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 Advent of the
Europeans in India
The Dutch- 1602
COUNTRY Company’S Year of First Factory First Fort Major Trading Major Items
Name Estab. Settlement centres of Export

Portugal - - At Cannanore At Goa in Calicut, Silk, Indigo

in 1501 1510 Coachin, and
and saltpetre
cannanore

Dutch The United 1602 in At At Pulicut Agra, Surat, Indigo,

East India Holland Masulipatnam in 1609 Masulipatna Saltpetre,
Company of in 1605 m and opium,raw
the Chinsura silk and
Netherlands cotton Tea

Danes The Danish 1616 in At Tranquebar Fort Serampore Tea

East India Denmark in 1620 Dansborg in
Company Tranquebar
COUNTRY Company’S Year of First Factory First Fort Major Trading Major Items
Name Estab. Settlement centres of Export

English The English 1600 in At Surat in At Madras Agra, Surat, Silk yarn,
East India London 1613 (Fort St. Ahmedabad, raw silk,
Company George) in Calcutta, saltpetre,
1639 Bombay, indigo, etc.
Madras,
Broach etc.
French The french 1664 in At Surat in At Chandranago Indigo,
East India France 1667 Pondicherry re, Balasore, Saltpetre,
Company in 1674 Qasim Bazar, opium,raw
Mahe, Yanam silk and
and Karikal cotton Tea
 The Dutch-1596
Cornelis de Houtman was the first Dutchman to reach Sumatra and Bantam
in 1596.

In 1602, the States General of the Netherlands amalgamated many trading

companies into the East India Company of the Netherlands.
(The First Joint-Stock Company)

This company was also empowered to carry on war, to conclude treaties, to

take possession of territory and to erect fortresses.
 Dutch Settlements
❑ The Dutch founded their first factory in Masulipatnam
(in Andhra) in1605

❑ Fort Geldria (Built between 1609-1613)

only fortification in the Indian empire

❑ Captured Nagapatam near Madras (Chennai) from the Portuguese and made it their
main stronghold in South India.

❑ The Dutch established factories on the Coromandel coast, in Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh,
Bengal and Bihar. .
 Dutch Settlements
❑ In1609, they opened a factory in Pulicat, north of Madras.

❑ Their other principal factories in India were at

❖ Surat (1616),
❖ Bimlipatam (1641),
❖ Karaikal (1645),
❖ Chinsura (1653),
❖ Baranagar, Kasimbazar (near Murshidabad), Balasore, Patna, Nagapatam(1658)
❖ Cochin(1663).
 Dutch Settlements

They carried

❑ Indigo manufactured in the Yamuna valley and Central India,

❑ Textiles and silk from Bengal, Gujarat and the Coromandel,
❑ Saltpetre from Bihar
❑ Opium and rice from the Ganga valley.
 Anglo-Dutch Rivalry
❑ English challenged the commercial interests of the Dutch.

❑ An agreement was concluded at Amboyna (a place in present-day

Indonesia

❑ 1667- Dutch left India and shifted to Indonesia.

❑ They monopolized the trade in black

pepper and spices.

❑ The most important Indian commodities

the Dutch traded in were silk, cotton,
indigo, rice and opium.
 Decline of the Dutch in India

❑ The Dutch got involved into the trade of the Malay and third rivalry
occurred between English and Dutch (Third Anglo-Dutch War(1672-74))

❑ Dutch won and treaty of West minister was concluded

❑ Their concerns were trade in the Spice Islands of Indonesia

❑ Dutch were finally defeated by English at Battle of bidara-1759

(Chinsura)
The Dutch rivalry with the English, during the seventeenth century, was more
bitter than that of the Portuguese.

The policy of the Dutch in the East was influenced by two motives:

1) One was to take revenge on Catholic Spain, the foe of their

independence, and her ally Portugal,

2) And the other was to colonise and establish settlements in the East
Indies with a view to monopolising commerce in that region.

They gained their first object by the gradual decline of Portuguese influence.

The realisation of their second object brought them into bitter competition
with the English.
R.C. Majumdar,
H.C. Raychaudhuri and
K. Datta in
An Advanced History of India
 Advent of the
Europeans in India
The British- 1608
 TheEnglish-1599 Charter of Queen Elizabeth I

Francis Drake’s voyage around the world in 1580 and the English victory
over the Spanish Armada in 1588 generated a new sense of enterprise in
the British, encouraging sailors to venture out to the East.

In 1599, a company named ‘Merchant Adventurers’ was formed.

On December 31, 1600, Queen Elizabeth I gave exclusive trading rights to the
company on the East Indies
 Progress of the English Company
Foot hold in West and South

❑ Captain Hawkins arrived in the court of Jahangir in April 1609 itself.

❑ In 1611, the English started trading and established a factory at Masulipatnam.

❑ In 1613, establish a factory at Surat under Thomas Aldworth

❑ In 1615, Sir Thomas Roe visited the court of Jahangir as an ambassador of

King James.

❑ He got the permission to set up factories at Agra, Ahmedabad and Broach.

❑ Bombay was gifted to King Charles II by the King of Portugal as dowry to

Charles in her daughter’s wedding. In 1668, Bombay was given over to the
East India Company on an annual payment of ten pounds only.
 Progress of the English Company
Foot hold in West and South

❑ In 1687, the HQ of western presidency was shifted from Surat to Bombay.

❑ The sultan of Golconda issued a golden farman to allow free trade at Golconda
port on an annual payment of 500 Pagodas.

❑ In 1639, ruler of Chandragiri permitted to fortify a factory at Madrass which

was called Fort St. George and became HQ for English in South India replacing
Masulipatnam.

❑ In 1633, English extended their trading activities to the east and started
factories at Hariharpur in the Mahanadi delta and at Balasore (in Odisha).
 Foothold in Bengal

❑ In 1651, Shah Shuja, the subahdar of Bengal allowed the English to

trade in Bengal at an annual payment of Rs3,000.

❑ Factories in Bengal were started at Hooghly (1651) and other places

like Kasimbazar, Patna and Rajmahal.

❑ William Hedges was the first agent and governor of the Company in
Bengal

❑ Shayista Khan was the Mughal governor of Bengal in August 1682.

❑ The English captured the imperial forts at Thana , east Midnapur and
the Mughal fortifications at Balasore.

❑ In 1691, English received a farman to carry their trade indefinitely on

payment of Rs. 3000 a year.

❑ A zamindar in Bardhaman district, Sobha Singh, rebelled, subsequently

giving the English the pretext they were looking for, to fortify their
settlement at Sutanuti in 1696.

❑ In 1698, the English acquired the Zamindari rights on Sutanuti,

Gobindapur and Kalikata village on payment of Rs 1,200.

❑ In 1700, the fortified settlement was named Fort William when it also
became the seat of the eastern presidency (Calcutta) with Sir Charles
Eyre as its first president.
 Farrukhsiyar’s Farmans
❑ In 1708, British crown amalgamated the two companies under the title of
‘United Company of Merchants of England Trading to the East Indies’.

❑ In 1715, Farrukhsiyar secured three famous Farmans called Magna Carta in

Bengal, Gujarat and Hyderabad

❑ Coins started getting minted at Bombay by EIC and distributed all over the
country.

❑ The custom duties on export and import by the company in Bengal was
exempted on payment of Rs. 3000. Dastaks were issues for transportation
purposes.

❑ EIC was exempted from the levy of all duties in surat on annual payment of
10000.
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