REAL TIME WIRELESS EMBEDDED ELECTRONICS FOR SOLDIER

SECURITY

Abstract:
Soldiers are very essential part of any nation’s security system. During, wars and search operations
soldiers get injured and many of them become lost. As, soldiers health is important because they
are the saviour of our country who protects us from enemy attacks, terrorist activities and from
many suspicious activities which can harm us as well as our nation too. This project gives an ability
to track the location and monitor health of the soldiers in real time who become lost and get injured
in the battlefield. It helps to minimize the time, search and rescue operation efforts of army control
unit. This system enables to army base station to track the location and monitor health of soldiers
using GPS module and wireless body area sensor networks (WBASNs), such as temperature
sensor, heart beat sensor, etc. The data coming from sensors and GPS receiver send data by using
GSM module. Also, a soldier can ask for help from control room and can communicate with other
fellow soldier present within the wireless transmission and reception range.

INTRODUCTION

A portable, wireless low-cost tracking system with high reliability is the need of hour for the
protection of valuable life of the soldiers on the battle fields. Further, soldiers can be guided for
the correct directions during the operations using GPS. The army suffers a lot due to the
unavailability of information of injuries to its personnel which may increase the death/ permanent
disability toll. The armed forces when deployed in battlefield need to be monitored for better
utilization of soldiers and using strategies to man oeuvre them to combat. It is observed that the
causalities are caused due to injuries rather than the direct assaults in the battlefield. These number
can be minimized if the real-time information is available at the control room about the health and
location of the soldier. There are many issues regarding the safety of soldiers. The transmission of
these parameters to the control room is carried out by the control room receives the position and
orientation of soldier from GPS. In the last decades, technologies such as cable-based systems RF
transceiver, walkie-talkie, ZigBee and GSM based tracking systems were most dominantly used
methodologies for the tracking of soldier’s life on the battlefield. Medical attention can be provided
at right time. Pulse rate, body temperature, and oxygen level in an environment can be monitored
along with the location tracking of the soldiers using GPS can be monitored using the proposed
system. However, all these technologies suffered from one or more reasons like high installation
cost, loss of signal, high noise as well as the bulky nature. Knowledge of current location of
soldiers, inability of continuous communication with the control room during the operations, lack
of immediate medical attention and operations under different geographical conditions are the few
prominent safety issues. Indian armed forces are the third largest standing army in the world with
1,200,255 active troops and 990,960 reserve troops. Rather than reporting on the status of their
health and current location which may sometimes be wrong due to human error, a device attached
with sensors can be used to get precise results.

The goal is to develop a low cost, low power, reliable, non-intrusive and non-invasive signs of
health status. To track the location of the soldier i.e. longitudes and latitudes. The methodology
adopted for this project is to use non-invasive sensors to measure heart rate and body temperature.
Signal conditioning circuits are designed to filter and amplify signals to provide desired output.
All the components used in the circuit are low powered and cheap. The acquired data is real time
and is sent through ADC and into Micro controller.

Embedded system implementation

Introduction:

An embedded system is one kind of a computer system mainly designed to

perform several tasks like to access, process, and store and also control the data in various
electronics-based systems. Embedded systems are a combination of hardware and software where
software is usually known as firmware that is embedded into the hardware. One of its most
important characteristics of these systems is, it gives the o/p within the time limits. Embedded
systems support to make the work more perfect and convenient. So, we frequently use embedded
systems in simple and complex devices too. The applications of embedded systems mainly involve
in our real life for several devices like microwave, calculators, TV remote control, home security
and neighborhood traffic control systems, etc.

User interface
 Embedded system

Software Hardware
Inputs
Output

Link to other systems

Fig: Overview of embedded system

Embedded system:

Embedded system includes mainly two sections, they are

1. Hardware
2. Software

Input devices interfacing

and driver circuits

Timers Memory

Power
Application
supply and Processor Serial specific
oscillator communication circuits
circuits ports

Interrupt Parallel
controller ports
 Block diagram of embedded system

Embedded System Hardware:

As with any electronic system, an embedded system requires a hardware platform on

which it performs the operation. Embedded system hardware is built with a microprocessor or
microcontroller. The embedded system hardware has elements like input output (I/O) interfaces,
user interface, memory and the display. Usually, an embedded system consists of:

• Power Supply
• Processor
• Memory
• Timers
• Serial communication ports
• Output/Output circuits
• System application specific circuits

Embedded systems use different processors for its desired operation. Some of the processors
used are

1. Microprocessor
2. Microcontroller

3. Digital signal processor

Microprocessor vs. Microcontroller

Microprocessor

• CPU on a chip.
• We can attach required amount of ROM, RAM and I/O ports.
• Expensive due to external peripherals.
• Large in size
• general-purpose

Microcontroller

• Computer on a chip
• fixed amount of on-chip ROM, RAM, I/O ports
• Low cost.
• Compact in size.
• Specific –purpose

Embedded System Software:

The embedded system software is written to perform a specific function. It is

typically written in a high level format and then compiled down to provide code that can be lodged
within a non-volatile memory within the hardware. An embedded system software is designed to
keep in view of the three limits:

• Availability of system memory

• Availability of processor’s speed
• When the system runs continuously, there is a need to limit power dissipation for events
like stop, run and wake up.
Bringing software and hardware together for embedded system:

To make software to work with embedded systems we need to bring software and
hardware together .for this purpose we need to burn our source code into microprocessor or
microcontroller which is a hardware component and which takes care of all operations to be done
by embedded system according to our code.

Generally we write source codes for embedded systems in assembly language, but the processors
run only executable files. The process of converting the source code representation of your
embedded software into an executable binary image involves three distinct steps:

1. Each of the source files must be compiled or assembled into an object file.
2. All of the object files that result from the first step must be linked together to produce a
single object file, called the re-locatable program.
3. Physical memory addresses must be assigned to the relative offsets within the re-locatable
program in a process called relocation.

The result of the final step is a file containing an executable binary image that is ready to run on
the embedded system.

Source code

Assembler

Linker

Locator

Executable file
 Processor

Flow of burning source code to processor

Applications:

Embedded systems have different applications. A few select applications of embedded systems are
smart cards, telecommunications, satellites, missiles, digital consumer electronics, computer
networking, etc.

Embedded Systems in Automobiles

• Motor Control System

• Engine or Body Safety
• Robotics in Assembly Line
• Mobile and E-Com Access

Embedded systems in Telecommunications

• Mobile computing
• Networking
• Wireless Communications

Embedded Systems in Smart Cards

• Banking
• Telephone
• Security Systems

Implementation flow:
Stage 1:

Considering the problems of existing methods and giving solution to that problem by considering
the basic requirements for our proposed system

Stage 2:

Considering the hardware requirement for the proposed system

For this we need to select the below components:

1. Microcontroller

2. Inputs for the proposed system (ex: sensors, drivers etc..,)

3. Outputs (ex: relays, loads)

Stage 3:

After considering hardware requirements, now we need to check out the software requirements.
Based on the microcontroller we select there exists different software for coding, compiling, debugging.
we need to write source code for that proposed system based on our requirements and compile, debug the
code in that software .

After completing all the requirements of software and hardware we need to bring both together to
work our system. For this we need to burn our source code into microcontroller, after burning our source
code to microcontroller then connect all input and output modules as per our requirement.

LITERATURE SURVEY
During, wars and military search operations, soldiers get injured and sometimes become lost. To
find soldiers and provide health monitoring, army base stations need GPS device for locating
soldiers, WBASNs to sense health related parameters of soldiers and a wireless transceiver to
transmit the data wirelessly.

Hock Beng Lim, Di Ma, Bang Wang, Zbigniew Kalbarczyk, Ravishankar K. Iyer, Kenneth L.
Watkin [1] had discussed on recent advances in growing technology, and on various wearable,
portable, light weighted and small sized sensors that have been developed for monitoring of the
human physiological parameters.

The Body Sensor Network (BSN) consists of many biomedical and physiological sensors such as
blood pressure sensor, electrocardiogram (ECG) sensor, electro dermal activity (EDA) sensor
which can be placed on human body for health monitoring in real time. In this paper, we describe
an idea to develop a system for real time health monitoring of soldiers, consisting of interconnected
BSNs. We describe the basic prototype of the system and present a blast source localization
application.

In this paper, we have completed only an initial design of individual sensor nodes and developed
a basic prototype of the system to collect the sensed data. In future, we will try to develop an
integrated data management system and a web portal which will enable users to have easy access
of data.

P.S. Kurhe, S.S. Agrawal [4] had introduced a system that gives ability to track the soldiers at any
moment. Additionally, the soldiers will be able to communicate with control room using GPS
coordinate information in their distress. The location tracking has great importance since World
War II, when military forces realized its usefulness for navigation, positioning, targeting and fleet
management. This system is reliable, energy efficient for remote soldier health monitoring and
their location tracking. It is able to send the sensed and processed parameters of soldier in real
time. It enables to army control room to monitor health parameters of soldiers like heart beat, body
temperature, etc. using body sensor networks. The parameters of soldiers are measured
continuously and wirelessly transmitted using GSM

EXISTING SYSTEM
A suit is available in the market which provides controlled temperature inside it, but its cost is very
high. It is because; many parts of the suit are mechanical and gripping devices. The suit consists
of pumps & radiators to provide warm and chilling effect. To cool the body, these pumps spray
water on human body.

Drawbacks:

Cost is high.

Implementation causes inconvenient because of having gripping devices.

PROPOSED SYSTEM

In This Proposed System the soldier Health and Position Tracking System allows military to track
the current GPS position of soldier and also checks the health status including body temperature
and heartbeats of soldier. The System also consists extra feature with the help of that soldier can
ask for help manually or send a distress signal to military if he is in need. The GPS modem sends
the latitude and longitude position with link pattern with the help of that military can track the
current position of the soldier. The system is very helpful for getting health status information of
soldier and providing them instant help and here we are using Arduino uno microcontroller and
GSM module for Sending message on Health condition and the location of the Soldier to the
military.
Block Diagram

HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

ARDUINO
The Arduino microcontroller is an easy to use yet powerful single board computer that has gained
considerable traction in the hobby and professional market. The Arduino is open-source, which
means hardware is reasonably priced and development software is free. This guide is for students
in ME 2011, or students anywhere who are confronting the Arduino for the first time. For advanced
Arduino users, prowl the web; there are lots of resources.
This is what the Arduino board looks like.
The Arduino programming language is a simplified version of C/C++. If you know C,
programming the Arduino will be familiar. If you do not know C, no need to worry as only a few
commands are needed to perform useful functions.

Sensors:

Arduino Hardware

The power of the Arduino is not its ability to crunch code, but rather its ability to interact with the
outside world through its input-output (I/O) pins. The Arduino has 14 digital I/O pins labeled 0 to
13 that can be used to turn motors and lights on and off and read the state of switches.

Each digital pin can sink or source about 40 mA of current. This is more than adequate for
interfacing to most devices, but does mean that interface circuits are needed to control devices
other than simple LED's. In other words, you cannot run a motor directly using the current
available from an Arduino pin, but rather must have the pin drive an interface circuit that in turn
drives the motor. A later section of this document shows how to interface to a small motor.
To interact with the outside world, the program sets digital pins to a high or low value using C
code instructions, which corresponds to +5 V or 0 V at the pin. The pin is connected to external
interface electronics and then to the device being switched on and off. The sequence of events is
shown in this figure.

To determine the state of switches and other sensors, the Arduino is able to read the voltage
value applied to its pins as a binary number. The interface circuitry translates the sensor signal into
a 0 or +5 V signal applied to the digital I/O pin. Through a program command, the Ardiomp
interrogates the state of the pin. If the pin is at 0 V, the program will read it as a 0 or LOW. If it is
at +5 V, the program will read it as a 1 or HIGH. If more than +5 V is applied, you may blow out
your board, so be careful. The sequence of events to read a pin is shown in this figure.
Interacting with the world has two sides. First, the designer must create electronic interface circuits
that allow motors and other devices to be controlled by a low (1-10 mA) current signal that
switches between 0 and 5 V, and other circuits that convert sensor readings into a switched 0 or 5
V signal. Second, the designer must write a program using the set of Arduino commands that set
and read the I/O pins. Examples of both can be found in the Arduino resources section of the
ME2011 web site.

Atmega328p features:

➢ High Performance, Low Power AVR® 8-Bit Microcontroller

➢ Advanced RISC Architecture

– 131 Powerful Instructions

– Most Single Clock Cycle Execution

 – 32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers

– Fully Static Operation

– Up to 20 MIPS Throughput at 20 MHz

– On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier

➢ High Endurance Non-volatile Memory Segments

– 4/8/16/32K Bytes of In-System Self-Programmable Flash progam memory

(ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P)

– 256/512/512/1K Bytes EEPROM (ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P)

– 512/1K/1K/2K Bytes Internal SRAM (ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P)

– Write/Erase Cycles: 10,000 Flash/100,000 EEPROM

– Data retention: 20 years at 85°C/100 years at 25°C(1)

– Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits In-System Programming by On-
chip Boot Program True Read-While-Write Operation

– Programming Lock for Software Security

➢ Peripheral Features

– Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Prescaler and Compare Mode

– One 16-bit Timer/Counter with Separate Prescaler, Compare Mode, and Capture Mode

– Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator

– Six PWM Channels – 8-channel 10-bit ADC in TQFP and QFN/MLF package
Temperature Measurement – 6-channel 10-bit ADC in PDIP Package Temperature Measurement

– Programmable Serial USART

– Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface

 – Byte-oriented 2-wire Serial Interface (Philips I2 C compatible)

– Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On-chip Oscillator

– On-chip Analog Comparator

– Interrupt and Wake-up on Pin Change

➢ Special Microcontroller Features

– Power-on Reset and Programmable Brown-out Detection

– Internal Calibrated Oscillator

– External and Internal Interrupt Sources

– Six Sleep Modes: Idle, ADC Noise Reduction, Power-save, Power-down, Standby, and
Extended Standby

➢ I/O and Packages

– 23 Programmable I/O Lines

– 28-pin PDIP, 32-lead TQFP, 28-pad QFN/MLF and 32-pad QFN/MLF

➢ Operating Voltage:

– 1.8 - 5.5V for ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P

➢ Temperature Range:

– -40°C to 85°C

➢ Speed Grade:

– 0 - 20 MHz @ 1.8 - 5.5V

➢ Low Power Consumption at 1 MHz, 1.8V, 25°C for ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P:

– Active Mode: 0.2 mA

 – Power-down Mode: 0.1 µA

– Power-save Mode: 0.75 µA (Including 32 kHz RTC)

PIN CONFIGURATIONS
Pin Descriptions

VCC: Digital supply voltage.

GND: Ground.

Port B (PB7:0) XTAL1/XTAL2/TOSC1/TOSC2: Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with

internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The Port B output buffers have symmetrical drive
characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port B pins that are externally
pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port B pins are tri-stated
when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running. Depending on the clock
selection fuse settings, PB6 can be used as input to the inverting Oscillator amplifier and input to
the internal clock operating circuit. Depending on the clock selection fuse settings, PB7 can be
used as output from the inverting Oscillator amplifier. If the Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator is
used as chip clock source, PB7..6 is used as TOSC2..1 input for the Asynchronous Timer/Counter2
if the AS2 bit in ASSR is set. The various special features of Port B are elaborated in ”Alternate
Functions of Port B” on page 76 and ”System Clock and Clock Options” on page 26.

Port C (PC5:0): Port C is a 7-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected
for each bit). The PC5..0 output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink
and source capability. As inputs, Port C pins that are externally pulled low will source current if
the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port C pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes
active, even if the clock is not running.

PC6/RESET: If the RSTDISBL Fuse is programmed, PC6 is used as an I/O pin. Note that the
electrical characteristics of PC6 differ from those of the other pins of Port C. If the RSTDISBL
Fuse is unprogrammed, PC6 is used as a Reset input. A low level on this pin for longer than the
minimum pulse length will generate a Reset, even if the clock is not running. The minimum pulse
length is given in Table 28-3 on page 308. Shorter pulses are not guaranteed to generate a Reset.
The various special features of Port C are elaborated in ”Alternate Functions of Port C” on page
79.

Port D (PD7:0): Port D is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected
for each bit). The Port D output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink
and source capability. As inputs, Port D pins that are externally pulled low will source current if
the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port D pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes
active, even if the clock is not running. The various special features of Port D are elaborated in
”Alternate Functions of Port D” on page 82.

AVCC: AVCC is the supply voltage pin for the A/D Converter, PC3:0, and ADC7:6. It should be
externally connected to VCC, even if the ADC is not used. If the ADC is used, it should be
connected to VCC through a low-pass filter. Note that PC6..4 use digital supply voltage, VCC.

AREF: AREF is the analog reference pin for the A/D Converter

ADC7:6 (TQFP and QFN/MLF Package Only): In the TQFP and QFN/MLF package, ADC7:6
serve as analog inputs to the A/D converter. These pins are powered from the analog supply and
serve as 10-bit ADC channels.

OVERVIEW

The ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based

on the AVR enhanced RISC architecture. By executing powerful instructions in a single clock
cycle, the ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P achieves throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz
allowing the system designer to optimize power consumption versus processing speed.

The AVR core combines a rich instruction set with 32 general purpose working registers.
All the 32 registers are directly connected to the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), allowing two
independent registers to be accessed in one single instruction executed in one clock cycle. The
resulting architecture is more code efficient while achieving throughputs up to ten times faster than
conventional CISC microcontrollers.

BLOCK DIAGRAM
The ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P provides the following features: 4/8/16/32K bytes of
InSystem Programmable Flash with Read-While-Write capabilities, 256/512/512/1K bytes
EEPROM, 512/1K/1K/2K bytes SRAM, 23 general purpose I/O lines, 32 general purpose working
registers, three flexible Timer/Counters with compare modes, internal and external interrupts, a
serial programmable USART, a byte-oriented 2-wire Serial Interface, an SPI serial port, a 6-
channel 10-bit ADC (8 channels in TQFP and QFN/MLF packages), a programmable Watchdog
Timer with internal Oscillator, and five software selectable power saving modes. The Idle mode
stops the CPU while allowing the SRAM, Timer/Counters, USART, 2-wire Serial Interface, SPI
port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the register
contents but freezes the Oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt or
hardware reset. In Power-save mode, the asynchronous timer continues to run, allowing the user
to maintain a timer base while the rest of the device is sleeping. The ADC Noise Reduction mode
stops the CPU and all I/O modules except asynchronous timer and ADC, to minimize switching
noise during ADC conversions. In Standby mode, the crystal/resonator Oscillator is running while
the rest of the device is sleeping. This allows very fast start-up combined with low power
consumption.

The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high density non-volatile memory technology. The On-
chip ISP Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed In-System through an SPI serial
interface, by a conventional non-volatile memory programmer, or by an On-chip Boot program
running on the AVR core. The Boot program can use any interface to download the application
program in the Application Flash memory. Software in the Boot Flash section will continue to run
while the Application Flash section is updated, providing true Read-While-Write operation. By
combining an 8-bit RISC CPU with In-System Self-Programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the
Atmel ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P is a powerful microcontroller that provides a highly
flexible and cost effective solution to many embedded control applications. The
ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P AVR is supported with a full suite of program and system
development tools including: C Compilers, Macro Assemblers, Program Debugger/Simulators, In-
Circuit Emulators, and Evaluation kits.

Comparison Between ATmega48PA, ATmega88PA, ATmega168PA and ATmega328P

The ATmega48PA, ATmega88PA, ATmega168PA and ATmega328P differ only in memory

sizes, boot loader support, and interrupt vector sizes. Table 2-1 summarizes the different memory
and interrupt vector sizes for the three devices.
ATmega88PA, ATmega168PA and ATmega328P support a real Read-While-Write Self-
Programming mechanism. There is a separate Boot Loader Section, and the SPM instruction can
only execute from there. In ATmega48PA, there is no Read-While-Write support and no separate
Boot Loader Section. The SPM instruction can execute from the entire Flash.

POWER:

The Arduino Uno can be powered via the USB connection or with an external power supply. The
power source is selected automatically. External (non-USB) power can come either from an AC-
to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or battery. The adapter can be connected by plugging a 2.1mm center-
positive plug into the board's power jack. Leads from a battery can be inserted in the Gnd and Vin
pin headers of the POWER connector. The board can operate on an external supply of 6 to 20
volts. If supplied with less than 7V, however, the 5V pin may supply less than five volts and the
board may be unstable. If using more than 12V, the voltage regulator may overheat and damage
the board. The recommended range is 7 to 12 volts. The power pins are as follows:

• VIN. The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external power source (as
opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power source). You can supply
voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power jack, access it through this pin.

• 5V.This pin outputs a regulated 5V from the regulator on the board. The board can be supplied
with power either from the DC power jack (7 - 12V), the USB connector (5V), or the VIN pin of
the board (7-12V). Supplying voltage via the 5V or 3.3V pins bypasses the regulator, and can
damage your board. We don't advise it.

• 3V3. A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw is 50 mA.

• GND. Ground pins.

Memory:

The ATmega328 has 32 KB (with 0.5 KB used for the bootloader). It also has 2 KB of SRAM and
1 KB of EEPROM (which can be read and written with the EEPROM library).

Input and Output

Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output, using pinMode(),
digitalWrite(), and digitalRead() functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin can provide or receive
a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected by default) of 20-50
kOhms. In addition, some pins have specialized functions:

• Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data. These pins
are connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL Serial chip.

• External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a low
value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the attachInterrupt() function for details.

• PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analogWrite() function.

• SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI communication using
the SPI library.

• LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH value, the
LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.

The Uno has 6 analog inputs, labeled A0 through A5, each of which provide 10 bits of resolution
(i.e. 1024 different values). By default they measure from ground to 5 volts, though is it possible
to change the upper end of their range using the AREF pin and the analogReference() function.
Additionally, some pins have specialized functionality:

• TWI: A4 or SDA pin and A5 or SCL pin. Support TWI communication using the Wire library.

There are a couple of other pins on the board:

• AREF. Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analogReference().
• Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a reset button to
shields which block the one on the board.

See also the mapping between Arduino pins and ATmega328 ports. The mapping for the Atmega8,
168, and 328 is identical.

Communication

The Arduino Uno has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer, another
Arduino, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega328 provides UART TTL (5V) serial
communication, which is available on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An ATmega16U2 on the
board channels this serial communication over USB and appears as a virtual com port to software
on the computer. The '16U2 firmware uses the standard USB COM drivers, and no external driver
is needed. However, on Windows, a .inf file is required. The Arduino software includes a serial
monitor which allows simple textual data to be sent to and from the Arduino board. The RX and
TX LEDs on the board will flash when data is being transmitted via the USB-to-serial chip and
USB connection to the computer (but not for serial communication on pins 0 and 1).

A SoftwareSerial library allows for serial communication on any of the Uno's digital pins.
The ATmega328 also supports I2C (TWI) and SPI communication. The Arduino software includes
a Wire library to simplify use of the I2C bus; see the documentation for details. For SPI
communication, use the SPI library.

Programming

The Arduino Uno can be programmed with the Arduino software (download). Select
"Arduino Uno from the Tools > Board menu (according to the microcontroller on your board). For
details, see the reference and tutorials. The ATmega328 on the Arduino Uno comes preburned
with a bootloader that allows you to upload new code to it without the use of an external hardware
programmer. It communicates using the original STK500 protocol (reference, C header files). You
can also bypass the bootloader and program the microcontroller through the ICSP (In-Circuit Serial
Programming) header; see these instructions for details. The ATmega16U2 (or 8U2 in the rev1
and rev2 boards) firmware source code is available . The ATmega16U2/8U2 is loaded with a DFU
bootloader, which can be activated by:
• On Rev1 boards: connecting the solder jumper on the back of the board (near the map of Italy)
and then resetting the 8U2.

• On Rev2 or later boards: there is a resistor that pulling the 8U2/16U2 HWB line to ground,
making it easier to put into DFU mode.

You can then use Atmel's FLIP software (Windows) or the DFU programmer (Mac OS X
and Linux) to load a new firmware. Or you can use the ISP header with an external programmer
(overwriting the DFU bootloader). See this user-contributed tutorial for more information.

Automatic (Software) Reset

Rather than requiring a physical press of the reset button before an upload, the Arduino
Uno is designed in a way that allows it to be reset by software running on a connected computer.
One of the hardware flow control lines (DTR) of the ATmega8U2/16U2 is connected to the reset
line of the ATmega328 via a 100 nanofarad capacitor. When this line is asserted (taken low), the
reset line drops long enough to reset the chip. The Arduino software uses this capability to allow
you to upload code by simply pressing the upload button in the Arduino environment.

This means that the bootloader can have a shorter timeout, as the lowering of DTR can be
well-coordinated with the start of the upload. This setup has other implications. When the Uno is
connected to either a computer running Mac OS X or Linux, it resets each time a connection is
made to it from software (via USB). For the following halfsecond or so, the bootloader is running
on the Uno. While it is programmed to ignore malformed data (i.e. anything besides an upload of
new code), it will intercept the first few bytes of data sent to the board after a connection is opened.

If a sketch running on the board receives one-time configuration or other data when it first
starts, make sure that the software with which it communicates waits a second after opening the
connection and before sending this data. The Uno contains a trace that can be cut to disable the
auto-reset. The pads on either side of the trace can be soldered together to re-enable it. It's labeled
"RESET-EN". You may also be able to disable the auto-reset by connecting a 110 ohm resistor
from 5V to the reset line; see this forum thread for details.

USB Overcurrent Protection

 The Arduino Uno has a resettable polyfuse that protects your computer's USB ports from
shorts and overcurrent. Although most computers provide their own internal protection, the fuse
provides an extra layer of protection. If more than 500 mA is applied to the USB port, the fuse will
automatically break the connection until the short or overload is removed.

Physical Characteristics

The maximum length and width of the Uno PCB are 2.7 and 2.1 inches respectively, with
the USB connector and power jack extending beyond the former dimension. Four screw holes
allow the board to be attached to a surface or case. Note that the distance between digital pins 7
and 8 is 160 mil (0.16"), not an even multiple of the 100 mil spacing of the other pins.

Register File

➢ 32 8-bit GP registers
➢ Part of SRAM memory space

Special Addressing Registers

➢ X, Y and Z registers

16-bit registers made using registers 26 – 31

 ➢ Support indirect addressing

AVR Memory

➢ Program memory – Flash

➢ Data memory – SRAM

Addressing Modes

➢ Direct register addressing

 ➢ Direct I/O addressing

Direct data memory addressing

Direct data memory with displacement addressing
Indirect data memory addressing

Indirect data memory addressing with pre-decrement

Indirect data memory addressing with post-increment

Program memory addressing (constant data)

SRAM Read/Write Timing

Stack Pointer Register

➢ Special register in I/O space [3E, 3D]

• Enough bits to address data space
• Initialized to RAMEND (address of highest memory address)
➢ Instructions that use the stack pointer
Program Status Register (PSR)

Heartbeat Sensor:
Heartbeat Sensor is an electronic device that is used to measure the heart rate i.e. speed of the
heartbeat. Monitoring body temperature, heart rate and blood pressure are the basic things that we
do in order to keep us healthy.

In order to measure the body temperature, we use thermometers and a sphygmomanometer to

monitor the Arterial Pressure or Blood Pressure.

Heart Rate can be monitored in two ways: one way is to manually check the pulse either at wrists
or neck and the other way is to use a Heartbeat Sensor.

Introduction to Heartbeat Sensor

Monitoring heart rate is very important for athletes, patients as it determines the condition of the
heart (just heart rate). There are many ways to measure heart rate and the most precise one is using
an Electrocardiography

But the more easy way to monitor the heart rate is to use a Heartbeat Sensor. It comes in different
shapes and sizes and allows an instant way to measure the heartbeat.

Heartbeat Sensors are available in Wrist Watches (Smart Watches), Smart Phones, chest straps,
etc. The heartbeat is measured in beats per minute or bpm, which indicates the number of times
the heart is contracting or expanding in a minute.
Principle of Heartbeat Sensor
The principle behind the working of the Heartbeat Sensor is Photoplethysmograph. According to
this principle, the changes in the volume of blood in an organ is measured by the changes in the
intensity of the light passing through that organ.

Usually, the source of light in a heartbeat sensor would be an IR LED and the detector would be
any Photo Detector like a Photo Diode, an LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) or a Photo Transistor.

With these two i.e. a light source and a detector, we can arrange them in two ways: A Transmissive
Sensor and a Reflective Sensor.

In a Transmissive Sensor, the light source and the detector are place facing each other and the
finger of the person must be placed in between the transmitter and receiver.

Reflective Sensor, on the other hand, has the light source and the detector adjacent to each other
and the finger of the person must be placed in front of the sensor.

DS18B20 Temperature Sensor

The digital temperature sensor like DS18B20 follows single wire protocol and it can be used to
measure temperature in the range of -67oF to +257oF or -55oC to +125oC with +-5% accuracy.
The range of received data from the 1-wire can range from 9-bit to 12-bit. Because, this sensor
follows the single wire protocol, and the controlling of this can be done through an only pin of
Microcontroller. This is an advanced level protocol, where each sensor can be set with a 64-bit
serial code which aids to control numerous sensors using a single pin of the microcontroller. This
article discusses an overview of a DS18B20 temperature sensor
What is a DS18B20 Temperature Sensor?

The DS18B20 is one type of temperature sensor and it supplies 9-bit to 12-bit readings of
temperature. These values show the temperature of a particular device. The communication of this
sensor can be done through a one-wire bus protocol which uses one data line to communicate with
an inner microprocessor. Additionally, this sensor gets the power supply directly from the data line
so that the need for an external power supply can be eliminated. The applications of the DS18B20
temperature sensor include industrial systems, consumer products, systems which are sensitive
thermally, thermostatic controls, and thermometers.

Pin Configuration

No: Pin Name Description

1 Ground Connect to the ground of the circuit
2 Vcc Powers the Sensor, can be 3.3V or 5V
3 Data This pin gives output the temperature value which can be
read using 1-wire method
Specifications

The specifications of this sensor include the following.

• This sensor is a programmable and digital temperature sensor

• The communication of this sensor can be done with the help of a 1-Wire method
• The range of power supply is 3.0V – 5.5V
• Fahrenheit equal s to -67°F to +257°F
• The accuracy of this sensor is ±0.5°C
• The o/p resolution will range from 9-bit to 12-bit
• It changes the 12-bit temperature to digital word within 750 ms time
• This sensor can be power-driven from the data line
• Alarm options are programmable
• The multiplexing can be enabled by Unique 64-bit address
• The temperature can be calculated from -55°C to +125°C.
• These are obtainable like SOP, To-92, and also as a waterproof sensor

Working Principle

The working principle of this DS18B20 temperature sensor is like a temperature sensor. The
resolution of this sensor ranges from 9-bits to 12-bits. But the default resolution which is used to
power-up is 12-bit. This sensor gets power within a low-power inactive condition. The temperature
measurement, as well as the conversion of A-to-D, can be done with a convert-T command. The
resulting temperature information can be stored within the 2-byte register in the sensor, and after
that, this sensor returns to its inactive state.
If the sensor is power-driven by an exterior power supply, then the master can provide read time
slots next to the Convert T command. The sensor will react by supplying 0 though the temperature
change is in the improvement and reacts by supplying 1 though the temperature change is done.

Power supply:
A power supply is a component that provides at least one electrical charge with power. It typically
converts one type of electrical power to another, but it can also convert a different Energy form in
electrical energy, such as solar, mechanical, or chemical.

A power supply provides electrical power to components. Usually the term refers to devices built
into the powered component. Computer power supplies, for example, convert AC current to DC
current and are generally located along with at least one fan at the back of the computer case.

Most computer power supplies also have an input voltage switch that, depending on the geographic
location, can be set to 110v/115v or 220v/240v. Due to the different power voltages supplied by
power outlets in different countries, this switch position is crucial.
Some basic components used in the supply of power:

Rectifier:

A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC), which periodically
reverses direction, to direct current (DC), which flows in only one direction. The process is
known as rectification, since it "straightens" the direction of current.

Rectifiers have many uses, but are often found to serve as components of DC power supplies and
direct power transmission systems with high voltage. Rectification can be used in roles other than
direct current generation for use as a power source.

Circuit of rectifier
 Rectifier

Capacitors:

Capacitors are used to attain from the connector the immaculate and smoothest DC voltage in
which the rectifier is used to obtain throbbing DC voltage which is used as part of the light of the
present identity. Capacitors are used to acquire square DC from the current AC experience of the
current channels so that they can be used as a touch of parallel yield.

Capacitor

Voltage regulators:
The 78XX voltage controller is mainly used for voltage controllers as a whole. The XX speaks to
the voltage delivered to the specific gadget by the voltage controller as the yield. 7805 will supply
and control 5v yield voltage and 12v yield voltage will be created by 7812.
The voltage controllers are that their yield voltage as information requires no less than 2 volts. For
example, 7805 as sources of information will require no less than 7V, and 7812, no less than 14
volts. This voltage is called Dropout Voltage, which should be given to voltage controllers.

7805 voltage regulator with pinout

7812 voltage regulator with pinout

LCD

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a wide range of
applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly used in various
devices and circuits. These modules are preferred over seven segments and other multi
segment LEDs.
The reasons being: LCDs are economical; easily programmable; have no limitation of displaying
special & even custom characters (unlike in seven segments), animations and so on.

A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In this LCD
each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers, namely, Command
and Data.
The command register stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A command is an
instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing it, clearing its screen, setting the
cursor position, controlling display etc. The data register stores the data to be displayed on the
LCD. The data is the ASCII value of the character to be displayed on the LCD. Click to learn more
about internal structure of a LCD.

Pin Diagram:

Pin Description:

Pin
Function Name
No
1 Ground (0V) Ground
 2 Supply voltage; 5V (4.7V – 5.3V) Vcc
3 Contrast adjustment; through a variable resistor VEE

4 Selects command register when low; and data register when high Register Select
5 Low to write to the register; High to read from the register Read/write
6 Sends data to data pins when a high to low pulse is given Enable
7 DB0
8 DB1
9 DB2
10 DB3
8-bit data pins
11 DB4
12 DB5
13 DB6
14 DB7
15 Backlight VCC (5V) Led+
16 Backlight Ground (0V) Led-

Block Diagram of LCD Display:-

Control and display commands

Instruction Code
Instruct R R/ DB DB DB DB DB DB DB DB Instruction Executi
ion S W 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Code on time
Description
Read 1 1 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 Read data from 1.53-
Data internal RAM 1.64ms
From
RAM
Write 1 0 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
Write data into 1.53-
data to internal RAM 1.64ms
RAM (DDRAM/CGR
AM)
Busy 0 1 BF AC AC AC AC AC AC AC Busy flag (BF: 39 µs
flag & 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1→ LCD Busy)
Address and contents of
address counter
in bits AC6-
AC0.
Set 0 0 1 AC AC AC AC AC AC AC Set DDRAM 39 µs
DDRA 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 address in
M address counter.
Address
Set 0 0 0 1 AC AC AC AC AC AC Set CGRAM 39 µs
CGRA 5 4 3 2 1 0 Address in
M address counter.
Address
Function 0 0 0 0 1 DL N F X X Set interface 39 µs
Set data length (DL:
4bit/8bit),
Numbers of
display line (N:
1-line/2-line)
display font type
(F:0→ 5×8 dots,
F:1→ 5×11
dots)
Cursor 0 0 0 0 0 1 S/ R/ X X Set cursor 39 µs
or C L moving and
Display display shift
Shift control bit, and
the direction
 without
changing
DDRAM data
Display 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 D C B Set 39 µs
& Display(D),Curs
Cursor or(C) and cursor
On/Off blink(b) on/off
control
Entry 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 I/D SH Assign cursor 0µs
Mode moving
Set direction and
enable shift
entire display.
Return 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 X Set DDRAM 43µs
Home Address to
“00H” from AC
and return
cursor to its
original position
if shifted.
Clear 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Write “20H” to 43µs
Display DDRAM and
set DDRAM
Address to
“00H” from AC

AC -Address Counter

Outline
Now the instruction can be divided mainly in four kinds
1) Function set instructions
2) Address set instructions
3) Data transfer instructions with internal RAM
4) Others
Details of the Instructions
1) Read Data from RAM

RS R/W DB7 DB6 DB5 DB4 DB3 DB2 DB1 DB0

 1 1 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0

Read 8bit binary data from DDRAM/CGRAM

The selection of RAM is set by the previous address set instruction. If the address set instruction
of RAM is not performed before this instruction, the data that is read first is invalid, because the
direction of AC is not determined. If the RAM data is read several times without RAM address set
instruction before read operation, the correct RAM data from the second, but the first data would
be incorrect, as there is no time to transfer RAM data. In case of DDRAM read operation, cursor
shift instruction plays the same role as DDRAM address set instruction; it also transfers RAM data
to the output data registers.

After read operation, the data address counter is automatically increased or decreased by 1
according to the entry mode. After CGRAM read operation, display shift may not be executed
properly.

*In case of RAM write operation, AC is increased or decreased by 1 like that of the read operation.
In this time AC indicates the next address position, but the previous data can only by the read
instruction.

2) Write data to ram

RS R/W DB7 DB6 DB5 DB4 DB3 DB2 DB1 DB0

1 0 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0

Write binary 8bit data to DDRAM/CGRAM. The selection of CGRAM or DRAM is set by the
previous address set instruction; DDRAM address set, CGRAM address set. RAM set instruction
can also determine the AC direction to RAM.

After write operation, the address is automatically increased or decreased by 1 according to the
entry mode.

3) Read Busy Flag and Address

RS R/W DB7 DB6 DB5 DB4 DB3 DB2 DB1 DB0

 0 1 BF AC6 AC5 AC4 AC3 AC2 AC1 AC0

By making this read out operation, it can be determined if the LCD is performing some internal
operation or not. If Busy Flag (BF) is high, some internal operation is going inside the LCD at that
particular moment. To perform further operation the data source (e.g. micro controller) must wait
for the BF to go low. Here, the address counter value can also be read.

4) Set DDRAM Address

RS R/W DB7 DB6 DB5 DB4 DB3 DB2 DB1 DB0

0 0 1 AC6 AC5 AC4 AC3 AC2 AC1 AC0

Set DDRAM address to AC, this instruction makes DDRAM data available from MPU. In 1-line
display mode, DDRAM address rangers from “00H” to “4FH”. In 2-line display mode, DDRAM
address in the first line ranges from “00H” to “27H”, and DDRAM address in the 2 nd line is from
“40H” to “67H”.
5) Set CGRAM address

RS R/W DB7 DB6 DB5 DB4 DB3 DB2 DB1 DB0

0 0 0 1 AC5 AC4 AC3 AC2 AC1 AC0

Set CGRAM address to AC. This instruction makes CGRAM data available from MPU.

6) Function Set

RS R/W DB7 DB6 DB5 DB4 DB3 DB2 DB1 DB0

0 0 0 0 1 DL N F X X

DL: Interface data length control bit

DL=’1’ means 8bit mode of data transfer.

DL=’0’ means 4bit mode of data transfer

When 4 bit mode is activated, the data needs to be transferred in two parts, first higher 4bits, and
then lower 4 bits.

N: display line number control bit

N=’1’ will allows to characters to display in 2-lines
N=’0’ will allows to characters to display in the first line only

F: display font control bit

F=’0’ will use 5×8 dots format display mode
F=’1’ will use 5×11 dots format display mode

7) Cursor or display Shift

RS R/W DB7 DB6 DB5 DB4 DB3 DB2 DB1 DB0

0 0 0 0 0 1 S/C R/L X X

Without writing or reading the display data, shifting right/left cursor position or display.

This instruction is made to correct or search or display data. During 2-line display mode, cursor
moves to the 2nd line after the 40th digit of the 1st line.
When displayed data is shifted repeatedly, each line shifts individually.

When display shift is performed, the contents of the address counter are not changed.

8) Display On/Off Control

RS R/W DB7 DB6 DB5 DB4 DB3 DB2 DB1 DB0

0 0 0 0 0 0 1 D C B

This instruction controls Display, Cursor and cursor blink.

D: Display On/Off control bit

D=’1’ means entire display is turned on
D=’0’ means entire display is turned off. But Display data remains in DDRAM.
C: cursor On/Off control bit
C=’1’ turns on the cursor
C=’0’ turns off the cursor. But I/D register retains the data

B: Cursor blink On/Off control bit

B=’1’ makes cursor blink periodically.
B=’0’ stops the cursor to blink and cursor looks steady if the Cursor is turned on.

9) Entry Mode Set

RS R/W DB7 DB6 DB5 DB4 DB3 DB2 DB1 DB0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 I/D SH

This instruction sets the moving direction of cursor and display.

When I/D= ’1’ cursor moves to the right and DDRAM address is increased by 1.
When I/D= ’0’ cursor moves to the left and DDRAM address is decreased by 1.
CGRAM operates in the same way in this setting.
10) Return Home

RS R/W DB7 DB6 DB5 DB4 DB3 DB2 DB1 DB0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 X

This instruction sets the address counter to ‘00H’, and returns the cursor to the first column of first
line. And if display is shifted previously, this instruction shifts this too. The DDRAM contents
don’t change in this instruction.

11) Clear display

RS R/W DB7 DB6 DB5 DB4 DB3 DB2 DB1 DB0

 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

Clear all the display data by writing “20H” (ASCII code of ‘space’ character) to all DDRAM
address, AND set value DDRAM address counter (AC) to “00H”. It returns the cursor to the first
column of first line and sets the entry mode to increment mode (I/D=’1’).

8-bit and 4-bit interfacing of LCD

Now the question is how to display data in the LCD or give command to it. There is two modes of
data transfer are supported by LCD displays. One is 4bit mode, another is 8 bit mode. To transfer
data In 8 bit mode, first put your data in the 8bit bus, then put command in the command bus and
then pulse the enable signal.

To send data in 4bit mode; first put upper 4bit in the 4 bit data bus connected to 4MSB pins of
LCD display, then put control signals in the control bus, then pulse the E pin once. Next put the
lower 4 bit in the data bus and pulse the E pin again. Here is a flowchart simply describing it.

LCD Display Interfacing – Flowchart:-

8 BIT MODE
There is lot of stuff that can be done with the LCDs, to start with we will simple display a couple
of strings on the 2 lines of the LCD as shown in the image.

Schematic description

• Data Lines: In this mode, all of the 8 datalines DB0 to DB7 are connected from the
micrcontroller to a LCD module as shown the schematic.
• Control Lines:' The RS, RW and E are control lines, as discussed earlier.
• Power & contrast:Apart from that the LCD should be powered with 5V between PIN
2(VCC) andPIN 1(gnd). PIN 3 is the contrast pin and is output of center terminal of
potentiometer (voltage divider) which varies voltage between 0 to 5v to vary the contrast.
• Back-light: The PIN 15 and 16 are used as backlight. The led backlight can be powered
through a simple current limiting resistor as we do with normal leds.

4 BIT MODES:

Schematic

There are following differences in 4 bit mode.

• Only data lines D4 to D7 are used as shown in the schematic below.

• In code, we need to send the command to select 4 bit mode as shown in the instruction set
above.

The main program remains exactly as in 8 bit mode; we simply include the lcd_4_bit.c to work in
4 bit mode.

GPS:

Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based system that uses satellites and ground stations
to measure and compute its position on Earth.
GPS is also known as Navigation System with Time and Ranging (NAVSTAR) GPS.

GPS receiver needs to receive data from at least 4 satellites for accuracy purpose. GPS receiver
does not transmit any information to the satellites.

This GPS receiver is used in many applications like smartphones, Cabs, Fleet management etc.

How GPS Works

GPS receiver uses a constellation of satellites and ground stations to calculate accurate location
wherever it is located.

These GPS satellites transmit information signal over radio frequency (1.1 to 1.5 GHz) to the receiver.
With the help of this received information, a ground station or GPS module can compute its position
and time.

How GPS Receiver Calculates its Position and Time

GPS receiver receives information signals from GPS satellites and calculates its distance from
satellites. This is done by measuring the time required for the signal to travel from satellite to the
receiver.
 GPS Distance Calculation

Where,

Speed = Speed of Radio signal which is approximately equal to the speed of light i.e.

Time = Time required for a signal to travel from the satellite to the receiver.

By subtracting the sent time from the received time, we can determine the travel time.
 GPS Signal Time Difference

To determine distance, both the satellite and GPS receiver generate the same pseudocode signal at the
same time.

The satellite transmits the pseudocode; which is received by the GPS receiver.

These two signals are compared and the difference between the signals is the travel time.

Now, if the receiver knows the distance from 3 or more satellites and their location (which is sent by
the satellites), then it can calculate its location by using Trilateration method.

Trilateration:
Trilateration is a mathematical technique used by a global positioning system (GPS) device to
determine user position, speed, and elevation. By constantly receiving and analyzing radio signals
from multiple GPS satellites and applying the geometry of circles, spheres, and triangles, a GPS
device can calculate the precise distance or range to each satellite being tracked.

How Trilateration Works

Trilateration is a sophisticated version of triangulation, though it does not use the measurement of
angles in its calculations. Data from a single satellite provides a general location of a point within
a large circular area on the Earth's surface. Adding data from a second satellite allows the GPS to
narrow the specific location of that point down to a region where the two areas of satellite data
overlap. Adding data from a third satellite provides an accurate position of the point on the Earth's
surface.

All the GPS devices require three satellites for an accurate calculation of position. Data from a
fourth satellite—or even more than four satellites—further enhance the precision of the point's
location, and also allows factors such as elevation or, in the case of aircraft, altitude to also be
calculated. GPS receivers routinely track four to seven satellites simultaneously and use
trilateration to analyze the information.
GPS Module

GPS Receiver

GPS receiver module gives output in standard (National Marine Electronics Association) NMEA string
format. It provides output serially on Tx pin with default 9600 Baud rate.

This NMEA string output from GPS receiver contains different parameters separated by commas like
longitude, latitude, altitude, time etc. Each string starts with ‘$’ and ends with carriage return/line feed
sequence.

E.g.

$GPGGA,184237.000,1829.9639,N,07347.6174,E,1,05,2.1,607.1,M,-64.7,M,,0000*7D

$GPGSA,A,3,15,25,18,26,12,,,,,,,,5.3,2.1,4.8*36

$GPGSV,3,1,11,15,47,133,46,25,44,226,45,18,37,238,45,26,34,087,40*72

$GPGSV,3,2,11,12,27,184,45,24,02,164,26,29,58,349,,05,26,034,*7F

$GPGSV,3,3,11,21,25,303,,02,11,071,,22,01,228,*40

$GPRMC,184237.000,A,1829.9639,N,07347.6174,E,0.05,180.19,230514,,,A*64

Pin Description
 GPS Receiver Module

VCC: Power Supply 3.3 – 6 V

GND: Ground

TX: Transmit data serially which gives information about location, time etc.

RX: Receive Data serially. It is required when we want to configure GPS module.

Check GPS module

Before Interfacing GPS module with PIC18F4550 microcontroller, we can check the output of GPS
module. From that string, we can extract information like longitude, latitude, time which is helpful to
find location and timing information.

To do this, connect this GPS module to the PC via USB to Serial converter or DB9 connector. Also, it
is necessary to keep antenna of GPS module on proper location.
 GPS Serial Interface

1. Now open any serial terminal e.g. Realterm, Hyper terminal, Putty etc. on PC/laptop.

2. Open the PORT with 9600 baud rate.

3. The terminal will show data coming from GPS receiver module.

The output data from GPS receiver module displaying on a serial terminal as follows.

In the above string, the NMEA string starting with “$GPGGA” is most popularly used. It provides us
Time, Longitude, Latitude and Altitude along with directions. This information is helpful to find Time
and Location.

GSM

GSM is a mobile communication modem; it is stands for global system for mobile communication
(GSM). The idea of GSM was developed at Bell Laboratories in 1970. It is widely used mobile
communication system in the world. GSM is an open and digital cellular technology used for
transmitting mobile voice and data services operates at the 850MHz, 900MHz, 1800MHz and
1900MHz frequency bands.

GSM system was developed as a digital system using time division multiple access (TDMA)
technique for communication purpose. A GSM digitizes and reduces the data, then sends it down
through a channel with two different streams of client data, each in its own particular time slot.
The digital system has an ability to carry 64 kbps to 120 Mbps of data rates.
There are various cell sizes in a GSM system such as macro, micro, pico and umbrella cells. Each cell varies
as per the implementation domain. There are five different cell sizes in a GSM network macro, micro, pico
and umbrella cells. The coverage area of each cell varies according to the implementation environment.

Time Division Multiple Access

TDMA technique relies on assigning different time slots to each user on the same frequency. It
can easily adapt to data transmission and voice communication and can carry 64kbps to 120Mbps
of data rate.

GSM Architecture

A GSM network consists of the following components:

• A Mobile Station: It is the mobile phone which consists of the transceiver, the display
and the processor and is controlled by a SIM card operating over the network.
• Base Station Subsystem: It acts as an interface between the mobile station and the network
subsystem. It consists of the Base Transceiver Station which contains the radio transceivers
and handles the protocols for communication with mobiles. It also consists of the Base
Station Controller which controls the Base Transceiver station and acts as a interface
between the mobile station and mobile switching centre.
• Network Subsystem: It provides the basic network connection to the mobile stations. The
basic part of the Network Subsystem is the Mobile Service Switching Centre which
provides access to different networks like ISDN, PSTN etc. It also consists of the Home
Location Register and the Visitor Location Register which provides the call routing and
roaming capabilities of GSM. It also contains the Equipment Identity Register which
maintains an account of all the mobile equipments wherein each mobile is identified by its
own IMEI number. IMEI stands for International Mobile Equipment Identity.

Features of GSM Module:

• Improved spectrum efficiency

• International roaming
• Compatibility with integrated services digital network (ISDN)
 • Support for new services.
• SIM phonebook management
• Fixed dialing number (FDN)
• Real time clock with alarm management
• High-quality speech
• Uses encryption to make phone calls more secure
• Short message service (SMS)

The security strategies standardized for the GSM system make it the most secure
telecommunications standard currently accessible. Although the confidentiality of a call and
secrecy of the GSM subscriber is just ensured on the radio channel, this is a major step in achieving
end-to- end security.

GSM Modem

A GSM modem is a device which can be either a mobile phone or a modem device which can be
used to make a computer or any other processor communicate over a network. A GSM modem
requires a SIM card to be operated and operates over a network range subscribed by the network
operator. It can be connected to a computer through serial, USB or Bluetooth connection.

A GSM modem can also be a standard GSM mobile phone with the appropriate cable and software
driver to connect to a serial port or USB port on your computer. GSM modem is usually preferable
to a GSM mobile phone. The GSM modem has wide range of applications in transaction terminals,
supply chain management, security applications, weather stations and GPRS mode remote data
logging.
It requires a SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) card just like mobile phones to activate
communication with the network. Also they have IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity)
number similar to mobile phones for their identification. A GSM/GPRS MODEM can perform the
following operations:
1. Receive, send or delete SMS messages in a SIM.
2. Read, add, search phonebook entries of the SIM.
3. Make, Receive, or reject a voice call.

The MODEM needs AT commands, for interacting with processor or controller, which are
communicated through serial communication. These commands are sent by the
controller/processor. The MODEM sends back a result after it receives a command. Different AT
commands supported by the MODEM can be sent by the processor/controller/computer to interact
with the GSM and GPRS cellular network.
GSM Architecture

The GSM architecture is divided into Radio Subsystem, Network and Switching Subsystem and
the Operation Subsystem. The radio sub system consists of the Mobile Station and Base Station
Subsystem.

The mobile station is generally the mobile phone which consists of a transceiver, display and a
processor. Each handheld or portable mobile station consists of a unique identity stored in a module
known as SIM (Subscriber Identity Chip). It is a small microchip which is inserted in the mobile
phone and contains the database regarding the mobile station.

Switch:

A Push Button switch is a type of switch which consists of a simple electric mechanism or air
switch mechanism to turn something on or off.

Depending on model they could operate with momentary or latching action function.

The button itself is usually constructed of a strong durable material such as metal or plastic. Push
Button Switches come in a range of shapes and sizes. We have a selection of push button switches
here at Herga.

Push button switches are used throughout industrial and medical applications and are also
recognisable in everyday life.
For uses within the Industrial sector, push buttons are often part of a bigger system and are
connected through a mechanical linkage. This means that when a button is pressed it can cause
another button to release.

Push button switches are present in so many areas across different industries and for different uses
here are some examples;

· Calculator buttons – a hand held calculator has lots of small push button switches

· Reset switches – these are usually small and require a tool to press to avoid accidental
operation

· Stopping machinery – often around industrial machinery there will be an emergency stop
button, sometimes these are located on the wall

· Arcade gaming – these are usually brightly coloured to encourage people to play

Features

Prevent flux rise by the insert-molded terminal

Snap-in mount terminal

Contact Bounce: MAX 5mS

Crisp clicking by tactile feedback

Dielectric Withstanding Voltage 250V AC for 1 minute

Technical Specifications

Mode of Operation: Tactile feedback

Power Rating: MAX 50mA 24V DC

 Insulation Resistance: 100Mohm at 100v

Operating Force: 2.55±0.69 N

Contact Resistance: MAX 100mOhm

Operating Temperature Range: -20 to +70 ℃

Storage Temperature Range: -20 to +70 ℃

Where to use push button?

Push-Buttons are normally-open tactile switches. Push buttons allow us to power the circuit
or make any particular connection only when we press the button. Simply, it makes the circuit
connected when pressed and breaks when released. A push button is also used for triggering
of the SCR by gate terminal. These are the most common buttons which we see in our daily
life electronic equipment’s.

How to use a push button?

When connecting in between of supply and the circuit we should only connect the wires with both
the legs of the Push-Button as shown in the circuit below:

A Push-Button can also be used for the triggering purpose like of SCR. An SCR is a gate controlled
Switch which needs a triggering pulse. So, for this we can add a Push button in the circuit to give
a triggering pulse, as shown in the circuit below:
 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

Arduino IDE:

Arduino IDE where IDE stands for Integrated Development Environment – An official software
introduced by Arduino.cc, that is mainly used for writing, compiling and uploading the code in
the Arduino Device. Almost all Arduino modules are compatible with this software that is an open
source and is readily available to install and start compiling the code on the go.

Introduction to Arduino IDE:

• Arduino IDE is an open source software that is mainly used for writing and compiling the code
into the Arduino Module.

• It is an official Arduino software, making code compilation too easy that even a common
person with no prior technical knowledge can get their feet wet with the learning process.
• It is easily available for operating systems like MAC, Windows, and Linux and runs on the Java
Platform that comes with inbuilt functions and commands that play a vital role for debugging,
editing and compiling the code in the environment.

• A range of Arduino modules available including Arduino Uno, Arduino Mega, Arduino
Leonardo, Arduino Micro and many more.

• Each of them contains a microcontroller on the board that is actually programmed and
accepts the information in the form of code.

• The main code, also known as a sketch, created on the IDE platform will ultimately generate
a Hex File which is then transferred and uploaded in the controller on the board.

• The IDE environment mainly contains two basic parts: Editor and Compiler where former is
used for writing the required code and later is used for compiling and uploading the code into
the given Arduino Module.

• This environment supports both C and C++ languages.

How to install Arduino IDE:

You can download the Software from Arduino main website. As I said earlier, the software is
available for common operating systems like Linux, Windows, and MAX, so make sure you are
downloading the correct software version that is easily compatible with your operating system.

• If you aim to download Windows app version, make sure you have Windows 8.1 or Windows
10, as app version is not compatible with Windows 7 or older version of this operating system.

The IDE environment is mainly distributed into three sections

• 1. Menu Bar
• 2. Text Editor
• 3. Output Pane
As you download and open the IDE software, it will appear like an image below.
The bar appearing on the top is called Menu Bar that comes with five different options as follow

• File – You can open a new window for writing the code or open an existing one. Following
table shows the number of further subdivisions the file option is categorized into.
As you go to the preference section and check the compilation section, the Output Pane will show
the code compilation as you click the upload button.
And at the end of compilation, it will show you the hex file it has generated for the recent sketch
that will send to the Arduino Board for the specific task you aim to achieve.

• Edit – Used for copying and pasting the code with further modification for font
• Sketch – For compiling and programming
• Tools – Mainly used for testing projects. The Programmer section in this panel is used for
burning a bootloader to the new microcontroller.
• Help – In case you are feeling skeptical about software, complete help is available from getting
started to troubleshooting.
The Six Buttons appearing under the Menu tab are connected with the running program as
follow.

• The check mark appearing in the circular button is used to verify the code. Click this once you
have written your code.

• The arrow key will upload and transfer the required code to the Arduino board.

• The dotted paper is used for creating a new file.

• The upward arrow is reserved for opening an existing Arduino project.

• The downward arrow is used to save the current running code.

• The button appearing on the top right corner is a Serial Monitor – A separate pop-up window
that acts as an independent terminal and plays a vital role for sending and receiving the Serial
Data. You can also go to the Tools panel and select Serial Monitor, or pressing Ctrl+Shift+M all
at once will open it instantly. The Serial Monitor will actually help to debug the written
Sketches where you can get a hold of how your program is operating. Your Arduino Module
should be connected to your computer by USB cable in order to activate the Serial Monitor.
• You need to select the baud rate of the Arduino Board you are using right now. For my Arduino
Uno Baud Rate is 9600, as you write the following code and click the Serial Monitor, the output
will show as the image below.

The main screen below the Menu bard is known as a simple text editor used for writing the
required code.
The bottom of the main screen is described as an Output Pane that mainly highlights the
compilation status of the running code: the memory used by the code, and errors occurred in the
program. You need to fix those errors before you intend to upload the hex file into your Arduino
Module.

More or less, Arduino C language works similar to the regular C language used for any embedded
system microcontroller, however, there are some dedicated libraries used for calling and
executing specific functions on the board.

Libraries:
Libraries are very useful for adding the extra functionality into the Arduino Module. There is a list
of libraries you can add by clicking the Sketch button in the menu bar and going to Include Library.

As you click the Include Library and Add the respective library it will on the top of the sketch with
a #include sign. Suppose, I Include the EEPROM library, it will appear on the text editor as

#include <EEPROM.h>.

Most of the libraries are preinstalled and come with the Arduino software. However, you can also
download them from the external sources.

Making pins Input and output:

The digitalRead and digitalWrite commands are used for addressing and making the Arduino pins
as an input and output respectively.
These commands are text sensitive i.e. you need to write them down the exact way they are given
like digitalWrite starting with small “d” and write with capital “W”. Writing it down with
Digitalwrite or digitalwrite won’t be calling or addressing any function.

How to select the board:

In order to upload the sketch, you need to select the relevant board you are using and the ports
for that operating system. As you click the Tools on the Menu, it will open like the figure below.

• Just go to the “Board” section and select the board you aim to work on. Similarly, COM1,
COM2, COM4, COM5, COM7 or higher are reserved for the serial and USB board. You can look
for the USB serial device in the ports section of the Windows Device Manager.
Following figure shows the COM4 that I have used for my project, indicating the Arduino Uno
with COM4 port at the right bottom corner of the screen.

• After correct selection of both Board and Serial Port, click the verify and then upload button
appearing in the upper left corner of the six button section or you can go to the Sketch section
and press verify/compile and then upload.

• The sketch is written in the text editor and is then saved with the file extension .ino.

It is important to note that the recent Arduino Modules will reset automatically as you compile and
press the upload button the IDE software, however, older version may require the physical reset
on the board.

• Once you upload the code, TX and RX LEDs will blink on the board, indicating the desired
program is running successfully.

Note: The port selection criteria mentioned above is dedicated for Windows operating system only,
you can check this Guide if you are using MAC or Linux.
• The amazing thing about this software is that no prior arrangement or bulk of mess is required
to install this software, you will be writing your first program within 2 minutes after the
installation of the IDE environment.

BootLoader:

As you go to the Tools section, you will find a bootloader at the end. It is very helpful to burn the
code directly into the controller, setting you free from buying the external burner to burn the
required code.
When you buy the new Arduino Module, the bootloader is already installed inside the controller.
However, if you intend to buy a controller and put in the Arduino module, you need to burn the
bootloader again inside the controller by going to the Tools section and selecting the burn
bootloader.

ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS

Advantages:

• It will provide high level safety to Soldiers life.

• Cost is low
• Very Quick response from the device if anything happens wrong
• Low power conception
• Compact size
• Low maintenance

Applications:

• Used in military applications under all the climatic conditions.

• It can be used by scientists who are working in extreme weather conditions like in
Antarctica.
• This uniform can also be used by the common people. Such as the persons living in extreme
weather conditions (hot and cold).
• It can also be used in mines and at high temperature furnaces etc.
 CONCLUSION

From above proposed system, we can conclude that we are able to send data which is sensed from
remote soldier to army control room using GSM. The system is completely integrated and can
track the location of soldier at anytime from anywhere on the earth using GPS receiver. This
system helps to monitor health parameters of soldier using heart beat sensor to measure heart beats
and temperature sensor to measure body temperature of soldier. This system helps the soldier to
get help from army base station and/or from another fellow soldier in panic situation. This system
provides the location information and health parameters of soldier in real time to the army control
room.

This system is very useful to military forces during war as it can be used in battlefield without any
network restriction. Thus, this system provides security and safety to our soldiers.
 REFERENCES

[1] Hock Beng Lim, Di Ma, Bang Wang, Zbigniew Kalbarczyk, Ravishankar K. Iyer, Kenneth
L. Watkin, “A Soldier Health Monitoring System for Military Applications”, 2010
International Conference on Body Sensor Networks, 978-0-7695-4065-8/10/$26.00 © 2010
IEEE, DOI: 10.1109/BSN.2010.58, pp: (246-249).

[2] William Walker, A. L. Praveen Aroul, Dinesh Bhatia, “Mobile Health Monitoring
Systems”, 31st Annual International Conference of the IEEE EMBS, Minneapolis, Minnesota,
USA, September 2-6, 2009, 978-1-4244-3296-7/09/$25.00 © 2009 IEEE, pp: (5199-5202).

[3] M. Pranav Sailesh, C. Vimal Kumar, B. Cecil, B. M. Mangal Deep, P. Sivraj, “Smart
Soldier Assistance using WSN”, International Conference on Embedded Systems - (ICES
2014), 978-1-4799-5026-3/14/$31.00 © 2014 IEEE, pp: (244-249).

[4] P.S. Kurhe, S.S. Agrawal, “Real Time Tracking and Health Monitoring System of Remote
Soldier Using ARM 7”, International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology, ISSN:
2231-5381, Volume 4, Issue 3, No. 1, March 2013, pp: (311-315).

[5] Shruti Nikam, Supriya Patil, Prajkta Powar, V. S. Bendre, “GPS Based Soldier Tracking
and Health Indication System”, International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical,
Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, ISSN: 2278-8875, Volume 2, Issue 3, March
2013, pp: (1082-1088).

[6] Prof. Pravin Wararkar, Sawan Mahajan, Ashu Mahajan, Arijit Banerjee, Anchal Madankar,
Ashish Sontakke, “Soldier Tracking and Health Monitoring System”, The International Journal
of Computer Science & Applications, ISSN: 2278-1080, Volume 2, No. 02, April 2013, pp:
(81-86).