Fonética y Fonología

1. What is Phonology?
Phonology is the branch of linguistics that studies how languages or

dialects systematically organize their sounds or, for sign languages, their
constituent parts of signs.
2. What is phonological process?

Phonological processes are patterns of sound errors that typically developing
children use to simplify speech as they are learning to talk.
3. Importance of Phonology.
Phonology is the study of the patterns of sounds in a language. It is
important in language learning because it helps learners to understand how the
sounds of a language are used, and how they can be produced. It also helps
them to learn the correct pronunciation of words.
4. What is a phoneme?
A phoneme is a unit of sound that can distinguish one word from

another in a particular language. For example, in most dialects of English,
with the notable exception of the West Midlands and the north-west of
England the sound patterns /sɪn/ (sin) and /sɪŋ/ (sing) are two separate words
that are distinguished by the substitution of one phoneme, /n/, for another
phoneme, /ŋ/.
Examples:
Short vowel sounds Long vowel sounds
a - cat, bat, ant ai - paid, way, stay

e - bed, red ee - bee, heat, feet
i - big, sit ie - sky, high
o - dog, log oe - bpw, roe
u - put, book ue - cue, moon
5. What is an allophone?
In phonology, an allophone is a set of multiple possible spoken sounds –
or phones – or signs used to pronounce a single phoneme in a particular
language.[1] For example, in English, [t] (as in stop [stɒp]) and the aspirated
form [tʰ] (as in top [ˈtʰɒp]) are allophones for the phoneme /t/, while these two
are considered to be different phonemes in some languages such as Thai.
Examples
vast [væs], village [vəlɛʧ], village [vəlɪʤ], over
[oʊvɚ], over [oʊvəɹ], over [oʊvə], have [hæv], have
[hæv]
6. Allophonic variants of English vowels.
- Nasalised vowels [◌̃ ]

English vowels are nasalized when followed by a nasal
consonant.
Examples:
Soon, son
- Pre-Fortis clipping
Vowels are shorter (clipped) when they come before a
voiceless (Fortis) consonant in the same syllable.
Examples:
seat, safe
7. Allophonic variants of English consonants.
- Voiceless plosives /p, t, k/
 Strongly Aspirated before stressed vowels (in stressed syllables): [pʰ, tʰ,
kʰ]
 Weakly aspirated in unstressed syllable and final position.
Examples:
pie, tie, kite
Pot, tomorrow
- Devoicing of voicing plosives /b, d, g/

 In final position and followed by silence (at the end of
an utterance) [g], [ḅ], [ḍ]
Example
My bag
- Non-audible release of plosives / p, t, k, b, d, g /

When a plosive is followed by another plosive or an affricate / tʃ, dʒ/,
the 1st plosive is unreleased.
Example:
looked, that chain
- Lateral release of plosives /t, d/
The release of the plosives is reduced laterally when /t/ or /d/ are followed
by /l/
Example:
Hardly
Phonological Process
Phonological processes are patterns of sound errors that typically

developing children use to simplify speech as they are learning to talk.
SUBSTITUTION PROCESSES: replacing one class of sounds for

another class of sounds
1. Gliding – the substitution of a liquid sound (typically letter “l” or “r”) with a
glide sound (letters “w”, “y” or “j”)
Examples
i.“rail” may be pronounced “wail”
ii.“play” may be pronounced “pway”
2. Backing – the substitution of a sound produced in the front of the mouth (like
“t” or “n”) with a sound produced in the back of the mouth (like “k” or “g”)
Examples
i.“duck” may be pronounced “kuck”
ii.“dog” may be pronounced “gog”
3. Vowelization – the substitution of a vowel sound for “l” or “er” sounds
Examples
i.“apple” may be pronounced “appoh”
ii.“river” may be pronounced “rivuh”
4. Stopping – the substitution of a stop sound (“b,” “p,” “t,” “d,” “k,” “g”) for a
fricative sound (“f,” “v,” “s,” “z,” “h,” “th,” “sh,” and “ch”)
§Examples
i.“wish” may be pronounced “wit”
ii.“puzzle” may be pronounced “puddle”
5. Fronting - the term used when sounds that should be made in the back of the
mouth (velar) are replaced with a sound made in the front of the mouth
(alveolar)
§Examples
i.“cookie” may be pronounced “tootie”
ii.“car” may be pronounced “tar”
SYLLABLE STRUCTURE PROCESSES: syllables are reduced, omitted

or repeated
1. Cluster reduction – the reduction of a consonant cluster (two consonants next

to one another) to one consonant.
Examples
i.“Tree” may be pronounced “tee”
ii.“Stay” may be pronounced “say”
2. Final Consonant Deletion – the elimination of the final consonant in a word.
Examples
i.“Road” may be pronounced “roh”
ii.“Cat” may be pronounced “ca”
3. Initial consonant deletion – the elimination of the beginning consonant of a

word.
Examples
i.“belly” may be pronounced “elly”
ii.“cape” may be pronounced “ape”
4. Syllable reduction – the elimination of a syllable from a word that contains

two or more syllables.
Examples
i.“Computer” may be pronounced “puter”
ii.“Vanilla” may be pronounced “nilla”
ASSIMILATION PROCESSES: when sounds/syllables start to sound like

surrounding sounds
1. Assimilation – when a consonant sound in a word starts to sound the same as

another consonant in the word.
Examples
i.“cup” may be pronounced “kug”
ii.“name” may be pronounced “mame”
2. Reduplication – the repetition of a complete or incomplete syllable in

substation for a word
Examples
i.“bottle” may be pronounced “baba”
ii.“daddy” may be pronounced “dada”
iii.“water” may be pronounced “wawa”
3.Denasalization – the substitution of a nasal consonant (“n” or “m”) with a non-
nasal consonant (“b” or “d”)
Examples
i.“nose” may be pronounced “doze”
ii. “maybe” may be pronounced “baby”

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1. What is Phonology?

Phonology is the branch of linguistics that studies how languages or

2. What is phonological process?

A phoneme is a unit of sound that can distinguish one word from

Short vowel sounds Long vowel sounds

a - cat, bat, ant ai - paid, way, stay

i - big, sit ie - sky, high

o - dog, log oe - bpw, roe

u - put, book ue - cue, moon

6. Allophonic variants of English vowels.

- Nasalised vowels [◌̃ ]

- Voiceless plosives /p, t, k/

- Devoicing of voicing plosives /b, d, g/

- Non-audible release of plosives / p, t, k, b, d, g /

- Lateral release of plosives /t, d/

Phonological processes are patterns of sound errors that typically

SUBSTITUTION PROCESSES: replacing one class of sounds for

3. Vowelization – the substitution of a vowel sound for “l” or “er” sounds

SYLLABLE STRUCTURE PROCESSES: syllables are reduced, omitted

1. Cluster reduction – the reduction of a consonant cluster (two consonants next

2. Final Consonant Deletion – the elimination of the final consonant in a word.

3. Initial consonant deletion – the elimination of the beginning consonant of a

4. Syllable reduction – the elimination of a syllable from a word that contains

ASSIMILATION PROCESSES: when sounds/syllables start to sound like

1. Assimilation – when a consonant sound in a word starts to sound the same as

2. Reduplication – the repetition of a complete or incomplete syllable in

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