LAW ENFORCEMENT MIDTERM REVIEWER

GENERAL PRINCIPLES

RULE 1. FUNCTIONS OF A POLICE OFFICER RULE 2. POLICEUNIFORMS RULE 3.

CATEGORIES OF POLICE OPERATIONS

RULE NO. 1

FUNCTIONS OF A POLICE OFFICER

1.To serveandprotect

2.To observe human rights

and dignity ofpersons
RULE NO. 2
POLICE UNIFORMS

1.Agencyprescribeduniform

a.Appearingbefore thepublic

b.Carrying of police notebook,

pen and Miranda Warning
Card

c.Carrying of Non- lethal

weapon in thepolice rig
RULE NO. 3

CATEGORIES OF POLICE OPERATIONS

1.Public Safety Operation

2.Law Enforcement

3.Internal Security Operation

4.Special Police Operation

5.Intelligence Operation
6.Investigation Operation

7.Scene ofthe Crime Operation (SOCO)

PUBLIC SAFETY OPERATION

This includes search, rescue and retrieval operations, fire drills, earthquakedrillsandsimilar
operation thatpromotepublic safety.

LAW ENFORCEMENT OPERATION

This includes Service of Warrant of Arrest, Implementation of Search Warrant Enforcement of

Visitorial
Powers of the Chief, Philippine National Police and Unit Commanders, Anti- Illegal Drugs
Operations, Anti- Illegal Gambling Operations, and similar operation that are conductedto
enforce laws, statutes, executive ordersandordinances.

INTERNAL SECURITY OPERATION

Includes Counter Insurgency Operations, Counter Terrorist Operations and similar operations
thatare conductedto ensure internal security

SPECIAL POLICE OPERATION

Includes Checkpoint Operation, Roadblock Operation, Civil Disturbance Management

Operation, Police Assistance in the Enforcement of Demolition Eviction Injunction and Similar
police operations that are conducted by police units with specialized training on thepeculiarity
ofthemission orpurpose.

INTELLIGENCE OPERATION

Includes Surveillance Operation, Counter Intelligence, Intelligence Research, Intelligence

Assessment and similar police intelligence operation conducted to gather information related to
security, public safetyandorder.
INVESTIGATION OPERATION

Includes Investigation of Crime or Incident, Administrative Investigation and similar

investigative work necessary to determine factsandcircumstances for filingcases criminally
oradministratively

SCENE OF THE CRIME OPERATION (SOCO)

Includes the processing of crime scene, technical and forensic examination of evidences and
similar scientific investigative assistance.

RULE NO. 4

PRE-OPERATIONAL CLEARANCE

•No police operation shall be conducted without the approval of the Chief/ Commander/
Headofthe concernedPoliceUnit/ Office

•A pre- operational clearance shall be filed PRIOR to the conduct ofthe operation and shall be
approved by the concerned Police Unit Commander

RULE NO. 5

INTER-UNIT COORDINATION

1.Personal Coordination or Official Representative

2.Coordinationby Filing Coordination Form

3.Coordinationby Practical/ Available Means of Communication

RULE NO. 6

REQUIREMENTS OF POLICE OPERATIONS

1.BASIC REQUIREMENTS -Police operations shall be conducted as follows:

A. With a marked police vehicle

 B. Led by a Police Commissioned Officer (PCO); and

C. With personnel in prescribed police uniform or attire

2.USE OF MEGAPHONE AND SIMILAR INTRUMENT -During actual police intervention

operations, the Team Leader shall use peaceful means including the use megaphones or any
other similar instruments to warn or influence the offender/s or suspect/s to stop and/or
peacefully give up.

3.WARNING SHOTS PROHIBITED -The police shall not use warning shots during police
intervention operations.

RULE NO. 7

USE OF FORCE DURING POLICE OPERATION

1. Use of Excessive Force Prohibited

2. Issuance of Verbal Warning

3. Non- issuance of Verbal Warning When Excusable

4. Use of Non- Lethal weapon

5. Application of Necessary and Reasonable Force

6. Factors to Considerin the Reasonableness of the Force Employed

7. Responsibility of the Police Officerin Charge of the Operation

RULE NO. 8

USE OF FIREARM DURING POLICE OPERATION

1. USE OF FIREARM WHEN JUSTIFIED

The use of firearm is justified if the offender poses imminent danger of causing death or injury
to the police officer or other persons. The use of firearm is also justified under the doctrines of
self- defense, defense of a relative, and defense of a stranger.
2. FIRING AT MOVING VEHICLES PROHIBITED BUT WITH EXCEPTIONS

A moving vehicle shall not be fired upon except when its occupants pose imminent danger of
causing death orinjury to the police officer or any other person, and that the use of firearm does
not create a danger to the public and outweigh the likely benefits of its non-use

3. PARAMETERS TO BE CONSIDERED IN FIRING AT MOVING VEHICLES

In firing at a moving vehicle, the following parameters should be considered:

• The intent of the suspect/s to harm the police officer or other

• persons
• The capability of the suspect/s to harm with certainty the police
• officer or other persons
• Accessibility orthe proximity of the suspect/s from the police officer
• and other persons.

4. FILING OF AN INCIDENT REPORT AFTER THE USE OF FIREARM

A police officer who fires his service firearm or weapon during a confrontation with an offender
or offenders must submit an incident report outlining the circumstances necessitating the use of
his firearm.

5. PROCEDURES AFTER AN ARMED CONFRONTATION

Immediately after an armed confrontation, the officer who is in charge or the operation shall:

A. Secure the site of confrontation

B. Take photographs

C. Check whetherthe situation still poses imminent danger

D. Evacuate the wounded to the nearest hospital

E. Ensure that all persons who died on the spot are not moved from their original position

F. Arrested suspects should be kept in isolation

G. Conduct debriefing on all involved PNP operatives

H. Submit After- Operations Report

 I. Ensure psychological stress counselling for all involved PNP operatives

RULE NO. 9 PATROL PROCEDURE

• PATROL GUIDELINES
• DUTIES OF PATROL SUPERVISORS
• DUTIES OF PATROL OFFICER
• GUIDELINES AND PROCEDURES WHEN RESPONDING TO CALLS POLICE

ASSISTANCE PATROL GUIDELINES

− a.Observe precautionary measures and personal safety while on
− patrol;
− b.Observe defensive driving and follow traffic rules and regulations;
− c.Selectroutes which provide best visibility;
− d.Patrol members must be always on the look-out for indications of
− vices and otherillegal activities on their beat;
− e.Patrol members must be knowledgeable of all conditions, events and
− details of places on their beat;
− f.Be observant of people, places, situations or conditions and develop a
− suspicious attitude especially if the subject appears to be slightly out
− of the ordinary;PATROL
− GUIDELINES
− g.Keep under close observation actions of juveniles, trouble makers/agitators
− and the mentally ill/retarded persons;
− h.Be familiar, as much as possible, with known criminals/ ex-convicts residing
− in orfrequenting the patrol beat;
− i.Be familiar with stay-in employees of business establishments on your beat;
− j.Be on the alert forloiterers;
 − k.Keep watch on uninhabited homes;
− l.Observe the practice of “shaking doors” of unguarded business
− establishments during night patrol. Check for signs of intrusion;
− m.Establish good rapport with the people on your beat;
− n.Develop contacts by getting to know as many people as possible who can
− give factual information about crime conditions on the patrol beat;PATROL
GUIDELINES
− o.Use tact and persuasiveness when conducting spot inquiry or questioning
− individuals forinformation;
− p.When requiring identification from a suspicious person or any individual,
− avoid taking the wallet or bag in which the cards/documents are placed. Let
− the individualremove and hand them to you;
− q.When checking suspicious persons, places, buildings/ establishments and
− vehicles especially during nighttime, be prepared to use your service fi rearm.
− Flashlight should be held tightly away from the body to avoid making you a
− possible target; and
− r.Patrol members should avoid loitering in theaters, restaurants and other
− recreational places.

DUTIES OF PATROL SUPERVISORS

1.In any operation, careful planning is a must in order to avoid waste of time, effort and
resources. Make a patrol plan with the following details:
− a.Area Coverage: safe haven, ambush areas and crime-prone
areas;
− b.Organizational Detail of Personnel;
− c.Duration;
− d.Stand-by points; and
− e.Route plan.
2.Designate and select the members of the patrol team/s;DUTIES OF PATROL SUPERVISORS
3.Inspect the members of the patrol for completeness of uniforms, operational readiness and all
government issued equipment (firearms, mobile car, radio, etc.) to ensure that these are
wellmaintained and properly used by the Patrol Officer;

4.Conduct briefing prior to dispatch by disseminating any orders, directives or instructions from
the Chief of Police or higher authorities and new policy or guidelines being implemented by the
PNP Organization;

5.Remind the patrol team about the strict observance of the PNP Operational Procedures;

6.Strictly observe “Buddy System” during the patrol operations;DUTIES OF PATROL

SUPERVISORS
7.Render hourly report of location and situation through radio/telephone/cellphone to Police
Community Precinct (PCP)/Station Headquarters Tactical Operation Center (TOC);

8.Render after-patrol report duly signed by detailed personnel. PCP Commanders shall collate
and submit significant details to the Station Patrol Supervisor, who in turn, will submit the same
to the Provincial/District Patrol Supervisor; and

9.Conduct debriefing after the patrol to assess its conduct and make necessary corrective
measures on defects noted.

DUTIES OF PATROL OFFICERS

• 1.Attend the Roll Call Formation before his Tour of Duty for briefing and likewise attend
the after Tour of Duty formation for debriefing;
• 2.Patrol the assigned beats, observe and check suspicious people, structures/buildings,
compounds and vehicles;
• 3.Observe and monitor public gatherings, prevent disorders and disperse unlawful
assemblies;
 • 4.Inspect and/or conduct surveillance in various business establishments and
otherinstallations and remove hazards to public safety;
• 5.Check suspicious vehicles (private, public, or commercial/delivery vehicles) along the
main roads/ highways in the course of their patrol;
• 6.Report occurrences and conditions which relate to crime, public peace, order and
safety;
• 7.Prevent crimes and arrest sighted law violators, assuring the public that peace is
preserved;
• 8.Conduct regular visitations, dialogues/consultations with the residents and other
stakeholders;
• 9.Assist personnel of responsible agencies/unit in facilitating the flow of traffic at busy
intersections/roads within his Area of Responsibility (AOR), assist and provide
pedestrian information such as directions and street locations
• 10. Enforce city/municipal ordinances on liquor establishments and night clubs, cabarets
and all houses of ill-repute;
• 11.Respond to calls, entertain complaints, initiate the investigation and protection of the
scene and minimize the after-effects of accidents, fi res and other catastrophes;
• 12.Patrol Officers shall wearthe prescribed patrol uniform; and
• 13.Patrol Officers must have the equipment necessary in the performance of
• their duty.

RESPONDING TO CALLS POLICE ASSISTANCE

❖ 1.Gather and note down in the patrol officer’s logbook all available data as to the nature
of the calls, date, time and name of the caller. It may be regular, urgent or emergency in
nature.
❖ 2.The manner of approach will be dependent on the nature of the call, either with
haste/secrecy or with/ without flashing lights and sirens.
❖ 3.Consider the pertinent factors like the time, traffic conditions, the possibility of greater
damage and the neighborhood characteristics.
❖ 4.Stop the patrol car some distance from the scene.GUIDELINES AND PROCEDURES
WHEN ❖ 5.Approach the scene on foot, in complete silence and exercising extreme
caution.
❖ 6.Immediately attend to the injured, unless the other members of the patrol are in
immediate danger.
❖ 7.Focus all efforts to arrest criminals; however, priority shall be given to aiding the
injured.
❖ 8.Determine the crime committed, identify and question briefly the victim/complainant
and possible witnesses at the scene.
❖ 9.If the suspects or criminals have fled the scene before the arrival of the patrol team,
immediately relay the composition, armament, appearance, and mode and direction of
escape of the suspects to the Operations Center for the conduct of dragnet operations.
❖ 10. When responding to street fights/brawls, the patrol member should call for back-up
before intervening. If there are no injuries and insufficient corroborative statements
obtained to identify who started the fight, disperse the crowd and make complete notes.

❖ 11. Never treat calls or complaints of loud noises caused by barking dogs, Drunks,
appliances and parties as negligible or a nuisance. They only need courteous and tactful
intervention and not enforcement actions.
❖ 12.When responding to calls for police assistance due to planted or found explosives,
never attempt to handle, move or lift the object. Instead contact Operations Center and
request for Explosive Ordnance Disposal Team (EODT). On-lookers must be promptly
led to a safe distance away from the scene.
❖ (Referto Rule 34).
❖ 13. When responding to calls from owners of beerhouses, bars or inns or any other
similar establishments during night time, request the owner to put the lights on first
before entering the establishments. n. Do not attempt to arbitrate and resolve conflicts/
differences between neighbors, landlords/tenants, husband and wife.
RULE NO. 10 SPOT- CHECKS/ ACCOSTING AND PAT- DOWN SEARCHES

•Spot-checks/ accosting and pat- down searches

• ―The police officer may stop an individual for the purpose of conducting a spot
• check/ accosting only when reasonable suspicion exists
• ―Reasonable suspicion must be more than just a hunch or feeling. In justifying
• the stop, the police officer must be able to point to specific facts

GROUNDS FOR SPOT- CHECKS/ SEARCH

• 1.The appearance or demeanor of the individual suggests that he is part of a criminal

enterprise oris engaged in a criminal act;
• 2.The actions of the individual suggest that he is engaged in a criminal activity;
• 3.Questionable presence of the individual in the area;
• 4.The subject is carrying a suspicious object;
• 5.The suspect’s clothing bulges in a manner that suggests he is carrying a weapon;
• 6.The suspect has been found in the time and place proximate to an alleged crime;
• 7.The police officer has knowledge of the suspect’s prior criminal record or involvement
in criminal activity; and
• 8.The individual flees at the sight of a police officer

GROUNDS FOR PAT-DOWN SEARCHES

❖ 1.The type of crime believed to be committed by the subject, particularly crimes of

violence where the threat of use or use of deadly weapon is involved;
❖ 2.Where the police officer handles several suspects;
❖ 3.The time of the day and the location where the pat-down search took place;
❖ 4.Prior knowledge by the police officer of the suspect’s use of force and/or propensity to
carry deadly weapons;

❖ 5.The appearance and demeanor of the suspect;

 ❖ 6.Visual indications suggesting that the suspect is carrying a fi rearm or other deadly
weapon; and
❖ 7.Whenever possible, pat-down searches should be performed by police officers of the
same gender.

PROCEDURES AND GUIDELINES IN SPOT CHECK/ACCOSTING

❖ (1)When approaching the individual, the police officer shall clearly identify himself as a
police officer. If not in uniform, the police officer must identify himself by announcing
his identity and displaying official identification card and/or badge.
❖ (2)Police officers shall be courteous at all times but maintain caution and remain vigilant
for suspicious movements like attempting to retrieve weapon, conceal or discard
contraband, or other similar actions. (3)Before approaching more than one individual,
police officers should determine whether the circumstances warrant a request for back-up
and whether the spot check/accosting can and should be delayed until such back- up
arrives.
❖ (1)Whenever possible, pat-down searches should be conducted by at least two
❖ (2) police officers, one to perform the search while the other provides protective cover.
❖ (2)Because pat-down searches are cursory in nature, they should be performed with the
suspect in a standing position, or with hands placed against a stationary object, and feet
spread apart. However, should an officer visually observe a weapon, a more secure
search position may be used like the prone
❖ (lying face down) position.
❖ (3)In a pat-down search, officers are permitted only to feel the outer clothing of the
suspect. Police officers may not place their hands inside the pockets of the subject’s
clothing unless they feel an object that could probably be a weapon, such as a gun, knife,
club, orthe like.
❖ (4) If the suspect is carrying an object such as a handbag, suitcase, briefcase, sack, or
other similar items that may conceal a weapon, the police officer should not open the
item but instead put it in a place out of the suspect’s reach.
❖ (5) If the external patting of the suspect’s clothing fails to disclose evidence of a weapon,
no further search may be made. If a weapon is found and the possession of which
amounts to a violation of the law, the police officer shall arrest the suspect and conduct a
complete search of his person