nswers

Sample Paper-5
1. (c) (I) and (III) Amount of heat produced in first interval (t = 0 to
t = 1 s) in region ABCD is
Common
2 2
Students being in a hurry do not read the question H 1 = I 1 Rt 1 = (3) × 2 × 1 = 18 J
carefully and identify correct observations. Amount of heat produced in second interval (t = 1s
to t = 2 s)in region DEFG is
Calcium oxide (quick lime) reacts vigorously with
water to produce calcium hydroxide (slaked lime) H 2 = I 22Rt 2 = (2)2 × 2 × 1 = 8 J

releasing a large amount of heat. It is a combination
reaction. Amount of heat produced in third interval (t = 2 s to
t = 3 s) in region GHIJ is
2. (b) (ii) and (iii)
3. (b) 
Due to the absence of ions, sugar solution and H 3 = I 32Rt 3 = (1)2 × 2 × 1 = 2 J
alcohol solution do not conduct electricity.
Total heat produced,
4. (d) 
Copper does not react with dilute HCl, whereas
H = H1 + H2 + H3 = 18 + 8 + 2 = 28 J
Magnesium reacts rapidly with dilute HCl to give a
15. (b) 2 : 1
salt and hydrogen gas.
We have,
5. (c) zinc
  P1 = 40 W, P2 = 20 W, V1 = 220 V and V2 = 110 V
6. (c) Yellowish green
VI 2 V2
H Now P= VI= and R =
R P
H C H R1 V12 P1 (200)2 20 2
H = × = × =
R2 V 2 P2 (110)2 40 1
2
7. (b) H C C C H
    R1 : R2 = 2 : 1
H H
16. (a) right hand thumb rule
8. (c) Percentage of carbon dioxide is more in the exhaled
17. (d) Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is true.
air
Assertion is false because decomposition of
9. (a) (ii) and (iv) vegetable matter into compost is an exothermic
10. (d) None of these reaction.
Parents: AA aa 18. (b) 
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but
Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
A a
Gametes: Assertion (A).
19. (c) Mammals and birds use energy to maintain
Aa
F1 Generation: their body temperature. and do not depend on
Only Aa type of individual is formed, hence environment for their body temperature regulation.
probability of having aa genotype is zero. Hence, reason is false.
20. (d) 
Solenoid tends to contract as the turns of the
11. (c)
solenoid attract each other when current flows
through them in the same direction.
12. (a) Change in size of breasts and beginning of
menstruation are changes that occur in females 21. The salt is ferrous sulphate (FeSO4.7H2O)
during puberty.
13. (c)
S N

+ -+
–

Or
14. (c) 28 J (i) Due to overeating, excess of hydrochloric acid
Given, is produced in stomach which causes burning
Resistance of wire, R = 2 W sensation.
2  |  amadhaan science Class X
(ii) Washing soda is sodium carbonate decahydrate 26. DDT being a non-biodegradable pesticide
 
(Na2CO3 .10H2O) but when it is exposed to air, it will enter the food chain from the first
loses its water of crystallisation and changes to trophic level, i.e., plankton. As DDT is
white powder (Na2CO3). non-biodegradable, it get accumulated in organisms
22. (a) Dendrite (b) Cell body body and its concentration keeps on increasing at each
(c) Axon (d) Nerve ending trophic level. The maximum concentration of DDT
gets accumulated in Hawk. This is because Hawk have
23. Two functions performed by pancreas in our body are:
occupied the top most place in the given food chain.
(i) Pancreas act as a gland by secreting pancreatic
    Sunlight
juice which contains enzymes and help in the 27. (i) 2AgBr → 2Ag + Br2
digestion.

Sunlight is required to decompose silver bromide
(ii) It secretes insulin which helps in regulating
into silver and bromine.
blood sugar levels.
This reaction is used in black and white
24. The oxygen in the alveoli of lungs is taken up by the photography.
blood in the blood vessels to transport to all the cells.
    Heat
The haemoglobin present in the red blood cells carries (ii) 2FeSO4(s) → Fe2O3(s) + SO2 (g) + SO3 (g)
oxygen to different tissues of the body. (iii) Slaked lime is formed with hissing sound and a
Carbon dioxide is transported in the dissolved form large amount of heat is evolved.
by plasma of our blood from various body tissues to CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2 + Heat
lungs where it diffuses into air and is released in the
environment by exhaling.
Common ErrLr
Usually students get confused in the essential
Common ERRLR conditions and liberation of gases in the reaction.
Most students make error in explaining this concept.
28.   (i) 14

25.  (i) T
 he eye suffering from myopia has elongated (ii) NaOH
eyeball than that of a normal eye. This results in (iii) 6.5-6.7
the formation of image in front of the retina. (iv) If milk is left outside for five days, acid generation
(ii) The eye suffering from hypermetropia has takes place and due to this acid generation, pH of
smaller eyeball than that of a normal eye. This milk decreases and colour of UI paper changes to
results in the formation of image behind the orange from yellowish green.
retina.
29. 
Nephron is the structural and functional unit of the
Or
kidney.

Light rays of different colours travel with the same
speed in vacuum and air, but in any other medium,  Structure of a Nephron: Nephrons are made up of
they travel with the different speeds and bend through cluster of thin walled capillaries called glomerulus
the different angles, which leads to the dispersion of which is associated with a cup-like structure called
light. Bowman’s capsule at one end and collecting duct at
P2 another end.
Screen
A (Second prism)

Functions of Nephron:
ght (i) Filtration of blood takes place in Bowman’s
Slit R R
R White li
White light
V capsule.
V V
(ii) Some useful substances such as glucose, amino
   
P1 (First prism) A acids and salts are selectively reabsorbed into
   Recombination of the Spectrum of White Light the blood by capillaries surrounding the nephron
tubule.
T!p (iii) The filtrate which remains after reabsorption is
Practice drawing diagrams and don’t memorise the called urine. Urine is collected from nephrons by
labelling, instead try to understand them.
the collecting duct to carry it to the ureter.
It is essential to place two identical prisms in an
inverted position with respect to each other because T!p
the refraction produced by the second prism is equal While studying the human excretory system lay stress
on the structure and function of nephron.
to the refraction produced by the first prism.
 amadhaan science Class X   |  3
Or (ii) Ray Diagram:
Nutrition in Amoeba: Amoeba has no mouth M
A´
for ingestion of food. It ingest food by using its E
pseudopodia. The food is digested in the food vacuole A
by digestive enzymes and is absorbed directly into C i
F B r P B´
the cytoplasm by diffusion. The undigested food is
removed by the cell membrane.
Nutrition in Paramoecium: In paramoecium food
is taken in at a specific spot. Food is moved to this M´

spot by the movement of cilia which cover the entire 32.  (i) P → North pole
surface of the cell. Q → South pole
30. Given that, v = - 80 cm and u = - 20 cm R → North pole

(i) The student should use concave mirror because S → South pole
the image is real. (ii) The magnetic field lines emerge from north pole
(ii) Magnification, and merge at the south pole.
v −80 Or
m=− =− = −4
u −20 Right-hand thumb rule states that if a current
(iii) Distance between the object and its image carrying conductor is held in the right-hand in such
= 80 - 20 = 60 cm a way that thumb indicates the direction of current,
Hence, the image is formed at a distance of 60 cm then the curled finger indicates the direction of
from the object. magnetic field lines around conductor.
(iv) The focal length of the concave mirror can be
calculated as under, Common ErrLr
Students do not learn the statement of rule properly or
A D identify incorrect rules.
B’ B The magnetic field will be directed perpendicular into
P
C F the plane of table inside the circular loop.
The magnetic field will be directed perpendicular
E outside the plane of table for a point outside the
A’
60 cm
circular loop.
1 1 1 1 1 Hence, the direction of magnetic field lines inside the
= + = + loop will be entering into the table while outside the
f v u −80 −20
5 1 loop, they will be emerging from the table.
=− =−
80 16 33. We can reduce the problem of waste disposal in the
∴  f = -16 cm and R = 2f = -32 cm following ways:
Since, u = -20 cm, so the object lies between F (i)
By segregating and disposing biodegradable and
and C. non-biodegradable substances separately.
31. (i) (a) Principal focus of concave mirror: (ii) By converting domestic wastes such as fruit
A M and vegetable peels, left over food, dry leaves
i D etc. into compost by burying them into a pit in
r
the ground.
At C F
P (iii) By recycling plastic, paper, glass and metal
infinity
items to make required things instead of
synthesising or extracting fresh plastic, paper,
B N glass or metal.
 (b) Principal focus of convex mirror:
34. Difference between Soaps and Detergents:
G
r Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of long
A M
i D carboxylic acid while detergents are ammonium or
sulphonate salts of long chain carboxylic acids.
E
Cleansing Action of Soaps:
P F C The dirt is oily in nature and when soap is added
to water, its hydrophobic ends attach themselves
B N
to the dirt and remove it from the cloth whereas
At hydrophilic ends attract water. Then, the molecules
infinity
of soap arrange themselves in micelle formation
4  |  amadhaan science Class X
and trap the dirt at the centre of the cluster. These present inside the ovary, leading to fertilisation.
micelles thus help in dissolving the dirt in water. (iii) (a) Ovule develops into seed.
(b) Ovary develops into fruit.
T!p 36.
Understand the basic concepts involved in cleansing
(i)
action of soaps. Make sure that you know micelle
formation and its action on dirt.

Soaps do not form lather with hard water because I I

2+
soaps react with Ca and Mg2+ ions present in hard
water to form an insoluble precipitate called scum.
Two problems that arise due to the use of detergents 

are: (a) Three resistors R1, R2 and R3 are connected

(i) Detergents are non-biodegradable. in series.
(ii) Detergents cause water pollution. (b) 
They are connected with a battery, an
Or ammeter and a plug key as shown in figure.
2CH3COOH + 2Na → 2CH3COONa + H2 ↑ (c) The ammeter reading is noted.
(A) (B)
(d) Change the position of ammeter to
Acid
CH3COOH + C2H5OH → CH3COOC2H5 + H2O anywhere in between the resistors.
(A) (C) (D)
(e) Note the ammeter reading each time.
CH3COOC2H5 + NaOH → C2H5OH + CH3COONa  (f) The value of the current in the ammeter is
(D) (C) (B) the same, independent of its position in the
Thus, A is CH3COOH, B is CH3COONa. electric circuit.
It means that in a series combination of
C is C2H5OH and D is CH3COOC2H5.
resistors, the current is the same in every
35. (i) A-Ureter   B -Seminal vesicle part of the circuit or the same current flows
   C-Urethra    D-Vas deferens through each resistor.
(ii) The hormones secreted by testes is testosterone.
(ii) 24 Ω and 24 Ω are connected in parallel.
Role of Testosterone:
(a) It regulates the formation of sperms. 1 1 1  1   1 
= + = +
(b) It
 brings change in appearance of boys at the Rp R1 R2  24   24 

time of puberty. Rp = 24/2 =12 Ω
(iii) Function of B: It provides nutrition and
Now, Rp and 12 Ω are connected in series.
transportation to sperms.
Function of C: It forms a common passage for Hence, total resistance Rs = Rp + 12 = 12 + 12
both the sperms and urine.  
= 24 Ω
Or (a) Current passing through 12 Ω resistor,
(i) Diagram showing germination of pollen on stigma I = V/ Rs = 6/24 = 0.25A
of flower: (b) There is no difference in the readings of A1
Pollen grain
Stigma
and A2 as they are connected in series.
37.  (i) A
 t cathode, hydrogen gas (H2) is evolved and at
Pollen tube
anode, oxygen gas (O2) is evolved.
During electrolysis, water splits into 2 molecules
of hydrogen and 1 molecule of oxygen. Since,
Female number of molecules of hydrogen released
germ-cell is double the number of molecules of oxygen
released. Thus, volume occupied by hydrogen gas
is double the volume occupied by oxygen gas.
T!p (ii) If we bring a burning splinter close to the mouth
Don’t waste time in labelling all the parts of the of cathode, it makes a popping sound in the
diagram. Only label the parts asked in the question. presence of hydrogen gas.
If we bring a glowing splinter close to the mouth
(ii) Pollen tube helps in transportation of the male of anode, it relights because oxygen supports
gamete cells from the pollen grain to the ovules combustion.
 amadhaan science Class X   |  5

Common ErrLr (b) When the sporangia of Rhizopus bursts upon

Usually students get confused in the tests performed to maturation, the spores spread out. Under
detect different gases. favourable conditions, these spores germinate
to form new individuals.
Or
39.   (i) Image distance, Position of screen – Position of
                    Electrolysis
         2H2O →     2H2 + O2 convex lens
                            (Balanced Chemical equation) V = 80 - 50 cm = 30 cm
Few drops of H2SO4 are added to make the water (ii) Object distance, Position of convex lens – Position
conduct electricity as distilled water is a poor of candle
conductor of electricity. u = - (50 - 20) = - 30 cm
38.  (i) In Leishmania binary fission takes place in a definite 1 1 1 1 1  −1 
= − ⇒ = −
orientation. It causes kala-azar. f v u f 30  30 

(ii) The leaves of Bryophyllum have buds in their
1 1 1 2
margins (or edges). When these leaves fall on ⇒ = + =
f 30 30 30
the ground, the buds develop into a new plant by
∴ f = 15 cm
process of vegetative reproduction. The leaves of
banana don’t produce any buds and hence cannot
Or
When the candle is shifted towards the lens at a
produce new plants.
position of 35 cm.
(iii) Hydra use regenerative cells for reproduction in Object distance, u = - (50 - 35) = - 15 cm
the process of budding. In Hydra, bud develops
1 1 1 1 1 1
as an outgrowth due to repeated cell division = + ⇒ = +
               f v u 15 v 15
at one specific site. These buds develop into
tiny individuals and when fully mature, detach 1

⇒               =0
from parent body and become new independent v
individuals. ⇒               f = ∞ (Infinite)
Or When object is placed at focus, image is formed
at infinity.
 mature Spirogyra breaks into smaller
(a) A
(iii) The nature of the image formed will be virtual,
pieces or fragments and each fragment then
erect and magnified.
develops into new individuals.

6  |  amadhaan science Class X

Sample Paper-6
1. (c) exothermic reaction 13. (d) 30W
2. (d) When both acid and salt are present, the pH of the Given,        l = 300 m, A = 1 mm2 = 10-6 m2
solution becomes less than 7. From the graph, pH is and      r = 1 × 10-7 Wm
less than 7 at only D. l 
We know that, R = ρ  
3. (a) Substance oxidised Reducing agent A
        Fe   Fe
In this reaction, substance oxidised = Fe substance 300
= 1 × 10−7 × = 300 × 10−1 = 30 Ω
reduced = CuSO4 oxidising agent = CuSO4 Reducing −6
 10
agent = Fe
4. (b) H2CO3 + Ca(OH)2 → CaCO3 + 2H2O
   Acid Base 14. (c) N S

5. (b) 
Mg reacts with dil. HCl to produce H2 gas which
helps in floating.
15. (a)
6. (c) This is an ideal setting of micelle formation
with A = oil droplet, B = hydrophilic end and
C = hydrophobic end. R
7. (c) absorb moisture from the gas.
8. (d)  3, 1, 4, 2
T
• Vessel 1 is pulmonary artery and carries blood
to lungs. Resistance is directly proportional to temperature
• Vessel 2 is vena cava and carries blood from of the conductor.
body to heart. 16. (b) a soft iron core is inserted inside the solenoid
• Vessel 3 is aorta and carries blood from heart
17. (c) Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false.
to body.
• Vessel 4 is pulmonary vein and carries blood 18. (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but
from lungs to heart. Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
19. (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason are true but Reason
Learn the labellings of human heart and also understand (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
their functions.
20. (b) 
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but
9. (b) Q-Brown, R-Brown Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
Assertion (A).
21.
The part Q of leaf was covered and not exposed to
sunlight and part R was kept in absence of CO2. Thus,
both parts of leaf did not form starch and gave a Learn the definition of reducing agents: Reducing agents
negative test for starch. are those substances which have the ability of adding
hydrogen or removing oxygen from other substances.
Common
(i) Water (H2O) as F2 is getting reduced to HF.
Most students mark option (a) as the correct answer
(ii) Carbon monoxide (CO).
10. (a) u-Pancreas, w-ovary, p-Hypothalamus, q-Pineal Or
Here, p is Hypothalamus, q is Pineal gland, r is (ii) and (iii) are exothermic as heat is released in these
Pituary gland, s is parathyroid gland, t is thyroid changes.
gland, u is pancreas, v is adrenal gland and w is (i) and (iv) are endothermic as heat is absorbed in
ovary. these changes.
11. (a) The given figure shows a monohybrid cross between 22. A — Cerebrum;
pure-bred tall pea plants (TT) and pure-bred dwarf B — Spinal cord
pea plants (tt). Only tall pea plants (Tt) were produced C — Medulla;
in F1 generation. D — Cerebellum
12. (c) This eliminates the need of producing plant using 23. The two different ways in which glucose is oxidized to
seeds. provide energy in human body are shown below:
 amadhaan science Class X   |  7
In Anaerobic
cytoplasm respiration
Glucose Pyruvate Lactic acid + Energy
(6-carbon (3-carbon (in our (3-carbon molecule)
molecule) molecule) muscle cells)
+
Energy Aerobic
respiration
Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy
(in
mitochondria)
Breakdown of Glucose by various pathways
24. Urine production is regulated by: Electrolysis
H2O 
→ H2 + O2
(i) the amount of excess water in the body.
 (Skeletal chemical equation)
(ii) the amount of dissolved wastes that need to be
Electrolysis
excreted. 2H2O 
→ 2H2 + O2
25. The person is suffering from hypermetropia.
Retina  (Balanced chemical equation)
Normal
near point 28. ‘X’ is NaOH
N N’ 2NaOH + Zn → Na2ZnO2 + H2(g)
Image is formed ‘X’        ‘A’
   
D = 25 cm = behind the retina Sodium hydroxide    Sodium zincate

Correction:
NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O
‘X’          ‘B’
                   Sodium chloride
Normal near point
N N
Image is formed NaOH + CH3COOH → CH3COONa + H2O
Near point of
on the retina ‘X’                     ‘C’
Use of
defective eye                              Sodium ethanoate
convex lens
Or 29.
The planets are much closer to the earth, and are Basis of Autotrophic Heterotrophic
thus considered as a collection of a large number Difference Nutrition Nutrition
of point-sized sources of light. The total variation
(i) Function They can prepare They cannot
in the amount of light entering our eye from all the
their own food. prepare their own
individual point-sized sources will average out to
food.
zero. Hence, the twinkling effects of the planets are
nullified and they do not twinkle. (ii) Raw They require raw They depend on
26. The accumulation of harmful chemicals in the body of materials materials like CO2, other plants and
H2O in the presence animals for their
living organisms at different trophic levels in a food
of sunlight and food.
chain is called biological magnification.
chlorophyll to
Common ERRLR prepare their food.
Many students write improper definition of biological (iii) Food They store the They store the
magnification. storage food in the form of food in the form of
starch. glycogen.
Yes, the concentration of these harmful chemicals
will be different at different trophic levels. It is Or
maximum at highest tropic levels and minimum Materials Required: Two test tubes, syringe, time
at lowest tropic levels. For example, it is highest in water and rubber tube.
humans and lowest in autotrophs like plants. Procedure: Take some freshly prepared lime water
27. in test tube A.
Blow air through this lime water.
Note how long it takes for the lime water to turn
Learn the concept of skeletal chemical equation and milky.
also, the difference between skeletal and balanced Use a syringe or pichkari to pass air through some
chemical equations. fresh lime water taken in test tube B.
Note how long it takes for this lime water to turn
A chemical equation in which the number of atoms milky.
of reactants is not equal to the number of atoms of Observation: Lime water turns milky sooner in test
products is called a skeletal chemical equation. tube A than in test tube B.
Such an equation only represents the chemical Result: This prave that gas is produced during
formula of reactants and products of a chemical breathing.
reaction and does not follow the law of conservation Intermediate product: Pyruvate Energy
of mass. End products: Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy
8  |  amadhaan science Class X
30. Given, magnification of spherical mirror = - 1,
Applying right-hand thumb rule, as both the wires
Image distance, v = - 30 cm have current flowing in downward direction, hence
∴ Magnification, m = - v/u the magnetic field will be clockwise for both of
   - 1 = - (- 30)/u them as shown in the figure.
       u = - 30 cm
Hence, the object is placed at a distance of 30 cm in
front of the spherical mirror.
Case I: When u = - 30 cm and v = - 30 cm.
By using mirror formula,
1 1 1
= +
f v u
1/f = - 1/30 - 1/30 = - 2/30 At point X, the magnetic field due to both conductors
f = - 30/2 = - 15 cm has opposite directions and as the point is equidistant
Hence, the focal length of the mirror is 15 cm, and from the conductors so the net magnitude of the
the negative focal length shows that it is a concave magnetic field at point X will be zero.
mirror. Or
Case II: The new position of the object when it moves (i) Magnetic field lines diverge from N-pole and
20 cm towards the concave mirror, converge at S-pole because strength of magnetic
u´ = - (30 - 20) = - 10 cm. field is higher near the poles.
Now, u´ = - 10 cm, f = - 15 cm, v ´ = ? (ii) Current carrying solenoid acts as a bar magnet
By using mirror formula, which rests in North-south direction when
1 1 1 suspended freely.
= + (iii) The burnt out fuse cannot be reused. Also, if a
  f v ′ u ′
fuse with larger rating is used, the fuse wire will
1/v’ = - 1/15 - (- 1/10) = - 1/15 + 1/10 = 1/30
melt and hence would fail to serve the required
v’ = +30 cm
B´ purpose. So, new fuse of same rating should be
used for electrical safety.
33.   (i)  Grass → Insect → Frog → Snake → Hawk
B
D (ii) Frog
A A´ (iii) Hawk
C F Object P Image (iv) Biological Magnification
10cm
30 cm (v) Energy available to snakes = 10% of 10,000 J
15 cm
 = (10/100) × 10,000J = 1000J
The image obtained is virtual, erect and enlarged. 34. There are five ways in which six carbons can be joined
31. A concave lens always gives an erect and diminished with 14 hydrogen atoms.
image irrespective of the position of the object.
Ray Diagram:
A
A´

2F1 B F1 B´ O F2 2F2

Given, P = - 10 D (power of concave lens is negative)

1
Also,       P =
f       
1 1
⇒     f = = = – 0.1 m
P − 10
∴  Focal length = - 0.1 m or - 10 cm
Common ErrLr
Generally, students get confused between sign convention
for concave and convex lens.
32.

T!p
Clear your knowledge on this concept and practice
drawing the correct pattern of magnetic field along with
the arrows indicating the direction of magnetic field.

 amadhaan science Class X   |  9
Or It was found that all (Tall) (Short)
TT tt
Ethanol is the active ingredient of all alcoholic drinks plants were tall. This
and its chemical formula is C2H5OH or CH3CH2OH proves that tallness
Uses of ethanol: is the domainant trait Tl Tt Tt Tt
• It is used in medicines such as tincture iodine, whil dwarfness is the (All tall offsprings)
recessive trait.
cough syrups and many tonics.
36.   (i) The magnetic field lines produced is into the plane
• It is used in hand sanitizers.
of the paper at R and out of it at S.
Chemical equation and products: (ii) Field at S > Field at P. Magnetic field strength for
(i) 2Na + 2CH3CH2OH → 2CH3CH2O−Na+ + H2 ↑ a straight current carrying conductor is inversely
Sodium
Ethanol Sodium ethoxide Hydrogen
proportional to the distance from the wire.
2Na + 2CH3CH2OH → 2CH3CH2O−Na+ + H2 ↑
Sodium (iii)
The current will flow from top to bottom in the
 Ethanol Sodium ethoxide Hydrogen
wire shown and the magnetic field lines are now
T
 he products formed are sodium ethoxide and in the clockwise direction on the plane which is
hydrogen gas. perpendicular to the wire carrying current.
Hot conc. (iv) Right hand thumb rule: The thumb is aligned to
(ii) CH3CH2OH → CH2 == CH2 + H2O
Ethanol
H2SO4
Ethene Water
the direction of the current and the direction in
which the fingers are wrapped around the wire
The products formed are ethene and water.
will give the direction of the magnetic field.
35.   (i) T
 he trait which expresses itself in F1 (first)
37. (i) T2 will undergo displacement reaction. The
generation after crossing contrasting (opposite)
chemical reaction occurring in that test tube is
traits is known as dominant trait.
 Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) → FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s).
The trait which is not expressed in F1 (first)
(ii) The reaction observed in T1 is copper (Cu) cannot
generation after crossing contrasting (opposite)
displace iron (fe), so no change is observed in T1.
trait is known as recessive trait. In T2 the blue colour of CuSO4 changes to light
(ii)
Yes, it is possible that a trait is inherited but may green colour of FeSO4. Brown coating of copper is
not be expressed. obtained on iron nail.
Let us take the following example to explain the Or
given statement. Mendel crossed tall pea plants If zinc wire is used in place of copper wire in T1. it
with dwarf pea plants. will produce zinc sulphate solution and iron metal. If
Parents : (TT) × (tt) silver nitrate is used in place of iron sulphate in T1. It
Pure tall Pure dwarf will produce copper nitrate and silver metal.
plant plant Cu + 2AgNO3 → Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag
38. (i)  Any method which prevents conception or
F1 generation : (Tt) (Tt) (Tt) (Tt)
pregnancy is called contraception.
Selfing of F1 : (Tt) × (Tt)
(ii) Chemical method of contraception (oral pills)
Tall Tall
changes the hormonal balance of the body.
F2 generation : (TT) (Tt) (Tt) (tt)
(iii) Two common signs of sexual maturation in boys
Tall Tall Tall Dwarf
and girls are as follows:
The reappearance of the dwarf pea plants in the (a)  Appearance of hairs on various body parts
F2 generation proves that the dwarf trait was such as armpits and the genital area between
inherited by the organism but not expressed in the thighs.
the F1 generation. (b) The skin frequently becomes oily and might
Or begin to develop pimples.
(i) Mendel selected peas for his experiments Or
because: The two reasons are:
(a) Many varieties are available with observable (i) Illegal sex-selective abortion of female foetuses.
constracting characteristic or trait. (ii)
Reckless female foeticide has disturbed male-

(b) Peas are normally self pollinated and the flower female ratio in the society.
structure is suitable for cross-pollination.
(ii) A monohybrid cross is the cross between two
Common ErrLr
Students write irrelevant stories, so read the question
homozygous parents, which differ in only one
carefully and write only what is asked.
contrasting trait.
A dihybrid cross is a cross between two 39. (i) (b) Both convex
heterzygous parents which differ in two (ii) This means that the image is formed at the same
contrasting traits. side of the object, i.e., virtual and erect. Also, the
(iii) Mendel took pea plants with different lens is concave in nature.
characteristics - a tall plant and a short plant, (iii) (b) 16 cm
produced progeny from them and a short plant, Or
produced progeny from them and calculated the For L1, Value = More than 1 and Sign = Negative
precentage of tall or short progeny. For L2, Value = More than 1 and Sign = Positive 
10  |  amadhaan science Class X

Sample Paper-7
1. (a) The litmus paper used is dry
2. (d) I, II and III
3. (c) No reaction takes place 14. (a)

4. (c) D
Turmeric juice is yellow in acidic medium, but turns
reddish brown with basic medium. 15. (a) I1 = 2I2 = 3I3
5. (b) Q and S Voltage is same across each resistance.
6. (c) Cl2 and CaOCl2 respectively So, I1 × 5 = I2 × 10 = I3 × 15

The gas released during the manufacture of sodium    I1 = 2I2 = 3I3
hydroxide is chlorine, Cl2(X). 16. (a) zero
2NaCl(aq) + 2H2O(l) → 2NaOH(aq) + Cl2(g) + H2(g)
Cl2 is given off at anode.
T!p

Cl2(X) when reacts with lime water (Y), a compound The magnetic field lines run parallel to the length of the
called bleaching powder, CaOCl2 is obtained. magnet at the centre and run closer and denser at the poles.
Ca(OH)2(aq) + Cl2(g) → CaOCl2(s) + H2O(l) 17. (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and
7. (d) N N Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
Nitrogen has 5 electrons in valence shell. Two nitrogen 18. (b) 
Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but
Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
atoms share three pairs of electrons and one lone
Assertion (A).
pair of electrons is present on each atom.
19. (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and
N N or N N Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
20. (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but
8. (b) 1, 2, 3 and 6 Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
1 is stomach which secretes pepsin in gastric juice. Assertion (A).
2 is pancreas which secretes trypsin and amylase. 21. (i) Our stomach produces HCl which helps in the
3 is small intestine which secrete intestinal juice digestion of food without harming the stomach.
(contain a number of enzymes) while 6 is salivary During indigestion, the stomach produces too
gland which secretes amylase in saliva.
much acid which causes pain and irritation that
9. (d)  A-Glomerus, B-Bowman’s capsule, C-Collecting can be combated by the intake of an antacid.
duct These antacids neutralise the excess acid.
10. (a) Parents: RR yy rr YY
Example, Mg(OH)2 (Milk of magnesia).
(Round, green) (Wrinkled, yellow)
(ii) Tooth decay starts when the pH of the mouth is
Gametes: Ry rY
lower than 5.5. Tooth enamel, i.e., calcium phosphate
is corroded when the pH in the mouth is below 5.5.
Bacteria present in the mouth produce acids by
Rr Yy
F1 Generation: degradation of sugar and food particles that are left in
(Round, yellow)
the mouth after eating.
11. (c) (A)-(iii),   (B)-(iv), (C)-(i), (D)-(ii)
Using toothpaste (which are generally basic in

12. (c) In tubectomy, a small portion of oviduct or fallopian nature) for cleaning the teeth, can neutralise the
tube is cut and tied properly. The fallopian tube in
excess acid and prevent tooth decay.
the female gets blocked and the egg will not be able
to reach the uterus and thus fertilisation will not Or
take place. (i) Baking powder consists of sodium hydrogen
13. (a) 
To get maximum resistance, connect all four carbonate and tartaric acid.
resistor in series combination, (ii) Cake or bread swell on adding baking powder due
to the formation of carbon dioxide.
\   Equivalent resistance, R = R1 + R2 + R3 + R4   D
1 1 1 1  2 NaHCO3 (s) → Na2CO3(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(l )
= + + + =2W
2 2 2 2 22.

T!p T!p
Students must remember that combining resistances The basic concepts should be learnt thoroughly.
in parallel reduces equivalent resistance whereas Gustatory receptors and olfactory receptors are the
combining resistance in series increases equivalent sensory receptors that are related to sense of taste
resistance. and sense of smell respectively.

 amadhaan science Class X   |  11
(i)
Gustatory receptor is tongue and olfactory 28. (i) Carbon dioxide gas is evolved when sodium
receptor is nose in the human beings. carbonate reacts with hydrochloric acid.
(ii) The electric impulse travels from the dendrite (ii) Carbon dioxide does not support combustion.
to the cell body, and then along the axon to its Therefore, carbon dioxide gas extinguishes a
end. Thus, ‘a’ is cell body and ‘b’ is axon. burning candle brought near it.
(iii) The limewater turns milky due to the formation
23. A is plumule, B is cotyledon and C is radicle. of calcium carbonate.
Part B is considered important because it stores food Ca(OH)2(aq) + CO2(g) → CaCO3(s) + H2O(l)
for the baby plant inside the seed during germination. Limewater Carbon Calcium Water
              dioxide      carbonate
24. Plant kept in continuous light will live longer, because                             (white ppt.)
it will be able to produce oxygen required for its (iv) If the gas is passed for a longer time, milkiness
respiration by the process of photosynthesis. disappears due to the formation of soluble
calcium bicarbonate.
25. The ability of the eye to focus on both near and distant
objects, by adjusting its focal length, is called the CaCO3(s) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) → Ca(HCO3)2(aq)
    Calcium Water   Carbon  Calcium bicarbonate
accommodation of the eye.  carbonate             dioxide       (soluble)
While looking at nearby objects, the ciliary muscles
contract which increases the curvature of eye lens. The 29. Plant hormones help to coordinate growth,
eye lens becomes thicker and focal length of eye lens development and responses in environment. 
decreases which enable us to see the nearby objects Different types of plant hormones are:
clearly. (i) Auxins: They control the tropic (growth related)
Or movements of the plants in response to light,
In a rectangular block, refraction of light takes place gravity, touch, etc. by increasing the size of cells.
at the two parallel surfaces. In this case, the emergent (ii) Gibberellins: They stimulate stem elongation
ray is also a white light because the constituents of and expansion of leaves.
white light which are refracted at different angles at (iiii) Cytokinins: They promote growth by stimulating
the first interface recombine at the second interface
cell division.
and emerge as a single white light.
(iv) Abscisic Acid: It is a stress hormone in plants
In the case of a prism, the two interfaces through
that inhibits growth in different parts of the
which the light ray has to pass are not parallel to each
plant body.
other and are inclined at an angle. In this case, the
effects of the first interface are not reversed and the Or
colours separated at the first interface continue along Immediate changes that take place in the body of
different paths upon leaving the glass at the second squirrel are as follows:
interface. Hence, we observe a spectrum in a glass (i) The adrenaline hormone is secreted into the
prism. blood.
(ii) The heart beats faster resulting in supply of
26. The problems caused by non-biodegradable wastes
more oxygen to the muscles.
are:
(i) Biological magnification. (iii)
Blood is diverted to skeletal muscles.
(ii) Non-biodegradable materials like plastics (iv) The breathing rate increases.
on burning releases toxic chemicals into the (v) The blood supply to digestive system and skin is
environment which leads to air pollution. reduced.
(iii) Non-biodegradable wastes like pesticides All these responses together enable the squirrel
reduce the fertility of soil that leads to soil body to be ready to deal with this scary situation.
pollution. 30. (i) He
 is suffering from myopia because the focal
(iv) It also causes water and land pollution. length required for the lens is negative.
(v) Clogging of drains.  (Any four)
2–
(ii) Myopia is corrected by using a concave lens of
+ suitable power.
27. (i) Mg + (Mg2 )
(iii) Myopia arises due to: (a) excessive curvature of
the eye lens (b) elongation of the eyeball.
 MgO contains Mg2+as cation and O2– as anion.
(ii)  Ionic compounds are generally soluble in water.
(iii) This is because aqueous solution consists of ions
Common ErrLr
which can move freely in it and are responsible Students get confused between the causes and corrective
for conduction of electricity. measure of different defects of vision.
(iv) Given, f = –2.5 m
We know that, P = 1/f
Learn the properties of ionic compounds with proper = 1/(- 2.5)
justification.
  = -10/25 = -0.4 D
12  |  amadhaan science Class X
31. (i)  Refractive index of alcohol is greater than refractive NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
index of water. So, alcohol is optically denser than ‘X’
water.   This reaction is called neutralisation reaction.
(ii) When a ray of light enters from water to    (ii)  Dilution of acid is an exothermic process. If water
alcohol, it bends towards the normal. is added to acid, the heat generated may cause
(iii)
Angle of incidence is greater than angle of the mixture to splash out and cause burns. But,
refraction. when acid is added to water, the mixture will
Normal
not splash out as heat is evolved gradually and
(n1 < n2) easily absorbed by the large amount of water.
Water i Or
Acids are the substances that produce H+ ion
Alcohol
r in aqueous solution and turn blue litmus to red
–
whereas bases are the substances that produce OH
ion in aqueous solution and turn red litmus to blue.
32. Solenoid is a coil of many circular turns of insulated
Neutralisation is a type of reaction between an acid and
copper wire wound on a cylindrical insulating body
a base to give salt and water with evolution of heat.
(i.e., cardboard, etc.) such that its length is greater
than its diameter. Base + Acid → Salt + Water.
(i) Acidic Salts: These are formed by the
Cylindrical
neutralisation of a strong acid with a weak base.
insulating body
   For example, HCl + NH4OH → NH4 Cl + H2O
Conducting wire

(ii) Basic Salts: These are formed by the neutralisation
When current is passed through the solenoid, the
of a strong base with a weak acid.
magnetic field line pattern resembles exactly with
a bar magnet with the fixed polarity, i.e., north and   For example,
south pole at its end. Hence, the current carrying NaOH + H2CO3 → Na2CO3 + H2O
solenoid behaves like a bar magnet.
(iii) Neutral Salts: These are formed by the
Use of a Current Carrying Solenoid: A temporary neutralisation of strong acid with a strong base.
magnet (electromagnet) can be formed by the use of
  For example, HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O
a solenoid.
Or Common ErrLr
The relative strength of the magnetic field is Students often write irrelevant answer as they are
shown by the degree unaware of the concept of acidic, basic and neutral salts.
B
of closeness of the
field lines. The degree 35.   (i) In fishes, blood circulation is called single
of closeness is more at A circulation due to the presence of two-
N S
A than at B. Therefore, chambered heart whereas double circulation is
the magnetic field is seen in human beings due to the presence of four
stronger at A where the field lines are crowded.
chambered heart.
33. (i)   P
 ond is a self-sustained and complete ecosystem (ii) The process of blood circulation in human beings
which due to the presence of decomposers cleans is as follows:
itself while aquarium is an artificial ecosystem
(a) The deoxygenated blood from all body parts
which is incomplete due to the absence of
decomposers and thus requires continuous is collected by the veins to pour into vena
monitoring and cleaning. cava.
(ii) Ozone layer is getting depleted at the higher levels (b) Vena cava pours blood into the Right
of the atmosphere due to effect of chlorofluoro Atrium(RA).
carbons (CFCs) which are used as refrigerants. (c) Right atrium transfers this blood into the
Depletion of ozone layer causes skin cancer in
Right Ventricle (RV).
human being.
(d) Right ventricle pumps blood to lungs
34.   (i) ‘X’ is sodium hydroxide, NaOH.
through pulmonary artery.
W hen sodium chloride solution (brine solution) is
(e) The oxygenated blood from the lungs is
electrolysed, sodium hydroxide solution is formed
brought to the Left Atrium (LA) through
and H2 and Cl2 gases are liberated. This is called
pulmonary vein.
          chlor-alkali
process. 
Electrolysis
2NaCl(aq) + 2H2O(l) → 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g) (f) 
Now the blood is pumped to left ventricle,
from where the blood is distributed to all
 + Cl2(g)
parts of the body through aorta.
 amadhaan science Class X  |  13
Or RP, R5 and R4 are in series. So, Req = 5W
Procedure: R1 is not to be taken as it is shorted.
(i) Take a potted plant with variegated leaves. V 5
Current flowing = I = = = 1A.
(ii) Keep the plant in a dark room for three days so Req 5
that all the starch gets used up.
(iii) Keep the plant in sunlight for about six hours. 37. (i)  A : CH2 == CH2    Ethene
(iv) Pluck a leaf from this plant. Mark the green       B : CH3  CH3    Ethane
areas in it and trace them on a sheet of paper.
                hydrogen
(v) Dip the leaf in boiling water for a few minutes.  CH2 == CH2 → CH3  CH3
        (A)       nickel     (B)
(vi) After this, immerse it in a beaker containing
alcohol. (ii) Essential conditions required for the addition
(vii) Carefully place the beaker in a water-bath and reaction to occur :
heat till the alcohol begins to boil.      (a) Multiple bonds (double and triple bonds) must
(viii) Now dip the leaf in a dilute solution of iodine for be present between carbon atoms in the chain
a few minutes. of hydrocarbon.
(ix) Take out the leaf and rinse off the iodine solution.    (b) 
Addition of hydrogen should be carried out
Observation: The green parts of the leaf have turned in the presence of catalyst such as nickel or
blue–black. platinum.
Inference: This indicates that the green parts of Or
the leaf possess chlorophyll, which carry out C : CH3    CH2    Cl   Chloroethane
photosynthesis and produce starch.
CH3  CH3 + Cl2 → CH3  CH2  Cl + HCl
36.  (i) C
 onsider the following parallel circuit shown      (B)                         (C) (in the presence
below:  of sunlight)
38.  (i)  Site of synthesis-liver; site of storage-Gall bladder.
(ii) Trypsin and Lipase
(iii) The small intestine is longer in herbivore than
in carnivore because herbivores eats only grass
which is full of cellulose and digestion of cellulose
I I takes longer time.
Or
(i) Large intestine     (ii) Rectum
(iii) Anus          (iv) Egestion
Let l1, l2 and l3 be the current flow through the 39. (i) a parallel-sided glass block
resistors R1, R2 and R3 connected in parallel. (ii) When a ray of light falls on a face of ‘X’ normally
Using Ohm’s law, current through each resistor is then, ∠i = 0 and ∠r = 0.
V V V (iii)
30°
Ir = , I 2 = and I 3 =
R1 R2 R3 Or

Let their equivalent resistance be RP then OA - incident ray
O
V
V = IRP ⇒ I = i
RP

Total current through the circuit is r1
I = I1 + I2 + I3

r2
V V V V
Or = + +
RP R1 R2 R3 B
e
V  1 1 1 
Or   =V  + +  C
RP  R1 R2 R3  i is the angle of incidence = 55°
1 1 1 1 Given: r2 = 40°
Or = + +  r1 and r2 are the alternate interior angles.
RP R1 R2 R3

∴ ∠r1 = ∠r2 = 40°
(ii) For the given circuit,
∴ angle of refraction = 40°
(a)  5 and R4 with parallel combination of R2 and Since the emergent ray is parallel to the incident ray,
R3 are in series. the angle of emergent must be equal to the angle of
(b) R2 and R3 are in parallel. incidence, i.e. ∠e = ∠i = 55°.
(c) R2 and R3 in parallel gives RP = 1W 
14  |  amadhaan science Class X

Sample Paper-8
1. (d) D 17. (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and
2. (d) Calcium hydroxide Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2 + Heat 18. (a) Mendel choose pea plants for studying inheritance
(X) (Y)
        Quick lime Slaked lime
because of number of reasons. Pea plants are self
     [Calcium oxide] [Calcium Hydroxide] pollinating which enables them to produce next
3. (d) Zinc, iron, silver and copper are less reactive than generation of plants easily. Due to short life cycle,
aluminium many generations of pea plants can be produced in
Zn, Fe, Ag and Cu are less reactive than aluminium. a comparatively short span of time. Also pea plant
Aluminium resides at the top of the activity series. shows a number of clear cut visible contrasting
While Zn, Fe, Ag and Cu lies below aluminium in traits like tall and dwarf height, round and wrinkled
the activity series. Thus, being less reactive than seeds, etc.
aluminium, they cannot displace Al from its salt
solution i.e., Al2(SO4)3 solution. 19. (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and
4. (d) (i), (ii) and (iv) Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
5. (c) (i), (ii) and (iv) 20. (a) As we know, the resistance of wire
6. (d) A : Tartaric acid, B : CO2 ρl
R=

The acid (A) is tartaric acid that reacts with sodium   A
hydrogen carbonate. It makes cakes fluffy and spongy.
or R ∝ l
It is due to the release of CO2 gas (B) in the reaction.
+ Thus, the resistance of wire is directly proportional
NaHCO3(s) + H (aq) → CO2(g) + H2O(l)
to its length. Hence, when the length of a wire is

(from any acid) + sodium salt of acid double then its resistance also gets doubled.
7. (b) CnH2n+2O
21. (i)  Reaction does not occur in test tube I, II and IV
8. (d) 2 and 4 because a less reactive metal cannot displace
9. (d) Bronchus - Z, Bronchiole - Y, Larynx - W, Rings of a more reactive metal from its compounds in
cartilage - X solution form.
Larynx is at the beginning of trachea. After trachea, (ii) Au < Ag < Cu < Al is the increasing order of
bronchi are found which further branch into
reactivity.
bronchioles.
Or
10. (b) XY  XX  XX  XY
(i) No, because oxygen is added to aluminium,
11. (b) Closing up of leaves of a sensitive plant on being
therefore, it is getting oxidised.
touched with an object.
(ii) No, since manganese has lost oxygen therefore, it
12. (b) Sexual maturation
is getting reduced.
13. (b) Sign — Positive, Value — More than 1
22. Feedback mechanism of harmonic regulation is the
14. (c) 4 mm
mechanism of regulating the timing and amount of
Given,  f = + 10 cm (Convex lens) hormone released so that they are secreted in precise
h1 = 2mm = 0.2 cm, quantities.
u = - 5 cm
1 1  1  Common ErrLr
= −
f v  − 5  Students are unaware of the concept of feedback
  mechanism. So, they write vague answer.
1 1 1 1 − 2 −1
= −   ⇒ = Example: If the sugar levels in the blood rise, they
v 10 5 10 10
are detected by the cells of the pancreas which
v = - 10 cm
respond by producing more insulin. As the blood
v h2 −10 h2
Also,   m = u = h   ⇒  m= = sugar level falls, insulin secretion is reduced.
1 − 5 0.2
23. In four chambered heart, left half is completely
⇒ h2 = 0.4 cm
separated from right half by septa. This prevents
⇒ h2 = 4 mm
oxygenated and deoxygenated blood from mixing. This
15. (b) 
the short-sighted eye, the correction of short allows a highly efficient supply of oxygenated blood to
sightedness, the long-sighted eye and the all parts of the body.
correction of long-sightedness.
24. The strategies used by plants to get rid of excretory
16. (a) It will rotate clockwise. products are as follows:
Based on right hand rule, circular magnetic field will (i) The oxygen, end< product of the photosynthesis
cause the magnet to rotate clockwise. gets removed through stomata.
 amadhaan science Class X  |  15
(ii) The carbon dioxide which is produced during the Electrolytic refining of Copper:
process of respiration also gets removed through Key e
stomata. +
e
(iii) The excess of water gets removed through
transpiration. Cathode Anode
(iv) Some other wastes get removed along with dead
cells when plant lose some parts such as leaves.
Acidified copper
(v) Some waste products are stored in cellular sulphate solution
vacuoles.
(vi) Some waste products are stored as resins and
gums, especially in old xylem. Cu
2+
(vii) Plants also excrete some waste substances into Tank
the soil around them. 2+
Cu
(viii) Some waste substance are also eliminated
through petals, fruits and seeds.  (Any four)
25. From Snell’s law, Impurities
sin i c   
(anode mud)
µ= =
sin r v Reaction for Electrolytic Refining:

Since c and sin i are constant therefore At cathode: Cu2+ (aq) + 2e– → Cu (s)
sin r ∝ v. At anode: Cu (s) → Cu2+ (aq) + 2e–
Therefore, velocity of light is maximum in medium C.
Or 29.  (i) Shoot growing towards light.
When sunlight passes through the earth’s (ii) Roots growing away from light towards ground.
atmosphere, it is scattered in all the directions by (iii) Growth of roots towards earth due to the pull of
the molecules of air and other fine particles present the earth.
in the atmosphere. The blue colour has a shorter (iv) Shoots growing away from the earth.
wavelength than the red colour. Therefore, blue (v) Roots growing towards the source of water.
colour of sunlight is scattered more strongly by   (vi) Growth of pollen tubes towards the ovules.
the large number of fine particles than red. The
scattered blue light enters our eyes and thus the T!p
sky appears blue. Learn and understand the concept of tropic movement
26. (i) T
 he household waste produced in our day-to- in plants. Lay emphasis on examples of each type of
day life is called garbage. It includes spoilt food, tropic movement.
vegetable peels, dried,. leaves, plastic materials,
Or
etc. The garbage is classified into biodegradable (i) (a) Forebrain (b) Hindbrain
waste and non-biodegradable waste. (ii) The communication between the Central Nervous
(ii) 
The given statement means that specific System(CNS) and the other parts of the body is
enzymes are needed for the breakdown of a facilitated by the peripheral nervous system.
particular substance. For example, plastic is not PNS consists of cranial nerves arising from the
broken down by the action of bacteria or other brain and spinal nerves arising from the spinal
saprophytes. cord.
                      conc H2SO4
27. CH3CH2OH → CH2 == CH2 + H2O 30. In the given circuit, resistances 5 W, 10 W and R1 W are
heat, 443 K
         ‘X’        ‘X’ in parallel.
         Ethanol        Ethene
1 1 1 1
Ethanol, on dehydration with conc. H2SO4 gives ethene. \ Resistance = + +
Ethene, on addition with H2 in presence of Ni as catalyst R 5 10 R1
as undergoes hydrogenation to form ethane. 2R1 + R1 + 10 3R1 + 10
                      Ni = =
CH2 == CH2 + H2 → CH3  CH3 10R1 10R1
 ‘Y’ ‘Z’  
One molecule of ethane on combustion gives 2 10R1
⇒ R=
molecules of CO2 and 3 molecules of H2O. 3R1 + 10
  
7
C2H6 (g )+ O2 (g ) → 2CO2 (g ) + 3H2O(l ) 10R1
2 Now, , 6W and 6 W are in series
Ethane Oxygen Carbon dioxide Water 3R1 + 10
28. 10R1
\ Equivalent resistance Req = 12 +
3R1 + 10

Practice drawing well-labelled diagram of electrolytic 36R1 + 10R1 + 120

=
refining of copper. 3R1 + 10
    
16  |  amadhaan science Class X

V Example: When an electron enters a magnetic field

As we know, R =
I at right angles, the direction of force an electron is
36R1 + 10R1 + 120 30 perpendicular to the direction of magnetic field and
\ = ⇒ 46R1 + 120 = 45R1 + 150
3R1 + 10 2 current according to this rule.
33.
\ R1 = 30 W
31. (i) Ray Diagram: T!p
P E Learn the concept of ozone layer, its formation and
depletion carefully.
N

B C M
Angle of deviation The ozone layer acts as a protective blanket around
the earth which shields the entire earth from harmful
y
t ra Em
cid
en N' M' erg ultraviolet radiations that come from the Sun.
In ent
ray Ozone is formed in the upper atmosphere when the
A D
UV rays act on an oxygen molecule (O2). As a result,
Q R
Glass prism molecular oxygen gets split into free oxygen atoms
 In monochromatic light, the ray will bend due to
refraction but it will not show dispersion of light. (O). These atoms then combine with the molecular
(ii) 
If this beam is replaced by a narrow beam of oxygen to form ozone.
white light, a combination of narrow beam of Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) which are used in
seven colour will come out i.e., VIBGYOR (Violet,
refrigerators, fire extinguishers, aerosol sprays etc.
Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange and Red). This
phenomenon is called dispersion of white light. are responsible for the drop of amount of ozone in
the atmosphere.
The use of CFCs can be reduced by:
(i)
minimising leakage through air conditioners and
refrigerators.
(ii)
finding substitute chemicals that are ozone
friendly.

34.
nitrate ‘A’ is Pb (NO3)2.
Metal
  D
2Pb (NO3)2 (s) → 2PbO (s) + 4NO2 (g) + O2 (g)
Lead nitrate Lead (II) oxide Nitrogen  Oxygen
‘A’ (Yellowish   dioxide (Colourless)
   brown)    (Brown) ‘C’

T!p    ‘B’

Pb (NO3)2 (aq) + 2KI (aq) → PbI2 (s) + 2KNO3(aq)

Draw correct and labelled diagrams. Deviation of light ‘A’     Potassium     Lead  Potassium
should be marked properly. iodide iodide nitrate
(Yellow ppt.)
32. (i) (a) R elative closeness of field lines indicates the ‘D’
strength of magnetic field. Since field lines are
So, ‘A’ is lead nitrate , ‘B’ is nitrogen dioxide, ‘C’ is oxygen
crowded around the ends of the solenoid, hence
and ‘D’ is lead iodide.
these are the regions of strongest magnetism.
(b) The direction of the field will also be reversed. Here, the first reaction is decomposition reaction
(ii) The direction is perpendicular to the plane of while the second one is double displacement reaction
paper in the outward direction by using Fleming’s or a precipitation reaction.
left-hand rule.
Or
Or
Flemings Left Hand Rule: The direction of force which
acts on the current carrying conductor placed in a Understand the concept of water of crystallisation with
magnetic field is given by Fleming’s left hand rule. It proper examples.
states that if the forefinger, thumb and middle finger (i) The substance is hydrated copper sulphate. Its
of left hand are stretched mutually perpendicular and formula is CuSO4.5H2O. It becomes white on heating
the forefinger point along the direction of external due to loss of water molecules.
magnetic field, middle finger indicates the direction
CuSO4 .5H2O → CuSO4 + 5H2O
of current, then thumb points along the direction of
Copper sulphate Anhydrous
current, then thumb points along the direction of force pentahydrate copper sulphate
(Blue) (Dirty White)
acting on the conductor.  
 amadhaan science Class X   |  17
  
It regains its blue colour by absorbing water (D) Pancreas
from atmosphere. (E) Ovary
CuSO4 + 5H2O → CuSO4 .5H2O (F) Testis
Blue
Functions:
(ii) T
 he compound whose one formula unit (a) Controls growth-dwarfism and gigantism.
is associated with 10 water molecules is (b) Rate of Metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and
Na2CO3.10H2O. It is called sodium carbonate proteins.
decahydrate or washing soda. (c) 
Increase alertness and regulates heart rate,
Preparation: It is prepared by heating baking soda blood pressure etc.
and then recrystallising the product so obtained. (d) 
Regulates glucose homeostasis, stimulates
   Equations: glycogenesis, controls carbohydrate metabolism.
   2 NaHCO3 → Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2↑ (e) 
Develops female reproductive organs and
Na2CO3 + 10 H2O → Na2CO3 .10 H2O secondary sexual characters.
   Washing soda (f) 
Develops male reproductive organs and
Uses: secondary sexual characters.
(i) It is used for removing permanent hardness of 36. (i) To mark the direction of magnetic field lines, we use
water. the right-hand thumb rule. According to this rule, if
(ii) It is used in glass, soap and paper industries. we hold a current carrying conductor in our right-
35. (i) The pathway taken by nerve impulses in a reflex hand such that thumb points towards the direction
action is called the reflex arc. of current, the direction in which the fingers wrap
the wire represent the direction of the magnetic
Sequence of events, which occur during sneezing are:
field. As we can see in the figure that the current is

Nerve endings located in the nasal passage identifies going downwards, so the direction of magnetic field
the irritant entered in the nose. lines is clockwise
↓
Variable
Receptors send the information or nerve impulses to resistance
the sneezing centre located in the brain stem. –
A
+

↓ Magnetic
Brain stem in return sends the instructions to the field lines
+
lungs or diaphragm for response.
P –
↓
Diaphragm moves abruptly, chest muscles contract Magnetic compass
in response to the instructions received.
↓  K
Air blows out from nose and mouth instantly and (ii) The strength of the magnetic field decreases when
rapidly the point where magnetic field is to be determined
↓ is moved away from the straight wire carrying
Sneezing occurs in response to the irritant current because strength of the magnetic field
is inversely proportional to the distance from the

(ii) Auxin –controls growth and help the cells to grow
longer. origin.

Gibberellins – Helps growth in stem 37. (i)  The compound is sodium hydrogen carbonate
(NaHCO3), commonly known as baking soda.

Cytokinins – Promotes cell division
pH value of baking soda (X) is higher than 7.

Abscisic acid – Inhibits growth and wilting of leaves.
(ii) The chemical equation is:
Or
(i) A – Pituitary Gland NaCl + H2O + CO2 + NH3 → NH4Cl + NaHCO3
B – Thyroid Gland (Sodium
hydrogen carbonate)
C – Adrenal Gland
The following reaction takes place when ‘X’ is
D – Pancreas
heated :
E – Ovary
Heat
F – Testis Gland 2NaHCO3 → Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2 ↑
 
(ii) (A) Pituitary Gland Or
(B) Thyroid gland (i) Baking soda is weakly basic in nature and hence
(C) Adrenal Gland neutralises hyperacidity.
18  |  amadhaan science Class X
(ii) Baking soda liberates CO2 with H2SO4 that 39. (i) He should use a concave mirror as it forms real
extinguishes fire. images.
38. (i) (a) Green plant, (b) Glucose, (c) Starch

(ii) He should place the candle flame between the
(ii) C and D are Carbon dioxide and water respectively.
focus and centre of curvature of the mirror to get
(iii) (a) In cloudy days, there will be less sunlight hence
the magnified image on the wall.
the rate of photosynthesis will decrease.
(b) Stomata helps to transfer CO2 and O2 gas for Or
photosynthesis. Hence, due to blocked stomate
The ray diagram for the formation of the image is
rate of photosynthesis will decrease.
shown below:
Or
M
The process of photosynthesis (G) can be defined by
E
the following events:
A
(i)
Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll. B´ C D
P
(ii)
Conversion of light energy to chemical energy B F
and splitting of water molecules into hydrogen
A´
and oxygen.
(iii)
Reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrates. N
(d)
Common ErrLr
Yes, he can get a diminished image of the candle

Students often write irrelevant answer. It seems that flame when the object is located at infinity.
they are unaware of the mechanism of photosynthesis.

 Sample Paper-9
1. (b) Hydrogen (ii) The black substance is copper oxide.
The reaction in the test tube will be as follows: (iii) Chemical Reaction:
Zn(s) + dil.H2SO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + H2↑    2Cu(s) + O2(g) → 2CuO(s)
So, the evolved gas is hydrogen which burns with pop
sound when we take a lighted candle near it.
Or
(i) ‘A’ is the most acidic and ‘C’ is the most basic
2. (b) 3Fe(s) + 4H2O(g) → Fe3O4(s) + 4H2(g) solution.
The molecules and elements on both sides i.e. reactants
12- 9 - 7 - 6
(ii) C (10 ) < B (10 ) < D (10 ) < A (10 )
-
and products are equal so, it is a balanced chemical
equation.
3. (d) Both b. and c.
Practice a number of questions based on increasing and
4. (a) Substance oxidised—Fe, Reducing agent—Fe +
Oxidation
decreasing order of H ion concentration.

CuSO4 + Fe → Cu + FeSO4 22.

Reduction Movement of Movement of
Basis of
Substance which is oxidised, reduces the other leaf in shoot
substance. Hence, substance oxidised is itself a Difference
sensitive plant towards light
reducing agent.
(i) Nature This movement This movement-
5. (b) B and C
does not de- depends on the
2NaCl (aq ) + 2H2O (l ) →
6. (d) pend on the di- direction of light
2NaOH (aq ) + Cl 2 ( g ) + H2 ( g ) rection of stim- (stimulus).
 ulus.
7. (b) (i) and (ii)
8. (b) (i)-(B), (ii)-(C), (iii)-(D), (iv)-(A). (ii) Type I
t is a nastic It is a tropic
movement. movement.
9. (b) carry urine from kidney to urinary bladder
10. (c) (iii) and (iv) (iii) Growth It is indepen- It is a growth
11. (c) Leishmania dent of growth. movement.
12. (c) testosterone from testes and oestrogen from ovary
23.
13. (d) Maximum in case (iii) Absence of
14. (a) There is a magnetic field around the conductor XY. oxygen
Ethanol + Carbon dioxide
I (in yeast) + Energy (2-carbon molecule)
15. (a)

In Lack of
cytoplasm oxygen
Glucose Pyruvate Lactic acid + Energy
(6-carbon (3-carbon (in our (3-carbon molecule)
molecule) molecule) muscle cells)
+
O V Energy Presence of
oxygen
Ohm’s law V = IR is an equation of straight line. Carbon dioxide
(in mitochondrial) +Water + Energy
Hence, I-V characteristics for ohmic conductors is
also a straight line and its slope gives resistance of 24.   (i) Lymph is extracellular, light-yellow coloured,
the conductor. mobile fluid connective tissue which drains into
16. (d) south the lymphatic capillaries from the intercellular
Fleming’s left-hand rule is used to determine the spaces.
direction of force on electron i.e., in south direction.
(ii) The two functions of blood are as follows:
17. (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and
(a) It maintains our body temperature.
Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion
(b) Red blood cells carry oxygen to each and every
(A).
cell.
18. (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason are true, but Reason
(R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A). 25. Tyndall effect is shown by colloidal particles because
19. (c) Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false. of the phenomenon of scattering of light.
20. (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason are true and Reason Four instances of observing the Tyndall effect:
(R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A). (i) It can be observed when a fine beam of light
21. (i) W
 hen copper powder is heated, it reacts with enters a room through a small hole.
oxygen to form copper oxide which is a black (ii)
When sunlight passes through the canopy of a
colour substance. dense forest.
20  |  amadhaan science Class X
(iii)
Visible beam of headlights in fog is caused by (ii) Structure Arteries have thick They do not
the Tyndall effect. elastic walls, since have thick wall
(iv) It is the reason for the blue colour of the sky. the blood is under because the blood
high pressure. is no longer under
Or
pressure.
(i) It is because red is least scattered by air
(iii) Location They are situated They are situated
molecules and can easily go through fog or mist in deep layers in superficially in the
or smoke. Therefore, it can be seen in the same the body. body.
colour even from a distant place.
(iv) Valves Valves are absent. Valves are present.
(ii)
No, because the given set-up will behave like
a glass slab, resulting in recombination of the Common ERRLR
seven colours to produce white light.
Students get confused and interchange the function
26. Given food chain is Plants → Deer → Tiger and structure of arteries and veins.
Let plants have 20,000 J energy available.
Or
According to 10% law, energy transferred to deer
The comparison between alveoli in the lungs and
10
= × 20,000 = 2000 J(B) nephrons in kidneys with respect to their structure
100
and functioning is as follows:
Thus, 18000 J(A) of energy is lost in the form of heat Alveoli in Lungs Nephrons in Kidneys
to the environment.
(i) Alveoli are balloon-like Nephrons are long
10 structures. tubular structures.
Similarly, energy transferred to tiger = × 2000 =
100 (ii) It is made up of one- It is made up
200 J(D) celled thick wall which of glomerulus,
Thus, 1800 J(C) of energy is lost. contains extensive Bowman’s capsule
network of blood and a long renal tube.
Now, out of 200 J, 90% will be lost.
capillaries.
90
So, E = × 200 = 180 J (iii) Alveoli are the site of Nephrons are the
100
gaseous exchange in basic filtration unit of
Thus, out of the three vertical arrows A will represent lungs. Here exchange kidney. Each nephron
more energy transfer and out of the two horizontal of oxygen and carbon filters the blood
arrows B will represent more energy transfer. dioxide takes place and separates the
between the blood nitrogenous waste in
27. (i) C4H8(g) + 6O2(g) → 4CO2(g) + 4H2O(l) + heat and light flowing in capillaries the form of urine.
(ii) Butane which surround the
(iii) Mix with hydrogen gas and heat (180°C) in the alveoli and gases
presence of nickle or palladium catalyst. present in the alveoli.
28. Metals like potassium and sodium react with cold
30. Laws of refraction of light:
water. So, X is K or Na.
(i) (a) The incident ray, the refracted ray and the

Magnesium reacts with cold water, so, Y is Mg. Metals
normal to the interface of two transparent
like aluminium, iron and zinc reacts with steam. So,
Z is Al, Fe or Zn. media at the point of incidence, all lie in the
same plane.
Increasing order of Reactivity:
K > Na > Mg > Al > Zn > Fe (b) The ratio of sine of angle of incidence to the
sine of angle of refraction is a constant, for the
Common ErrLr light of a given colour and for the given pair of
Most students commit errors in writing the order of
media. This law is also known as Snell’s law of
reactivity of metals.
refraction.
29. Difference between Arteries and Veins: (ii) Given, P = + 5 D
We know that, f = 1/P = 100/5 = + 20 cm
S. Basis of
Arteries Veins +f indicates that the lens is convex (converging) in
No. Difference
nature.
(i) Function They are vessels Veins collect the Object should be placed at a distance of 40 cm
which carry blood blood from dif-
(at 2F1) from the given convex lens to obtain an
away from the ferent organs and
inverted image of same size.
heart to various bring it back to the
organs of the body. heart. 31. (i) R
 ange of object distance should be between 0 to
12 cm to obtain an erect image.
 amadhaan science Class X  |  21
(ii) The image will be larger than the object. (iv) Sodium oxide reacts with hydrochloric acid to
Ray Diagram: produce sodium chloride and water.
A´
(v) (a) Reaction with air: 4Na + O2 → 2Na2O
E
A (b) Reaction with water:
D
2Na (s ) + 2H2O (l ) → 2NaOH (aq ) + H2 (g )
C F B P B´ + Heat energy
Y  (c) Reaction of sodium oxide with HCl:
X Na2O (s ) + 2HCl (aq ) → 2NaCl (aq ) + H2O (l )
(iii) If the object is placed 24 cm in front of the
mirror, i.e., at C, then the image will be formed Or
at the same position, i.e., at C. (i) The different steps involved in the extraction of
32. (i) The conditions to obtain permanent electromagnet if pure metal in the middle of the activity series
a current carrying solenoid is used are: from their carbonate ores are:
(a) The  current through the solenoid should be (a) Calcination: The carbonate ores are
direct current.
changed into oxides by heating strongly in
(b) The rod inside is made of a magnetic material
limited air.
such as steel.
(ii) The deflection increases because the strength
(b)  Reduction: The metal oxides are then
of magnetic field is directly proportional to reduced to corresponding metals by using
the magnitude of current passing through the suitable reducing agents.
straight conductor.

(c)  Purification: The impure metals thus
33.
obtained are purified by electrolytic refining.
T!p (ii) The sulphide ores are first converted into oxides
Understand the concept of ecosystem, types of by heating strongly in the presence of excess air
ecosystems and its components. which is a process known as roasting.
Heat
(i) Aquatic 2Cu2S (s ) + 3O2 (g ) → 2Cu2O (s ) + 2SO2 (g )
  
(ii) Abiotic
(iii) Temperature, rainfall, wind, soil (Any one) The obtained oxide reacts with remaining Cu2S to
(iv) Living organisms (plants and animals) give copper metal.
(v) An ecosystem is the structural and functional Heat
2Cu2O (s ) + Cu2S (s ) → 6Cu (s ) + SO2 (g )
unit of biosphere, comprising of all the living   
organisms in an area together with the non-living This reaction is known as auto-reduction. The
constituents of the environment. obtained metal is then purified by electrolytic
Or refining.
(i) The food chain most advantageous for human
being is:
Cereal plant → Human being
(ii) When human beings consume this cereal plant, Understanding and making points of each technique
then the pesticides would go in their body with used to extract metals is the best way to avoid mistakes
the food and leads to biological magnification. and confusions.
(iii) Food web:
Labelled diagram to show electrolytic refining of
copper.

Common ERRLR
Many students fail to construct the correct food web.
(Impurities)
34.  (i) The metal ‘M’ is sodium (Na).
(ii) Formula of the compound formed is Na2O. 35. (i) The given diagram is of human female reproductive
(iii)
Sodium reacts with oxygen so fast that it catches system.
fire if kept open. So, it is always kept immersed in   The labelled parts are:
kerosene oil to prevent accidental fire. 1. Oviduct or Fallopian tube
22  |  amadhaan science Class X
2. Ovary or H = I 2 Rt, where H is heat produced, I is current,
3. Uterus R is resistance and t is time in seconds.
P = 1 kW = 1000 W,   V = 220 V,
(iii)
4. Cervix
∵  P = VI
5. Vagina P 1000 50
I= = = = 4.5 A , so 5A fuse is
(ii) The method used to prevent pregnancy as a V 220 11
needed.
consequence of sexual intercourse is known as
contraception. (iv) In a series circuit, current is constant throughout
Advantages of adopting contraceptives measures the electric circuit. Thus, it is impracticable to
are as follows: connect an electric bulb and an electric heater
(i) It helps in controlling the size of the family in series, because they need currents of widely
which can improve the standard of living. different values to operate properly.
(ii) It helps in preventing sexually transmitted 37. (i) Molecular mass of C5H11COOH = 102 + 14 = 116
diseases. General formula = CnH2n+1COOH (where n is the
(iii)
Frequent and unwanted pregnancies can be number of carbon atoms in the molecule minus 1)
avoided by using contraception. (ii)
(iv) The general health of the female can be
improved as reproduction demands high
pressure on the body and mind of the female.
(v) These methods check the population growth of The melting poing of pure ethanoic acid is 290K
and hence it often freezes during winter in cold
a country by controlling child birth rate.
climates. Due to this, it is called glacial acetic acid.
Or Or
(i) In asexual mode of reproduction, a single parent
H O
is involved but two parents of opposite sexes take
part in sexual reproduction. H C C O H
The organism reproducing sexually is likely to
have comparatively better chances of survival. H
It is so because sexual reproduction generates 38.   (i) Plants with round and yellow coloured seeds.
more variations and thus the offsprings are (ii) RRyy and rrYY
better adapted to the environment and therefore (iii) Plant with wrinkled and green coloured seeds (S)
have better chances of survival. (genotype rryy) is crossed with plant with wrinkled
(ii) Carpel is the female reproductive part of the and yellow coloured seeds (R) (genotype rrYY or
plant. rrYy). If plant with wrinkled and green coloured
It is made of three parts: seeds (rryy) is crossed with plant having wrinkled
(a) Stigma: It is the sticky surface which collects and yellow coloured seeds of genotype (rrYY),
pollen grains. then all plants produced with wrinkled and yellow
(b) Style: It provides pathway to the pollen grains coloured seeds whereas if plant with wrinkled and
as it connects stigma to the ovary. green coloured seeds (rryy) is crossed with plant
(c) Ovary: It is the site of fertilisation in a flowering having wrinkled and yellow coloured seeds that
plant. has genotype (rrYy) then 50% plants with wrinkled
36. (i) R3 and R4 are in parallel connection. and yellow coloured seeds and 50% plants with
wrinkled and green coloured seeds are produced.
1 1 1 R + R3
= + = 4 Or
R ′ R3 R 4 R 3R 4
yyrr represents wrinkled, green seeds
R R yyRR represents round, green seeds.
R′ = 3 4
R 4 + R3 39. For patient X, the diagnosed defect is myopia.

(i) For patient Y, the diagnosed defect is hypermetropia.
Now R ′, R 1 and R2 are in series connection, so
(ii) Cataract is the eye defect resulting due to the eye
R3R4 lens becomes cloudy.
Req = R1 + R2 +
R 4 + R3 Or

(ii) According to Joule’s law of heating, 1 −2
(a) F = = = −0.22 m
H ∝ I2 −4.5 a

H ∝R (b) concave lens
(iii) The diagnosed eye defect is presbyopia.
H ∝t
Causes
(a) Gradual weakening of ciliary muscle.
∴ H ∝ I 2 Rt
(b) Diminishing flexibility of eye lens. 
 Sample Paper-10
1. (b) B and D 17. (d) Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is true.
2. (b) Calcium hydroxide Calcium carbonate Assertion is false because burning of natural gas is
an exothermic reaction.
CaO(s) + H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2(aq)
Calcium oxide Water Calcium hydroxide 18. (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but
(Quick lime) (Slaked lime) Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
(A) Assertion (A).
Ca(OH)2(aq) + CO2(g) → CaCO3(s) + H2O(l) 19. (a) Both Assertion (A) and R are true and Reason (R) is
(A) (B) the correct explanation of Assertion (A).
3. (b) (ii) only 20. (d) Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is true
4. (d) Q < S < R < P 21.   (i) ‘X’ is hydrogen gas
+
Lower the pH values, higher will be the H ions.
(ii) Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g)
+ Zinc  dil. sulphuric zinc Hydrogen
Thus, increasing order of H ion concentration is:             acid          sulphate
Q < S < R < P (iii) Displacement reaction
(13.8 - 14.0) (8.0 - 9.0) (6.5 - 7.5) (2.2 - 2.4) (iv) Exothermic reaction.
Or
5. (b)
Acids that give rise to more H+ ions are said to be
+
strong acids, and acids that give less H ions are said
Common ErrLr to be weak acids.
Students get confused in drawing the dot structure. Strong acids: Hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulphuric
6. (d) (i) and (iv) acid.
Weak acid: Citric acid, acetic acid, formic acid.
22. When the tip of the tendril comes in contact with the
Acid-base reactions are exothermic in nature, giving out support, more auxin is diffused from the tip towards
heat which causes an increase in temperature. the side of the tendril away from the support. As a
result, that side grows faster and causes the tendril
7. (b) P, Q both differ by —CH2 unit.
to bend around the support.
8. (a) (I)-(A), (II)-E, (III)-C, (IV)-D
23. (i) R
 eproductive part — Sporangia  (blob on a stick
9. (d) E
 xchange of gases takes place in r and oxygenated
blood is carried back through aorta. structures).
Non-reproductive part — Hyphae (thread-like
10. (b) When the F1 generation pea plants having round-
yellow seeds were cross-bred by self pollination, then structures).
four types of seeds having different combinations (ii)
Advantages of Vegetative Propagation:
of shape and colour were obtained in F2 generation. (a) All plants produced are genetically similar to
These were round yellow, round green, wrinkled the parent plant.
yellow and wrinkled green seeds.
(b)
Plants which have lost the capacity to
 Thus, the new combination of characters are:
produce seeds can reproduce by vegetative
Round yellow and wrinkled green.
propagation.
11. (b) (i), (iii) and (iv)
24. (i) P
lacenta is essential for foetal development
12. (b) Bud develops due to repetitive cell division at a because it helps to transport the nutrients from
specific site mother’s blood to foetus body. It also helps
13. (b) The mirror has a focal length of -3 cm and will in transferring waste substance generated by
produce an image of magnification -1. foetus into the mother’s blood.
 hen object is placed at centre of curvature,
W (ii) This is required for nourishing the embryo, if
image is formed at the centre of curvature, i..e; fertilisation had taken place.
m = -1.
25. (i) Pupil controls the amount of light entering into
14. (c) outer surface of part F it. The relaxation and contraction of the muscular
15. (b) 0° fibres of the iris regulate the opening and closing
for a normal incident light on the surface, of the pupil.
∠i=0 (ii) The retina is the light-sensing part of the eye. It
16. (d) either towards or away from the screen depending converts the incident light into electrical signals
upon the position of the object. and sends them to the brain.
24  |  amadhaan science Class X
Or analysed by CNS that send message to effectors to
Hypermetropia is corrected by using a convex lens of provide proper response. At the same time, nervous
appropriate power placed in front of eye. It shifts the system activates adrenal gland to release adrenaline
image back onto the retina instead of behind the retina that prepares body by increasing heart rate, blood
and the defect is corrected. pressure, respiration etc. Thus, both these systems
work together to perform functions of control and
coordination.
N N Or
(a) Near point of a Basis of Cerebrum Cerebellum
Hypermetropic eye
    
Difference
(i)  Initial part It is a part of fore It is a part of
brain. hindbrain.
N N
(ii) Function It initiates intel- It maintains
ligence, memory posture and
(b) Hypermetropic eye and voluntary equilibrium of
movements. the body.

N N’ (iii) Feature It is the main It is responsible

thinking part of for precision
(c) Correction for
the brain. of voluntary
Hypermetropic eye
actions like
Common ErrLr walking in a
Mostly students commit errors in drawing myopic/ straight line,
hypermetropic eye and its correction. riding a bicycle,
picking up a
26. Disposable paper cups are considered a better pencil.
alternative to plastic cups because they are 30.
biodegradable, can be recycled and do not pollute the
environment. T!p
27. (i)  A, B and C belong to alkene homologous series. Learn and understand the basic concepts of glass slab
and glass prism, refraction of monochromatic light
(ii)
C has minimum number of carbon atoms because
and white light through a glass slab and glass prism.
it has lowest boiling point.
(iii)
Butene [CH2=CHCH2CH3] is the 4th member of this A glass slab has two parallel refracting surfaces
homologous series. whereas a prism has two inclined refracting surfaces.
28. (i) Formula of ‘G’ is Cl2. (i) When a narrow beam of monochromatic light
Formula of ‘C’ is CaOCl2. passes through :
(a) Glass slab: It deviates from the actual path,
Common ErrLr but the incident ray and the emergent ray of
Students usually get confused between the gas liberated
light are parallel to each other.
at anode and cathode during electrolysis of brine.
(b) Glass prism: It has deviated from the actual
(ii)   Ca(OH)2 + Cl 2 → CaOCl 2 + H2O path but the incident ray and the emergent
Slaked 'G' 'C'
lime ray of light are not parallel to each other.
(ii) When a narrow beam of white light passes
(iii) 
Common name of compound ‘C’ is bleaching
through:
powder. Its chemical name is calcium oxychloride.
(a) Glass slab: The splitting of white light into its
29. In human beings, nervous and hormonal system
constituent colours does not occur and the
work together in controlling and coordinating various
life processes in the body. Nervous system work by direction of the incident ray and the emergent
generation and transmission of electrical impulse ray of light are parallel to each other.
while hormonal system works by secreting chemical (b) Glass prism: The splitting of white light into
messengers called hormones. its constituent seven colours occurs and the
For example when an emergency stimulus is detected direction of the incident ray and the emergent
by the nervous system, the stimulus is received and ray of light is not parallel to each other.
 amadhaan science Class X  |  25
31. (i) 
From S.No. 3, we can say that the radius of R1
curvature of the lens is 40 cm because when the
object is placed at centre of curvature of a convex
R2
lens, its image is formed on the other side of the
lens at the same distance from the lens.
∴
R = 40 cm
R 40

⇒ f= = = 20 cm
2 2
⇒ 1 = 1
or R = 6Ω
(ii)
S.No. 6 is not correct as the object is between R 6
focus and optical centre. According to Ohm’s law, V = I R

Thus, image formed will be on the same side of ⇒ =I V= 12 = 2A
2A
R 6
the lens as the object, i.e., ‘v’ must be negative. Or
But in S.No. 6, v is positive so S.No.6 is incorrect.

The Ohm’s law i.e., potential difference across the
(i)
ends of a conductor in an electric circuit is directly
Be clear with concepts of nature, position and size of proportional to the current flowing through it,
the image formed by a convex lens. Also, practice image correlates electric current and voltage.
formation in lenses using ray diagrams.
V
  or = constant
(iii) Ray Diagram for S.No. 2: I
Graph:
A

B O B’ 2F2
2F1 F1
F2
20 cm A’

      60 cm 30 cm

v + 30
Magnification, m = = = − 0.5
u − 60
I
Common ErrLr (ii) Given, I = 0.35 A and V = 1.4 V
Generally students forget to find the value of   From Ohm’s law,
magnification in this question. V ⇒ 1.4 R = 4Ω
R=     R=   ⇒ 
I 0.35
32. (i) The resistors are connected in series to obtain
33. Grass (pJ) → Grass hopper (qJ) → Frog (rJ) → Snake
minimum current.
(sJ) → Peacock (2J)
Given, R1 = 10 Ω, R2 = 15 Ω, V = 12 V, I = ?
According to 10% law, energy available to snake is:
Resultant, R = R1 + R2 = 10 + 15 = 25 Ω
10% of s = 2 J
According to Ohm’s law, V = I R ⇒ s = 20 J
V 12 Similarly, energy available to frog is:
⇒ I= = = 0.48 A
R 25 10% of r = 20 J
R1 R2 ⇒ r = 200 J
Similarly, energy available to grasshopper is:
10% of q = 200 J
⇒ q = 2000 J
Now, energy present in grass is:
12 V
10% of p = 2000 J
(ii) The resistors are connected in parallel to obtain
maximum current. ⇒ p = 20,000 J
Thus, energy present in grass is 20,000 J.
Given: R1 = 10 Ω, R2 = 15 Ω, V = 12V, I = ?
1 = 1 + 1 34.   (i)  Tap water conducts electricity as it contains ions
a  ⇒ 1 = 1 + 1
R R1 R2   R 10 15 but distilled water does not contain ions so it
    =
3+2 = 5 does not conduct electricity.
30 30
26  |  amadhaan science Class X
   (ii) D
 ry HCl does not turn blue litmus red as it does 35. (i)  Diagram of Human excretory system:
not form ions but dil. HCl does since it forms H+
and Cl+ ions. Kidney
 (iii) During summer season, a milkman adds a very
small amount of baking soda to fresh milk
because it does not allow milk to change to Ureter
lactic acid that makes milk sour.

Urinary bladder
The concept of dilution of acids should be kept in mind.
Urethra 

(iv) When we add water to acid, so much heat is

generated that the solution may splash out
of the container. On the other hand, when acid
T!p
Practice drawing neat and well-labelled diagram
is added to water, small amount of heat is
of human excretory system. Incorrect labelling will
released and the solution will not splash out. deduct your marks.
(v) Ammonia does not contain hydroxyl group but
-
(ii) Functions:
when it is dissolved in water, it forms OH so, it
(a) Kidneys filter the blood and urine is the
is basic in nature.
filtrate obtained.
NH + H O → NH + + OH-
3 2 4
(b) Ureter carries urine from the kidney to the
Or
urinary bladder.
(i) CuSO4.5H2O is hydrated copper sulphate and
(c) Urinary bladder is a muscular structure
CuSO4 is anhydrous copper sulphate.
which stores urine.
Activity:
(d) Urethra helps to expel urine out of the body.
Aim: To show that hydrated copper sulphate and
anhydrous copper sulphate are interconvertible. Or
(i)
Apparatus Required: CuSO4.5H2O (Blue vitriol),
burner, boiling tube, delivery tube, test tube.
Procedure:
    (a) H  eat a few crystals of copper sulphate in a
dry boiling tube.
    (b)  After heating, water is removed and salt
turns white.
    ( c)  Add 2-3 drops of water on the sample of
copper sulphate obtained after heating.
   (d) W  hen crystals are moistened again with
water, blue colour reappears. (ii) Separate channels allows a highly efficient supply
Chemical Reaction: of oxygen to the body cells which is necessary for
        producing a lot of energy in mammals and birds.
D
CuSO4.5H2O → CuSO4 + 5H2O
36. (i) (a) Right-Hand Thumb Rule: Hold the wire carrying
  Blue vitriol         White current in your right hand, such that the
Result : Crystalline substances have water of thumb indicates the direction of current, then
crystallisation which is lost on heating. When the folded fingers will indicate the presence of
hydrated copper sulphate is heated, it converts magnetic field (lines) surrounding the wire.
into anhydrous copper sulphate. When water is
added again to it, it gets converted into hydrated
copper sulphate. This shows that both are Magnetic
interconvertible. field
(ii) (a) Plaster of Paris:
  Chemical Name: Calcium sulphate hemihydrate.
1                Current
Formula: CaSO4 . H2O
2 (b) Fleming’s Left-Hand Rule: Stretch the thumb,
(b) Gypsum: forefinger and middle finger of the left hand
  Chemical Name: Calcium sulphate dihydrate. mutually perpendicular to each other such
Formula: CaSO4. 2H2O. that the forefinger point towards the direction
 amadhaan science Class X  |  27
of magnetic field, the middle finger points in (ii) (a) Ovaries in female; both make gametes.
the direction of current, then the thumb will (b) Oviducts in female; both transport gametes.
indicate the direction of force experienced by Or
the conductor. It is to be applied only when The ovaries of a newly born baby girl contain thousands
the current and magnetic fields both are of immature eggs.
perpendicular to each other.
Field When the girl attains puberty, some of these eggs
start to mature. One egg is produced every month by
one of the ovaries.
39. (i) 
When a current-carrying conductor is placed in
Current a magnetic field, a mechanical force is exerted on
Motion
the conductor which makes rod displaced.
(ii) Fleming’s left hand rule determines the direction
of the force on the conductor AB.
According to this rule, stretch the thumb, forefinger
           
and middle finger of your left hand such that they
(ii) Figure (b) represents the correct pattern of field
are mutually perpendicular. If the first finger point
lines. In figure (a), field lines cross each other
in the direction of magnetic field and the second
which is not possible because at the point of
finger in the direction of current, then the thumb
intersection, there will be two directions of field
will point in the direction of motion or the force
lines. In figure (b), field lines are emerging in
acting on the conductor.
nature, so poles of magnet facing each other are
(iii) (a) Towards the left.
north poles while opposite faces will have south
(b) Electric motor and electric generator.
polarity.
Or
37.  (i) Sodium ethoxide and hydrogen gas is formed.
Current
(ii) A sweet smelling ester called ethyl ethanoate is
formed. Magnetic
(iii) Concentrated H2SO4 acts as a dehydrating agent field lines
+
which removes water from ethanol.
Or P –

(i) Alkaline KMnO4 Magnetic compass

(ii) Acidified K2Cr2O7
38.   (i)  (a) Part A (oviduct)
K
(b) Part C (uterus)
 