 Question 1.

In A Router, What Is Default Route

Used For?
Answer :
It is used when there is no specific entry in the routing IP
table.
 Question 2. What Will The Bgp First Check To See
If A Prefix Is Accessible?
Answer :
BGP will check next hop attribute to determine next hop
is accessible
Networking Interview Questions
 Question 3. What Are The Two Methods For
Reducing The Number Of Ibgp Connection In A
Network?
Answer :
These are confederation and route reflector
 Question 4. In A Network Of Routers And
Switches, What Is The Difference Between Routing
And Switching?
Answer :
Switching make the final ultimate delivery while routing
select the best available path in a network.
Networking Tutorial
 Question 5. What Is The Difference Between Rip
And Ospf?
Answer :
RIP broadcast its routing table after each 30 seconds
while OSPF only update those entries which are missing
the neighbor routing table
Computer Hardware Interview Questions
 Question 6. What Is The Difference Between
Classless And Classfull Routing?
Answer :
Classfull routing don not advertise subnet mask
information along with the network prefix while classless
routing do.
 Question 7. What Is The Main Purpose Of Areas In
Ospfv2?
Answer :
Routers networks are divided in to areas which are they
connected to backbone area0. The areas help you to give
performance and easy to handle big network
CCNA Interview Questions
 Question 8. What Types Of Routers Are Allowed In
Totally Stubby Areas?
Answer :
In totally stubby area, inter area and intra area route and
default route are allowed.
 Question 9. What Are The Router Types In Ospf?
Answer :
There are Internal Router, ASBR and ABR
Hardware and Networking Interview Questions
 Question 10. What Will Be The Broadcast Ip Of
The 202.4.81.96/27?
Answer :
202.4.81.127
 Question 11. In Ospfv2, What Is The Purpose
Virtual Link?
Answer :
The main purpose of virtual link is to connect nonzero
area with backbone area.
MCSE Interview Questions
 Question 12. What Is A Load Balancer?
Answer :
It is a network device which is used to balance the load in
on available nodes.
Networking Interview Questions
 Question 13. What Is Voice Circuit?
Answer :
It is specially used for voip only because it have ports
enable on it which allow voip traffic.
 Question 14. What Qos Parameters Are Required
To Transfers Credential File From One Source To A
Destination?
Answer :
The main QoS parameters required is Bandwidth and
Data loss.
 Question 15. What Does Dns Do In A Network?
Answer :
DNS is domain name server. It is used to translate IP into
domain name and vice versa
Microsoft Certified Solutions Associate (MCSA)
Interview Questions
 Question 16. What Is The Purpose Or Http
Protocol?
Answer :
It is used to transfer data or files over internet.
 Question 17. At Which Layer Hub Work?
Answer :
Hub works at physical layer.
Cisco Interview Questions
 Question 18. Home Many Types Of Rip Messages?
Answer :
There are two type of RIP messages, these are request and
respond.
Computer Hardware Interview Questions
 Question 19. At Which Layer Of Internet Protocol
Suite, Icmp Work?
Answer :
It works at internet layer
 Question 20. Which Protocol Does Rip Use To
Transport Data?
Answer :
RIP use UDP
Cisco Nexus switches Interview Questions
 Question 21. At Which Layer Sip Protocol Work?
Answer :
SIP work at Application layer of OSI.
 Question 22. Is Rip V2 Is Link State Protocol?
Answer :
No, it is distance vector protocol
 Question 23. At Which Layer Of Osi Does Tcp/ip
Work?
Answer :
TCP/IP is two protocols. IP work at layer 3 and TCP at
layer 4
Cisco Network Engineer Interview Questions
 Question 24. At Which Layer Of Osi Does Tcp
Work?
Answer :
It works at transport layer
CCNA Interview Questions
 Question 25. Sw_a Revision Number 22. You Have
Made 2 Vlans One By One And 3 Vlans In One
Command, What Will Be The Final Revision
Number?
Answer :
The final revision number is 25.
 Question 26. What Is Private Vlan Used For?
Answer :
Private vlan is a concept in vlan you can have vlans in a
single vlan. It is used in where hundreds of vlans are
configured. You only need to make one vlan and all other
vlans in this vlan.
 Question 27. When You Are Configuring Virtual
Link, Which Router Will Be Configured?
Answer :
The configuration is between ABRs router
Hardware and Networking Interview Questions
 Question 28. What Is A Core Network?
Answer :
A core network is where the entire main network lives.
Without core network, the whole network cannot be run.
All routers and switches are connected to their core
network.
 Question 29. What Is Access Layer In Switching
Network?
Answer :
The access layer is said to be the layer in which host are
connected with the  switch it is a end layer connected host
with the switch. Layer 2 switches are mostly used in
access layer.
 Question 30. What Is The Difference Between Stp
And Rstp?
Answer :
STP is used to prevent switching loop in the switching
network, while RSTP is almost same as STP just only one
thing which is timing of port forwarding has been reduce
to 0.
 Question 31. What Is The Total Range Of Multicast
Addresses In Ipv4?
Answer :
224-239
 Question 32. How Can You Get A Continuous With
This Ip On Router 176.9.41.131?
Answer :
Just add –t at the end of the IP… like 176.9.41.131 –t
 Question 33. Does Ripv1 Support Classless
Routing?
Answer :
RIPv1 does not support classless routing. RIPv2 support
classfull and classless routing both.
MCSE Interview Questions
 Question 34. What Is Redistribution?
Answer :
It is a concept by which two different routing protocol can
communicate and exchange information with each other
 Question 35. Why Would You Use Areas In Bgp
Protocols?
Answer :
There is no area concept in BGP protocol.
 Question 36. What Will Be The Administrative
Distance Of Static Route To The Next Hop?
Answer :
The static route distance will be 1 even with the next hop.
Microsoft Certified Solutions Associate (MCSA)
Interview Questions
 Question 37. What Is The Administrative Distance
Of Egp?
Answer :
The administrative distance for EGP is 140.
 Question 38. What Will Be The Administrative
Distance Of Directly Connected Two Interfaces With
Router?
Answer :
It will be zero
 Question 39. What Will Be The Net Mask For The
176.9.59.4/16?
Answer :
255.255.0.0
 Question 40. What Will Be The Wildcard Address
For 176.9.120.142/24?
Answer :
0.0.0.225
Cisco Interview Questions
 Question 41. Which Tcp Port Does Bgp Used To
Establish Connection Between Routers?
Answer :
BGP use 179 port o TCP.
 Question 42. How Many Flavor Of Bgp Are?
Answer :
There are two flavors of BGP, EGP and IGP
Cisco Nexus switches Interview Questions
 Question 43. What Is Synchronization?
Answer :
It is said to be the property of IBGP.
 Question 44. In Bgp, What Is The Purpose Of
As_path Attribute?
Answer :
If a route has more than one route to the same IP prefix,
the best path is the one with the shortest AS_PATH
 Question 45. What Is The Purpose Of Weight
Attribute On Ospf?
Answer :
There is no attribute such as WEIGHT in OSPF

 Question 1. What Is Routing?

Answer :
Routing is the process in which items are forwarded from
one location to another. Routing is a hop-by-hop
paradigm.
A Cisco router performs routing and switching functions.
Describe what each function does.
Routing is a way to learn and maintain awareness of the
network topology. Each router maintains a routing table
in which it looks up the destination Layer 3 address to get
the packet one step closer to its destination.
The switching function is the actual movement of
temporary traffic through the router, from an inbound
interface to an outbound interface.
 Question 2. What Are The Three Types Of Routes
You Can Use In A Cisco Router?
Answer :
The three types of routes are static routes, dynamic routes,
and default routes.
Networking Interview Questions
 Question 3. What Is The Difference Between Static
And Dynamic Routes?
Answer :
Static routes are routes that an administrator manually
enters into a router. Dynamic routes are routes that a
router learns automatically through a routing protocol.
 Question 4. What Is A Default Route?
Answer :
Also known as the gateway of last resort, a default route
is a special type of static route with an all-zeros network
and network mask. The default route is used to route any
packets to a network that a router does not directly know
about to a next-hop router. By default, if a router receives
a packet to a destination network that is not in its routing
table, it drops the packet. When a default route is
specified, the router does not drop the packet. Instead, it
forwards the packet to the IP address specified in the
default route.
Networking Tutorial
 Question 5. What Is A Routing Protocol?
Answer :
A Routing protocol defines the set of rules used by a
router when it communicates with neighboring routers.
Routing protocols listens for packets from other
participants in order to learn and maintain a routing table.
CCNA Interview Questions
 Question 6. What Is Administrative Distance?
Answer :
Administrative distance (AD) is an integer from 0 to 255
that rates the trustworthiness of routing information
received on a router from a neighboring router. The AD is
used as the tiebreaker when a router has multiple paths
from different routing protocols to the same destination.
The path with the lower AD is the one given priority.
 Question 7. What Are The Three Classes Of
Routing Protocols?
Answer :
 Distance vector

 Link-state

 Balanced hybrid
CCNP Interview Questions
 Question 8. What Is The Ad For Each Of The
Following?
Answer :
1. Directly connected interface 0
2. Static route 1
3. EIGRP 90
4. IGRP 100
5. OSPF 110
6. RIP 120
7. External EIGRP 170
8. Unknown 255
 Question 9. How Do Distance Vector Routing
Protocols Function?
Answer :
Also known as Bellman-Ford-Fulkerson algorithms,
distance vector routing protocols pass complete routing
tables to neighboring routers. Neighboring routers then
combine the received routing table with their own routing
table. Each router receives a routing table from its directly
connected neighbor. Distance vector routing tables
include information about the total cost and the logical
address of the first router on the path to each network they
know about.
CWNA (Certified Wireless Network Administrator)
Interview Questions
 Question 10. How Do Distance Vector Routing
Protocols Keep Track Of Any Changes To The
Internetwork?
Answer :
Distance vector routing protocols keep track of an
internetwork by periodically broadcasting updates out all
active interfaces. This broadcast contains the entire
routing table. This method is often called routing by
rumor. Slow convergence of distance vector routing
protocols can cause inconsistent routing tables and
routing loops.
 Question 11. What Is Split Horizon?
Answer :
The rule of split horizon is that it is never useful to send
information about a route back in the direction from
which the original update came.
Network Administrator Interview Questions
 Question 12. What Is Convergence?
Answer :
Convergence is when all routers have consistent
knowledge and correct routing tables.
Networking Interview Questions
 Question 13. What Is Route Poisoning?
Answer :
With route poisoning, when a distance vector routing
protocol notices that a route is no longer valid, the route is
advertised with an infinite metric, signifying that the route
is bad. In RIP, a metric of 16 is used to signify infinity.
Route poisoning is used with holddowns.
 Question 14. What Are Hold-down Timers?
Answer :
Hold-down timers prevent regular update messages from
reinstating a route that might have gone bad. Hold-down
timers also tell routers to hold for a period of time any
changes that might affect routes.
 Question 15. What Are Triggered Updates?
Answer :
When a router notices that a directly connected subnet has
changed state, it immediately sends another routing
update out its other interfaces rather than waiting for the
routing update timer to expire. Triggered updates are also
known as Flash updates.
Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) Interview Questions
 Question 16. What Is Ip Rip?
Answer :
IP RIP is a true distance vector routing protocol that sends
its complete routing table out all active interfaces every
30 seconds. IP RIP uses a hop count as its metric to
determine the best path to a remote network. The
maximum allowable hop count is 15, meaning that 16 is
unreachable. There are two versions of RIP. Version 1 is
classful, and version 2 is classless. IP RIP can load-
balance over as many as six equal-cost paths.
 Question 17. What Four Timers Does Ip Rip Use
To Regulate Its Performance?
Answer :
Here are the four timers that IP RIP uses to regulate
its performance:
1. Route update timer Time between router updates.
The default is 30 seconds.
2. Route invalid timer Time that must expire before a
route becomes invalid. The default is 180 seconds.
3. Route hold-down timer If IP RIP receives an update
with a hop count higher than the metric recorded in
the routing table, the router goes into holddown for
180 seconds.
4. Route flush timer Time from when a route becomes
invalid to when it is removed from the routing table.
The default is 240 seconds.
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)
Interview Questions
 Question 18. How Do You Stop Rip Updates From
Propagating Out An Interface On A Router?
Answer :
Sometimes you do not want RIP updates to propagate
across the WAN, wasting valuable bandwidth or giving
out valuable information about your internetwork. The
easiest way to stop RIP updates from propagating out an
interface is to use the passive-interface global
configuration command.
CCNA Interview Questions
 Question 19. How Do You Display The Contents Of
A Cisco Ip Routing Table?
Answer :
The show ip route command displays the Cisco routing
table’s contents.
 Question 20. What Is Interior Gateway Routing
Protocol (igrp)?
Answer :
IGRP is a Cisco proprietary distance vector routing
protocol. IGRP has a default hop count of 100 hops, with
a maximum hop count of 255. IGRP uses bandwidth and
line delay as its default metric, but it can also use
reliability, load, and MTU.
Cisco Network Engineer Interview Questions
 Question 21. How Do You Enable Igrp On A Cisco
Router?
Answer :
The way you enable IGRP on a Cisco router is similar to
the way you enable RIP, except you specify IGRP as the
protocol and add an autonomous system number.
For example: RouterA(config)#router igrp 10 (10 is the
AS number)
RouterA(config-router)#network 192.168.0.0
RouterA(config-router)#network 192.168.1.0
RouterA(config-router)#network 192.168.2.0
 Question 22. What Four Timers Does Igrp Use To
Regulate Its Performance?
Answer :
The four timers IGRP uses to regulate its performance
are as follows:
1. Route update timer Time between router updates The
default is 90 seconds.
2. Route invalid timer Time that must expire before a
route becomes invalid . The default is 270 seconds.
3. Route hold-down timer If a destination becomes
unreachable, or if the next-hop router increases the
metric recording in the routing table, the router goes
into holddown for 280 seconds.
4. Route flush timer[md]Time from when a route
becomes invalid to when it is removed from the
routing table. The default is 630 seconds.
 Question 23. What Are Broadcast Domains?
Answer :
A broadcast domain defines a group of devices that
receive each others’ broadcast messages. As with
collisions, the more broadcasts that occur on the network,
the slower your network will be. This is because every
device that receives a broadcast must process it to see if
the broadcast is intended for it.
Cisco Asa Firewall Interview Questions
 Question 24. What Devices Are Used To Break Up
Collision And Broadcast Domains?
Answer :
Switches and bridges are used to break up collision
domains. They create more collision domains and fewer
collisions. Routers are used to break up broadcast
domains. They create more broadcast domains and
smaller broadcast areas.
CCNP Interview Questions
 Question 25. How Do The Different Layers Of The
Osi Model Communicate With Each Other?
Answer :
Each layer of the OSI model can communicate only with
the layer above it, below it, and parallel to it (a peer
layer). For example, the presentation layer can
communicate with only the application layer, session
layer, and presentation layer on the machine it is
communicating with. These layers communicate with
each other using protocol data units (PDUs). These PDUs
control information that is added to the user data at each
layer of the model. This information resides in fields
called headers (the front of the data field) and trailers (the
end of the data field).
 Question 26. What Does The Eigrp Stuck In Active
Message Mean?
Answer :
1. When EIGRP returns a stuck in active (SIA)
message, it means that it has not received a reply to a
 query. An EIGRP neighbour (or neighbours) have not
replied to the query for that route.
2. When the SIA occurs, the router clears the neighbour
that did not reply to the query.
 Question 27. Why Do You Not See Ospf
Neighbours As Full/dr Or Full/bdr On Serial Link?
Answer :
This is normal. On point-to-point and point-to-multipoint
networks, there are no designated routers (DRs) or backup
designated routers (BDRs).
CWNA (Certified Wireless Network Administrator)
Interview Questions
 Question 28. What Is Type-1 And Type-2 Lsas In
Ospf?
Answer :
 Type-1 LSAs are router LSAs and are generated by

each router for the area to which the router belongs.

 Type-2 LSAs are network LSAs and are generated by

the DR and BDR.

 Question 29. What Is Ospf Network Types?
Answer :
1. Broadcast, multi-access networks: Ehternet, token
ring. Single mode operation.
2. Point-to-point : T1 CAS, ISDN BRI/PRI, single
operation mode, no DR/BDR.
3. Non-broadcast multi-access(NBMA) networks:
Frame realy, ATM, MPLS. Five modes of operation.
 Question 30. Explain The Function Of A
Rendezvous Point ?
Answer :
A RP is the focal point for multicast traffic. Traffic is
forward to the RP from multicast sources. The RP then
forwards traffic to multicast receivers.
 Question 31. What Is The Purpose Of The Interface
Command Ip Multicast Spares-dense-mode ?
Answer :
Used with PIMSM Auto-RP and version 2. if the RPs fail,
the router reverts to dense mode.
 Question 32. Describe The Operation Of Anycast
Rp?
Answer :
Two or more RPs are configured with the same IP
address. The IP addresses of the RPs are advertised using
a unicast IP routing protocol. Each multicast router
chooses the closet RP. If an RP fails, the routers switch to
the next nearest RP after the unicast ip routing protocol
converges. The MSDP is used between RPs to exchange
active multicast source information.
 Question 33. What Protocols Do Switches Use To
Prevent The Broadcasting Of Multicast Traffic ?
Answer :
CGMP and IGMP Snooping.
Network Administrator Interview Questions
 Question 34. Why Are The Cisco Multicast Routing
Protocols Referred To As Protocol Independent ?
Answer :
Multicast forwarding decisions are based on the entries in
the unicast IP routing table. Multicast is not dependent on
how the unicast IP routing table was built; you cans use
any dynamic interior routing protocol, static routes, or a
combination of the two.
 Question 35. Why Is Bgp A Better Choice For
Internet Routing Than The Igps?
Answer :
RIP version 1 and IGRP are classful protocols and do not
advertise subnet mask information.
RIP version 2 has a limited network diameter of 15 hops.
EIGRP, OSPF, and IS-IS use computational intensive
algorithms for determining a shortest path. BGP relies on
simple techniques for best path selection and loop
detection, and can handle the number of network prefixes
required for Internet routing.
 Question 36. What Is The Major Difference
Between Bgp And Igp Route Summarization?
Answer :
When a summary address is created with an IGP (EIGRP,
OSPF, and IS-IS), the specific routes of the summary are
not advertised. BGP advertises the summary, and all the
specific routes of the summary unless they are specifically
suppressed.
Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) Interview Questions
 Question 37. Why Does Ibgp Require A Full Mesh?
Answer :
BGP uses the AS _PATH attribute for loop detection. If a
router sees its own AS number in a BGP advertisement,
the advertisement is dropped. IBGP routers have the same
AS number so the AS number cannot be used for loop
detection. IBGP neighbors will not advertise prefixes
learned from one IBGP neighbor to another IBGP
neighbor; therefore, a full mesh is required.
 Question 38. Name Two Methods For Reducing
The Number Of Ibgp Connections?
Answer :
Route reflector and confederation.
 Question 39. What Is Synchronization?
Answer :
Synchronization is a property of IBGP. An IBGP router
will not accept a prefix received from an IBGP neighbor
if the prefix is not already in the IP routing table.
 Question 40. What Is The First Thing That Bgp
Checks To Determine If A Prefix Is Accessible?
Answer :
BGP checks the NEXT HOP attribute to determine if the
NEXT HOP is accessible or in the IP routing table.
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)
Interview Questions
 Question 41. Name All The Ways For Installing A
Prefix In The Bgp Routing Table?
Answer :
1. Using the network command to transfer a router from
the IP routing table to the BGP routing table.
2. Redistributing routes from the IP routing table to the
BGP routing table .
3. Learned from a BGP neighbor.
 Question 42. What Is The Order Of Preference For
The Bgp Attributes As_path, Local_pref, Med, And
Weight?
Answer :
WEIGHT, LOACL_PREF, AS_PATH, MED
Cisco Network Engineer Interview Questions
 Question 43. What Is The Purpose Of The Metric
Or Multi_exit_disc Attribute?
Answer :
MED is used to prefer a path into an autonomous system.
A lower MED value is preferred.
 Question 44. What Is The Scope Of The Local_pref
Attribute?
Answer :
The LOCAL _PREF attribute is advertised throughout the
autonomous system.
 Question 45. What Is The Purpose Of The
Local_pref Attribute?
Answer :
If a router has more than one route to the same IP prefix,
the best path is the one with the highest LOCAL_PREF
(assuming the WEIGHT attribute for the routes is equal).
 Question 46. What Is The Scope Of The Weight
Attribute?
Answer :
WEIGHT has only local significance and is not advertised
to BGP peers.
 Question 47. What Is The Purpose Of The Weight
Attribute?
Answer :
If a router has more than one route to the same IP prefix,
the best path is the one with the highest WEIGHT value.
 Question 48. What Is The Purpose Of The As_path
Attribute?
Answer :
If a router has more than one route to the same IP prefix,
the best path is the one with the shortest AS _PATH
(assuming other BGP attributes are equal).
 Question 49. Describe Four Differences Between
The Operation Of Ibgp And Ebgp?
Answer :
1. IBGP is the protocol used between routers in the
same autonomous system. EBGP is the protocol used
between routers in different autonomous systems.
 2. IBGP routes must be synchronized before they can be
transferred to the IP routing table (unless
synchronization is disabled).
3. EBGP sets the next hop attribute to the IP address of
the interface used to communicate with the EBGP
peer. The next hop attribute is not modified when an
IBGProuter advertises a prefix to an IBGP peer if the
prefix was learned from an EBGP neighbor.
4. EBGP advertises all prefixes learned from an EBGP
neighbor to all other EBGP neighbors. IBGP routers
do not advertise prefixes learned from one IBGP
neighbor to another IBGP neighbor
 Question 50. How Many Ospf Databases Are On
An Ospf Router?
Answer :
The number of OSPF databases on a router is equal to the
number of OSPF areas configured on the router.
 Question 51. What Is The Administrative Distance
Of Ospf Routes?
Answer :
110
 Question 52. If A Router Learns About The Same
Network Prefix Through Rip, Igrp, Eigrp, And Ospf,
Which Route Will Be Preferred?
Answer :
 EIGRP has an administrative distance of 90

 IGRP has an administrative distance of 100.

  OSPF has an administrative distance of 110.
 RIP has an administrative distance of 120.

 Therefore, the EIGRP route is preferred.

 Question 53. Describe The Structure And Format

Of An Nsap Address?
Answer :
An NSAP address has a length of8 to 20 bytes and
consists of three components:
One to 13 byte area id
Six byte system id
One byte NSAP selector that is always equal to zero for a
router
 Question 54. Describe The Difference Between An
Ospf And Is-is Backbone?
Answer :
OSPF has a backbone area or area O. All nonzero areas
must be connected to the backbone through a router or a
virtual link. IS-IS has a backbone area made up ofa
contiguous chain of Level 2 capable routers.
 Question 55. In Is-is, What Does Level 1 Routing
Mean?
Answer :
Level 1 routing is routing between destinations in the
same IS-IS area.
 Question 56. What Is The Ospf Counterpart To
Level L Routing?
Answer :
Intra-area routing.
 Question 57. In Is-is, What Is The Function Of A
Level 1-2 Router?
Answer :
A Level 1-2 router has two IS-IS databases. The Level l
database is used for routing to destinations within the
router's configured area. The Level 2 database is used to
route between destinations in different areas.
 Question 58. What Is The Ospf Counterpart To A
Level 1-2 Is-is Router?
Answer :
An Area Border Router (ABR).
 Question 59. What Is The Difference Between The
Types Of Routes Allowed By Default Into Is-is And
Ospf Areas?
Answer :
By default, all routes are advertised into all OSPF areas.
This includes inter area OSPF routes and external routes
that have been injected into OSPF. By default, IS-IS does
not advertise inter area or external routes into an area, but
injects a default route.
 Question 60. What Is Route Leaking?
Answer :
Redistribution of Level 2 routes into an area as Level l
routes.
 Question 61. Compare Is-is Metrics With Ospf
Metrics?
Answer :
An OSPF interface metric is determined from the
interface bandwidth. By default, all IS¬-IS interface
metrics are equal to 10. Therefore, the EIGRP route is
preferred.
 Question 62. What Is The Difference Between An
Is-is Narrow And Wide Metric?
Answer :
A narrow metric uses 6 bits for the interface metric and
10 bits for the path metric. A wide metric uses 24 bits for
the interface metric and 32 bits for the path metric.
 Question 63. What Types Of Routes Are Allowed
Into A Stub Area?
Answer :
OSPF intra-area and inter area routes, and a default route.
External routes are not advertised into a stub area.
 Question 64. What Types Of Routes Are Allowed
Into A Totally Stubby Area?
Answer :
OSPF intra-area routes and a default route. OSPF inter
area and external routes are not advertised into a totally
stubby area.
 Question 65. What Types Of Routes Are Allowed
Into A Nssa?
Answer :
OSPF intra-area and inter area routes, and possibly a
default route. External routes from ABRs are blocked, and
external routes from ASBRs are converted to Nl or N2
routes.
 Question 66. What Types Of Routes Are Allowed
Into A Totally Nssa?
Answer :
OSPF intra-area routes and a default route. External
routes from ABRs are blocked, and external routes from
ASBRs are converted to Nl or N2 routes.
 Question 67. What Is The Difference Between An
El And E2 Ospf Route?
Answer :
An El route contains the OSPF cost to reach the ASBR
plus the cost from the ASBR to the external route. An E2
route contains only the cost from the ASBR to the
external route.
 Question 68. What Are The Three Types Of Ospf
Routers?
Answer :
ABR, internal router, and ASBR.
 Question 69. What Are The Six Ospf Route Types?
Answer :
Intra-area, inter area, El, E2, Nl, and N2.
 Question 70. Where Can Routes Be Summarized In
An Ospf Network?
Answer :
OSPF routes are summarized on an ABR. External routes
are summarized on an ASBR.
 Question 71. How Is The Ospf Router Id
Determined?
Answer :
If physical interfaces are only used, the OSPF router id is
the highest IP address assigned to an active physical
interface. If loopback interfaces are used, the OSPF router
ID is the highest IP address assigned to a loopback
interface. If the router-id command is used with the OSPF
configuration, the address used with this command will be
the router id.
 Question 72. How Does Ospf Determine The Dr On
A Multi-access Network?
Answer :
The router with the highest interface priority will be the
router ID. If all the interface priorities on the multi-access
network are the same, the router with the highest router
ID will be the DR.
 Question 73. How Does Ospf Determine An Inter
Area Shortest Path?
Answer :
 First, calculate the shortest path to an ABR.
  Second, calculate the shortest path across area 0 to an
ABR that is attached to the destination area.
 Third, calculate the shortest path across the

destination area from the ABR to the destination

network.
 Question 74. What Is The Purpose Of An Ospf
Virtual Link?
Answer :
To connect a nonzero area to the backbone if the nonzero
area becomes disconnected from the backbone. A virtual
link can also be used if the backbone, or area 0, becomes
discontiguous.
 Question 75. How Is The Ospf Cost Of An Interface
Calculated?
Answer :
By default, the cost of an OSPF interface is 1
OO,OOO,OOO/(Interface Bandwidth). The constant
100,000,000 can be changed using the auto-cost
reference-bandwidth command.
 Question 76. Why Are Intra-area Summary Routes
Not Allowed?
Answer :
OSPF databases on routers in the same area must be
identical. If route summarization was allowed within an
area, some routers would have specific routes and some
routers would have summary routes for routers in the
area. If this were allowed, the databases for the area
would never agree.
 Question 77. What Is The Range Of Host Addresses
For Network 172.16.53.96/27?
Answer :
172.16.53.97 through 172.16.53.126.
 Question 78. How Many Two-host Subnets Can Be
Made From A /24 Network?
Answer :
64 because 2 bits are needed for the hosts on the network,
leaving 6 bits for the subnet.
 Question 79. What Is The Full Ipv6 Address
Represented By Ff02::130f:5?
Answer :
FF02:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000: 130F:0005 
 Question 80. Explain The Difference Between A
Classful And A Classless Routing Protocol?
Answer :
Classless routing protocols advertise subnet mask
information along with the network prefixes. Classful
routing protocols do not. Therefore, for a c1assful
protocol, all subnets for the major network number being
used must be the same length. Also, c1assful protocol
cannot support discontiguous networks prefixes.
 Question 81. What Are The States That An Eigrp
Route Can Be In And What Do These States Mean?
Answer :
The passive state means that a router has a successor for a
route. The active state means that a router does not have a
successor or feasible successor for a route and is actively
sending queries to neighbors to get information about the
route.
 Question 82. Explain The Relationship Between
Reported Distance And Feasible Distance And How
They Determine Successors And Feasible Successors?
Answer :
The reported distance to a route that is sent to another
router is the feasible distance on the reporting router.
Feasible distance is the reported distance plus the metric
between the receiving and reporting routers. The route
with the lowest feasible distance is the successor. Any
routes with a reported distance that is less than the
feasible distance are feasible successors.
 Question 83. What Are The Purposes Of Areas In
An Ospf Network?
Answer :
Areas allow the design of a hierarchical network. Routes
can be summarized or blocked in an area to reduce the
amount of routing information on internal OSPF routers.
 Question 84. What Is The Purpose Of A Default
Route ?
Answer :
A default route is used if there is not a specific entry in
the routing table for the destination.
 Question 85. Describe The Difference Between
Routing And Switching?
Answer :
Routing moves a letter or telephone call to the access
layer.
Switching makes the final delivery. A switching decision
is made on the part of the address that is not used in
routing.