----------+----------+
| ID | NAME | SALARY |
+----+----------+----------+
| 5 | Hardik | 8500.00 |
+----+----------+----------+

SQL UPDATE Query

T he SQL UPDATE Query is used to modify the existing records in a table.

You can use WHERE clause with UPDATE query to update selected rows, otherwise all the rows would be
affected.

Syntax:
The basic syntax of UPDATE query with WHERE clause is as follows:
UPDATE table_name
SET column1 = value1, column2 = value2...., columnN = valueN
WHERE [condition];

You can combine N number of conditions using AND or OR operators.

Example:
Consider the CUSTOMERS table having the following records:
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| ID | NAME | AGE | ADDRESS | SALARY |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| 1 | Ramesh | 32 | Ahmedabad | 2000.00 |
| 2 | Khilan | 25 | Delhi | 1500.00 |
| 3 | kaushik | 23 | Kota | 2000.00 |
| 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Mumbai | 6500.00 |
| 5 | Hardik | 27 | Bhopal | 8500.00 |
| 6 | Komal | 22 | MP | 4500.00 |
 | 7 | Muffy | 24 | Indore | 10000.00 |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+

Following is an example, which would update ADDRESS for a customer whose ID is 6:

SQL> UPDATE CUSTOMERS
SET ADDRESS = 'Pune'
WHERE ID = 6;

Now, CUSTOMERS table would have the following records:

+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| ID | NAME | AGE | ADDRESS | SALARY |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| 1 | Ramesh | 32 | Ahmedabad | 2000.00 |
| 2 | Khilan | 25 | Delhi | 1500.00 |
| 3 | kaushik | 23 | Kota | 2000.00 |
| 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Mumbai | 6500.00 |
| 5 | Hardik | 27 | Bhopal | 8500.00 |
| 6 | Komal | 22 | Pune | 4500.00 |
| 7 | Muffy | 24 | Indore | 10000.00 |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+

If you want to modify all ADDRESS and SALARY column values in CUSTOMERS table, you do not need to
use WHERE clause and UPDATE query would be as follows:
SQL> UPDATE CUSTOMERS
SET ADDRESS = 'Pune', SALARY = 1000.00;

Now, CUSTOMERS table would have the following records:

+----+----------+-----+---------+---------+
| ID | NAME | AGE | ADDRESS | SALARY |
+----+----------+-----+---------+---------+
| 1 | Ramesh | 32 | Pune | 1000.00 |
| 2 | Khilan | 25 | Pune | 1000.00 |
| 3 | kaushik | 23 | Pune | 1000.00 |
| 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Pune | 1000.00 |
| 5 | Hardik | 27 | Pune | 1000.00 |
| 6 | Komal | 22 | Pune | 1000.00 |
| 7 | Muffy | 24 | Pune | 1000.00 |
+----+----------+-----+---------+---------+

SQL DELETE Query

T he SQL DELETE Query is used to delete the existing records from a table.
You can use WHERE clause with DELETE query to delete selected rows, otherwise all the records would be
deleted.

Syntax:
The basic syntax of DELETE query with WHERE clause is as follows:
DELETE FROM table_name
WHERE [condition];

You can combine N number of conditions using AND or OR operators.

Example:
Consider the CUSTOMERS table having the following records:
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| ID | NAME | AGE | ADDRESS | SALARY |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| 1 | Ramesh | 32 | Ahmedabad | 2000.00 |
| 2 | Khilan | 25 | Delhi | 1500.00 |
| 3 | kaushik | 23 | Kota | 2000.00 |
| 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Mumbai | 6500.00 |
| 5 | Hardik | 27 | Bhopal | 8500.00 |
| 6 | Komal | 22 | MP | 4500.00 |
| 7 | Muffy | 24 | Indore | 10000.00 |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+

Following is an example, which would DELETE a customer, whose ID is 6:

SQL> DELETE FROM CUSTOMERS
WHERE ID = 6;

Now, CUSTOMERS table would have the following records:

+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| ID | NAME | AGE | ADDRESS | SALARY |

+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| 1 | Ramesh | 32 | Ahmedabad | 2000.00 |
| 2 | Khilan | 25 | Delhi | 1500.00 |
| 3 | kaushik | 23 | Kota | 2000.00 |
| 4 | Chaitali | 25 | Mumbai | 6500.00 |
| 5 | Hardik | 27 | Bhopal | 8500.00 |
| 7 | Muffy | 24 | Indore | 10000.00 |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+

If you want to DELETE all the records from CUSTOMERS table, you do not need to use WHERE clause and
DELETE query would be as follows:
SQL> DELETE FROM CUSTOMERS;

Now, CUSTOMERS table would not have any record.