Unit 2 All Notes
Unit 2 All Notes
Unit 2 All Notes
Video Formats:
Analogue and Digital
Unit-II
Process of Video Editing
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Suggested further readings:
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Analogue and Digital Signal
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Analogue and Digital Signal
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Pros and Cons of Analogue and Digital
- Continuous - Discrete
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Digital sampling of analogue signals
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Recording the video
- There are continuous development in the design
and format of video and audio recording
systems.
- Some are mainly used for acquisition (shooting
original material), others are used for
postproduction editing and archiving (storage)
work.
- Recordings can be done on videotape (the most
common professional medium), hard drive, or a
flash memory card.
Analog recording (analogue): Analog systems directly record
the variations of the video and audio signals. They have a
tendency to deteriorate when dubbing copies and can only
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Recording the video
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Videotape
- It is readily available.
- A large number of tape-based cameras are still
manufactured.
- The sheer number of tape-based systems
already owned by companies is significant.
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Videotape
- Many companies have built a tape-based
infrastructure, and it will take time to make the
transition.
- Tapes have the capacity to record the project and
then store the raw or finished video.
- Most professionals have a high comfort level with
videotape.
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Tape Format
VHS
-This format uses {1/2}-inch videotape.
-The VHS deck has been the most popular
consumer deck ever produced.
-Until DVDs began to build in popularity, most
video rental stores rented out VHS tapes.
-Cameras are no longer manufactured that utilize
VHS tapes.
-This format is slowly being phased out.
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Tape Format
VHS-C
-This format uses {1/2}-inch videotape.
-The tape used is smaller than that used for the
VHS format.
-This small tape plays back on a VHS deck and
usually requires an adapter. As VHS was the most
popular consumer deck, VHS-C gained popularity
as a compact camera because its tape could be
played on a VHS deck.
-This format is slowly being phased out.
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Tape Format
DIGITAL8/HI8
-This format uses 8-mm videotape.
-It was highly popular as a subcompact camera but
is now slowly disappearing from the video market.
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Tape Format
D-9
-Originally known as D-VHS, this system utilizes
{1/2}-inch metal particle videotape cassettes.
-This system has not been highly popular.
-A VHS tape can play in the D-9 deck, but the D-9
tape cannot play in the VHS deck.
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Tape Format
MINIDV
-This format uses {1/4}-inch tape.
It is the most popular digital format on the market
today.
-The mini-DV camcorders are compact.
-The tapes are inexpensive and readily available.
MiniDV tape will play on DVCPro25/50/HD decks.
However, an adapter cassette may be required for
them to fit into the larger decks.
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Tape Format
HDV/MINIDV
-A digital high-definition format that is recorded
onto MiniDV tapes.
-JVC and Panasonic utilize 720p, whereas Sony
uses 1080i when recording in HDV.
-Many professionals insist that HDV is barely HD
because of color and gray scale issues.
-A MiniDV (non-HDV) will play on an HDV deck,
but an HDV tape cannot play on a DV deck. To
play in larger decks, an adapter is usually
required.
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Tape Format
DIGIBETA
-This format uses {1/2}-inch videotape.
-It was created especially for companies that had
large Betacam archives. Betacam could be played
in the DigiBeta deck, although the DigiBeta tape
could not be played in the Beta deck. The format
gave companies, especially news stations, a way to
upgrade without having to change their whole
archives.
-This format has a sampling rate of 4:2:2.
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Tape Format
DVCPRO25/50
-This format uses {1/2}-inch videotape.
-DVCPro25 has a sampling rate of 4:1:1, and
DVCPro50 has rate of 4:2:2.
-The DVCPro 50 has lower compression than the
DVCPro25, giving a high-quality image.
-A DV tape can be played on a DVCPro25/50 deck,
but the DVCPro25/50 tape cannot be played on the
DV deck.
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Tape Format
DVCPROHD
-This format uses {1/2}-inch videotape.
-DV, DVCPro25/50 tapes can be played on a
DVCProHD deck.
However, the DVCProHD tape cannot be played on
a DV or DVCPro25/50 decks.
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Topic- 1 Lecture-
9
Video Formats:
Analogue and Digital
Unit-II
Process of Video Editing
Subject: Video Editing
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OBJECTIVE OF LECTURE
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Suggested further readings:
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Media Format
• Flashmemory
Flash memory is slowly becoming popular as a
medium to record both standard definition and high-
definition video. A significant advantage to the flash
memory card is that it is easy to transfer files from
the card to a nonlinear editor.
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Media Format
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Media Format
• Hard disk drive (HDD) (internal hard drive)
Hard disk drive (HDD) cameras record directly to a
hard drive built into the camera. Roughly 4 GB of
disk space is required for each hour of video. Some
of these compact HDD cameras have as much as
60 GB of hard disk storage. Many of the HDD
cameras include an SD slot for video recording to a
transportable medium, although it is not required to
transfer footage. It is extremely easy to transfer the
data to a nonlinear system
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Media Format
• External camera hard drives
External camera drives can now be attached to
most digital cameras including HD systems. These
drives provide extremely long recording times with
drives as large as 160 GB. The drives connect
directly to nonlinear editing systems, allowing the
editor to begin editing the program immediately.
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Media Format
- Most of these drives attach to the camera via the
FireWire port. Audio, time code, video, and control
information is passed directly through the FireWire
connector. A 160-GB drive will provide roughly 10
hours of DV recording and 5 to 6 hours of HD
recording.
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Media Format
• Recordable DVD
To this point in time, DVD cameras have been
primarily aimed at the consumer market. DVD
cameras automatically find a blank section on the
disk for recording, so there’s no need to rewind or
fast-forward. Most of them also use an index
screen, which makes it easy to search for a
particular scene.
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Media Format
-When the shooting has been completed, the disk
can be taken out of the camcorder and slipped into
a DVD player or recorder for immediate playback
there’s no need to connect any cables. One of the
disadvantages is that disks can be susceptible to
scratches.
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Media Format
• XD cam disk
The XD line of optical disk-based camera systems
utilizes blue-violet laser technology to achieve
extremely high data transfer rates. This
professional camera system can record up to 4
hours of HD on a dual-layer disk, which has a large
storage capacity of 50 GB. The disks are rewritable.
Sony says that the disk can handle a thousand
write and rewrite cycles.
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Which is the best video format?
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Difference between a video codec, video container,
and a video file format
- Video files are made of 2 parts:
• a codec and
• a container.
- A video codec is a protocol for encoding and
decoding video (the word codec comes from
“enCOde / DECode”). Common codecs include
H.264, MPEG-4, and DivX. A well-engineered
codec has high efficiency, or ability to preserve
quality while reducing file size.
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Difference between a video codec, video container,
and a video file format
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Difference between a video codec, video container,
and a video file format
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Which video format is the smallest?
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Video File Formats
.WEBM
Like the .WEBP image file, .WEBM was created by
Google as an efficient means of disseminating
media to a large audience. .WEBM video files are
relatively small in size, and as such are not as high
in terms of quality as some of the other file types on
this list. The .WEBM video file format is used for
HTML5 video streaming sites, such as YouTube.
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Video File Formats
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Video File Formats
.OGG
.OGG files are an open-source alternative to .MPG
files, and are used for high-quality videos to be
streamed via the internet. Though .OGG files are
used for streaming, they are higher in quality than
.WEBM files – meaning they will take longer to be
delivered to the end-user.
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Video File Formats
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Video File Formats
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Video File Formats
.AVI
.AVI files are one of the oldest and most compatible
video file formats. Many different codecs can be
used with an .AVI file, which means that this format
has more flexibility in choosing a balance between
quality and size. However, these files tend to be
larger than the previously mentioned formats, which
makes it less ideal for the web and more ideal for
storing movies on a computer.
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Video File Formats
.WMV
.WMV is a video file format created by Microsoft
and stands for Windows Media Video. The codec
used by these files results in small file sizes but
poor quality. This format is useful if you are sending
video to someone with an older Windows computer.
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Video File Formats
.MOV, .QT
.MOV and .QT files were developed by Apple to use
with its Quicktime player. These files are of high
quality but large in size. And they have poor
compatibility with non-Quicktime players. This
format is useful if you intend to archive a high-
quality video on an Apple computer.
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Video File Formats
.FLV, .SWF
.FLV and .SWF files were designed by Adobe as the
video file format for Flash. The use of these file
formats has declined rapidly as Flash has become
less popular, especially after Flash support ended
for iOS devices. The use of these formats is only
recommended if you need to support a legacy
system that can only accept this type of file.
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Video File Formats
AVCHD
AVCHD or Advanced Video Coding High Definition
files are the format generated by many digital
camcorders. These files use the H.264/MPEG-4
video codec and are similar to an .MPG file.
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How to choose the best video file format
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How to choose the best video file format
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Recording Media Care
It is important to care for recording media. Here are
some suggestions for prolonging the life of the
various types of recording and storage media:
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Recording Media Care
- Before loading a medium, check that it has not
been protected against recording (if necessary,
reposition the safety switch). Make sure it does
not contain wanted program material.
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Topic- 2 Lecture- 10
Linear and Non-Linear Video
Equipment and
Editing:
its Function
Unit-II
Process of Video Editing
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OBJECTIVE OF LECTURE
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Suggested further readings:
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Post Production
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Editing goals
Basically, postproduction editing is the process of
combining individual shots in a specific order. It has
several purposes:
- To assemble material in a sequential fashion.
The shooting order may differ from the running
order.
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Editing Equipment
- Editing equipment has drastically changed since
the 1990s. Where once a minimal edit system
required two editing decks, two monitors and an
edit controller, today the equipment can be as
simple as a camcorder (with FireWire) and a
computer with one of the editing software packages
installed.
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Equipment used for Non-Linear Editing
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Non-Linear Editing System
- Opt for a high-end desktop computer with a high-
capacity hard drive and a high-speed processor.
The typical nonlinear editing (NLE) system must
also include two fairly large external monitors, one
for the computer output and the other to show your
edited sequences and two small loudspeakers. It
somehow seems easier to work with two separate
screens than with a divided one.
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Non-linear Editing
-Capture/Digitize
Before you can do any nonlinear editing, you need
to transfer the content of the source media to the
hard drive of the NLE computer. The source media
can be videotape, hard drives, memory cards, or
optical discs.
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Non-linear Editing
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Non-linear Editing
-Selecting shots always requires extensive tape
shuttle, including repeated fast forwarding and
rewinding, which can be very hard on the small
camcorder VTR. In this case you should extract the
tape cassette from the camcorder and use it in a
sturdier stand-alone VTR for this selection/capture
procedure.
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Non-linear Editing
- Once you have inserted the source tape in the
sturdier VTR, you can connect it to the NLE system
with RCA phono or S-video cables or a FireWire
(IEEE 1394) cable.
RCA/ Phono
S-Video
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Non-linear Editing
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Topic- 2 Lecture- 11
Linear and Non-Linear Video
Equipment and
Editing:
its Function
Unit-II
Process of Video Editing
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OBJECTIVE OF LECTURE
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Suggested further readings:
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LINEAR EDITING
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Linear Editing
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Linear Editing
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Linear Editing
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Start of Linear Editing Recording System
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Start of Linear Editing Recording System
- Helical scan: This is a method of recording high-
frequency signals on magnetic tape. It is used in
open-reel video tape recorders, video cassette
recorders, digital audio tape recorders etc.
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Start of Linear Editing Recording System
- Helical scan is a method of recording high-
frequency signals on magnetic tape. It is used in
open-reel video tape recorders, video cassette
recorders, digital audio tape recorders etc.
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Start of Linear Editing Recording System
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Equipment used in the process of linear editing
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Equipment used in the process of linear editing
-Character Generator(CG)- Graphics generator-
adding titles and other effects in linear editing
normally require specialized equipment.
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Edit Controller/ Switcher
-This is a device which connects to and controls
the source and record machines.
-The controls on the left (above and including the
jog/shuttle ring) control the source machine.
-The corresponding controls on the right are for the
record machine (notice the addition of a red record
button).
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Edit Controller/ Switcher
-The controls in the middle are for various edit
options such as marking in/out points, etc.
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Edit Controller/ Switcher
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Types of Linear Editing
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Types of Linear Editing
- Insert edit
With insert edits, the process is the same, but once
the programme is complete and ready to be
broadcast, it might be necessary to make a change.
Instead of having to rewind to the point of change
and start the assemble edit from there, it is possible
to crop a new segment to the exact length of the
segment you want to change and literally insert (or
replace) the old segment without changing what
follows or precedes it. This method is much faster
than a full assemble edit and does not require any
rendering as you would with a non-linear edit from a
computer to media (tape or otherwise).
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Types of Linear Editing
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Types of Linear Editing
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Types of Linear Editing
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Types of Linear Editing
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Topic- 3 Lecture- 12
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OBJECTIVE OF LECTURE
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Suggested further readings:
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Introduction to Steps of Video editing
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Introduction to Steps of Video editing
Editing begins with sorting through the available
material and doing the following:
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Linear Editing system and Steps
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Linear Editing system and Steps
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Tape based
system
- Single-source
- Expanded single-source
- Multiple-source systems
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Tape based system( Single Source)
- The basic system that has only one VTR
supplying the material to be edited is called a
single-source or cuts-only editing system. The
machine that plays back the tape with the original
footage is called the source VTR or the play VTR
and other one is called record VTR. The tapes are
called source video tape and edit mater tape. For
this two monitors are required.
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Tape based system( Single Source)
- You use the source VTR to find the exact in-and-
out points of the footage you want to copy to the
edit master tape. Record VTR also has to be told
when to start recording (copying) the source
material and when to stop. An ‘in’ and ‘out’ cue tell
that which is done by an edit controller machine.
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Tape based system( Single Source)
- Edit Controller: This machine automates editing to
a certain extent. It memorizes some of commands
and executes them with precision and reliability.
Control VTR search modes. (variable forward and
reverse speeds) separately for the source and
record VTRs to locate scenes. You use the source
VTR to find the exact in-and-out points of the
footage you want to copy to the edit master tape.
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Tape based system( Single Source)
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Tape based system( Expanded Single Source)
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Tape based system( Expanded Single Source)
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Tape based system( Expanded Single Source)
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Tape based system( Multiple Source)
- The tape based multiple-source editing system
consists of two or more source VTRs, a single
record VTR, and a computer assisted edit
controller.
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Tape based system( Multiple Source)
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Setting up a simple tape- to- tape system
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Setting up a simple tape- to- tape system
RF
RCA
S-VIDEO
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SCART
Setting up a simple tape- to- tape system
USB
IEEE 1394
FIREWIRE
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Setting up a simple tape- to- tape system
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Setting up a simple tape- to- tape system
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Setting up a simple tape- to- tape system
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Topic- 3 Lecture- 13
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OBJECTIVE OF LECTURE
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Suggested further readings:
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Introduction to Steps of Video editing
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Introduction to Steps of Video editing
Editing begins with sorting through the available
material and doing the following:
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Non-linear editing systems and steps
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Non-linear editing systems and steps
- Digitising
- Compressing & storing
- Juxtaposing, rearranging and applying effects to
audio and video files.
- Copying edited programmme back on to tape,
DVD or hard drive.
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Non-linear editing systems and steps
• Digitising or capturing
Transferring analogue videotaped information to a
a digital and storing the information on computer
hard drive. It happens in real time but also with an
option of batch capturing.
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Non-linear editing systems and steps
• Compression
In video, the less compression there is, the higher
quality the video and sound will be. Generally
MPEG-2 compression standard makes it difficult to
do precise frame- accurate editing.
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Non-linear editing systems and steps
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Non-linear editing systems and steps
- A NLE setup requires a fairly high-end computer
that can handle audio, video, graphics, and a host
of audio and video effects. A recorder that also
serves as a player is connected to the CPU of the
computer using FireWire cable.
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Non-linear editing systems and steps
Capture window
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Non-linear editing systems and steps
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Non-linear editing systems and steps
• Rendering
- This is a process of allowing the computer to
implement all of the audio, video, and digital
effects, on a frame by frame basis.
- In video editing it is the computer process of
combining your still pictures, video clips, audio clips
and other visual elements into a single digital video
frame.
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Non-linear editing systems and steps
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Non-linear editing systems and steps
Export window
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Topic- 4 Lecture- 14
Editing Techniques:
Types of Cuts and
Transitions
Unit-II
Process of Video Editing
Subject: Video Editing
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OBJECTIVE OF LECTURE
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Suggested further readings:
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What is technique in editing?
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Basic Transition Devices
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What is a cut?
- The cut is an instantaneous change from one
image (shot) to another. It is the most common and
least noticeable transition device, assuming that the
preceding and following shots show some
continuity.
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What is a cut?
- The cut itself is not visible, all you see are the
preceding and following shots. It resembles most
closely the changing field of the human eye.
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What is a cut?
- The cut, like all other transition devices, is
basically used for the clarification and
intensification of an event.
• Clarification means that you show the viewer
the event as clearly as possible. For example, in
an interview show the guest holds up the book
she has written. To help the viewer identify the
book, you cut to a close-up of it.
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What is a cut?
• Intensification means that you sharpen the
impact of the screen event. In an extreme long
shot, for example, a football tackle might look
quite tame; when seen as a tight close-up,
however, the action reveals its brute force. By
cutting to the close-up, the action has been
intensified.
Cut to
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Different Types of Cut
Standard Cut
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Different Types of Cut
Jump Cut
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Different Types of Cut
J-Cut
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Different Types of Cut
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Different Types of Cut
L-Cut
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Different Types of Cut
Cutting on Action
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Different Types of Cut
A cross-cut smashes two perspectives into one
sequence. This cut takes two different perspectives
from your narrative world (such as one character
chasing another) and melds them by cutting
between each. The audience will automatically
connect the two perspectives as one whole since
they are watching them play out in “real time.”
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Different Types of Cut
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Different Types of Cut
Cutaways
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Different Types of Cut
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Different Types of Cut
Match Cut
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Different Types of Cut
Montage
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Different Types of Cut
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Topic- 4 Lecture- 15
Editing Techniques:
Types of Cuts and
Transitions
Unit-II
Process of Video Editing
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OBJECTIVE OF LECTURE
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Suggested further readings:
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What is video transition?
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What is video transition?
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Goal of video transition?
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Working with Transitions
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USE OF CUT AS SMALLEST TRANSITION 8 of 30
Basic Transition Types
The Dissolve:
The dissolve, or lap dissolve, is a gradual
transition from shot to shot, the two images
temporarily overlapping. Whereas the cut itself
cannot be seen on-screen, the dissolve is a
clearly visible transition. Dissolves are often used
to provide a smooth bridge for action or to indicate
the passage of time. Depending on the overall
rhythm of an event, you can use slow or fast
dissolves. A very fast one functions almost like a
cut and is therefore called a softcut.
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USE OF DISSOLVE TRANSITION
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USE OF DISSOLVE TRANSITION
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- For an interesting and smooth transition from a
wide shot of a dancer to a close-up, for instance,
simply dissolve from one camera to the other. When
you hold the dissolve in the middle, you will create a
superimposition.
- A slow dissolve will indicate a relatively long
passage of time; a fast dissolve, a short one.
Because dissolves are so readily available in NLE
software, you may be tempted to use them more
often than necessary or even desirable.
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- A dissolve will inevitably slow down the transition
and, with it, the scene. If dissolves are overused,
the presentation will lack precision and accent and
will bore the viewer.
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The Wipe:
There is a great variety of wipes available, the
simplest of which is when the base picture is
replaced by another one that moves conspicuously
from one screen edge to the other.
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The wipe is such an unabashed transition device
that it is normally classified as a special effect.
The wipe tells the viewers that they are definitely
going to see something else, or it injects some
interest or fun into the shot sequence.
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USE OF TRANSITION WIPE
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USE OF TRANSITION WIPE
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The Fade:
In a fade the picture either goes gradually to black
(fadeout) or appears gradually on the screen from
black (fade-in). You use the fade to signal a definite
beginning(fade-in) or end (fade-out) of a scene. Like
the curtain in a theatre, it defines the beginning or
the end of a portion of a screen event.
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USE OF TRANSITION FADE
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USE OF TRANSITION FADE
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- As such, the fade is technically not a true
transition. Some directors and editors use the term
cross-fade for a quick fade to black followed
immediately by a fade-in to the next image. Here
the fade acts as a transition device, decisively
separating the preceding and following images from
each other. The cross-fade is also called a dip to
black.
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- Do not go to black too often—the program
continuity will be interrupted too many times by
fades that all suggest final endings.
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Whip Pan:
A whip pan transition is when the camera quickly
pans creating a blur effect between scenes. It’s a bit
similar to a wipe but tends to be much faster.
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USE OF TRANSITION WHIP PAN
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Zoom:
Like a whip pan, zoom transitions can be used to
convey a frenetic pace, switching quickly from one
scene to the next.
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USE OF TRANSITION ZOOM
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Tips for video transition
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Tips for video transition
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Tips for video transition
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Tips for video transition
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Topic- 4 Lecture- 16
Editing Techniques:
Types of Cuts and
Transitions
Unit-II
Process of Video Editing
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OBJECTIVE OF LECTURE
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Suggested further readings:
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Basics of video effects and filters?
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Types of effects and filter
There is a great variety of effects available for
manipulating size, shape, light and colour of an
image. Many of these change realistic video into a
basically graphical image. Some of the most
prominent are:
-Shrinking and expanding
-Stretching
-Positioning
-Perspective
-Mosaic
-Posterization & Solarization
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Types of effects and filter
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Types of effects and filter
Stretching:
When we stretch the image vertically or horizontally.
It is done by distorting the total image so that its
borders attain a new aspect ratio.
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Types of effects and filter
Positioning:
The shrunk image can be positioned anywhere in
the frame.
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Types of effects and filter
Perspective:
You can distort an image in such a way that it looks
three-dimensional, or like it’s occupying three-
dimensional space.
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Types of effects and filter
Mosaic:
The video image is broken down into many
discrete, equal sized squares of limited brightness
and colour. The resulting screen image looks like
an actual tile mosaic. Such an image actually
consists of greatly enlarged pixels. This technique
is sometimes used in interviews to obscure the
guest’s identity. The mosaic like distortion shows
the person’s face but renders the features
unrecognizable.
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Types of effects and filter
MOSAIC 11 of 30
Types of effects and filter
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Types of effects and filter
Chroma Key:
It is a special effect that uses a specific colour
(chroma), blue or green, as background for the
person or object that is to appear in front of the
background scene. During the key, green
background will be replaced by the background
video source without affecting the foreground
object. A typical example is the weathercaster
standing in front of a weather map or a satellite
picture. During the chroma key, the computer-
generated weather map or satellite image replaces
all green areas – but not the weathercasters.
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Types of effects and filter
CHROMA KEYING
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Types of effects and filter
Gaussian Blur :
The Gaussian Blur effect blurs and softens the
image and eliminates noise. You can specify that
the blur is horizontal, vertical, or both.
Blur effect simulates an image blurring the clip.
For example, by setting key frames for the blur,
you can simulate a subject going blurry and
transit to another clip eventually from blur to focus
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Types of effects and filter
Angle-
How far to twirl the image. Positive angles twirl the
image clockwise; negative angles twirl it
counterclockwise. For a whirlpool result, animate
the angle.
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Types of effects and filter
Twirl Radius-
How far the twirl extends from the twirl center. This
value is a percentage of width or height of the clip,
whichever is greater. A value of 50, for example,
produces a twirl that extends to the edges of the
clip.
Twirl Center-
Sets the position of the center of the twirl.
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Types of effects and filter