UNIVERSITY OF GONDAR

INSTITUTE OF TECHINOLOGY

SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL AND INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING

MACHIN DESIGN PROJECT
DESIGN OF HORIZONTAL LAYOUT PRESSURE VESSEL

GROUP 15

Project writers: ID
1. Philadelphia Woldie…………………03145/11
2. Samson Getaneh…………………… 03222/11

Instructor: Andebet Tilahun (MSc.)

Submission date 28/07/2014 E.C

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Contents
Abstract ........................................................................................................................................................ iv
Acknowledgement ................................................................................................................................... iv
Abbreviations and Nomenclatures ............................................................................................................ v
CHAPTER ONE ......................................................................................................................................... 1
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1. Over view of the project..................................................................................................................... 1
1.2. Back ground of the project ................................................................................................................ 2
1.3. statement of the problem .................................................................................................................... 2
1.5.2 Specific objective ............................................................................................................................. 4
1.7. limitations of the study....................................................................................................................... 4
1.8. Methodology .......................................................................................................................................... 5
1.9. Significance of the project ................................................................................................................. 7
1.10. Working principal ............................................................................................................................ 7
Chapter two ................................................................................................................................................. 9
2.1. Literature review .................................................................................................................................... 9
2.2. Type of pressure vessel .................................................................................................................... 10
2.2.1. Spherical pressure vessels ............................................................................................................. 11
2.2.2. Cylindrical pressure vessel................................................................................................................ 11
2.3. Components of pressure vessel ............................................................................................................ 13
2.3.2 Application areas of pressure vessel .............................................................................................. 17
CHAPTER THREE .................................................................................................................................. 19
3.1. Detail design and analysis .................................................................................................................... 19
3.2. Design of pressure................................................................................................................................ 19
3.3. Design of temperature .......................................................................................................................... 20
3.4. Material selection ................................................................................................................................. 20
3.5. Welded joint efficiency, and construction categories .................................................................. 21
3.6. Design stress ........................................................................................................................................ 21
3.7. corrosion allowance ......................................................................................................................... 22
3.8. Design of shell ................................................................................................................................ 22
3.9. Stress analysis for the shell .............................................................................................................. 24
3.10. Design of Head .............................................................................................................................. 25
3.12. Design of Nozzle........................................................................................................................ 27

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 3.12.2. Size of opening ........................................................................................................................... 27
3.12.3. Area of reinforcement available .................................................................................................. 28
3.13. Design of vessel support ................................................................................................................ 31
Weight of head material ...................................................................................................................... 32
3.13.2. Wind load on Pressure vessel...................................................................................................... 34
3.14. Selection of bolted flange joints..................................................................................................... 35
3.14.1. Selection of Nut .......................................................................................................................... 38
3.14.2. Flange design .............................................................................................................................. 38
3.14.3. Standard flanges .......................................................................................................................... 38
3.15. Design of welded joint ................................................................................................................... 40
3.14. Cost analysis .................................................................................................................................. 41
CHAPTER four......................................................................................................................................... 44
4.1 Result and discussion ........................................................................................................................ 44
Chapter five ............................................................................................................................................... 46
5.1. Conclusion and recommendation ......................................................................................................... 46
5.1.2 Recommendation ........................................................................................................................... 46
Discussion ............................................................................................................................................... 47
Chapter six................................................................................................................................................. 48
6.1 Two-dimensional and three-dimensional parts in CATIA V5 .......................................................... 48
Appendix ..................................................................................................................................................... 55

List of figures

Figure 1. 1 Horizontal layout pressure vessel .............................................................................................. 8

Figure 2. 1 spherical pressure vessel[13] .................................................................................................... 11

Figure 2. 2 Horizontal layout presser vessel ............................................................................................... 12
Figure 2. 3 vertical layout presser vessel [16]............................................................................................. 12
Figure 2. 4 Ellipsoidal head in pressure vessel ........................................................................................... 14
Figure 2. 5 Saddle support .......................................................................................................................... 15
Figure 2. 6 leg of pressure vessel[20] ......................................................................................................... 16
Figure 2. 7 skirt support[21]. .................................................................................................................... 16

Figure 3. 1 stress analysis of ellipsoidal head ............................................................................................. 26

Figure 3. 2 Standard flange dimensions ...................................................................................................... 40

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Figure 6. 1 Multiview of the shell ............................................................................................................... 48
Figure 6. 2 Isometric veiw of the shell........................................................................................................ 48
Figure 6. 3 Multiview of the saddle support ............................................................................................... 49
Figure 6. 4 isometric view of the support ................................................................................................... 49
Figure 6. 5 Multiview of the flange ............................................................................................................ 50
Figure 6. 6 isometric view of the flange ..................................................................................................... 50
Figure 6. 7 Multiview of the head ............................................................................................................... 51
Figure 6. 8 Isometric view the head ............................................................................................................ 51
Figure 6. 9 Multiview of the nozzle ............................................................................................................ 52
Figure 6. 10 Isometric view of the nozzle ................................................................................................... 52
Figure 6. 11 Bolt and nut ............................................................................................................................ 53
Figure 6. 12 Assembly ................................................................................................................................ 54

List of tables
Table 3. 1 Design of horizontal layout pressure vessel Specification ......................................................... 19
Table 3. 2 Types of materials in the vessel ................................................................................................. 21
Table 3. 3 Flange standard dimension[23] .................................................................................................. 39
Table 3. 4 stresses for welded joint[23] ...................................................................................................... 40
Table 3. 5 Material cost .............................................................................................................................. 42

Table 4. 1pressure vessel components with its dimensions ........................................................................ 44

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Abstract

This project deals with design and analysis of horizontal layout pressure vessel with highly
templated working fluid (Steam at 150°c) and also optimization of vessel thickness regarding to
other parameters.
A pressure vessel is a container designed to hold gases or liquids at a pressure substantially
different form the ambient pressure.
Our study takes in consideration the type of working fluid and its temperature, the volume of the
vessel, the pressure that the vessel resist (both internal and external), type of support that holds the
pressure vessel, corrosion allowance of the shell and its shape. This project has brief explanation
about the parameters mentioned above.
In this project we decided to design the pressure vessel using ASME codes and standards to
legalize our design.
Key words: Pressure vessel, ASME.

Acknowledgement

It's impossible to express our gratitude enough to our family, particularly our parents, who have
provided us with the support we've needed throughout our lives.
We would also want to show our gratitude to those who assisted us during the project, as well as
our instructor, Mr. Andebet Tilahun (MSc), who aided us from the beginning to the finish.

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Abbreviations and Nomenclatures

Pi = internal pressure
V = nominal volume
Pd = design pressure
σt = tensile strength
σd = design stress
C = corrosion allowance
E = joint efficiency
Ri = internal radius of shell
ts = thickness of the shell
L = length of vessel
Di = internal diameter of shell
Do = outer diameter of shell
Dm = mean diameter of shell
σh = hoop stress
σl = longitudinal stress
Vs = volume of shell
Hi = inner height of the head
Ls = length of shell
th = thickness of head
K = stress intensity factor
Vh = volume of head
di = inner diameter of inlet nozzle
do = outer diameter of inlet nozzle
tn = minimum thickness of nozzle

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trn = required minimum thickness of nozzle
trs = required minimum thickness of shell
Ar = reinforcement area
dc = core diameter of the bolt
σtb = permissible tensile stress the bolt
ρ = density of material
ρf = density of working fluid
Ws = weight of shell
Wn = weight of nozzle
Wh = weight of head

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 CHAPTER ONE
Introduction
1.1. Over view of the project
Pressure vessels has many definitions based on various perspectives. In general Pressure vessels
are enclosed containers (it can be pipes, barrels, bottles or any walled contain) used to hold liquids,
vapors, and gases at a pressure significantly higher or lower than the ambient pressure. Its internal
pressure is usually greater than the outside, except for some isolated situations[1].

The fluid inside the vessel may undergo a change in state as in the case of steam boilers. Since,
our project is on horizontal layout pressure vessel with templated working fluid (150°c), we
consider temperature effect as well as strength of a container to resist the temperature as well as
pressure.
In the design of pressure vessel safety is the primary consideration, due the potential impact of
possible accidents. High pressure is developed in pressure vessel. Pressure vessel has to withstand
several forces developed due to internal pressure, so selection of pressure vessel is most critical.
ASME Sec. VIII div.1 is most widely used code for design & construction of pressure vessel.Div.1
does not consider harmonic analysis. Div.1 consider biaxial state of stress combined in accordance
with maximum stress theory. When pressure of operating fluid increases, increase in thickness of
vessel. This increase in thickness beyond a certain value possess fabrication difficulties and
stronger material for vessel construction[2].
On the other hand, the main components of the pressure vessel should be fixed properly like shell,
leg, head, nozzle and support (saddle, skirt, and lug).
In the case of horizontal layout steam pressure vessel, the shell and the head of the pressure vessel
should resist the internal pressure (3MPa) of the working fluid(steam).

Many pressure vessels are made of steel, because of its nature to manufacture a cylindrical or
spherical pressure vessel, rolled and possibly forged parts would have to be welded together. Some
mechanical properties of steel, achieved by rolling or forging, could be adversely affected by
welding, unless special precautions are taken. Since our project working fluid is steam, we prefer
to select steel because of its high temperature as well as pressure resistance ability.
Our project takes in consideration of corrosion allowance of the vessel, wend resistance, the ability
of the supports to hold the wight of the entire pressure vessel.

Now a days pressure vessel has wide range of importance in most of industries in 21th century
from which food and beverage, chemical, pharmaceutical, plastics and oil and fuel industries can
be listed.

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 1.2. Back ground of the project
In order to designing a horizontal layout pressure vessel with sustainable performance, requires
varies parameter under consideration, like type of support, shell, leg, head, nozzle and material
type of a pressure vessel.
Type of Support that we use in our project: Horizontal vessels are usually provided with saddle
supports. A saddle support is a support consisting of a stanchion that utilizes a curved section for
cradling the pipe.
The type of leg preferable for horizontal layout pressure vessel: A horizontal layout pressure
vessel usually mounted on arbitrary leg-type supports forms a complicated support system with
respect to lateral loadings such as wind loads and horizontal seismic motion which do not have a
predefined direction of action.

Shell: The Shell contains the pressure and consists of plates that have been welded together with
an axis. Horizontal drums use shells with a cylindrical shape. This is what closes off the end of a
pressure vessel. Curved heads have less weight, cost less and have more strength than flat heads.

Head of the pressure vessel: A head is one of the end caps on a cylindrically shaped pressure vessel.
An ellipsoid is the ideal shape for a head in our project. Because of that, the pressure in the vessel
is divided equally across the surface of the head.

Nozzle of the presser vessel: A pressure vessel nozzle is an opening in the pressure vessel through
which fluid enters or exits the pressure vessel. The Nozzle, in general, projects from the pressure
vessel's surface and ends with a means of joining (flanged or welded) piping or equipment. Since
the working fluid that we use is steam with high presser, the opening and closing should be safe.

1.3. statement of the problem

There are failure modes that occur instantly after installation, such as buckling (it is a major
failure for a horizontal pressure vessel with templated working fluid and high internal pressure of
3.5 MPa), overload and fast fracture.
Such problem can be minimized by selecting proper material that can resist pressure and
temperature to prevent fracture on the housing of the pressure vessel.
Other failure modes only occur after a period of time in service, such as fatigue, corrosion,
creep, stress corrosion cracking and hydrogen embrittlement. Such failure can reduce by
adjusting factor of safety, corrosion allowance as well as strength of material.
Pressure Vessel Failures: Frequent Root Causes
Onsite, cyclical stress is a recognized contributory factor, with fluid stresses causing metal sheets
and weld seams to bulge then contract. However, modern design strategies understand cyclical

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stress, and they incorporate mechanisms and materials that offset this effect. Forced to track the
flaw further back, perhaps as far back as the original design facility, the investigators take this
opportunity to study a fabrication company's quality-assurance policies[2].
Assessing Design Method Shortcomings
Generally speaking, a weld has failed or a sheet metal part has developed a crack. The cracks
propagate, the weld deteriorates, and then a catastrophic vessel breach ensues. An error in the
heat zone welding methodology may have transpired. Perhaps the pressure vessel architecture
lacks internal supports. Done with the assessment of the fabrication company, the head
investigator reviews a list of possible failure factors:
• Weld metal crack initiation
• Absorbed hydrogen embrittlement
• Thermal aging
• Exposure to corrosive atmospheres
• Environmental factors

Weldment flaws and sheet metal discontinuities top the list of common pressure vessel crack-
inducing determinants.
Examining Crack Qualities and Propagation Patterns
Plasticity declines occur in austenitic steels when high heat-flux regions absorb hydrogen during
a welding procedure. The single-atom element is also introduced when water and chemical levels
alter, to the point that acidic salts weaken a vessel's steel lining. Even a change in the pH of a
pressurized container can cause hydrogen embrittlement. By closely inspecting a crack
propagation pattern, we can determine whether the cause is inter-granular fracturing, corrosive or
fatigue cracking, or whether the tiny fissures were abetted by a serious case of hydrogen
embrittlement. In acquiring this data, it serves as a set of engineer-interpretable fingerprints.

Cracks commonly spawn catastrophic pressure vessel accidents. Consequently, investigators are
trained to differentiate the various types of surface fissures so that this factor can be tagged with
a likely originating fault source. Blisters are also found on the steel receptacles. They form when
hydrogen decarburization occurs in austenitic steel sheets. Of course, there are weldment
discontinuities to assess as well. These joints are where the bulk of the stress develops, so a hard
inclusion can really give rise to a containment system weak spot[3].

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 1.5. Objective of the project

1.5.1 General objective

The main goal of our project is to build a horizontally positioned pressure vessel with ellipsoidal
heads using the supplied design temperature and pressure on its effect medium of working fluid
of steam at 150°C, 3.5Mpa, 3m3 total internal volume, and 1.5mm corrosion allowance.

1.5.2 Specific objective

The specific goal of this project is to design and analyse the components of a horizontal pressure
vessel, such as the shell, heads, nozzles, nozzle flanges, and supports, because each component
and the entire horizontal pressure vessel assembly have their own design procedures. Specifically,
we would like to design different components of pressure vessel like:
• saddle support of the pressure vessel;
• ellipsoidal heads of the pressure vessel;
• Shell of the pressure vessel;
• Nozzle of the pressure vessel.

1.6. Scope of the project

The goal of our project is to design pressure vessels that will be useful in our role as designers.
This is accomplished by resolving problems caused by high pressure, temperature extremes, and
the severity of functional performance issues. And figuring out how to meet criteria is a fascinating
part of the design process. Designing a pressure vessel is an all-encompassing term that includes,
as stated above, the reasoning that established the most likely mode of damage or failure, the
method of stress analysis used and significance of results, the selection of material type and its
environmental behavior, and the method of construction that necessitates the use of a skilled
engineer or manpower to maintain the vessel.
As a designer, we should concentrate on developing pressure vessels that are both cost-effective
and high-performing. Our project, however, can only go as far as the final design of a horizontal
layout pressure vessel using the most recent version of Computer Aided Three-Dimensional
Interactive Application due to many restrictions (CATIA V5).

1.7. limitations of the study

The drawbacks of this project are design and analysis of the paper is limited into theory, there is
no access to test our design practically.
We cannot determine the exact performance of our project, until it’s supported through practical
examine, whether it reaches the goal or not.

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 In addition to that, we started doing our design without any past experience (it is a first time to
do a project paper). This makes the project difficult for us.
Time shortage is also another problem when we were doing the project. Finally, however there are
numerous works and journals done on pressure vessel, it is hard to find them because of poor
documentation. And most of the research papers on the internet are not free.

1.8. Methodology
Methodology of the project includes several chapters, such as:

• Data collection: collecting data related with design of presser vessel from different researches,
journals, pressure vessel manufacturing companies, websites, and books.
• Introductory part: in this section, the project introduced clearly about its nature.
• Back ground of the research: it describes about the parameter that we use in the project. Like,
internal pressure, volume, corrosion allowance, working fluid, and parts of a presser vessel.
• Set up the structure and flow of the project.
• Numerical analysis: computing shell thickness, shell diameter, head thickness, head diameter, and
other data’s using stress analysis.
• Modeling: detail drawing of the main parts and assembly.
• Conclusion: write the final thesis, draw conclusion from what we get from above steps.
• Unit Summary: research is described as a process that moves through a number of key stages,
starting with identification of the research idea and problem and finishing with the generalization
or write-up.

Schematic diagram

Identification of Need

Design of a horizontal layout Pressure vessel

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 Definition of Problem

We are asked to design a horizontal layout pressure vessel which has

capacity to store steam.

Material Selection

Materials are chosen based on the following criteria: performance characteristics (properties),
processing (manufacturing) attributes, environmental profile, material availability, and cost
considerations.

ceramic composite metal polymer

Mechanical Property Identification

The proposed material's strength, stiffness, toughness, and hardness should all
be determined.

. Analysis and Optimization

For each component, such as the shell, head, nozzle, flange, bolt, and skirt support, a geometric,
force, cost, and stress analysis is performed. Checking the maximum primary and shear stress against
the component's material's permitted stress.

Result and Conclusion

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 Presentation

Part drawing and assembling drawing of the horizontal layout pressure

vessel using CATIA V5 software.

1.9. Significance of the project

As we know, most industries in Ethiopian uses a pressure vessel which is designed and
fabricated from western countries.
This process requires thousands of millions of dollars.
Researches and investigations revealed that the key determinants that significantly affected the
economic growth of Ethiopia, as per their order of significance, include physical capital,
exogenous factors (foreign aid, external debt and foreign direct investment), demographics,
trade, human capital, and fiscal policy.
We believe that, this project puts stone in the process of building an Industry, which have the
capacity to manufacture a pressure vessel with our own raw materials and man power. From this
point of view, our project will bring financial support for Ethiopia as well as opens the door to
minimize the amount of unemployment.

1.10. Working principal

Pressure vessels are held together against the gas pressure due to tensile forces within the walls
of the container. The normal (tensile) stress in the walls of the container is proportional to the
pressure and radius of the vessel and inversely proportional to the thickness of the walls.

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 Figure 1. 1 Horizontal layout pressure vessel

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 Chapter two
2.1. Literature review

Pressure Vessels are containers which are designed to hold liquids, vapors, or gases at high
pressures, usually above 15 psi. Examples of common pressure vessels used in the petroleum
refining and chemical processing industries include, but are not limited to, storage tanks, boilers,
and heat exchangers. Each individual vessel has its own operating limits built in by design that it
has to work under, referred to as its design pressure and design temperature. Operating outside of
these limits could damage the equipment and potentially lead to loss of containment or catastrophic
failure[4].
Pressure vessels use has increases gradually all over the world. Pressure vessel and tank are
necessary to the chemical firm, petroleum plant, petrochemical analysis station and nuclear power
plant. Vessel is in the division of apparatus that the response, division and keeping storage of raw
material happen. The objective of the present review paper is to study the effect of various
parameters, due to those pressure vessels can break or fail to get higher performance on the basis
of previous research study[5].

Present the finite element modeling and Analysis of Pressure vessels with different end
connections, such as Hemispherical, Ellipsoidal & Toro spherical. They describe its basic
structure, stress characteristics and the engineering finite element modeling for analyzing, testing
and validation of pressure vessels under high stress zones. Their results with the used loads and
boundary conditions which remain same for all the analysis with different end connections shows
that the end connection with hemispherical shape results in the least stresses when compared to
other models not only at weld zone but also at the far end of the end-connection[6].

In the present study the vessel has been optimized for shape for both circular and square sections
by considering stress level on the shell areas and comparative heat losses for cylindrical and square
cross sectional pressure vessel has also been presented. The pressure vessel designed as per the
ASME code Section VIII and then checked for the stress patterns across the walls of vessel for the
applied pressure and temperature[7].

The primary goal of our project is to design a horizontal pressure vessel resisting internal pressure
with ellipsoidal heads which is available in codes and standards. The safe dimensions of the vessel
can be estimated from the same codes and standards. However, the selection of head, locating the
nozzles and supports is mostly decided by designer. In the process of selecting the basic pressure
vessel parts, it must be ensured that the design can carry the applied load and operate safely and
reliably. Thus, it is necessary to find an optimal combination of parts of vessel and locating the
nozzles and supports. In this work, a horizontal pressure vessel is designed and optimized using

9
analysis software. The appropriate head shape, optimal location of inlet and outlet nozzles and
location of supports is suggested based on the analysis results[8].

Different writers suggest safety is primary issue in construction of pressure vessel, that is why the
paper reviews some of the developments in the determination of stress concentration factor in
pressure vessels at openings, stress analysis of different types of end connections and openings,
stress analysis of different types of end connections and of nozzle on shell and head. Many
literatures have indicated a growing interest in the field of stress concentration analysis in the
pressure vessels. The motivation for this research is to analyze the stress concentration occurring
at the openings of the pressure vessels and the means to reduce the effect of the same. Design of
pressure vessels is governed by the ASME pressure vessel code. The code gives for thickness and
stress of basic components, it is up to the designer to select appropriate analytical as procedure for
determining stress due to other loadings. In this paper the recent and past developments, theories
for estimation of stress Concentrations are presented and the scope for future studies is also
presented[9].
when we come to the design analysis of saddle support of a horizontal pressure vessel, it has the
vital role to support the pressure vessel and to maintain its stability, it should be designed in such
a way that it can afford the vessel load and internal pressure of the vessel due to steam contained
in the vessel. A model of horizontal pressure vessel and saddle support is created in ANSYS.
Stresses are calculated using mathematical approach and ANSYS software. The analysis reveals
the zone of high localized stress at the junction part of the pressure vessel and saddle support due
to operating conditions. The results obtained by both the methods are compared with allowable
stress value for safe designing[10].

2.2. Type of pressure vessel

According to their function pressure vessels are divided in to four types.
• storage tanks
• boilers
• heat exchangers and
• process vessels
Based on their shape, pressure vessels can be spherical or cylindrical. Cylindrical vessels are more
common types of vessels. and according to their heads, hemispherical, ellipsoidal, or tori spherical
are the most known types of pressure vessel.

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 2.2.1. Spherical pressure vessels
Spherical pressure vessels are ideal for containing high-pressure fluids due to their strong
structure, but they are difficult and expensive to fabricate. The internal and external stress is evenly
distributed on the sphere's surface, which means there are no weak points[11].

Figure 2. 1 spherical pressure vessel[12]

2.2.2. Cylindrical pressure vessel

Cylinders are widely used for storage due to their being less expensive to produce than spheres.
However, cylinders are not as strong as spheres due to the weak point at each end. This weakness
is reduced by hemispherical or rounded ends being fitted[11].
From design point of view, spherical pressure vessels are preferred over cylindrical pressure
vessels because they- Are cost-effective in fabrication.

According to the positioning of the tanker, presser vessels classified as horizontal or vertical layout
presser vessel.
Horizontal lay out pressure vessel: Horizontal vessels and drums are relatively large diameter
cylindrical pressure vessels used for a variety of process functions. Their height above grade is
usually determined by the NPSH requirements of the pumps in the liquid outlet line or the gravity
flow requirements to other equipment.

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 Figure 2. 2 Horizontal layout presser vessel
Vertically layout presser vessel: Vertical Pressure Vessel consist of a cylindrical vertical shell
with standard Tori spherical/ Ellipsoidal dish on both ends. Connection As per requirement of
client, thickness Is deepened on diameter, length of tank & working pressure of tank.

Figure 2. 3 vertical layout presser vessel [13]

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 2.3. Components of pressure vessel
1. Shell: The primary component contains pressure. Pressure vessel shells in the form of
different plates are welded together to form a structure that has a common rotational axis.
Shells are either cylindrical, spherical, or conical in shape.

2. End Closures (Heads): All the pressure vessels must be closed at the ends by heads (or
another shell section). Heads are typically curved rather than flat. The reason is that curved
configurations are stronger and allow the heads to be thinner, lighter, and less expensive than
flatheads. Heads can also be used inside a vessel and are known as intermediate heads. These
intermediate heads are separate sections of the pressure vessels to permit different design
conditions.

2.3.1 Types of pressure vessel heads

I. Hemispherical: are a popular choice for pressure vessels due to their ideal shape,
which divides the pressure in the vessel equally across the head's surface. Also known
as hemispherical tank heads or hemispherical dished ends, they're commonly used on
liquid and gas storage tanks[14].

II. Ellipsoidal head: This is also called an elliptical head. The shape of this head is more
economical, because the height of the head is just a fraction of the diameter. Its radius
varies between the major and minor axis; usually the ratio is 2:1[14].

III. Semi–Ellipsoidal Dished Heads are deeper and stronger than the more popular tori
spherical dished heads. The greater depth results in the head being more difficult to
form, and this makes them more expensive to manufacture. However, the cost is
offset by a potential reduction in the specified thickness due to the dished head having
greater overall strength and resistance to pressure[14].

IV. Tori spherical head (or flanged and dished head): the surface obtained from the
intersection of a spherical cap with a tangent torus, as illustrated above. The radius of
the sphere is called the "crown radius," and the radius. of the torus is called the
"knuckle radius." Tori spherical domes are used to construct pressure vessels[14].

V. Conical head: With the shape of a concentric cone, this highly versatile product is
used for vessel bottom or cover plates. It can be made eccentric on request[14].

13
 Figure 2. 4Ellipsoidal head in pressure vessel

3. Nozzle: A nozzle is a cylindrical component that penetrates into the shell or head of the pressure
vessel. They are used for attaching piping for flow into or out of the vessel, attaching instrument
connection (level gauges, thermowells, pressure gauges), and providing access to the vessel
interior at manway or providing for direct attachment of other equipment items (example, heat
exchangers).

4. Support (Saddle): Support is used to bear all the loads of pressure vessels, earthquake, and wind
loads. There are different types of supports, which are used depending upon the size and
orientation of the pressure vessel. It is considered to be the non-pressurized part of the vessel.

a. Saddle Support:

• Horizontal drums are typically supported at two locations by saddle support.

• It spreads over a large area of the shell to prevent excessive local stress in the shell at
the support point.
• One saddle support is anchored whereas the other is free to permit unstained
longitudinal thermal expansion of the drum.

14
 Figure 2. 5 Saddle support
b. Leg Support:

• Small vertical drums are typically supported on legs that are welded to the lower
portion of the shell.
• The max. ratio of support leg length to drum diameter is typically 2:1
• Reinforcing pads are welded to the shell first to provide additional local reinforcement
and local distribution.
• The number of legs depends on the drum size and load to be carried.
• Support legs are also used for Spherical pressurized storage vessels.
• Cross bracing between the legs is used to absorb wind or earthquake loads.
• Vertical pressure vessels may also be supported by lungs.
• The use of lugs is typically limited to pressure vessels of small and medium diameter
(1 to 10 ft)
• Also, moderate height to diameter ratios in the range of 2:1 to 5:1
• The lugs are typically bolted to horizontal structural members in order to provide
stability against overturning loads.

15
 Figure 2. 6 leg of pressure vessel[15]

c. Skit Support:

• Tall vertical cylindrical pressure vessels are typically supported by skirts.

• A support skirt is a cylindrical shell section that is welded either to the lower portion
of the vessel shell or to the bottom head (for cylindrical vessels).
• The skirt is normally long enough to provide enough flexibility so that radial thermal
expansion of the shell does not cause high thermal stresses at its junction with the
skirt.
• The skirt is generally welded to the bottom head using any of the three
arrangements shown in Figure below – the second arrangement is usually the most
preferred one[16].

Figure 2. 7 skirt support[16].

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 2.3.2 Application areas of pressure vessel

Pressure vessels are used in a variety of applications in both industry and the private sector. They
appear in industry sector as compressed air receivers and also use widely as storage applications
in petrochemical plants, oil and gas industries, Energy or power generation industry, Chemical
industry, bio technology, food industries, and pharmaceutical industries.
In private sector pressure vessels are most often used in domestic waterworks applications. Their
main function is to balance and maintain a constant pressure in the water distribution system.

Pressure vessel application in Oil and Gas Industry

Oil and Gas industry often uses pressure vessels as receivers which have the capability to conduct
physical and chemical processes under high temperature and pressure. The purpose of column may
vary even though they are similar in construction. Taking the feed part boiling points distillation
columns are used to divide feed streams or streams into multiple sources. Considering the similar
construction of pressure vessels and columns they are probably bought from the same
manufacturer. When taking the case of materials, we know that the oil and gas industry uses
Carbon steel and stainless steel as material of construction. All the components such as vessel
internals and distillation trays altogether constitute a pressure vessel. Highly complex are the
dimensions of these components they require different specifications from that of manufacturers
and are only be supplied by exclusive suppliers[17].

Energy or Power Generation Industry

We can count on many reasons why energy industry uses pressure vessels. One of the major
reasons why they are required within the energy sector is to trap harmful gases. In oil refineries
and metal works also the excess gas should be stored. The Nuclear power industry uses special
pressure vessels named Reactor Pressure Vessels or RPV's. A reactor pressure vessel (RPV) in a
nuclear power plant is the pressure vessel containing the nuclear reactor coolant, core shroud, and
the reactor core, that requires high reliability to withstand high temperatures and high pressures
and neutron irradiation, which makes the RPV the most deprecatory pressure boundary in the
nuclear power plant. But for attention’s sake not all power reactors have a reactor pressure
vessel[17].

Chemical Industry
Pivotally chemical processes take place in these kind of pressure vessels. The requirements of a
chemical tank changes in accordance with the content filled in it. The chemical processes may be

17
combining one or more products to create new products, dividing a single product into one or more
than one product. The removal of directions of an existing product to create something else could
also take place. Chemical industries use more than one kind of vessels concomitantly[17].

18
 CHAPTER THREE
3.1. Detail design and analysis

The horizontally oriented pressure vessel for steam should be designed in the following sections
for our design. This design, which also includes nozzles, flanges, and saddle support, takes
internal pressure, wind loads, and dead weight into account. Earthquakes, on the other hand, put
no significant strain on pipes or outside equipment.
Table 3. 1 Design of horizontal layout pressure vessel Specification

Design of horizontal layout pressure vessel Specification

Parameters Value Unit
Design pressure 3.5 MPa
Design temperature 150 ℃
Total inside volume 3 m3
Corrosion allowance 1.5 -
Working fluid Steam
Vessel orientation
Horizontal, both ends semi ellipsoidal

3.2. Design of pressure

The pressure use in the design of a vessel is call design pressure. It is recommended to design a
vessel and its parts for a higher pressure than the operating pressure. A design pressure higher than
the operating pressure with 10 percent, whichever is the greater, will satisfy the requirement. The
pressure of the fluid will also be considering. The maximum allowable working pressure (MAWP)
for a vessel is the permissible pressure at the top of the vessel in its normal operating position at a
specific temperature. This pressure is based on calculations for every element of the vessel using
nominal thicknesses exclusive of corrosion allowance. It is the basis for establishing the set
pressures of any pressure relieving devices protecting the vessel. The design pressure may be
substituted if the MAWP is not calculated. (UG22, ASME VIII.)[18]
Determining internal pressure.

19
Given Required Solution

Design pressure - Pd Pi Pd = Pi + (Pi * 0.1)

Internal pressure – Pi
3.5 MPa= 1.1 Pi
Pd = 3.5 MPa Pi = 3.5 MPa/1.1
Pi = 3.1818 MPa.

The pressure vessel's shell is the principal component that holds the pressure, and most pressure
vessel shells are cylindrical, spherical, or conical in shape. The main design parameter is the shell
thickness, which is normally regulated by internal pressure but can also be controlled by external
pressure, which can cause buckling. Applied loads, as well as discontinuities and thermal stresses,
play a role in determining thickness. The fundamental thicknesses of cylindrical shells are
determined using a simplified stress analysis and the material's permissible stress.

3.3. Design of temperature

Design temperature is the temperature that will be maintained in the metal of the part of the
vessel being considered for the specified operation of the vessel. For most vessels, it is the
temperature that corresponds to the design pressure. However, there is a maximum design
temperature and a minimum design temperature (MDMT) for any given vessel. The MDMT
shall be the lowest temperature expected in service or the lowest allowable temperature as
calculated for the individual parts. Design temperature for vessels un-der external pressure shall
not exceed the maximum temperatures[18].

3.4. Material selection

In the construction of pressure vessels, a variety of materials have been used. Material selection
is dependent on the suitability of the design need. The materials used in the manufacture of the
receivers shall comply with the requirements of the relevant design code, and be identifiable with
mill sheets. The selection of materials of the shell shall take into account the suitability of the
materials with the maximum working pressure and fabrication process[19].
Lists of approved materials are included in the standards, which are in conformity with the
applicable material standards. Lists of approved materials are included in the pressure vessel
design codes and standards, in compliance with the applicable material requirements. The
following are the most significant aspects to consider when choosing a construction material:
Mechanical qualities of the material include tensile strength, fracture resistance and toughness,
wear resistance and hardness, thermal conductivity, electrical magnetic properties, and the
influence of high and low temperatures on mechanical properties. Corrosion resistance,
fabrication-forming ease, weldability, and castability are all factors to consider.

20
Plates, sections, and tubes are available in common sizes.
From a financial standpoint, Manufacturing costs, transportation costs (depending on weight),
portability, and planting costs are all factors to consider.
Low alloy steel is the preferred material for presser vessel design based on the aforementioned
parameters.
A low-alloy steel is a metal alloy made out of steel and additional metals that have desired
qualities. About 1% to 5% of alloying elements are present in low-alloy steel. As a result, it has
precise chemical compositions that give improved mechanical qualities that are meant to avoid
damage[19].

Table 3. 2 Types of materials in the vessel

Component Material of construction

Vessel Low alloy steel
Nozzle Low alloy steel
Support Silicon killed Carbon steel

3.5. Welded joint efficiency, and construction categories

The strength of a welded junction is determined by the type of joint and welding quality. Visual
inspection and non-destructive testing are used to ensure that welds are sound (Radiography).
The reduced strength of a welded joint when compared to virgin plate is commonly factored into
the design by multiplying the material's permitted design stress by a Welded joint factor J. The
quantity of radiography required by the design code will determine the value of the joint factor
utilized in design.
The maximum permitted joint efficiency is taken from table 3.4. When the factor is set to 1.0, the
joint is as robust as a virgin plate. This is accomplished by radio charting the entire length of the
weld. Any flaws should be cut out and remarked. Through cost savings in radiography, the
adoption of lower joint factor factors in design will result in any cost savings on inspection and
manufacturing against the increased cost of materials. We employ the joint efficiency value E=1
in our design.

3.6. Design stress

In our pressure vessel data, the working material is low alloy steel because of its higher corrosion
resistance and higher strength when we compare it with carbon steel, also when we try to compare
it with stainless steel it is not too expensive, stainless steel is too expensive.

21
By using design temperature and material type we read the design stress and tensile Strength
from the above typical design stress table

i.e the material selected is low alloy steel at temperature 150°C.

Tensile strength: 𝛿𝑡 = 550N/mm2

Design stress at given temperature = 240N/mm2

3.7. corrosion allowance

Corrosion allowance describes an extra measurement added to the thickness of the wall. This helps
estimate the expected metal loss throughout the lifespan of certain equipment. Since the depth of
penetration may vary from case to case, corrosion allowance has a safety factor equivalent to
between the range of 1.5 to 3.
3.8. Design of shell
For cylindrical shell thickness required to resist internal pressure can be determined from
the formula. Now assume outer diameter of the shell is1𝑀. Then check for which option that our
pressure is safe
In my pressure vessel design I would like to take the inside diameter =1000mm.
1. To calculate the thickness of shell:
𝐷 𝑝 𝑅
𝑝𝐷 < 0.385𝑆𝐸. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑡 = 𝑆𝐸−0.6𝑝 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1)
𝐷

Where S = allowable stress (Design stress)

E = joint factor

d∗E+Pd
If PD >0.385d*E, use t s = R i (√d∗E−PD -1) …equation (2)

Since 3.5𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 < 0.385 × 240𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

3.5𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 < 92.4𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 then, use equation (1)
Find the value of R which is radius of the vessel
1MPa = 145.038 psi
3.5MPa = 507.6333 psi
Pi = 507.6333 psi

22
We take the value of L/D = 5 from length-diameter ratio table (3.5), since working pressure of
the vessel is greater than 500 psi, the value of L/D should be ‘5’ or ‘6’. but in order to reduce
material cost as well as died weight of the presser vessel we choose ‘5’.
L = 5D
➢ Next find thickness of the shell by using the following formula:

𝑡 = 𝑃𝐷 𝑅𝑖 /(2𝑆𝐸 − 𝑃𝐷 ) − − − − − − − − − − − (𝑒𝑞𝑛 1 )
Where:
t - Thickness of the shell
Pi– internal pressure
RI – internal radius
S – Design stress:
T= 120℃ for low alloy steel S = 240 N/mm2
E - Joint factor take 1.0

To calculate thickness first we should find internal diameter by using the formula:
𝜋𝐷 2 L
V vessel=V Shell + 2VheadBut, Volume of shell = 4
πD3
Volume of ellipsoidal = 6

𝜋𝐷 2 L πD3
V vessel = + , where L = 5D then
4 6

5𝜋𝐷 3 πD3
V vessel = +
4 12

16𝜋𝐷 3
V vessel = , V vessel = 3m3
12

3
𝐷 = √3𝑉/(4𝜋)
3
𝐷 = √3 ∗ 3/(4𝜋)

𝐷 = 0.8947𝑚 = 894.7mm

𝐷 = 894.7mm R = D/2, R = 447.35mm

From the above data, we can calculate the thickness of the shell
𝐷 𝑃 𝑅
𝑡 = 𝑆𝐸−0.6𝑃
𝐷

23
 3.5𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 × 447.35𝑚𝑚
𝑡=
(240𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 × 1) − (0.6 × 3.5𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 )
𝑡 = 6.58𝑚𝑚
For low alloy steel corrosion allowance is 1.5 mm should be used
Therefore,

𝑡 = 6.58𝑚𝑚 + 1.5𝑚𝑚

𝑇𝑡 = 8.08𝑚𝑚

3.9. Stress analysis for the shell

Next find the stress analysis of the shell by finding of the hoop or circumferential (𝜎ℎ ) and
longitudinal (𝜎𝑙 ) stresses by the following formulas

𝑃𝑖 𝐷𝑖 𝑃𝑖 𝐷𝑖
𝜎ℎ = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜎𝑙 =
2𝑡 4𝑡
Where Do= (Di + 2t)

Do = 894.7 + (2 ∗ 8.08)

Do = 910.8mm

3.1818 ∗ 894.7
𝜎ℎ = 𝜎1 = = 176.16𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
2 ∗ 8.08
3.1818 ∗ 894.7
𝜎𝑙 = 𝜎2 = = 88.08𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
4 ∗ 8.08
Find the maximum shear stress (𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 )
σ1 − σ2
τmax =
2
176.16𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 − 88.08𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
τmax = = 44.04𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
2
Then, check it is safe by comparing it with design stress.
𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑦
If 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 < , it is safe and 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 > it is not safe
2 2

𝑁 240𝑁/𝑚𝑚
44.04 2
<
𝑚𝑚 21

24
 𝑁
44.04 < 120𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝑚𝑚2
There for our design is safe.

3.10. Design of Head

All pressure vessel shell must be closed at the end .so we use heads to close the shell. the end of
cylindrical vessel is closed by various types of shapes these are:
➢ Hemispherical head
➢ Ellipsoidal head
➢ Conical head
➢ Tori spherical head
We choose ellipsoidal head for our design. We first find the thickness of the head by using
ellipsoidal head formula.
𝑃𝑑 ∗𝐷𝑖 ∗ 𝐾
𝑡ℎ = 2∗𝑆∗𝐸−0.2 𝑃𝑑
Where:
𝑡ℎ = Thickness of the head.
𝑃𝑑 = Design pressure, psi
S = Allowable stress, psi
E = Joint factor or efficiency
K =Coefficient
𝐷𝑖 =Inner diameter
But K for ellipsoidal head is calculated by
1 𝑎 2
K = 6 [2 + (𝑏) ]
Where:
a = 2 (major axis)
b = 1 (minor axis)
∴ K=1
Substituting the values we get so far, 𝑡ℎ becomes
𝑃𝑑 ∗𝐷𝑖 ∗ 𝐾
𝑡ℎ = 2∗𝑆∗𝐸−0.2𝑃𝑖
3.5 𝑀𝑝𝑎∗894.7𝑚𝑚∗ 1
𝑡ℎ = (2∗240 𝑀𝑝𝑎 ∗1) −(0.2 ∗3.1818) 𝑀𝑝𝑎
∴ 𝑡ℎ = 6.53 mm
∴ 𝑇ℎ = 𝑡ℎ + 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 − − − − − − (𝑒𝑞𝑛 3)
∴ 𝑇ℎ = (6.53 + 1.5)𝑚𝑚 = 8.03 𝑚𝑚
3.11 Stress Analysis for Ellipsoidal head
Next find the stress analysis of the head by finding of the hoop (𝜎ℎ ) and longitudinal (𝜎𝑙 )
stresses by the following formulas:
Consider the following figure
25
 Figure 3. 1 stress analysis of ellipsoidal head
Its height is 223.67mm, diameter = 910.76mm, and thickness = 8.03mm
To calculate the stress in the ellipsoidal head we can use the formulas found in stress analysis
table (3.6)

3.11.1. Stress analysis at the center of the head

𝐷𝑖 894.7 𝑚𝑚
Let us first find the value of h: ℎ= = = 223.67 𝑚𝑚
4 4

At center of head longitudinal and hoop stresses have the same value mean that

𝜎ℎ = 𝜎𝑙
Thus,

𝑃𝑖 ∗ 𝑅𝑜 2 3.1818 𝑀𝑝𝑎 ∗ (447.35 𝑚𝑚)2

𝜎ℎ = 𝜎𝑙 = = = 177.26 𝑀𝑃𝑎
2∗𝑡∗ℎ 2 ∗ 8.03 𝑚𝑚 ∗ 223.67 𝑚𝑚
Next find the maximum shear and compare it with the design stress.
𝜎𝑦
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜎ℎ − 𝜎𝑙 < , if this condition fulfills the design is safe.
2

177.26 𝑀𝑝𝑎 − 177.26 𝑀𝑝𝑎 240 𝑀𝑝𝑎

<
2 2
0 < 120 𝑀𝑝𝑎
Therefore, the design is safe.

3.11.2. Stress analysis at the tangent line of the head

26
 𝑃𝑖 ∗ 𝐷𝑖
We use the following formulas to find the stress at the tangent line of the head. 𝜎ℎ = 2∗𝑡
𝑃𝑖 ∗ 𝐷𝑖
and 𝜎𝑙 = − − − − − − − − − − −(𝑒𝑞𝑛 )
4 ∗𝑡

3.1818 𝑀𝑝𝑎 ∗ 894.7𝑚𝑚

𝜎ℎ = = 177.26𝑀𝑝𝑎
2 ∗ 8.03 𝑚𝑚
3.1818 𝑀𝑝𝑎 ∗ 894.7 𝑚𝑚
𝜎𝑙 = = 88.63𝑀𝑝𝑎
4 ∗ 8.03 𝑚𝑚
Next find the maximum shear and compare it with the design stress.
𝜎𝑦
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜎ℎ − 𝜎𝑙 < , if this condition fulfills the design is safe.
2

177.26 𝑀𝑝𝑎 − 88.63𝑀𝑝𝑎 240 𝑀𝑝𝑎

<
2 2
44.32𝑀𝑝𝑎 < 120 𝑀𝑝𝑎
Therefore, the design is safe.

3.12. Design of Nozzle

3.12.1. Nozzles and branch pipes
The wall thickness of nozzles and other connections shall be not less than that defined for the
applicable loading, namely, pressure temperature, bending and static loads (IS:4503). But, in no
case, the wall thickness of ferrous piping, excluding the corrosion allowance shall be less than
(0.04𝑑𝑜𝑐 + 2.5) mm, where 𝑑𝑜𝑐 is the outside diameter of the connection. The typical nozzle size
with shell ID is provided in Table below[4].

3.12.2. Size of opening

Obviously, a process nozzle is assumed loaded with external piping load, therefore the nozzle
thickness has included allowance for these loads. Also, corrosion allowance, piping wall
thickness reduction allowance (-12.5%). We need it to evaluate all of those in order to make a
correct assessment of the remaining nozzle capacity. Conversely you don’t include extremal
loads for instrument nozzles[20].
𝐷𝑖 = 894.7 mm
1 mm = 0.03937 in
∴ 894.7 mm = 35.22 in
Rule for opening states that “for maximum 60 inch inside diameter vessel one half of the vessel
diameter, but doesn’t exceed a maximum of 20 inch.”
Since our inner vessel diameter is 35.22-inch half of it becomes 17.61 inch.
This value is taken from table 3.7 (Nozzle size with shell ID)

27
di = internal diameter of the nozzle
ri = internal radius of the nozzle,
tn = thickness of the nozzle
∴ 𝐷𝑛𝑖 = 3 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ
1 inch=25.4mm
3 inches = 76.2mm
ri = di/2 = 38.1mm

𝑅 ∗𝑃
𝑑 𝐷
𝑇𝑛= 𝑆∗𝐸−0.6𝑃
𝐷
Substituting the values
38.1𝑚𝑚∗3.5 𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝑡𝑛 = (240 𝑀𝑝𝑎∗1)−(0.6∗3.5 𝑀𝑝𝑎)
𝑡𝑛 = 0.56mm
For analysis purpose we use the sum of the shell and corrosion allowance thus:
∴ 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑡𝑛 + 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒(𝐶 )
𝑇𝑛 = 0.56 𝑚𝑚 + 1.5 𝑚𝑚 = 2.06 𝑚𝑚

3.12.3. Area of reinforcement available

For vessels under internal pressure the total cross-sectional area required for reinforcement of
opening shall not be less than: -
A = d*tr
Where: d = chord length at the mid surface of the thickness required
tr = Minimum required thickness of a shell
❖ Determine available area of the nozzle.
✓ Area available in vessel wall, A1 is the largest of:
➢ 𝐴1 = 𝑑 ∗ 𝑡𝑟
✓ Area available in nozzle wall (Outward), A2 is smaller of:
➢ 𝐴2 = 5𝑡 ∗ (𝑡𝑛 − 𝑡𝑟𝑛 )
➢ 𝐴2 = 5𝑡𝑛 ∗ (𝑡𝑛 − 𝑡𝑟𝑛 )
✓ Area available in nozzle wall (Inward), A3
➢ 𝐴3 = 5 ∗ 𝑡𝑛 ∗ 𝑡𝑛
✓ Area of welds, A4
➢ 𝐴4 = 2 ∗ (0.5)𝑡 2
❖ Check weather available area is greater than the required area.
Assume our inlet opening pipe is placed on the cylindrical shell.
The minimum thickness of the nozzle for inlet pipe is given by: -
𝑃𝐷∗𝑟𝑖
tn =𝐸∗S−0.4PD
3.5𝑀𝑃𝑎∗38.1𝑚𝑚
tn = 1∗240𝑀𝑝𝑎−0.4∗3.5𝑀𝑃𝑎

28
𝑡𝑛 = 0.5588𝑚𝑚
But, for safe design 𝑡𝑛 = 0.5588mm + CA where: CA= Corrosion allowance
𝑡𝑛 = 0.5588mm + 1.5mm
𝑡𝑛 = 2.05mm

The required minimum thickness of nozzle for inlet pipe is given by: -
𝑃 𝑅𝑛
𝐷 𝑑
tm =𝐸S−0.6PD But, R n =2

3.5𝑀𝑃𝑎∗38.1𝑚𝑚
t m =(1∗240𝑀𝑝𝑎)−(0.6∗3.5𝑀𝑃𝑎)

tm = 0.56mm
The required minimum thickness of shell is given by: -
𝑃 𝑅𝑖
𝐷 𝐷𝑖 894.7𝑚𝑚
tr =𝐸∗S−0.6PD but, Ri= 2 = = 447.35mm
2
2.5𝑀𝑃𝑎∗447.35𝑚𝑚
tr=1∗240𝑀𝑃𝑎−0.6∗2.5.
tr=6.58mm
Area of reinforcement required as:
A = d ∗ t r Where t r = 6.58mm
A = 76.2mm ∗ 6.58mm A = 501.4mm2
1. Area available in a vessel wall, A1, is larger of: -
𝐴1 = (𝑡 − 𝑡𝑟 )𝑑
𝐴1 = (8.08mm − 6.58𝑚𝑚) ∗ 76.2𝑚𝑚
𝐴1 =114.4mm2
2. Area available in nozzle wall, 𝐴2 , is smaller of: -
Outward Inward
𝐴2 = 5𝑡(𝑡𝑛 − 𝑐𝑎) = 22.22, 𝐴 = 5𝑡𝑛 (𝑡𝑛 − 𝑡𝑟𝑛 ) 𝐴2 = 5 ∗ 2.05mm ∗ (2.05mm −
2𝑖𝑛
0.55), 𝐴2 =15.37mm2

∴ We take the smaller value that is A2= 15.77mm2(Inward)

𝐴3 = 5𝑡 ∗ (𝑡𝑛 )
𝐴3 = 5 ∗ 8.08(2.05)
𝐴3 = 82.82mm2

Area of welds, A4
𝐴4 = 2(0.5)𝑡 2
𝐴4 = 2(0.5)8.082
𝐴4 = 65.28mm2

29
 ❖ The Total available area of the reinforcement is:
∴ At = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 + 𝐴3 + 𝐴4
At = 144.4mm2 +15.37mm2 +82.82mm2 + 65mm2
At = 277.87mm2
A r = di*tn = 76.2*6.5 = 495.4
At<A r i.e., = 277.87mm2< 495.4mm2
Since our total reinforcement area is less than area reinforcement required (277.87mm2 <
495.4. mm2 ). Therefore, our design is safe.
Next find the stress analysis of the nozzle by finding of the hoop (𝜎ℎ )and longitudinal (𝜎𝑙 ) stresses
by the following formulas:

𝑃𝑖 𝐷𝑖 𝑃𝑖 𝐷𝑖
𝜎ℎ = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜎𝑙 =
2𝑡 4𝑡

3.1818 ∗ 76.2 𝑁
𝜎ℎ = 𝜎1 = = 59.14
2 ∗ 2.05 𝑚𝑚2

2.5 ∗ 76.2
𝜎𝑙 = 𝜎2 = = 29.56𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
4 ∗ 2.05

Find the maximum shear stress (𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 )

σ1 − σ2
τmax =
2

𝑁
59.14 − 29.56𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
τmax = 𝑚𝑚2 = 14.78𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
2

Then, check it is safe by comparing it with design stress.

𝜎𝑦
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 <
2

14.78𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 < 120 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

∴ As a result, the design is safe, and we can determine if the design is safe or not by considering
factor safety; however, we consider working stress to be radial stress (hoop stress) in the nozzle,
because hoop stress has a greater impact on the nozzle.

𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 240𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

F s=𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 59.14𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 = 4.06

30
 Then our factor of safety is greater than 1.5 and less than 5 therefor our design is safe.

3.13. Design of vessel support

The pressure vessel support is designed to keep the pressure vessel in place on the support base.
The support must be built to withstand the pressure vessel's dead weight while also limiting heat
passage from the vessel walls to the base. The pressure vessel support should be able to
withstand the vessel's and internals' dead weight, as well as the enclosed fluid, without
irreversible deformation. In our case, the pressure vessel's support is the skirt, and we designed it
out of carbon steel since it has excellent fatigue resistance, good temperature resistance, is
harder, and has a high strength. At the pressure vessel, it carries all of the loads. We consider the
following factors when designing these three legs.
The major sources of dead weight loads are:
✓ Shall of the vessel
✓ The vessel heads
✓ The vessel fitting, manhole and nozzle
✓ Wind load
✓ Weight of fluid
Weight of shell: is the sum of the weight of shell material and the fluid stored on it.

3.13.1. Weight of shell material

The cylindrical wall of a pressure vessel is referred to as the "shell." The shell is made up of
metal plates with precisely calculated thicknesses to adequately control the pressure of the
vessel's contents, hence its weight plays an important role in the vessel's construction[17].

The material that the shell is made up of low alloy steel. And its density is 𝜌 = 7850kg/m3.
ws =π Dm t𝑠 𝜌 L g where: Dm = mean diameter of shell
g= acceleration due to gravity taken as 9.81m/s2
t s =thickness of shell
L=vessel length, tangent to tangent
But, L=Ls + 2ho
𝐷𝑜
L=Ls + 2 4 Do = outside diameter of the shell
L=4.4735m (given)
Ls = L-2h
Ls= 4.026m
Dm = Di + t where: Dm =mean diameter of shell
Dm = 894.7mm + 8.08mm
Dm = 902.78mm
Ws = πDm t𝑠 𝜌 L g

31
Ws = π ∗ 0.9028 ∗ 0.00808 ∗ 7850 ∗ 4.026 ∗ 9.81
Ws =7105 N

Weight of shell fluid

Ws f=mf*g but mf= 𝜌*Vf where Vf=volume of the fluid on the shell
𝜋∗Di2
ms f = 𝜌*vf but Vf = 𝐿𝑠 ( )
4
𝜋∗0.8942
Vf =4.473 ( )
4
Vf = 2.82m3
ms f = 2.547 ∗2.82=7.18kg
Ws f = ms f *g
Ws f = 71.8*10−10*9.81
Ws f = 70.46 N

Weight of head
It is the sum of the weight of head material and the fluid stored in the head.

Weight of head material

The material is low alloy steel we take 𝜌 = 7850kg/m3
Wh = 1.084Dm2 *th* 𝜌*g
Where: Dm = mean diameter of ellipsoidal head
g= acceleration due to gravity taken as 9.81m/s2
T s=thickness of head
Wh = 1.084Dm2 ×th× 𝜌×g
Wh = 1.084× 0.9028 × 0.9028 × 0.00808×7850×9.81
Wh = 548 N

Weight of head fluid

𝜋Di3
Vh = where Vh=volume of the fluid on the head but Di= 0.525m
8
𝜋∗0.89473
Vh = 8
Vh = 0.28m3
mhf= 𝜌×V= 2.547×0.28
Whf =mhf ×g
Whf =0.713×9.81

32
Whf = 6.99N

Weight of Nozzle
It is the sum of the weight of nozzle material and the fluid stored on it.

Weight of nozzle material

The material is low alloy steel we take 𝜌 = 7850kg/m3
Wn = mn *g where mn = mass of nozzle

But mn = 𝜌*Vn where Vn = volume of nozzle material

𝜋(𝑑𝑜 2 − 𝑑𝑖 2 )𝐿
Vn = 4
where do = outlet nozzle diameter
di= inlet nozzle diameter
L= length of nozzle
𝐷𝑖 894.7𝑚𝑚
𝑟𝑖 = 38.1mm and Ri= = =447.35mm
2 2

C=𝑅𝑖 -√𝑅𝑖 2 − 𝑟𝑖 2 where C=length of part of the nozzle entering to shell

C=447.35-√447.352 − 38.12
C=1.63mm
L= C+ t s + length of part of the nozzle leaving the shell
L= 1.63mm+ 8.08mm + 261mm
L=270.7mm
𝜋(𝑑𝑜 2 − 𝑑𝑖 2 )𝐿 𝜋(80.322 − 76.22 )∗270.7
Vn = Vn = = Vn = 43641 mm3
4 4
mn = 𝜌*Vn mn = 7850* 43641* 10 -9 kg mn = 0.342kg
Wn = mn *g Wn = 0.342*9.81 Wn = 3.36N

Weight of nozzle fluid

Wnf =mf *g but mf = 𝜌*Vf where Vf = volume of the fluid on the nozzle
𝜋𝑑𝑖 2 𝐿
Vf = 4
𝜋76.22 ∗270.7
Vf = 4
Vf = 0.001244m3
We take 𝜌 of steam at 150°c =2.547kg/m3
mf = 𝜌*Vf
mf = 2.547*0.3324m3

33
mf = 0.00317 kg
Wfn =mf *g
Wfn = 0.00317*9.81
Wfn = 0.031 N
Then died weight of the pressure vessel can be calculated by adding all weights listed above

𝑊𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑊𝑠 + 𝑊𝑠𝑓 + 𝑊ℎ + 𝑊ℎ𝑓 + 𝑊𝑛 + 𝑊𝑓𝑛

Wtotal = 7105 N + 70N + (2 ∗ 548N) + 6.99N + 3.36N + 0.031N
Wtotal = 827.5N

3.13.2. Wind load on Pressure vessel

The wind forces are obtained by multiplying the projected area of each element, within each
height zone by the basic wind pressure for that height zone and by the shape factor for that
element. The total force on the vessel is the sum of the forces on all of the elements.
Wind has a significant effect on design of saddle support.
Let 𝐴𝑓 = 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝐶𝑓 = 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 0.8 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐶𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟
𝐺 = 𝐺𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 0.85
𝑞𝑧 = 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝐹 = 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝐼 = 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 1.25 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑙.
Assume that a speed of wind is 100mph (100 mile per hour) since it is maximum of basic wind
speed.in urban and sub urban area the type of exposure is B so KZ=0.57 from table 3-23*
The wind pressure is calculated by:
𝑞𝑧 = 0.00256 𝐾𝑧 𝑉2 𝐼 𝑏𝑢𝑡, 100 𝑚𝑖𝑙/ℎ𝑟 = 44.7 𝑚/𝑠
= 0.00256 × 0.57 × 44.7 2 × 1.25
= 3.645 𝑁/𝑚 2
The projected area is calculated as:
𝐴𝑓 = 𝐿𝑒 × 𝐷𝑜 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐿𝑒 = 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑙
= 𝐷𝑜 × ( 𝐿𝑠 + 2ℎ) ℎ = ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑
= 0.91 × ( 4.47𝑚 + 2 ∗ 0.224𝑚) 𝐿𝑒 = 𝐿𝑠 + 𝐷𝑜/4 ,
= 4.475m2 𝐷𝑜 = 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑙

So, the design wind load is:

𝐹 = 𝑞𝑧 × 𝐺 × 𝐶𝑓 × 𝐴𝑓
=3.645𝑁/𝑚 2 × 0.85 × 0.8 × 4.475𝑚2

34
 = 11.1𝑁

Now the total load applied on the saddle support is the resultant of wind load &vessel dead weight.
Hence, Total load =
F 2 + WT
2

= √11.12 + 8278.52
= 8278.02 𝑁
These is the combined load that experienced on saddle but since the alignment of vessel is
horizontal effect of wind is too small.
By comparing the above load and these loads take the larger to find the load applied on one saddle
support.
These is the combined load that experienced on saddle but since the alignment of vessel is
horizontal effect of wind is too small.
By comparing the above load and these loads take the larger to find the load applied on one saddle
support.
Therefore, weight each support carries W/3 of load would be:
8288.55
=4139N
2
This indicates there are two supports, each carry 4319N of force.

3.14. Selection of bolted flange joints

Bolt joints are one of the most common elements in construction and machine design. They consist
of fasteners that a capture and join other part and are secure with the mating of bolt joints designs
or screw threads.

There are two main types of bolted joint design:

1) Tension joint

2) Shear joint

In the tension joint the bolt and clamped component at the joint are designed to transfer the external
tension load through the joint by away of clamped component through the design of proper balance
of joint and bolt stiffness. The second type of bolted joint transfer the applied load in a shear on
the bolt shank and relies on shear strength of the bolt, tension loads on such joints are only
identically.

35
We select mild steel material (from Table 3.8 Tensile and Yield strength of different materials) to
design bolted flange joints because of easily workable, very hard, yet malleable, good for
construction, easy to shape and machine and very flexible and can be harden.

Use the following formula important to find the size and number of bolts.

Let Di = internal diameter of cylinder

Pd = design pressure in the cylinder

dc = core diameter of the bolt

σtb= permissible tensile stress of the bolt

n = number of bolts

Here we know that the upward force acting on the cylinder cover is:

𝑃𝐷 × 𝜋× 𝐷𝑖2
𝐹= ……………………………………………….. (1)
4

This force is resisted by n number of bolt and the resisting force offered by n number of bolts

𝜋× σtb × n × 𝑑𝑐 2
𝐹𝑅 = …………………………………………. (2)
4

From equation (1) the upward force acting on cylinder cover is:

𝑃𝐷 × 𝜋 × 𝑑𝑖 2
𝐹=
4

3.5 × 𝜋 × 894.72
𝐹=
4

F = 2200456.56N

From equation (2) the resisting force by the bolt

𝜋 × σtb × n × 𝑑𝑐 2
𝐹𝑅 =
4

In our design we select the material for the bolt is mild steel. So, σtb= 497N/mm2 the core diameter
is from the table by taking standard M20 size.

36
From the table we take dc =16.933mm

𝜋 × σtb × n × 𝑑𝑐 2
𝐹𝑅 =
4
2
𝜋 × 497 × n × 16.933
𝐹𝑅 =
4

F𝑅=2200456.56N since F=FR

∴ n= 19.66 ≈ 20 bolts

Nominal or major diameter of nut and bolt (d=D) = 20mm

The total length of bolt and thread length of bolt can be calculated as follows:

Let us take L<125mm, d< 152.4mm

Lt = (2 × 20) + 6𝑚𝑚

L threaded= 46mm

𝐿𝑢𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 𝐿 − 𝐿𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑

𝐿𝑢𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 120 − 46 mm

𝐿𝑢𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑=74mm

All the above value is based on Standard bolt and nut dimensions table (4.6).

Stress analysis of bolt F=2200456.56N is the total force acted in the whole 67 bolts. Then in single
bolts can be calculated as follow

𝐹𝑖 = 𝐹/𝑛 = 2200456.56N /20𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠 = 110022.8N

Then we will calculate the stress on the bolt. Let us take standard bolt size of M20

Stress on a bolt = 𝐹𝑖𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡/𝐴𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡 but 𝐴𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡 = 𝜋𝐷𝑖2/4 = 𝜋 (20)2/4 = 314.16mm2

= 110022N /314.16mm2 = 350.2𝑀𝑃𝑎

37
 The tensile strength of M20 bolts is σtb= 497N/mm2 Since 350Mpa

Since 352Mpa < 497Mpa our design is safe!

3.14.1. Selection of Nut

We select mild steel material to design nut the same as bolt flange joint because of easily
workable, very hard, yet malleable, good for construction, easy to shape and machine and very
flexible and can be harden.

By reading from the standard table (4.7), we get:

➢ minor or core diameter of nut (dc) = 16.933mm

➢ effective or pitch diameter of nut (dp) = 18.376mm
➢ nominal or major diameter of nut and bolt (d=D) = 20.000mm

3.14.2. Flange design

Flanges joints are used for connecting pipes and instruments to vessels, for manhole covers, and
for removable vessel heads when ease of access is required. Flanges may also be used on the vessel
body, when it is necessary to divide the vessel into sections for transport or maintenance. Flanges
joints are also used to connect pipes to other equipment, such as pumps and valves. Standard
flanges will be specified for most applications. Special designs would be used only if no suitable
standard flange were available; or for large flanges, such as the body flanges of vessels, where it
may be cheaper to size a flange specifically for the duty required rather than to accept the nearest
standard flange, which of necessity would be over-sized 9.

3.14.3. Standard flanges

Standard flanges are available in a range of types, sizes and materials; and are used extensively for
pipes, nozzles and other attachments to pressure vessels. The proportions of standard flanges are
set out in the various codes and standards. A typical example of a standard flange design is shown
below. The relevant British Standards are BS 1560, Part 3 and BS 4504, Part 3, which cover flanges
for pipes, valves and fittings; in carbon and alloy steels.

38
 Table 3. 3 Flange standard dimension[18]

Now as we design the bolt before our bolt is Bolt 𝐌20 standard size

For this reason, our flange design parameters are in the first row of the table above that means

𝑑1 = 323.9𝑚𝑚

𝑑2 = 22𝑚𝑚

𝑑3 = 355𝑚𝑚

𝑑4 = 365𝑚𝑚

ℎ = 44𝑚𝑚

𝑏 = 22𝑚𝑚

𝐷 = 440𝑚𝑚

𝑓 = 4𝑚𝑚

𝐾 = 395𝑚𝑚

𝐵𝑜𝑙𝑡 𝑀20

39
 Figure 3. 2 Standard flange dimensions

3.15. Design of welded joint

A welded joint is a permanent joint which is obtained by the fusion of edge of two parts to be
joined together with or without the application of pressure and filler material. Electric arc welding
is extensively used because of greater speed of welding.
The main considerations involved in the selection of weld type are:
✓ The shape of welded component required
✓ The thickness of the plates to be welded
✓ The direction of force to be applied

We Select butt joint especially square butt joint for the connection of both head and shell but for
the connection of nozzle to the shell part select corner joint.

3.15.1. Stresses for Welded Joints:

Because of varied and unpredictable parameters such as weld metal homogeneity, thermal stresses
in welds, changes in physical properties owing to rapid cooling, and so on, stress in welded joints
is difficult to calculate. The stresses are calculated based on the assumptions below:
✓ The load is distributed uniformly along the entire length of the weld, and
✓ The stress is spread uniformly over its effective section.
The following table shows the stresses for welded joints for joining ferrous metals with mild steel
electrode under steady and fatigue or reversed load.

Table 3. 4stresses for welded joint[18]

40
Since the stress in the weld material is to be 81Mpa our electrode is mild steel electrode. The
recommended minimum size of weld is 14mm size of weld between 25mm- 55mm.
π(d𝑜 2 − di 2 )∗ᵟm
F= where d𝑜 = outside diameter of the nozzle
4
di = inside diameter of the nozzle
2 2
π(d𝑜 − di )∗ᵟm
F= 4
π(76.22 − 72.12 )∗ᵟm
F= 4
F= 601.5ᵟm …………………………………………………………………… (1) And
2
P𝐷∗π ∗di
FR = 4
3.5∗π∗76.22
FR =
4
FR =15961.3N …………………………………………………………………….(2)
By equating equation 1 and 2 we calculate ᵟm as follows: ∴ ᵟm = 15961.3/601= 26.5 N/mm2
Since FR=F

3.14. Cost analysis

Cost is the total amount of money that we spend to manufacture the pressure vessel. Basic cost
we spend include: -

Material cost
Material cost is the cost of materials used to manufacture a product or provide a service.
Excluded from the material cost is all indirect materials, such as cleaning supplies used in the
production process.

In order to determine the material cost, its weight should be calculated first.
Weight of the shell of the pressure vessel

Ws = πDm t𝑠 𝜌 L g

Ws = π*0.9028 *0.00808* 7850 ∗ 4.93 ∗ 9.81

Ws =8141.46 N and its mass can be determined m = Ws/g

41
Where Ws weight of the shell and
g is gravity

m = 7105/9.81
= 724.3kg

Mass of the head

M = weight of the head * gravity

= (548N * 2)/ 9.81m/s2

= 111.72kg

ASTM A276 304 Stainless Steel Round Bars Price of 1kg Alloy Steel. $1,100.00-$9,100.00/ Ton. 1.0
Tons (Min. Order).

1 ton = 907.185 kg
907.185 kg/1000$ = 0.9$
Price of 1 kg of low alloy steel is 0.9$

Table 3. 5 Material cost

Material US dollar/KG
Low alloy steel 0.9
Titanium 0.5

Mass of nozzles with ANSI Welding Neck flanges:

By using standard tables:
𝑤 3.4
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑒𝑙𝑠 = = = 0.334𝑘𝑔
𝑔 9.81
Total mass low alloy steel=724.3kg+111.72kg+0.334kg=836kg

total US dollar = 836kg*0.9$=752.7$

1$ = 51 ETbirr
Then 752.7$ = 38388.6 ETbirr

42
Labor cost and
The cost of labor is the total of all employee wages plus the cost of benefits and payroll taxes
paid by an employer.

Assume 4 labor and 3 operator is used.

Let, fee for labor per day=150birr
Fee for operator per day=1000birr
Machine cost:
the amount of money paid for the machine
Let’s take 700birr per day, for repair if it is damaged 100 birr per day
Then, the total cost is=38388.8birr+700birr+600birr+3000birr+100birr=42788.6birr

Cost analysis on the material of the support

The volume of the support is 0.06m3
Its density is 4420kg/m3 which is titanium
m = density * volume of the support
= 4420*0.06
=265.kg and its price is 265.2*0.5=132.6$
= 6630 ETB
Total cost = 6630+42788.6 = 49418.6 ETB

43
 CHAPTER four

4.1 Result and discussion

The total geometry of a horizontal pressure vessel is shown in the table below. In the project, we
have calculated and analyzed.
Table 4. 1pressure vessel components with its dimensions

components dimensions

shell Do= 910.86mm

Di= 894.7mm
ts= 8.08mm
Dm=902.78mm
Ls= 4026.1mm
Vs= 1.5m3

Head Di= 894.7mm

Do= 910.83mm
Hi= 223.7mm
th= 8.03mm
Vh= 0.28m3

Inlet and outlet nozzle di=76.2

tn= = 2.06 𝑚𝑚 mm
do= 80.3
tm = 0.56mm
tr= 6.58mm

Bolt flanged joint M20

n=19
L threaded part=46mm
L unthreaded part=70mm
D=d= 20mm

Nut D=d= 20mm

dc=16.933mm
dp = 18.34mm

Flange d1=323.9mm

d2=22mm

44
 d3=355mm

d4=365mm

h=44mm

b=22mm

D=440mm

f=4mm

k=395mm

bolt M20

45
 Chapter five
5.1. Conclusion and recommendation

We can infer from this pressure vessel design that the pressure vessel with a nominal volume of
1.5 m3 that is used to store steam at 3.5 MPa and 150°C is built to meet all of the criteria to function
under the given conditions. To prevent failure due to corrosion and fatigue, a 1.5mm corrosion
tolerance is provided throughout the design process.

Our pressure vessel is composed of low alloy steel for all parts and carbon steel for the saddle
design because it has a better strength than plain carbon steels for certain applications. This
indicates it possesses more favorable combinations of strength, hardness, hot hardness, wear
resistance, toughness, and other qualities.

Several issues arose throughout the design of this project, such as determining the amount of
reinforcement necessary in the nozzle's required area. In our pressure vessel design, the needed
area is smaller than the available area. As a result, we may make use of the reinforcing pad.

The design of a pressure vessel begins with the specification requirements in terms of basic
technical specifications, as well as a slew of other criteria that aren't widely known.
The pressure vessel's ability to store fluid at greater pressures is crucial to its performance, and it
is the initial stage in the design process. The pressure vessel components are simply chosen, but
the choice is crucial. A little variation in selection will result in a pressure vessel that is completely
different from what is intended to be created.
All pressure vessel components are chosen based on ASME standards that are accessible, and the
manufacturers follow the ASME requirements while fabricating the components.

5.1.2 Recommendation

We advised to the manufacturing companies that they consider the maximum dimension
throughout the production process. Because the dimensions of our design are kept to a bare
minimum. They also select the most efficient production procedure possible.

46
Discussion
The pressure vessel is constructed with a shell thickness of 8.08mm and a diameter of 894mm, as
well as a total or overall length of 4473.5m, to store 1.5m3 of steam at a temperature of 150°C
under 3.5MPa.
Because the elliptical head has a high resistance for the same stress value as the cylindrical shell,
a variety of shell thicknesses were devised to compensate for its expense.

47
 Chapter six

6.1 Two-dimensional and three-dimensional parts in CATIA V5

1. Shall of the pressure vessel

Figure 6. 1Multiview of the shell

Figure 6. 2 Isometric veiw of the shell

48
2. Support

Figure 6. 3 Multiview of the saddle support

Figure 6. 4 isometric view of the support

49
3. Flange

Figure 6. 5Multiview of the flange

Figure 6. 6 isometric view of the flange

50
4. Head

Figure 6. 7Multiview of the head

Figure 6. 8 Isometric view the head

51
5. Nozzle

Figure 6. 9 Multiview of the nozzle

Figure 6. 10 Isometric view of the nozzle

52
6. bolt and nut

Figure 6. 11 Bolt and nut

53
7. Assembly of the presser vessel

Figure 6. 12 Assembly

54
Appendix

Table 3.3 typical design stresses for plate[19]

Table 3.4 types of join with degree of radiography [19]

55
Table 3.5. behavior of length-diameter ratio with different pressure

Pressure(psi) L/D ratio

0-250 3

250-500 4

5 or 6
> 500

Table 3.7 Nozzle size with shell ID

Shell identification, inch Nozzle ID, inch

<12 2

12 to 17.25 3

19.25 to 21.25 4

23.23 to 29 6

31-38 8

>39 10

Table 3.8 Tensile and Yield strength of different materials[19]

Steel grade Measured direction Yield strength (MPa) Tensile strength

(MPa)

56
 HT50 A 542 591

HT80 A 693 830

inMild steel A 452 497

HT50 B 501 562

HT80 B 657 779

Mild steel B 439 471

HT50 C 531 587

HT80 C 665 811

Mild steel C 447 478

Table 4.6: Standard bolt dimension

57
58
59
60
 Table3.10 Nut standard dimension

61
Reference
[1] “Pressure vessel.” 1976.
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