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HEALTH

QUARTER 3 – MODULE 2
MELC : Discuss the most common communicable diseases (signs and symptoms,
effects, misconceptions, myths, belief, prevention and control).
Part I
A. Introduction
What is a communicable disease?
A communicable disease is one that is spread from one person to another through a variety of ways that
include: contact with blood and bodily fluids; breathing in an airborne virus; or by being bitten by an insect.
How do these communicable diseases spread?
How these diseases spread depends on the specific disease or infectious agent. Some ways in which
communicable diseases spread are by:
1. Physical contact with an infected person, such as through touch (staphylococcus), sexual intercourse
(gonorrhea, HIV), fecal/oral transmission (hepatitis A), or droplets (influenza, TB)
2. Contact with a contaminated surface or object (Norwalk virus), food (salmonella, E. coli), blood (HIV,
hepatitis B), or water (cholera);
3. Bites from insects or animals capable of transmitting the disease (mosquito: malaria and yellow fever;
flea: plague); and
4. Travel through the air, such as tuberculosis or measles
Once a pathogen has entered a person’s body, it will begin replicating. The individual may then begin
to experience symptoms. Some symptoms are a direct result of the pathogen damaging the body’s cells.
Others are due to the body’s immune response to the infection. Communicable diseases are usually mild,
and symptoms pass after a few days. However, some can be serious and potentially life threatening.
B. Discussion
Different types of Communicable Disease
1. Malaria
is a mosquito-borne infectious disease that affects humans and other animals. Malaria
causes symptoms that typically include fever, tiredness, vomiting, and headaches. In severe cases, it can
cause yellow skin, seizures, coma, or death. Symptoms usually begin ten to fifteen days after being bitten by an
infected mosquito. If not properly treated, people may have recurrences of the disease months later. In those
who have recently survived an infection, reinfection usually causes milder symptoms. This
partial resistance disappears over months to years if the person has no continuing exposure to malaria. Methods
used to prevent malaria include medicprevention of bites.
2. Tuberculosis (TB)
is an infectious disease usually caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) bacteria. Tuberculosis
ations, mosquito elimination and the generally affects the lungs, but can also affect other parts of the body.
Most infections show no symptoms, in which case it is known as latent tuberculosis. About 10% of latent
infections progress to active disease which, if left untreated, kills about half of those affected. The classic
symptoms of active TB are a chronic cough with blood-containing mucus, fever, night sweats, and weight loss.
It was historically called consumption due to the weight loss. Infection of other organs can cause a wide range
of
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symptoms. Prevention of TB involves screening those at high risk, early detection and treatment of cases,
and vaccination with the bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine.Those at high risk include household,
workplace, and social contacts of people with active TB. Treatment requires the use of multiple antibiotics
over a long period of time.
3. Hepatitis A
is an infectious disease of the liver caused by Hepatovirus A (HAV), it is a type of viral hepatitis.
Many cases have few or no symptoms, especially in the young. The time between infection and symptoms, in
those who develop them, is between two and six weeks. When symptoms occur, they typically last eight weeks
and may include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, jaundice, fever, and abdominal pain. It is usually spread by eating
food or drinking water contaminated with infected feces. The hepatitis A vaccine is effective for prevention.
Other preventive measures include hand washing and properly cooking food.
4. Hepatitis B
is an infectious disease caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) that affects the liver, it is a type of viral
hepatitis. It can cause both acute and chronic infection. Many people have no symptoms during the initial
infection. In acute infection, some may develop a rapid onset of sickness with vomiting, yellowish skin,
tiredness, dark urine and abdominal pain. Often these symptoms last a few weeks and rarely does the initial
infection result in death. It may take 30 to 180 days for symptoms to begin. In those who get infected around
the time of birth 90% develop chronic hepatitis B while less than 10% of those infected after the age of five do.
Most of those with chronic disease have no symptoms; however, cirrhosis and liver cancer may eventually
develop. Cirrhosis or liver cancer occur in about 25% of those with chronic disease. The infection has been
preventable by vaccination.
5. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS)
is a spectrum of conditions caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV).Following initial infection a person may not notice any symptoms, or may experience a brief period of
influenza-like illness. Typically, this is followed by a prolonged period with no symptoms. If the infection
progresses, it interferes more with the immune system, increasing the risk of developing common infections
such as tuberculosis, as well as other opportunistic infections, and tumors which are otherwise rare in people
who have normal immune function. These late symptoms of infection are referred to as acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). This stage is often also associated with unintended weight loss. Methods
of prevention include safe sex, needle exchange programs, treating those who are infected, and pre- & post-
exposure prophylaxis. Disease in a baby can often be prevented by giving both the mother and child
antiretroviral medication.There is no cure or vaccine; however, antiretroviral treatment can slow the course of
the disease and may lead to a near-normal life expectancy.
6. Meningitis
is an acute inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, known collectively
as the meninges. The most common symptoms are fever, headache, and neck stiffness. Other symptoms
include confusion or altered consciousness, vomiting, and an inability to tolerate light or loud noises.Young
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children often exhibit only nonspecific symptoms, such as irritability, drowsiness, or poor feeding. The
inflammation may be caused by infection with viruses, bacteria, or other microorganisms, and less commonly
by certain drugs. Meningitis can be life-threatening because of the inflammation's proximity to the brain and
spinal cord; therefore, the condition is classified as a medical emergency. Some forms of meningitis are
preventable by immunization with the meningococcal, mumps, pneumococcal, and Hib vaccines.
Giving antibiotics to people with significant exposure to certain types of meningitis may also be useful. The
first treatment in acute meningitis consists of promptly giving antibiotics and sometimes antiviral drugs.
Corticosteroids can also be used to prevent complications from excessive inflammation. Meningitis can lead to
serious long-term consequences such as deafness, epilepsy, hydrocephalus, or cognitive deficits, especially if
not treated quickly.
7. Yellow Fever
is a viral disease of typically short duration. In most cases, symptoms include fever, chills, loss of
appetite, nausea, muscle pains particularly in the back, and headaches. Symptoms typically improve within five
days. In about 15% of people, within a day of improving the fever comes back, abdominal pain occurs,
and liver damage begins causing yellow skin. If this occurs, the risk of bleeding and kidney problems is
increased. The disease is caused by yellow fever virus and is spread by the bite of an infected female mosquito.
A safe and effective vaccine against yellow fever exists, and some countries require vaccinations for travelers.
Other efforts to prevent infection include reducing the population of the transmitting mosquitoes.
C. Readings
Levels of Prevention

Prevention, as it relates to health, is really about avoiding disease before it starts. It has been defined as the
plans for, and the measures taken to prevent the onset of a disease or other health problems before the
occurrence of the undesirable health event. There are three distinct levels of prevention.

1. Primary Prevention - those preventive measures that prevent the onset of illness or injury before the disease
process begins. Examples include immunization and taking regular exercise.

2. Secondary Prevention – those preventive measures that lead to early diagnosis and prompt treatment of a
disease, illness or injury to prevent more severe problems developing. Examples include screening for high
blood pressures and breast self-examination.

3. Tertiary Prevention – those preventive measures aimed at rehabilitation following significant illness. At this
level health services workers can work to retrain, re-educate and rehabilitate people who have already
developed an impairment or disability.

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D. Example

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Part II. Activity Proper
A. Direction. Read very carefully each statement about the nature of communicable diseases. You will be
guided in determining whether the statement is true or false by putting a ( / ) check mark on the
appropriate column.

Statement True False

1 Organisms like bacteria and viruses are all over the environment.
2 Many of the most common diseases are caused by tiny microorganisms called pathogens
3 Communicable diseases come from one infected to another
4 Stomachache is one symptom that can be manifested by a communicable diseases.
5 Viral hepatitis is cause by a virus that affects the liver.
6 Rabies virus enters the brain cells while polio virus attacks only the nervous system.
7 Malaria is a sickness cause by the carrier mosquito.
8 Pinworms hatch and live primarily in the intestine of a person.
9 Stagnant water is a reservoir for mosquitos to multiply.
10 It is the nature of pathogens to invade their host through certain points of entry to cause
morbidity.

B. Moderate: Handa Ako!

Directions: Enumerate at least 5 IATF protocols to avoid transmission of
coronavirus. 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
C. Directions: Write the characteristics of the two communicable diseases by filling out the Venn diagram
below.

CORONAVIRUS FLU

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C.
Answer may vary

B.
Possible answers
Use Facemask and Face
shields
Do 1 meter social Distancing
Always use alcohol
Avoid physical contact to people with
Consult to the nearest
doctors when you experiencing sympt

Part II. Activity Proper

True
True
True
True
True
True
True
True
True
True
PART III. SUMMATIVE EVALUATION

A. Direction: You can do a lot to keep yourself healthy. Staying away from germs, eating a balanced diet,
getting enough rest—all these steps and others can put you on the road to good health. How much do you
know about preventing disease? Take this quiz and find out by selecting the letter of the correct answer.

1. How are infectious diseases such as cold and influenza, most commonly spread?

A. Breathing viruses in air C. Drinking infected water

B. Hand-to-face contact D. Eating contaminated food

2. Which is the most important hygiene habit to teach young children?

A. Use a tissue to cover a sneeze C. Wash hands frequently
B. Don't share a glass or eating utensil D. Take a bath daily

3. Chronic stress has been linked to which of these health problems?

A. Headaches C. Depression
B. Constipation D. All of the above

4. Which of the following increases your risk for type 2 diabetes?

A. Not getting enough exercise C. Being overweight
B. Eating too much sugar D. Advancing age
E. A and C

5. Which of these things can reduce the risk of getting genital herpes or other communicable sexual diseases?
A. Male latex condom C. Contraceptive foam
B. Female condom D. Birth control pills

6. According to the CDC, when should infants start vaccines against serious diseases?
A. Birth C. 6 weeks old
B. 2 months old D. 6 months old

7. "Sleep hygiene" refers to the promotion of regular sleep. Which of these can help you develop healthysleep
habits?
A. Eat a big meal late in the day C. Cut back on the amount of exercise you get
B. Go to bed and get up at the same time every day D. All of the above
8. is any condition that interferes with the proper functioning of the body or mind.
A. Disease C. Infection
B. Pathogen D. Virus
9. is a disease that can be passed to a person from another person, animal or object.
A. Non- Communicable Disease C. Communicable Disease
B. Pathogens D. Bacteria
10. are disease causing organisms that are so small you need a microscope to see them.
A. Virus C. Disease
B. Communicable D. Pathogen

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B. Direction: Read the statements carefully then choose your answer on the box. Write your answer on the
space provided before each number.
1. An Infectious disease usually cause by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) bacteria.
2. A mosquito-borne infectious disease that affects humans and other animals.
3. An Infectious disease of the liver caused by Hepatovirus A (HAV).
4. Is an infectious disease caused by the Hepatitis B Virus (HBV).
5. A spectrum of conditions caused by infection with the human
immunodeficiency virus.
6. It is the last stage of the HIV.
7. In the three levels of prevention, the first level is
8. The objective of the first level is to one from having the disease.
9. What do you call the second level of prevention?
10. What do you call the third level of prevention?
Rehabilitating TB Screening Malaria
Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Prevent HIV
Aids Immunization

C. Direction: Name one common communicable diseases that you experienced or experienced by your family
member or friends. Discuss the signs and symptoms, effects, myths, belief, prevention and control

Rubric:

Point Criteria Score

1 The idea is highly explained and was able to answer the concept.
2 The idea is moderately and was able to answer the concept.
3 The idea is slightly explained and was able to answer the concept.
4 The idea is fairly explained and was able to answer the concept.
5 The idea is not explained but answer the concept.

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References:
Comprehensive mental health action plan 2013-2020 (2014). Retrieved March 2, 2014 from
http://www.who.int/mental_health/action_plan_2013/en/
Dyar, O.J. and Costa A, What is global health? Retrieved March 2,2014from http://www.ghjournal.org/jgh-
print-2011-issue/what-is-global-health/global health initiatives (2014). Retrieved February 25, 2014 from
http://www.who.int/trade/glossary/story040/en/en/
The rollback malaria strategy for improving accessto treatment through home management of malaria (2005).
Retrieved March 8, 2014 from http;//whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2005/WHO_HTM_MAL_2005.1101.pdf
https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=disease-prevention-quiz-40-DiseaseDiseasePrevenQuiz
https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/58eea856f68e1c366998291a/communicable-disease