UNIVERSIDAD METROPOLITANA DE

HONDURAS

VICERECTORIA ACADEMICA

HOMEWORK: BOOKLET

PRESENTED BY: FAVIANA MARGARITA

TEJEDA

CLASS: ENGLISH DELIVERY

DATE: OCTOBER/ 29 / 2022

SIGUATEPEQUE, COMAYAGUA

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Contenido
NOUNS ......................................................................................................................................4
1. Nouns...................................................................................................................................5
Types of nouns .........................................................................................................................5
PRONOUNS ...........................................................................................................................12
2. Pronouns ...........................................................................................................................13
he, she and they .....................................................................................................................14
'it' and 'there' as dummy subjects ................................................................................................15
there.......................................................................................................................................16
this and these .........................................................................................................................17
'one' and 'ones' .........................................................................................................................18
Pronouns in questions ................................................................................................................18
Indefinite pronouns ....................................................................................................................22
Relative pronouns and relative clauses .......................................................................................23
Two kinds of relative clause.................................................................................................24
whose and whom ....................................................................................................................25
Relative pronouns with prepositions ...................................................................................25
when and where .....................................................................................................................26
VERBS .....................................................................................................................................27
Level: intermediate ..............................................................................................................30
Level: advanced ....................................................................................................................30
ADJECTIVES ........................................................................................................................34
Coordinate adjectives ...........................................................................................................36
Preposition ............................................................................................................................39
Simple Preposition .............................................................................................................40
INTERJECTIONS.................................................................................................................45
CONJUNCTIONS .................................................................................................................49
Types of Conjunction: Definition and Examples ....................................................................50
1. Coordinating Conjunctions: ............................................................................................50
Rules for using the Coordinating Conjunctions: .................................................................50
2. Correlative Conjunctions: ...............................................................................................50
3. Subordinating Conjunctions: ..........................................................................................51
Types of Subordinating Conjunctions ................................................................................51
ADVERBS ..............................................................................................................................53
WORKSHEET ........................................................................................................................58
SONGS TO PRACTICE .......................................................................................................73

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GAMES TO PRACTICE.......................................................................................................81
BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................................................................................89

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NOUNS

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1. Nouns

A noun is a word that names something, such as a person, place, thing, or idea. In a
sentence, nouns can play the role of subject, direct object, indirect object, subject
complement, object complement, appositive, or adjective.

Types of nouns

Nouns form a large proportion of English vocabulary and they come in a wide variety of
types. Nouns can name a person examples:

• Albert Einstein
• the president
• my mother
• a girl

Nouns can also name a place examples:

• Mount Vesuvius
• Disneyland
• my bedroom

Nouns can also name things, although sometimes they might be intangible things, such
as concepts, activities, or processes. Some might even be hypothetical or imaginary
things.
• shoe
• faucet
• freedom
• The Elder Wand
• basketball

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Proper nouns vs. common nouns
One important distinction to be made is whether a noun is a proper noun or a common
noun. A proper noun is a specific name of a person, place, or thing, and is always
capitalized examples:

• Does Tina have much homework to do this evening?

• Tina is the name of a specific person.
• I would like to visit Old Faithful.
• Old Faithful is the specific name of a geological phenomenon.

The opposite of a proper noun is a common noun, sometimes known as a generic noun.
A common noun is the generic name of an item in a class or group and is not capitalized
unless appearing at the beginning of a sentence or in a title example:
• The girl crossed the river.

Girl is a common noun; we do not learn the identity of the girl by reading this sentence,
though we know the action she takes. River is also a common noun in this sentence.

Types of common nouns

Common or generic nouns can be broken down into three subtypes: concrete nouns,
abstract nouns, and collective nouns. A concrete noun is something that is perceived by
the senses; something that is physical or real examples:

• I heard the doorbell.

• My keyboard is sticky.
• Doorbell and keyboard are real things that can be sensed.
• Conversely, an abstract noun is something that cannot be perceived by the
senses.
• We can’t imagine the courage it took to do that.

Courage is an abstract noun. Courage can’t be seen, heard, or sensed in any other way,
but we know it exists.

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A collective noun denotes a group or collection of people or things.

• That pack of lies is disgraceful.

Pack of lies as used here is a collective noun. Collective nouns take a singular verb as if
they are one entity – in this case, the singular verb is.

• A pride of lions roamed the savanna.

• Pride of lions is also a collective noun.
•

Nouns as subjects

Every sentence must have a subject, and that subject will always be a noun. The subject
of a sentence is the person, place, or thing that is doing or being the verb in that
sentence example:

• Maria is happy.

Maria is the subject of this sentence and the corresponding verb is a form of to be (is).

Nouns as objects

Nouns can also be objects of a verb in a sentence. An object can be either a direct object
(a noun that receives the action performed by the subject) or an indirect object (a noun
that is the recipient of a direct object).

• Give the books to her.

Books is a direct object (what is being given) and her is the indirect object (who the
books are being given to).

Nouns as subject and object complements

Another type of noun use is called a subject complement. In this example, the noun
teacher is used as a subject complement example:

• Mary is a teacher.

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Subject complements normally follow linking verbs like to be, become, or seem. A
teacher is what Mary is.

A related usage of nouns is called an object complement.

I now pronounce you husband and wife.

Husband and wife are nouns used as object complements in this sentence. Verbs that
denote making, naming, or creating are often followed by object complements.

Appositive nouns and nouns as modifiers

An appositive noun is a noun that immediately follows another noun in order to further
define or identify it example:

• My brother, Michael, is six years old.

Michael is an appositive here, further identifying the subject of the sentence, my

brother.

Sometimes, nouns can be used adjectivally as well.

• He is a speed demon.

Speed is a normally a noun, but here it is acting as an adjective to modify demon.

Plural nouns

Plural nouns, unlike collective nouns, require plural verbs. Many English plural nouns
can be formed by adding -s or -es to the singular form, although there are many
exceptions examples:

• cat—cats

These two cats are both black.

Note the plural verb are.

• tax—taxes

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 • house—houses

Countable nouns vs. uncountable nouns

Countable nouns are nouns which can be counted, even if the number might be
extraordinarily high (like counting all the people in the world). Countable nouns can be
used with a/an, the, some, any, a few, and many example:

• Here is a cat.

Cat is singular and—obviously—countable.

• Here are a few cats.

• Here are some cats.

Uncountable nouns, or mass nouns, are nouns that come in a state or quantity which is
impossible to count; liquids are uncountable, as are things that act like liquids (sand,
air). They are always considered to be singular, and can be used with some, any, a little,
and much example:

• An I.Q. test measures intelligence.

Intelligence is an uncountable noun.

• Students don’t seem to have much homework these days.

This example refers to an unspecified, unquantifiable amount of homework, so

homework is an uncountable noun.

Possessive nouns

Possessive nouns are nouns which possess something; i.e., they have something. You
can identify a possessive noun by the apostrophe; most nouns show the possessive with
an apostrophe and an s.

• The cat’s toy was missing.

The cat possesses the toy, and we denote this by use of ’s at the end of cat.

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When a singular noun ends in the letter s or z, the same format often applies. This is a
matter of style, however, and some style guides suggest leaving off the extra s.

• I have been invited to the boss’s house for dinner.

• Mrs. Sanchez’s coat is still hanging on the back of her chair.

Plural nouns ending in s take only an apostrophe to form a possessive.

• My nieces’ prom dresses were exquisite.

Nouns FAQs

What are nouns?

Nouns refer to a person, place, thing, or idea. They make up the subjects, direct objects,
and indirect objects in a sentence, along with other roles.

What are examples of nouns?

Nouns can be living things (Keanu Reeves or cat), places (beach or Detroit), things
(ruler or PlayStation 5), or ideas (nihilism or the theory of evolution).

What are the different types of nouns?

Common nouns refer to general things (like parks), and proper nouns refer to a specific
thing (like Yellowstone National Park). Nouns can also be plural or singular, depending
on how many there are, and countable or uncountable, depending on how their plural
form is used.

How do you identify a noun in a sentence?

Nouns usually have articles (the, a, or an) before them in a sentence, but not always.
Sometimes you’ll see adjectives or words like “some” or “this” before nouns. Aside
from the first word in a sentence, if a word is capitalized then it’s a noun, such as a
person’s name.

EXAMPLES

Common Nouns: mountain, state, ocean, country, building, cat, airline.

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Proper Nouns: Walt Disney, Mount Kilimanjaro, Minnesota, Atlantic Ocean,
Australia,

Empire State Building, Fluffy, Sun Country.

Concrete Nouns: house, ocean, Uncle Mike, bird, photograph, banana, eyes, light, sun,

dog, suitcase, flowers.

Abstract Nouns: love, wealth, happiness, pride, fear, religion, belief, history,

communication.

Countable Nouns: bed, cat, movie, train, country, book, phone, match, speaker, clock,

pen, David, violín.

Uncountable Nouns: milk, rice, snow, rain, water, food, music, luggage.

Compound Nouns: tablecloth, eyeglasses, New York, photograph, daughter-in-law,

pigtails, sunlight, snowflake.

Collective Nouns: bunch, audience, flock, team, group, family, band, village.

Singular Nouns: cat, sock, ship, hero, monkey, baby, match.

Plural Nouns: cats, socks, ships, heroes, monkeys, babies, matches.

Possessive Nouns: Mom's car, Beth's cat, the student's book.

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PRONOUNS

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2. Pronouns

Pronouns are words that take the place of nouns. We often use them to avoid repeating
the nouns that they refer to. Pronouns have different forms for the different ways we use
them.

Read clear grammar explanations and example sentences to help you understand how
pronouns are used. Then, put your grammar knowledge into practice by doing the
exercises.

Types of pronouns:

Personal Pronouns

Learn about personal pronouns like I, me, you, we and us and do the exercises to
practise using them.

Level: beginner

We have both subject pronouns and object pronouns:

Subject Object
I me
you you
he him
she her
it it
we us
you you
they them

We use subject pronouns as the subject of a verb:

I like your dress.

You are late.
He is my friend.
It is raining.
She is on holiday.
We live in England.
They come from London.

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 Be careful!
English clauses always have a subject.

His father has just retired. > He was a teacher. (NOT Was a teacher.)
I'm waiting for my wife. > She is late. (NOT Is late.)

The imperative, which is used for orders, invitations and requests, is an exception:

Stop!
Go away.
Please come to dinner tomorrow.
Play it again, please.

If there is no other subject, we use it or there. We call this a dummy subject.

We use object pronouns as the object of a verb:

Can you help me, please?

I can see you.
She doesn't like him.
I saw her in town today.
We saw them in town yesterday, but they didn't see us.

and after prepositions:

She is waiting for me.

I'll get it for you.
Give it to him.
Why are you looking at her?
Don't take it from us.
I'll speak to them.

he, she and they

We use he/him to refer to men, and she/her to refer to women. When we are not sure if
we are talking about a man or a woman, we use they/them:

This is Jack. He's my brother. I don't think you have met him.
This is Angela. She's my sister. Have you met her before?
You could go to a doctor. They might help you.
Talk to a friend. Ask them to help you.

ou and they

We use you to talk about people in general, including the speaker and the hearer:

You can buy this book everywhere. = This book is on sale everywhere.
You can't park here. = Parking is not allowed here.

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We use they/them to talk about institutions and organisations:

They serve good food here. (they = the restaurant)

Ask them for a cheaper ticket. (them = the airline)

especially the government and the authorities:

They don't let you smoke in here.

They are going to increase taxes.
They are building a new motorway.
They say it’s going to rain tomorrow.

it

We use it to talk about ourselves:

• on the telephone:

Hello. It's George.

• when other people cannot see us:

It's me. It's Mary. (Mary is knocking on the door.)

We also use it to talk about other people:

• when we point people out for the first time:

Look. It's Paul McCartney.

Who's that? I think it's John's brother.

• when we cannot see someone and we ask them for their name:

Hello. Who is it? (someone answering the phone)

Who is it? (someone about to answer the door)

'it' and 'there' as dummy subjects

Learn about the 'dummy' subjects it and there and do the exercises to practise using
them.

Level: beginner

English clauses always have a subject:

His father has just retired. > He was a teacher. (NOT Was a teacher.)
I'm waiting for my wife. > She is late. (NOT Is late.)

... except for the imperative:

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Go away.
Play it again, please.

there

If there is no other subject, we use there to talk about:

• where or when something is:

There's an interesting book on the shelf.

There'll be an eclipse of the moon tonight.

• a number or amount:

There is plenty of bread left.

There were twenty people at the meeting.

• something existing or happening:

There's a small problem.

There was a nasty fight.

it

We use it to talk about:

• times and dates:

It's nearly one o'clock.

It's my birthday.

• the weather:

It's raining.
It's a lovely day.
It was getting cold.

We use it with the verb be and an –ing form or to-infinitive to express opinions:

It's great living here.

It's nice to meet you.

Possessive pronouns

Learn about the possessive pronouns mine, yours, his, hers, ours and theirs and do the
exercises to practise using them.

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Demonstratives

Learn about the demonstratives this, these, that and those and do the exercises to
practise using them.

Level: beginner

this and these

We use this (singular) and these (plural) as pronouns:

• to talk about people or things near us:

This is a nice cup of tea.

Whose shoes are these?

• to introduce people:

This is Janet.
These are my friends John and Michael.

Be careful!

We say, This is John and this is Michael. (NOT These are John and Michael.)

• to begin a conversation on the phone:

Hello, this is David. Can I speak to Sally?

that and those

We use that (singular) and those (plural) as pronouns to talk about things that are not
near us:

What's that?
Those are very expensive shoes.
This is our house, and that's Rebecca's house over there.

Demonstratives

We also use that to reply to something someone has said:

'Shall we go to the cinema?' 'Yes, that’s a good idea.'

'I've got a new job.' 'That's great.'
'I'm very tired.' 'Why is that?'

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With nouns

We can also use this, these, that and those with nouns. We use this and these for people
or things near us:

We have lived in this house for twenty years.

Have you read all of these books?

and that and those for people or things that are not near us:

Who lives in that house?

Who are those people?

'one' and 'ones'

Learn about the pronouns one and ones and do the exercises to practise using them.

Level: beginner

We use one (singular) and ones (plural):

• after an adjective:

See those two girls? Helen is the tall one and Jane is the short one.
Which is your car, the red one or the blue one?
My trousers are torn. I need some new ones.

• after the:

See those two girls? Helen is the one on the left.

Let's look at the photographs – the ones you took in Paris.

after which in questions:

You can borrow a book. Which one do you want?

Which ones are yours?

Pronouns in questions

Learn about the interrogative pronouns who, whose, what and which and do the
exercises to practise using them.

Level: beginner

We use who to ask questions about people:

Who is that?
Who lives here?
Who did you see?

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We use whose to ask about possession:

Whose coat is this? or Whose is this coat?

Whose book is that? or Whose is that book?

Whose bags are those? or Whose are those bags?

We use what to ask questions about things:

What is that?
What do you want?

We use which to ask someone to choose something:

Which came first, the chicken or the egg?

I've got two books. Which do you want?

We can also use what and which with nouns:

What subjects did you study at school?

What newspaper do you read?
Which newspaper do you read – The Times or The Guardian?
Which book do you want?
Which one is yours?

We often have a preposition at the end of a question:

Who does this book belong to?

What are you looking for?
Which university did you go to?

Reflexive pronouns

Learn about reflexive pronouns like myself, herself and yourselves and do the exercises
to practise using them.

Level: beginner

The reflexive pronouns are:

singular: myself yourself himself herself itself

plural: ourselves yourselves themselves

We use a reflexive pronoun as a direct object when the object is the same as the
subject of the verb:

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I fell over and hurt myself.
Be careful with that knife. You might cut yourself.

We can use a reflexive pronoun as direct object with most transitive verbs, but these
are the most common:

amuse enjoy kill

blame help prepare
cut hurt satisfy
dry introduce teach

Be careful!
We do not use a reflexive pronoun after verbs which describe things people usually do for
themselves:

He washed in cold water.

He always shaved before going out in the evening.
Michael dressed and got ready for the party.

We only use reflexives with these verbs for emphasis:

He dressed himself in spite of his injuries.

She’s old enough to wash herself.

Level: intermediate

We use reflexive pronouns as an indirect object when the indirect object is the same as
the subject of the verb:

Would you like to pour yourself a drink?

We’ve brought ourselves something to eat.

We use reflexive pronouns as the object of a preposition when the object is the same
as the subject of the verb:

They had to cook for themselves.

He was feeling very sorry for himself.

but we use object pronouns, not reflexives, after prepositions of place:

He had a suitcase beside him. (NOT himself)

and after with when it means accompanied by:

She had a few friends with her. (NOT herself)

We use reflexives with the preposition by:

• to show that someone did something without any help:

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The children got dressed by themselves.
I prepared the whole meal by myself.

• to show that someone was alone:

He lived by himself in an enormous house.

She walked home by herself.

We use reflexive pronouns intensively to emphasise the person or thing we are referring
to:

Kendal itself is quite a small town.

• especially if we are talking about someone very famous:

Sir Paul McCartney himself sang the final song.

We often put the reflexive pronoun at the end of the clause when we are using it
intensively for emphasis:

I baked the bread myself.

She mended the car herself.

Level: advanced

Some verbs change their meaning slightly when they have a reflexive pronoun as direct
object:

Would you like to help yourself to another drink?

= Would you like to take another drink?
I wish the children would behave themselves.
= I wish the children would behave well.
He found himself lying by the side of the road.
= He was surprised when he realised that he was lying by the side of the road.
I saw myself as a famous actor.
= I imagined that I was a famous actor.
She applied herself to the job of mending the lights.
= She worked very hard to mend the lights.
He busied himself in the kitchen.
= He worked busily in the kitchen.
I had to content myself with a few euros.
= I had to be satisfied with a few euros.

Reciprocal pronouns

Learn about the pronouns each other and one another and do the exercises to practise
using them.

Level: intermediate

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We use the reciprocal pronouns each other and one another when two or more people
do the same thing.

Peter and Mary helped each other.

= Peter helped Mary and Mary helped Peter.
We sent one another Christmas cards.
= We sent them a Christmas card and they sent us a Christmas card.
They didn't look at each other.
= X didn't look at Y and Y didn't look at X.

We also use the possessive forms each other's and one another's:

They helped to look after each other's children.

The group of students often stayed in one another's houses.

Note that we do not use reciprocal pronouns as the subject of a clause.

Be careful!
Reciprocal pronouns and plural reflexive pronouns (ourselves, yourselves, themselves)
have different meanings:

John and Fred talk to each other regularly.

= John talks to Fred and Fred talks to John.
John and Fred regularly talk to themselves.
= John talks to himself and Fred talks to himself.

Indefinite pronouns

Learn about the indefinite pronouns anybody, everybody, nobody and somebody and do
the exercises to practise using them.

Level: beginner

Some of the indefinite pronouns in English are:

anybody everybody nobody somebody

anyone everyone no one someone

anything everything nothing something

We use indefinite pronouns to refer to people or things without saying exactly who or
what they are. We use pronouns ending in -body or -one for people, and pronouns
ending in -thing for things:

Everybody enjoyed the concert.

I opened the door but there was no one at home.
It was a very clear day. We could see everything.

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 Be careful!
We use a singular verb after an indefinite pronoun:

Everybody loves Sally.

Everything was ready for the party.

When we refer back to an indefinite pronoun, we normally use a plural pronoun:

Everybody enjoyed the concert. They stood up and clapped.

I will tell somebody that dinner is ready. They have been waiting a long time.

Be careful!
In negative clauses, we use pronouns with no-, not pronouns with any-:

Nobody came. (NOT Anybody didn't come.)

We do not use another negative in a clause with nobody, no one or nothing:

Nobody came. (NOT Nobody didn't come.)

Nothing happened. (NOT Nothing didn't happen.)

We can add 's to an indefinite pronoun to make a possessive:

They were staying in somebody's house.

Is this anybody's coat?

We use else after indefinite pronouns to refer to other people or things:

All the family came, but no one else.

If Michael can't come, we'll ask somebody else.
I think this is somebody else's coat.

Relative pronouns and relative clauses

Learn about relative pronouns and relative clauses and do the exercises to practise
using them.

Level: beginner

The relative pronouns are:

Subject Object Possessive

who who/whom whose

which which whose

that that -

23
 Be careful!

We use relative pronouns to introduce relative clauses. Relative clauses tell us more
about people and things:

Lord Thompson, who is 76, has just retired.

This is the house which Jack built.
Marie Curie is the woman that discovered radium.

We use:

• who and whom for people

• which for things
• that for people or things.

Two kinds of relative clause

There are two kinds of relative clause:

1. We use relative clauses to make clear which person or thing we are talking about:

Marie Curie is the woman who discovered radium.

This is the house which Jack built.

In this kind of relative clause, we can use that instead of who or which:

Marie Curie is the woman that discovered radium.

This is the house that Jack built.

We can leave out the pronoun if it is the object of the relative clause:

This is the house that Jack built. (that is the object of built)

Be careful!
The relative pronoun is the subject/object of the relative clause, so we do not repeat
the subject/object:

Marie Curie is the woman who she discovered radium.

(who is the subject of discovered, so we don't need she)

This is the house that Jack built it.

(that is the object of built, so we don't need it)

2. We also use relative clauses to give more information about a person, thing or
situation:

24
 Be careful!
Lord Thompson, who is 76, has just retired.
We had fish and chips, which I always enjoy.
I met Rebecca in town yesterday, which was a nice surprise.

With this kind of relative clause, we use commas (,) to separate it from the rest of the
sentence.

Be careful!
In this kind of relative clause, we cannot use that:

Lord Thompson, who is 76, has just retired.

(NOT Lord Thompson, that is 76, has just retired.)

and we cannot leave out the pronoun:

We had fish and chips, which I always enjoy.

(NOT We had fish and chips, I always enjoy.)

Level: intermediate

whose and whom

We use whose as the possessive form of who:

This is George, whose brother went to school with me.

We sometimes use whom as the object of a verb or preposition:

This is George, whom you met at our house last year.

(whom is the object of met)

This is George’s brother, with whom I went to school.

(whom is the object of with)

but nowadays we normally use who:

This is George, who you met at our house last year.

This is George’s brother, who I went to school with.

Relative pronouns with prepositions

When who(m) or which have a preposition, the preposition can come at the
beginning of the clause:

I had an uncle in Germany, from who(m) I inherited a bit of money.

We bought a chainsaw, with which we cut up all the wood.

25
 Be careful!
or at the end of the clause:

I had an uncle in Germany, who(m) I inherited a bit of money from.

We bought a chainsaw, which we cut all the wood up with.

But when that has a preposition, the preposition always comes at the end:

I didn't know the uncle that I inherited the money from.

We can't find the chainsaw that we cut all the wood up with.

when and where

We can use when with times and where with places to make it clear which time or
place we are talking about:

England won the World Cup in 1966. It was the year when we got married.
I remember my twentieth birthday. It was the day when the tsunami happened.

Do you remember the place where we caught the train?

Stratford-upon-Avon is the town where Shakespeare was born.

We can leave out when:

England won the World Cup in 1966. It was the year we got married.
I remember my twentieth birthday. It was the day the tsunami happened.

We often use quantifiers and numbers with relative pronouns:

all of which/whom most of which/whom many of which/whom

lots of which/whom a few of which/whom none of which/whom

one of which/whom two of which/whom etc.

She has three brothers, two of whom are in the army.

I read three books last week, one of which I really enjoyed.
There were some good programmes on the radio, none of which I listened to.

26
 VERBS

3. Verbs

27
Verbs are words that describe an action or talk about something that happens. They take
many different forms depending on their subjects, the time they refer to and other ideas
we want to express.
Verb phrases
Learn about the basic parts of verbs and verb phrases and do the exercises to practise
using them.
Level: beginner
Verbs in English have four basic parts:
Most verbs are regular: they have a past tense and past participle with –ed (worked,
played, listened). But many of the most frequent verbs are irregular.

Base form -ing form Past tense Past participle

work working worked worked

play playing played played

listen listening listened listened

Basic parts
Verbs in English have four basic parts:

Base form -ing form Past tense Past participle

work working worked worked

play playing played played

listen listening listened listened

Most verbs are regular: they have a past tense and past participle with –ed (worked,
played, listened). But many of the most frequent verbs are irregular.
Verb phrases
Verb phrases in English have the following forms:
a main verb:

main verb

We are here.

I like it.

Everybody saw the accident.

We laughed.

28
The verb can be in the present tense (are, like) or the past tense (saw, laughed).
the auxiliary verb be and a main verb in the –ing form:

auxiliary be -ing form

Everybody is watching.

We were laughing.

A verb phrase with be and –ing expresses continuous aspect. A verb with am/is/are
expresses present continuous and a verb with was/were expresses past continuous.
the auxiliary verb have and a main verb in the past participle form:

auxiliary have past participle

They have enjoyed themselves.

Everybody has worked hard.

He had finished work.

A verb phrase with have and the past participle expresses perfect aspect. A verb with
have/has expresses present perfect and a verb with had expresses past perfect.
a modal verb (can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would) and a main
verb:

modal main
verb verb

They will come.

He might come.

29
Level: intermediate

5. the auxiliary verbs have and been and a main verb in the –
ing form:

auxiliary have been -ing form

Everybody has been working hard.

He had been singing.

A verb phrase with have been and the -ing form expresses both perfect
aspect and continuous aspect. A verb with have/has expresses
present perfect continuous and a verb with had expresses past
perfect continuous.

6. a modal verb and the auxiliaries be, have and have been:

modal auxiliary verb

They will be listening.

He might have arrived.

She must have been listening.

7. the auxiliary verb be and a main verb in the past participle

form:

auxiliary be past participle

English is spoken all over the world.

The windows have been cleaned.

Lunch was being served.

The work will be finished soon.

They might have been invited to the party.

A verb phrase with be and the past participle expresses passive voice.

Level: advanced

We can use the auxiliaries do and did with the infinitive for emphasis:

30
 modal main
verb verb

It was a wonderful party. I did enjoy it.

I do agree with you. I think you are absolutely right.

We can also use do for polite invitations:

Do come and see us some time.

There will be lots of people there. Do bring your friends.

Irregular verbs

Learn about irregular verbs like be, eat, get, know and wear and do the exercises to
practise using them.

Level: beginner

Most verbs have a past tense and past participle with –ed:

worked
played
listened

But many of the most frequent verbs are irregular:

Base form Past tense Past participle

be was/were been

begin began begun

break broke broken

bring brought brought

buy bought bought

build built built

choose chose chosen

come came come

cost cost cost

cut cut cut

31
Base form Past tense Past participle

do did done

draw drew drawn

drive drove driven

eat ate eaten

feel felt felt

find found found

get got got

give gave given

go went gone

have had had

hear heard heard

hold held held

keep kept kept

know knew known

leave left left

lead led led

let let let

lie lay lain

lose lost lost

make made made

mean meant meant

meet met met

pay paid paid

put put put

run ran run

say said said

32
Base form Past tense Past participle

see saw seen

sell sold sold

send sent sent

set set set

sit sat sat

speak spoke spoken

spend spent spent

stand stood stood

take took taken

teach taught taught

tell told told

think thought thought

understand understood understood

wear wore worn

win won won

write wrote written

33
ADJECTIVES

34
4. ADJECTIVES
What Is an Adjective?

Adjectives are words that describe the qualities or states of being of nouns: enormous,
doglike, silly, yellow, fun, fast. They can also describe the quantity of nouns: many,
few, millions, eleven.

Adjectives modify nouns

Most students learn that adjectives are words that modify (describe) nouns. Adjectives
do not modify verbs or adverbs or other adjectives.

Margot wore a beautiful hat to the pie-eating contest.

Furry dogs may overheat in the summertime.
My cake should have sixteen candles.
The scariest villain of all time is Darth Vader.

In the sentences above, the adjectives are easy to spot because they come immediately
before the nouns they modify.

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spelling and save you from grammar and punctuation mistakes. It even proofreads your
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But adjectives can do more than just modify nouns. They can also act as a complement
to linking verbs or the verb to be. A linking verb is a verb like to feel, to seem, or to
taste that describes a state of being or a sensory experience.

That cow sure is happy.

It smells gross in the locker room.
Driving is faster than walking.

The technical term for an adjective used this way is predicate adjective.

Uses of adjectives

Adjectives tell the reader how much—or how many—of something you’re talking
about, which thing you want passed to you, or which kind of something you want.

Please use three white flowers in the arrangement.

Three and white are modifying flowers.

Often, when adjectives are used together, you should separate them with a comma or
conjunction. See “Coordinate Adjectives” below for more detail.

35
I’m looking for a small, good-tempered dog to keep as a pet.
My new dog is small and good-tempered.
Degrees of comparison

Adjectives come in three forms: absolute, comparative, and superlative.

Absolute adjectives describe something in its own right.

A cool guy
A messy desk
A mischievous cat
Garrulous squirrels

Comparative adjectives, unsurprisingly, make a comparison between two or more

things. For most one-syllable adjectives, the comparative is formed by adding the suffix
-er (or just -r if the adjective already ends with an e). For two-syllable adjectives ending
in -y, replace -y with -ier. For multi-syllable adjectives, add the word more.

A cooler guy
A messier desk
A more mischievous cat
More garrulous squirrels

Superlative adjectives indicate that something has the highest degree of the quality in
question. One-syllable adjectives become superlatives by adding the suffix -est (or just -
st for adjectives that already end in e). Two-syllable adjectives ending in -y replace -y
with -iest. Multi-syllable adjectives add the word most. When you use an article with a
superlative adjective, it will almost always be the definite article (the) rather than a or
an. Using a superlative inherently indicates that you are talking about a specific item or
items.

The coolest guy

The messiest desk
The most mischievous cat
The most garrulous squirrels
Coordinate adjectives

Coordinate adjectives should be separated by a comma or the word and. Adjectives are
said to be coordinate if they modify the same noun in a sentence.

This is going to be a long, cold winter.

36
Isobel’s dedicated and tireless efforts made all the difference.

But just the fact that two adjectives appear next to each other doesn’t automatically
mean they are coordinate. Sometimes, an adjective and a noun form a single semantic
unit, which is then modified by another adjective. In this case, the adjectives are not
coordinate and should not be separated by a comma.

My cat, Goober, loves sleeping on this tattered woolen sweater.

No one could open the old silver locket.

In some cases, it’s pretty hard to decide whether two adjectives are coordinate or not.
But there are a couple of ways you can test them. Try inserting the word and between
the adjectives to see if the phrase still seems natural. In the first sentence, “this tattered
and woolen sweater” doesn’t sound right because you really aren’t talking about a
sweater that is both tattered and woolen. It’s a woolen sweater that is tattered. Woolen
sweater forms a unit of meaning that is modified by tattered.

Another way to test for coordinate adjectives is to try switching the order of the
adjectives and seeing if the phrase still works. In the second sentence, you wouldn’t say
“No one could open the silver old locket.” You can’t reverse the order of the adjectives
because silver locket is a unit that is modified by old.

Adjectives vs. adverbs

As mentioned above, many of us learned in school that adjectives modify nouns and
that adverbs modify verbs. But as we’ve seen, adjectives can also act as complements
for linking verbs. This leads to a common type of error: incorrectly substituting an
adverb in place of a predicate adjective. An example you’ve probably heard before is:

I feel badly about what happened.

Because “feel” is a verb, it seems to call for an adverb rather than an adjective. But
“feel” isn’t just any verb; it’s a linking verb. An adverb would describe how you
perform the action of feeling—an adjective describes what you feel. “I feel badly”
means that you are bad at feeling things. If you’re trying to read Braille through thick
leather gloves, then it might make sense for you to say “I feel badly.” But if you’re
trying to say that you are experiencing negative emotions, “I feel bad” is the phrase you
want.

It’s easier to see this distinction with a different linking verb. Consider the difference
between these two sentences:

Goober smells badly.

Goober smells bad.

“Goober smells badly” means that Goober, the poor thing, has a weak sense of smell.
“Goober smells bad” means Goober stinks—poor us.

37
When nouns become adjectives and adjectives become nouns
One more thing you should know about adjectives is that, sometimes, a word that is normally
used as a noun can function as an adjective, depending on its placement. For example:

Never try to pet someone’s guide dog without asking permission first.

Guide is a noun. But in this sentence, it modifies dog. It works the other way, too. Some
words that are normally adjectives can function as nouns:

Candice is working on a fundraiser to help the homeless.

In the context of this sentence, homeless is functioning as a noun. It can be hard to wrap
your head around this if you think of adjectives and nouns only as particular classes of
words. But the terms “adjective” and “noun” aren’t just about a word’s form—they’re
also about its function.

Adjective usage advice

We’ll end with a few words about adjectives and style. It’s one thing to know how to
use an adjective; it’s another to know when using one is a good idea. Good writing is
precise and concise. Sometimes, you need an adjective to convey exactly what you
mean. It’s hard to describe a red sports car without the word “red.” But, often, choosing
the right noun eliminates the need to tack on an adjective. Is it a big house, or is it a
mansion? A large crowd, or a throng? A mixed-breed dog, or a mutt? A dark night, or
just . . . night? Always remember to make every word count in your writing. If you need
an adjective, use it. But if it’s not pulling its weight, delete it.

Adjective FAQs

What is an adjective?

An adjective is a word that describes the traits, qualities, or number of a noun.

What are examples of adjectives?

Descriptive words like “beautiful,” “smooth,” or “heavy” are all adjectives, as are
numbers ( “twelve eggs”).

What is the difference between adjectives and adverbs?

Adjectives modify nouns, while adverbs modify adjectives and other adverbs. For
example, in the phrase “very funny movie,” funny is an adjective describing the noun
movie, and very is an adverb describing the adjective funny.

Can adjectives modify adverbs?

Adjectives can only modify nouns, not adverbs. Only adverbs can modify other
adverbs.

38
Preposition

39
5. PREPOSITION
What is preposition

A preposition is a word that indicates the relationship between a noun and the other
words of a sentence. They explain relationships of sequence, space, and logic between
the object of the sentence and the rest of the sentence. They help us understand order,
time connections, and positions.

Example:

• I am going to Canada.
• Alex threw a stone into the pond.
• The present is inside the box.
• They have gone out of the town.

There are a few interesting linguistic facts about prepositions.

First, they are a closed class of words which means no new preposition gets added to
the language. We use a fixed set of prepositions.

Second, prepositions do not have any other form. They cannot be plural, possessive,
inflection, or anything else.

Third, most of the prepositions have many different contextual and natural uses. So, it
is easy to be confused about it.

Fourth, sometimes a preposition works as nouns, adjectives, and adverbs.

Prepositions can be of one, two, three, or even more words. Prepositions with two or
more words are called phrasal prepositions.

There are some commonly used phrasal prepositions:

because of, in case of, instead of, by way of, on behalf of, on account of, in care of, in
spite of, on the side of, etc.

Types of Preposition

Most of the prepositions have many uses. There are some prepositions which are
common in every type of preposition as they function in a versatile way.

Simple Preposition

These are among the most common type of prepositions. The prepositions used to
express the relationship the Nouns and Pronouns of a sentence have with the rest of the
words in it are called Simple Prepositions. They are often used to join two clauses in
terms of Complex Sentence and Compound Sentence.

40
Examples:

Most Popular Prepositions

and but at to on in

for of up off from out

with during down below beside over

by near behind inside among along

Double Preposition

Two Simple Prepositions joining together to form one which connects the Noun(s) or
Pronoun(s) to the rest the words in a sentence.

Examples:

• Are you out of your mind?

• I was allowed the inside of the temple.
• She’s sandwiched in between two of her cousins.

Compound Preposition

Compound Prepositions are composed of prepositions as well as other words.

Compound Prepositions are easily confused with Double Prepositions since they both
require other prepositions or words to help with acting like a preposition.

Examples:

• According to my calculations, this color should work just fine.

• I started for home, with a view to celebrating Eid with my family.
• On behalf of our family, my father attended the family reunion.

Participle Preposition

Present Participles (-ing) and Past Participles (-ed and -en) that are used as Prepositions
instead of Verbs, are called Participle Prepositions. These are participles as well as
prepositions.

Examples:

Present Participle Prepositions Past Participles Prepositions

Assuming Respected

Barring Given

Considering Gone

41
During Barred

Notwithstanding Provided

Regarding Taken

Participle Prepositions Used in Sentences:

• Barred from the entrance, he threw a fit.

• I was happy given the fact that I got great marks.
• Assuming the possibility of rain, she carried an umbrella.

Disguised Preposition

These prepositions are usually disguised as some other element in the English language.
Often these prepositions are disguised as "a" and "o" in sentences.

Examples:

• I wake up at 5 o'clock. (Of the clock)

• Keep striding ahead. (on the head)
• Pope went ashore. (onshore)
• Rimi visits the riverbank once a day. (in a day)

Detached Preposition

A preposition that has been detached and sent to the very end of the sentence is called
Detached Preposition. These prepositions are detached from the interrogative or relative
pronouns and adverbs but get detached for the sake of the integrity of sentences.

Examples:

• Where are you coming from?

• Is that the neighborhood you are headed to?
• I won't tolerate being screamed at.

Prepositions of Time

Prepositions of time show the relationship of time between the nouns to the other parts
of a sentence.

On, at, in, from, to, for, since, ago, before, till/until, by, etc. are the most common
preposition of time.

Example:

• He started working at 10 AM.

• The company called meeting on 25 October.
• There is a holiday in December.

42
 • He has been ill since Monday.

Read More: Prepositions of Time Usage

Prepositions of Place and Direction

Prepositions of place show the relationship of place between the nouns to the other
parts of a sentence.

On, at, in, by, from, to, towards, up, down, across, between, among, through, in front
of, behind, above, over, under, below, etc. are the most common prepositions of
place/direction.

Example:

• He is at home.
• He came from England.
• The police broke into the house.
• I live across the river.

Read More: Prepositions of Places & Direction Usage

Prepositions of Agents or Things

Prepositions of agents or things indicate a causal relationship between nouns and

other parts of the sentence.

Of, for, by, with, about, etc. are the most used and common prepositions of agents or
things.

Example:

• This article is about smartphones.

• Most of the guests have already left.
• I will always be here for you.
• He is playing with his brothers.

Phrasal Prepositions

A phrasal preposition is not a prepositional phrase, but they are a combination of two
or more words that function as a preposition.

Along with, apart from, because of, by means of, according to, in front of, contrary to,
in spite of, on account of, in reference to, in addition to, in regard to, instead of, on
top of, out of, with regard to, etc. are the most common phrasal prepositions.

Example:

• They along with their children went to Atlanta.

• According to the new rules, you are not right.

43
• In spite of being a good player, he was not selected.
• I’m going out of the city.

44
INTERJECTIONS

45
6. INTERJECTIONS

Interjections are the words or group of words that are used to express and exclaim
extreme emotions. These words are always used with an exclamation mark.
Interjections do not have any grammatical function in a sentence. The words that are
commonly used as Interjections are as follows:

Hurrah! , Alas! , Oh no! , Oh my God! , What! , etc.

Types of Interjection

There are various types of interjections to express emotions such as happiness, surprise,
sadness, anger and greetings. On such various types of emotions we classified them into
different types. Different types of interjection are elaborated below

Interjections for Greeting

Such interjections are used in sentences to show the emotions of warmness to the person
meeting with.

Examples:

Good morning! Its great to see you.

Hey! When you came here?

Hello! I am Sadaf.

Interjections for Happiness

Such interjections are used in sentences to show happiness or joy on any happy
occasion.

Examples:

Yay! We won!

Hurrah! Ive won!

Wow! What a pleasant weather!

Interjections for Attention

Such interjections are used in sentences to draw the attention of someone.

46
Examples:

Hey! Lets go on a picnic!

Yo! What is going on?

Look! Jam is so happy.

Listen! I am starving.

Interjections for Approval

Such interjections are used in sentences to show the sense of agreement or approval for
something.

Examples:

Well done! You got first position.

Brilliant! You arrived here in time.

Interjections for Surprise

Such interjections are used in sentences to indicate the sense of surprise about
something that has happened.

Examples:

Oh! What a lovely scene!

Ah! It sounds good.

What! She passed away.

Interjections for Sorrow

Such interjections are used in sentences to express the emotion of sadness about
something unfortunate has happened.

Examples:

Alas! He could not recover from his illness.

Ouch! That hurts.

47
Oops, Im sorry. It was hot.

Alas! His friend died.

Interjections for Shock

Such interjections are used in sentences to express the shock about something happened.

Examples:

What! What have you done?

Interjections for Anger

Such interjections are used in sentences to express the anger about something
unfortunate has happened by someones mistake or carelessness.

Examples:

Excuse me! I am not a beggar.

Interjections in form of phrases

Some of the interjections are used in common phrases. Few of them are stated as
follows:

What hell! , Goodness gracious! , Good Lord! , Oh my God! , Oh no! , What the heck! ,
What Goodness! , etc.

48
CONJUNCTIONS

49
 6. CONJUNCTIONS
Conjunctions, in grammar, are a type of part of speech that connects the words or phrases
or clauses. In the absence of conjunctions, we are forced to express complex sentences
by breaking them into short simple sentences. These conjunctions are used wisely to
convey the same meaning. The conjunctions can either be in the format of a single word
or compound or correlative. It can appear at the beginning of a sentence or in the middle
of a sentence but it depends on the type of conjunction being used.

Example: She bought a flower and chocolates from the market.

Types of Conjunction: Definition and Examples

There are three different types of conjunctions:
1. Coordinating Conjunctions:
Coordinating conjunction definition is as follows, the conjunction that joins two elements
that have equal syntactic importance and grammatical rank. They can join two
independent clauses, two phrases, two adjectives, two verbs or two nouns.

There are seven coordinating conjunctions, they are - for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so.
The easiest way to remember these conjunctions is with an acronym called FANBOYS.

Among all these conjunctions “so” can be used both as coordinating and subordinating
conjunctions. As coordinating conjunction, it can link two independent clauses and as
subordinate conjunction, it can link two unequal clauses.

Rules for using the Coordinating Conjunctions:

There are a few rules which have to be followed during the use of suitable conjunctions
along with the usage of words in specific situations:
• When the coordinating conjunction connects two independent clauses, a comma
has to be used before that conjunction.
Example: I wanted to go shopping, but my friend wants to go to a movie.
• When coordinating conjunction is joining two phrases or words, a comma is not
used before the conjunction.
Example: I like to ride bikes and swim.
• A comma is optional when coordinating conjunction is used with more than two
items.

2. Correlative Conjunctions:
These are a kind of tag-team conjunctions. They come in pairs where they are used in
different places.

50
Correlative Conjunction Examples: either/or, neither/nor, not only/but also,
whether/or, not/but.
• I either want a chocolate cake or pastry.
• She neither likes tea nor coffee.

3. Subordinating Conjunctions:
The subordinating conjunction meaning and examples are provided here. These are the
types of conjunctions that help to join dependent clauses with independent clauses. Some
of the common subordinating conjunctions are “since, because, though, as, although,
while, and whereas”. Sometimes the adverbs can also act as conjunctions such as, “until,
after, or before”.

Example: I can stay here until the clock strikes nine. Here the word “until” acts as a
conjunction that connects two ideas such as, “can stay here” and “clock strikes nine”.
Here the first idea is independent of the second one hence, “can stay here” is an
independent clause, and “clock strikes nine” is a dependent clause.

It is not mandatory to have the subordinating conjunctions in the middle of the sentence,
but it has to be a part of the dependent clause. The dependent clause is also called the
subordinate clause or subordinating sentences.

The dependent clause has two specific qualities,

• It cannot act as it’s a sentence.
• It depends on the independent clause to provide a complete meaning.

Types of Subordinating Conjunctions

The subordinating conjunctions are categorized by meaning:
1. Time: When the main clause is performed or will be performed, the time-related
conjunctions establish a period.
Example: as soon as, once, before, still, whenever.
I will clean the house after the relatives are gone.
2. Concession: By providing the additional information the concession conjunctions
help to redefine the meaning of the main clause. It highlights the action that has happened
in the hindrance or obstacle.
Example: although, even though, as though.
She wrote my article even though it is assigned to me.
3. Comparison: It helps to establish the connection between the words by providing
a correlation.
Example: though, whereas, just as, in contrast to.
You will complete the work fastly whereas I need some more time.
4. Cause: It defines the reason the main clause was performed.
Example: because, since, so that.
My father always inspires me because he believes in me.

51
5. Condition: It provides the rules under which the main clause works.
Example: If, in case, even if, unless.
In case my sister suggests buying this dress, then I will go for it.
6. Place: It defines the place where the action or the activities occur.
Example: wherever, whereas.
I will place the conjunctions wherever it is necessary.

52
ADVERBS

7. ADVERBS

53
An adverb is a word that modifies (describes) a verb (he sings loudly), an adjective
(very tall), another adverb (ended too quickly), or even a whole sentence (Fortunately, I
had brought an umbrella). Adverbs often end in –ly, but some (such as fast) look exactly
the same as their adjective counterparts.

Tom Longboat did not run badly.

Tom is very tall.

The race finished too quickly.

Fortunately, Lucy recorded Tom’s win.

It’s easy to identify adverbs in these sentences.

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text, so your work is extra polished wherever you write.
Your writing, at its best
Grammarly helps you communicate confidently
Write with Grammarly
Adverbs and verbs

Adverbs often modify verbs. This means that they describe the way an action is
happening.

Phillip sings loudly in the shower.

My cat waits impatiently for his food.

I will seriously consider your suggestion.

The adverbs in each of the sentences above answer the question in what manner? How
does Phillip sing? Loudly. How does my cat wait? Impatiently. How will I consider
your suggestion? Seriously. Adverbs can answer other types of questions about how an
action was performed. They can also tell you when (We arrived early) and where (Turn
here).

However, there is one type of verb that doesn’t mix well with adverbs. Linking verbs,
such as feel, smell, sound, seem, and appear, typically need adjectives, not adverbs. A
very common example of this type of mixup is

I feel badly about what happened.

I feel bad about what happened.

54
Because “feel” is a verb, it seems to call for an adverb rather than an adjective. But
“feel” isn’t just any verb; it’s a linking verb. An adverb would describe how you
perform the action of feeling—an adjective describes what you feel. “I feel badly”
means that you are bad at feeling things. If you’re trying to read Braille through thick
leather gloves, then it might make sense for you to say “I feel badly.” But if you’re
trying to say that you are experiencing negative emotions, “I feel bad” is the phrase you
want.

Adverbs and adjectives

Adverbs can also modify adjectives and other adverbs. Often, the purpose of the adverb
is to add a degree of intensity to the adjective.

The woman is quite pretty.

This book is more interesting than the last one.

The weather report is almost always right.

The adverb almost is modifying the adverb always, and they’re both modifying right.

“Is my singing too loud?” asked Phillip.

My cat is incredibly happy to have his dinner.

We will be slightly late to the meeting.

This bridesmaid dress is a very unflattering shade of puce.

Adverbs and other adverbs

You can use an adverb to describe another adverb. In fact, if you wanted to, you could
use several.

Phillip sings rather enormously too loudly.

The problem is that it often produces weak and clunky sentences like the one above, so
be careful not to overdo it.

Adverbs and sentences

Some adverbs can modify entire sentences—unsurprisingly, these are called sentence
adverbs. Common ones include generally, fortunately, interestingly, and accordingly.
Sentence adverbs don’t describe one particular thing in the sentence—instead, they
describe a general feeling about all of the information in the sentence.

Fortunately, we got there in time.

55
Interestingly, no one at the auction seemed interested in bidding on the antique spoon
collection.

At one time, the use of the word hopefully as a sentence adverb (e.g., Hopefully, I’ll get
this job) was condemned. People continued to use it though, and many style guides and
dictionaries now accept it. There are still plenty of readers out there who hate it though,
so it’s a good idea to avoid using it in formal writing.

Degrees of comparison

Like adjectives, adverbs can show degrees of comparison, although it’s slightly less
common to use them this way. With certain “flat adverbs” (adverbs that look exactly the
same as their adjective counterparts), the comparative and superlative forms look the
same as the adjective comparative and superlative forms. It’s usually better to use
stronger adverbs (or stronger adjectives and verbs) rather than relying on comparative
and superlative adverbs.

An absolute adverb describes something in its own right:

He smiled warmly

A hastily written note

To make the comparative form of an adverb that ends in -ly, add the word more:

He smiled more warmly than the others.

The more hastily written note contained the clue.

To make the superlative form of an adverb that ends in -ly, add the word most:

He smiled most warmly of them all.

The most hastily written note on the desk was overlooked.

Placement of adverbs

Place adverbs as close as possible to the words they are supposed to modify. Putting the
adverb in the wrong spot can produce an awkward sentence at best and completely
change the meaning at worst. Be especially careful about the word only, which is one of
the most often misplaced modifiers. Consider the difference between these two
sentences:

Phillip only fed the cat.

Phillip fed only the cat.

56
The first sentence means that all Phillip did was feed the cat. He didn’t pet the cat or
pick it up or anything else. The second sentence means that Phillip fed the cat, but he
didn’t feed the dog, the bird, or anyone else who might have been around.

When an adverb is modifying a verb phrase, the most natural place for the adverb is
usually the middle of the phrase.

We are quickly approaching the deadline.

Phillip has always loved singing.

I will happily assist you.

When to avoid adverbs

Ernest Hemingway is often held up as an example of a great writer who detested

adverbs and advised other writers to avoid them. In reality, it’s impossible to avoid
adverbs altogether. Sometimes we need them, and all writers (even Hemingway) use
them occasionally. The trick is to avoid unnecessary adverbs. When your verb or
adjective doesn’t seem powerful or precise enough, instead of reaching for an adverb to
add more color, try reaching for a stronger verb or adjective instead. Most of the time,
you’ll come up with a better word and your writing will be stronger for it.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
• https://www.grammarly.com/blog/nouns/

• https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/grammar/english-grammar-

reference/pronouns

• https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/grammar/english-grammar-

reference/verbs

• https://www.grammarly.com/blog/adjective/

• https://www.learngrammar.net/english-grammar/preposition

• https://literaryenglish.com/definition-and-types-of-interjection/

• https://www.vedantu.com/english/types-of-conjunction

• https://www.grammarly.com/blog/adverb/

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