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The Dynamic Thoughts Academy
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Index
Content Page No.

 Tips to Develop Speaking Skills 03
 Sentence and Phrase Structure 43
 Parts Of Speech 03-42
 Gender 10-12
 Use Of Articles (The, a, and an) 69-71
 Be Verbs
 Tenses; Present, Past and Future 49-69
 Active/Passive Voices 80-83
 Narration 83-87
 Speaking Activities
 Presentation Skills
 Vocabulary
 Use of ‘To’ 91
 Model verbs 78-80
 Use Of Since and For
 Used to
 Use of Double Object
 Writing Skills
 Three Forms of Verbs 91-100
 Idioms
 Reading Skill 87-91
 Synonyms
 Tenses translation
 Pair of words
 One word substitution
 Special sentences
English is language of POWER, and passport to success.

Tips to Develop Speaking Skills
 Practice speaking every chance you get in your surroundings.

 Read English news paper
 Try to read child’s English stories
 Watch English movies and talk shows
 Speak English with your peers and family members
 Don’t be afraid of making mistakes
 The more you practice , the more you get proficiency ‫مھارت‬
 Don’t forget to remember above all tips.
Noun:
Noun is the Name of Place, person, and anything in the world.
Division of noun:
 Countable : Which can be count.

Ex: Cars, boys and pen.
 Uncountable: Which can not be countable; Stars, rice and milk,water,,hain
Types of Noun
 Common Nouns and Proper Nouns.
 Common Nouns ‫اسم عام‬
Common nouns refer to people, places and things in general like chair or dog.
Examples: teacher, car, music, danger, receipt
 Have you seen my dog?

 The books are on your desk.
 ...the pursuit of happiness.
 Proper Nouns ‫اسم خاص‬
Proper noun refers to a particular person , place or thing.
Names of people, places or organizations are proper nouns. Ali name is a proper
noun. London is a proper noun. United Nations is a proper noun.

Rule: Proper nouns always start with a capital letter.
Examples: Jane, Thailand, Sunday, James Bond, Einstein, Superman, Game of

Thrones, Shakespeare
 Let me introduce you to Mary.

 The capital of Italy is Rome.
 He is the president of the Bangladesh
 Abstract Nouns ‫اسم ذات‬
Abstract nouns are the things that you cannot touch. Abstract nouns are ideas,
concepts and feelings.
Examples: happiness, courage, danger, truth, Ability, Beauty, Belief, Death, Anger,
Talent, wisdom, fear, Ego, Dream, Life, Luck, Hope, Faith.
 He has great strength.

 Who killed President Kennedy is a real mystery.
 Sometimes it takes courage to tell the truth.
 Their lives were full of sadness.
 Collective Nouns ‫اسم جمع‬
A collective noun denotes a number of persons or collection of things.
Examples: class (group of students), pride (group of lions), crew (group of sailors),
family, company, Army
 Compound Nouns ‫اسم مرڪب‬
A compound noun is a noun that is made with two or more words.
Compound nouns have three different forms:
1. open or spaced - space between words (bus stop)

2. hyphenated - hyphen between words (mother-in-law)
3. closed or solid - no space or hyphen between words (football)
Examples: cat food, blackboard, breakfast, full moon, washing machine, software,
Basket Ball, Book store, Snowfall, Airline, Airport, Boyfriend, Cupboard, Friendship,
Myself, Green house, Sunlight, Inside, Mother-in-law.

 Can we use the swimming pool?

 They stop work at sunset.
 Don't forget that check-out is at 12 noon.
Singular Plural
Singular means one. Plural means more than one
You have an apple. ( ) You have apples. ( )
 How to make Plural Nouns

 To make regular nouns plural, add -s to the end.
Dog, Bat, Ball, Book, Mobile, School, Bowl, House, Bank, Cow, Fan, Car, Hill,
Door, Shop, Night, Coat, Plates, Train, Bag, Cream, Egg, Flower, Friend, Boy,
Girl.
 2 If the singular noun ends a “Hissing” Sound in -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, or -z,
add -es to the end to make it plural.
 truss – trusses
 bus – buses
 marsh – marshes
 lunch – lunches
 tax – taxes
 blitz – blitzes
 Shoe – Shoes
 Mosquito – Mosquitoes

 Class – Classes
 Dress – Dresses
 Glass- Glasses
 Mango – Mangoes
 Potato – Potatoes
 Tomato – Tomatoes
 Dish – Dishes
 Wish – Wishes
 Coach – Coaches
 Watch – Watches
 Branch – Branches
 3 In some cases, singular nouns ending in -s or -z, require that you double
the -s or -z prior to adding the -es for pluralization.
 fez – fezzes
 gas –gasses
 4 If the noun ends with -f or -fe, the f is often changed to -ve before adding
the -s to form the plural version.
 wife – wives
 wolf – wolves
 In Same Cases Noun ends in “F” or “Fe” we only add “s” to make its plural

 r9oof – roofs
 belief – beliefs
 chef – chefs
 chief – chiefs
 5 If a singular noun ends in -y and the letter before the -y is a consonant,
change the ending to -ies to make the noun plural.
 city – cities-Army-Armies-Copy-Copies-Baby-Babies-Body-Bodies
 puppy – puppies-Diary-Diaries-Duty-Duties-Fly-Flies-Family-Families
 6 If the singular noun ends in -y and the letter before the -y is a vowel,
simply add an -s to make it plural.
 ray – rays-Tray-Trays-Joy-Joys-Toy-Toys-Day-Days-Guy-Guys
 boy – boys-Key-Keys-Monkey-Monkeys-Donkey-Donkeys
 7 If the singular noun ends in -o, add -es to make it plural.
 potato – potatoes
 tomato – tomatoes
 Exceptions:
 photo – photos
 piano – pianos
 halo – halos

 With the unique word volcano, you can apply the standard pluralization for words
that end in -o or not. It’s your choice! Both of the following are correct:
 volcanoes
 volcanos
 8 If the singular noun ends in -us, the plural ending is frequently -i.
 cactus – cacti
 focus – foci
 9 If the singular noun ends in -is, the plural ending is -es.
 analysis – analyses
 ellipsis – ellipses
 10 If the singular noun ends in -on, the plural ending is -a.
 phenomenon – phenomena
 criterion – criteria
 11 Some nouns don’t change at all when they’re pluralized.
 sheep – sheep
 series – series
 species – species
 deer –deer-Fish-Fish-Hair-Hair
 You need to see these nouns in context to identify them as singular or plural.
 Mark caught one fish, but I caught three fish.

 Plural Noun Rules for Irregular Nouns
 Irregular nouns follow no specific rules, so it’s best to memorize these or look up
the proper pluralization in the dictionary.
 child – children Following nous are singular. They always
 goose – geese take singular verb. Innings, Issue
 man – men Mathematics, Polities, Civics, Ethics,
 woman – women Physics, News, Mechanics.
 tooth – teeth 1. Lala’s innings is so excited.
 foot – feet 2. Mathematics is boring subject for me.
 mouse – mice 3. Politics has become worst or these day
 person – people 4. The news about Dr. A. Qadeer was true
5. Mr. Ali has no issue
Exercise: Make plurals of the followings.
Chair
Goal
Sheep
Innings

Meal
Work
Shoe
Sky
Cloth
Cup
Gender:
Gender is defined as a classification of a noun or pronoun as feminine, masculine or

neuter.
Example: Male, Female, Neuter Gender and Common
There are four different types of genders that apply to living and nonliving objects.
Masculine gender: ‫جنس مذڪر‬
 It is used to denote a male subtype.
 Examples are king, man, boy, father, cock, bull, fox, etc.
Feminine gender:
 It is used to denote the female subtype.

 Examples: queen, woman, girl, mother, hen, cow, vixen,Bitch etc.
Neuter gender: ‫جنس بي جان‬
 It is used to denote nonliving and lifeless things. Neuter means neither, which is
neither male nor female.
 For example, table, hair, city, etc.
Common gender:
 It denotes either a male or female sex.
 For example, teacher, student, cousin, parent, Friend, Enemy, Child, Neighbors,
etc.
By other ending.
Masculine Meaning Feminine
Administrator Administratix
Hero Heroin
King Queen
Widow Widower
Sultan Sultana
By a different word.
Bachlor Sindhi Urdu Maid

Boy Girl
Cock Hen
Bridgroom Bride
Bull Cow
Brother Sister
Farl Countess
Dog Bitch
Father Mother
Horse Mare
Fox Vixen
Husband Wife
Lad Lass
Monk Nun
Loard Lady
By placing a word before or after.
Masculine Meaning Feminine

Bull-elephant Cow-elephant
Cock-sparrow Hen-sparrow
Doctor Lady-doctor
He-goat She-goat
Pea-cock Pea-hen
Landlord Landlady
Man-servant Maid-servant
 Pronoun:
A pronoun is used in place of a specific noun mentioned earlier in a sentence so that

you don’t have to keep saying/writing that particular noun.
Example:
o Michael is a good boy. He gets up early in the morning. (Here, you don’t have
to mention ‘Michael’ again)

o The coach selected several key points. He wanted the team to memorize them.
(‘He’ replaces ‘the coach’; ‘them’ replaces ‘several key points’)
Exp: He, She, It, They, You, We, I
Cases of personla pronoun.
The pronoun cases are simple though. There are only three:-
Nominative/ ‫حالت فاعلي‬

1. Subjective case: pronouns used as subject.
Accusative/
2. Objective case: pronouns used as objects of verbs or prepositions.
Genitive
3. Possessive case: pronouns which express ownership.
PERSONAL PRONOUN
Subjective/Nominative Objective/Accusative Possessive/Genitive
I Me Mine
You You Yours
He Him His
She Her Hers
It It Its
We Us Ours
They Them Theirs
Who Whom Whose
 Types of Pronoun:

 Subject Pronouns
 Object Pronouns
 Possessive Pronouns
 Reflexive Pronouns
 Intensive Pronouns
 Relative Pronouns
 Demonstrative Pronouns
 Interrogative Pronouns
 Subject Pronouns
Subject pronouns work as the subject of the verb in a sentence. A subject pronoun
normally replaces the subject/object (a noun) of the previous sentence.
Example:
o Mike can’t attend the party. He has gone to his grandparents.
o Marta is a good storyteller. She told a ghost story that scared everyone.
o Julie made some cakes. They look tasty. (Here, the subject pronoun replaced
the object of the previous sentence)
More Examples of Subject Pronoun
 Object Pronouns:
Object pronouns work as the object or indirect object in a sentence replacing the
antecedent object.
Example:
o I’ll give you a present on your birthday.
o Tell her that you’ll take the job.
o I have a gift for your boss. Give it to your boss. (Here, ‘it’works as an object)
 Possessive Pronouns:
Possessive pronouns replace the nouns of the possessive adjectives: my, our, your,
her, his, their. The possessive pronouns are mine, ours, yours, hers, his, its, theirs.
The pronoun ‘who’ also has a possessive form, whose.
Example:
o I thought my bag was lost, but the one Kesrick found was mine. (Here, ‘mine’
refers to ‘my bag’)
o Their vacation will start next week. Ours is tomorrow. (Here, ‘ours’ refers to
‘our vacation’
o Those four suitcases are ours.
o Is this yours?

You have to take either her car or theirs. Hers is better than theirs. (Here, ‘her’ is
possessive adjective and ‘hers’ and ‘theirs’ are possessive pronouns which replaced
‘her car’ and ‘their car’)
 Reflexive Pronouns:
Reflexive pronoun redirects a sentence or a clause back to the subject, which is also
the direct object of that sentence. A reflexive pronoun comes when the subject
performs its action upon itself. Here, ‘itself’ is a reflexive pronoun.
Example:
o Since she is her own boss, she gave herself a raise. (Here, ‘herself’ is the direct
object of the clause and the same person is the subject)
o She allowed herself more time to get ready.
o The computer restarts itself every night.
o We told ourselves that we were so lucky to be alive.
 Intensive Pronouns:
Intensive pronouns add emphasis/importance but do not act as the object in the
sentence. They can appear right after the subject.
Example:
o I will do it myself. (Here, ‘myself’ is not an object)
o I myself saw the missing boat into the harbor.
o We intend to do all the work ourselves.
o You yourselves are responsible for this mess.
 Relative Pronouns:
Relative pronouns introduce the relative clause. They are used to make clear what is
being talked about in a sentence. They describe something more about the subject or
the object.
They also do the work of conjunction as well as pronoun.
The relative pronouns are:
Subject Object Possession Uncertainty
Which Which Whose

That That
Who Whom Whose
Example:
o The car that was stolen was the one they loved most.
o A person who loves nature is a good person.
o Our school, which was founded in 1995, is being renovated.
o I will accept whichever party dress you buy me on Valentine's Day.
o Whoever you are behind this great initiative, I want to thank you.
o I am what you are not.
 Demonstrative Pronouns:
It is also used to point out, Person, Place, Thing.

Demonstrative pronouns normally indicate the closeness of or distance from the
speaker, either literally or symbolically. This, these, that, and those are the
demonstrative pronouns. They also work as demonstrative adjectives when they
modify a noun. However, demonstrative pronouns do not modify anything rather
replace the nouns/noun phrases.
Sometimes neither, none and such are also used as demonstrative pronouns.
Example:
o That is a long way to go. (demonstrative pronoun)
o This is my car. (demonstrative pronoun)
o Hand me that cricket bat. (demonstrative adjective)
o Neither is permitted to enter the building.
o Such are ways of life.
 Interrogative Pronouns:
Interrogative pronouns produce questions. They are what, which, who, whom,
and whose.
Who, whom, and whose refer to questions related to a person or animal; what refers
to an idea, object, or event; and which can indicate either a person/s or a thing/s.
Example:
o What was the name of your dog?
o Which is your favorite movie?

o Who works for you?

o Whom do you prefer in this competition?
o There’s a new bike on the lawn. Whose is it?
 Pronoun Exercises:
 Write a suitable pronoun in each blank space,
Example:
They told __________ to tell __________ the truth or they put me in jail. They
told me to tell them the truth or they will put me in jail.
1. They are going to India. __________, is a long journey and __________ will
make __________ tired.
2. I have many relatives. Some of __________ often come to see __________
and sometimes __________ go to visit
3. I listened to the news. __________ was read by Kavita. __________ is an
announcer on the radio.
4. I am looking for Vicki and Vijay. __________ want to remind __________ that
must come for the practice this afternoon.
5. When you go to the post office, give this card to the man at the parcels
counter. __________ will give __________ a parcel for __________.
 B. Replace the underlined word/words in each sentence with the right
pronoun.
Example:
Manish has a dog. The dog is called Blackie.
Manish has a dog. It is called Blackie.
1. Deepak takes care of the garden. He is a good gardener.

______________________________
2. Maya has a sweet voice.She is also a pretty girl.
______________________________
3. Mrs. and Mr. Sharma are here. They are talking to the hostess.
______________________________
4. Look at my dog. It is wagging its tail.
______________________________
5. My brother and I visited the zoo. We saw monkeys scratching each other.
______________________________
6. The teacher said, “Give Her your book.”
______________________________
7. Put all these letters on the table and then sort these letters out.
______________________________
8. When the bee saw the little boy, It stung the little boy.
______________________________
9. I had a few stamps. I gave those/them to Anmol.
______________________________

10. Ganesh walked to the door. Then He opened It and went out.
______________________________
 C. Fill each blank with the correct reflexive pronoun. The first one has been
done for you.
1. Mamta and her parents have just treated themselves to a lavish meal in a restaurant.
2. When I woke up, I found __________ in bed.
3. “You need a shower; just look at __________ in the mirror,” she whispered to him.
4. The hitchhikers equipped __________ with everything they needed.
5. We bought __________ some drinks before we started to play the game.
6. “One should never think too highly of __________ the speaker advised us.
7. She studied hard and was pleased with __________ after taking the examination.
8. The town __________ is not very large.
9. They __________ admitted their guilt.
10. The tiger was only trying to protect when it attacked the hunter.
 D. Fill in the blanks with suitable demonstrative pronouns given in the

brackets. The first one has been done for you.
1. Will all these people attend the ceremony? (that/these)

2. I can tell __________ he is upset. (those/that)
3. __________ people are ecstatic about the performance. (these/that)
4. __________ animals are very hungry. (this/those)
5. We will take __________ chairs inside the living room. (those/ that)
6. Do you know __________ he told the truth? (that/these)
7. __________ is my favourite restaurant to eat at. (this/those)
8. __________ shops are having a sale on Saturday. (those/ that)
9. I can tell __________ is the last chance I will get. (these/this)
10. Do you know __________ rules? (that/these)
 E. Complete the following sentences using appropriate interrogative

pronouns. The first one has been done for you.
1. What __________ did you do then?

2. __________ would you like to eat?
3. __________ is knocking at the door?
4. __________ is your phone number?
5. __________ do you want to see?
6. __________ will he say?

7. __________ did you see?

8. About __________ are you speaking?
9. __________ came here in the morning?
10. By __________ was this book written?
 F. Rewrite each sentence using a possessive pronoun in place of a

possessive adjective (e.g. my, your, his, her, it’s and there).
Example:
This is his watch and this is her ring.
This is his and this is hers.
1. This is my cat. That one is your cat, and the other one must be her cat.
__________________________________________________
2. These old worn-out shoes cannot be our shoes. They must be their shoes. Where
are our shoes them?
__________________________________________________
3. These marbles are mixed up. Which are his marbles, which are your marbles and
which are my marbles?.
__________________________________________________
4. The two coaches are instructing their teams. Their coach is telling them what they
should not do, and our coach is telling us what we should do.
__________________________________________________
5. I think that is Vipin’s watch and this one is her watch.
__________________________________________________
6. You may share these chocolates. They are all my chocolates.
__________________________________________________
7. He said, “my friend and I had our heads shaved head is darker than my head”. We
both nodded our heads in agreement.
__________________________________________________
8. You must do your homework first before you can help them do their homework.
__________________________________________________
9. These are all his things, not even one item present here is not his.
__________________________________________________
10. Take this if it is your book, don’t take his book, tell her to take her book, and leave
my book alone. The remainder are their books. They can collect their books later.
2.
 Adjective
“A word that tell us some about noun or pronoun is called Adjective”
‫جس لفظ سے کسی چیز کی اچھائی یا برائی یا کوئی بھی صفت ظاہر ہو اسے اسم صفت کہتے ہے‬
Example:
 Humaira is intelligent girl. ‫حمیرابہت ذہین لڑکی ہے‬
 She is intelligent ‫وہ بہت ذہین لڑکی ہے‬
 Kinds of Adjective
1. Proper Adjective

2. Adjective of Quality
3. Adjective of Quantity
4. Demonstrative adjective
5. Interrogative adjective
6. Possessive Adjective
7. Adjective of number
 Proper Adjective ‫یعنی اسم معرفہ سے بنائی جاتی ہے۔‬
"It is formed for a proper noun”
Example:
NOUN ADJECTIVE
Pakistan Pakistani
India Indian
China Chinese
Bengal Bengali
Afghanistan Afghani
America American
Iran Iranian
Turkey Turkish
 Adjective of Quality
“An adjective that shows the quality of noun or pronoun is called adjective of
quality”
‫جو کسی اسم کی تعریف کرے۔‬
Example:
Small, White, Cloudy, Sharp, Black, etc.
Numeral Adjective:
“A numeral adjective shows number of a persons or things”
‫یہ اسم صفت اشیاء واشخاص کی تعداد کو ظاہر کرتی ہے‬

Example
 Three boys
 Four caps
 Some girls
 Many flowers

 Adjective of Quantity
“An adjective that shows the quantity of noun or pronoun is called Adjective
of quantity”
‫صفت مقداری اشیاءکی مقدار کو ظاہر کرتی ہے‬

Example:
 There is a chair in the class.

 There are no chairs in the class.
 There are many students in the class.
 There is much air in the room.
 There is one book in the bag.
 Demonstrative Adjective
“An adjective that point out of noun or pronoun is called demonstrative
Adjective”
‫اسم اشارہ اشیاء اشخاص کی طرف اشارہ کرتا ہے‬
Example
This, That, These, Those, There
 Interrogative Adjective
“An adjective that ask the question is called Interrogative Adjective”
‫صفت سواالت پوچھنا اسم کے ساتھ استعمال کیا جاتا ہے‬
Example: What time is it?

How old you?
Which shirt do you like?
Where do you go?
A Possessive Adjective:
A possessive adjective is used with noun to show possession.
‫اسم اضافی سے مراد ایسے اسم جو کسی چیز کی ملکیت کو ظایر کریں۔‬
Example
 This is my pen.
 There are our books.
 That is your School.

Example
Hit = hitting
Run = running = runner
Drop = dropping = dropper
Cut = cutting = cutter
Shop = shopping = shopper
Swim = swimming = swimmer
Big = bigger = biggest
Note:
Assignment for students.
Vowels (a,e,i,o,u) 100%
Semi vowels (w,y) 50%
Quarter vowels (x) 25%
 Degrees of Adjective
There are three degree of adjective.
1) Positive degree
2) Comparative degree
3) Superlative degree
Rules
No: 1
“Great many adjective form their comparative degree by adding “er” and their
superlative by adding “est” to the positive.

Example
Positive Comparative Superlative

Tall Taller Tallest
Short Shorter Shortest
Old Older Oldest
No: 2
“Some time the last letter of the positive is doubled.
Example
Big Bigger Biggest

Thin Thinner Thinnest
Fat Fatter Fattest
Mad Madder Maddest
No: 3
“If the positive degree end in “e” we add “r” and “st”.
Example

Fine Finer Finest
Large Larger Largest

No: 4
“If the adjective end in “y” usually change “y” into “i”.
Example

Pretty Prettier Prettiest
Crazy Crazier Craziest
Heavy heavier Heaviest
No: 5
“Adjective of three or more than three syllables we use “more” for comparative and
most for superlative before the positive degree.
Example
Important More important Most important

Con-ven-ient More convenient Most convenient
Val-u-able More valuable Most valuable
Un-for-tu-nate More unfortunate Most unfortunate
No: 6
“The following adjectives are compared irregularly.

Example
Bad Worse Worst

Many More Most
Good Better Best
Positive Degree
“With the positive degree we use “as” before the adjective and “as” after it.
Example
As tall as
As intelligent as
As fat as
Shaheen as talkative as shazia

Mehvish as chetty as sehrish
Faiza as chemmy as saeeda
Comparative Degree
“With comparative degree we use “Then” after the adjective.
Example
Tall then
More then
Fatten then
Shazia is taller then rabia .
Fakhra is more intelligent then sehrish .
Faiza is fatter then riffat.
Superlative Degree
“With superlative degree we use “the” before the adjective and “of” after it.

Example
The tallest of
The most intelligent of
The fattest of
Exercise :
1. He is ………………… than his neighbors.

rich
richer
richest
2. The brides were much ……………… than the grooms.
young
younger
youngest
3. He is too ………………… to be taught.
intelligent
more intelligent
most intelligent
4. He is ………………… than I thought him to be.
clever
cleverer
cleverest
5. When the old woman became …………………, she began to move about.
stronger
more strong
6. He is much ………………… now.
good
better
best

7. The offer was too ………………… to be true.

good
better
best
8. He fishes with ………………… success than I do.
great
greater
greatest
9. Shakespeare is the ………………… playwright in English.
great
greater
greatest
10. The pain was ………………… than he could bear.
much
more
most
11. The ………………… thing of all was that his son was rude to him.
bad
worse
worst
12. Jane was the ………………… player of the two.
good
better
best
Answers
1. He is richer than his neighbors.
2. The brides were much younger than the grooms.
3. He is too intelligent to be taught.
4. He is cleverer than I thought him to be.
5. When the old woman became stronger, she began to move about.
6. He is much better now.
7. The offer was too good to be true.

8. He fishes with greater success than I do.

9. Shakespeare is the greatest playwright in English.
10. The pain was more than he could bear.
11. The worst thing of all was that his son was rude to him.
12. Jane was the better player of the two.
 Verb
“Word that express action or presence is called verb”
Or
“A verb is a word that shows an action of for saying something about some person
or thing”
‫ورب فعل کو کہتے ہے یعنی جب کسی کام کا کرنا یا ہونا ظاہر ہو تو اس کام کو ہی فعل یا ورب کہا جاتا ہے‬
 Kinds of verb
There are two kinds of verbs. ‫فعل کی اقسام‬
1) Transitive verb ‫فعل متعدی‬

2) Intransitive verb ‫فعل الزم‬
o Transitive verb
It shows an actin which passes over from subject to object.
“Verb that needs object is called transitive verb
” ‫ایسے فعل جن کا مفعول یعنی آبجیکٹ ہو "فعل متعدی"کیالتے‬
‫ہیں۔‬
Example:
Eat, Speak, Meet, Play, Operate, Read, Give, Forgive, Answer Etc.
o Intransitive Verb
“Verb that does not need object is called Intransitive verb”
It shows an action which does not to an object.
‫فعل الزم ایسے فعل ہوتے ہیں جن کا کوئی مفعول نہ ہو مندرجہ باال تینوں جملوں میں فعل تو ہے لیکن مفعول نہیں۔‬
Example:
Go, Sleep, Swim, Run, walk, Laugh, Stopped, Sit, Stand etc.
Identification
1) By what/Whom.
2) By 2nd form of the verb.
(1)By What Whom
Transitive verb:
 I eat =what
 I eat mango=complete
 I meet = Whom
 I meet my friends= complete

Intransitive verb:
1. I go = not use what whom
2. I run = not use what whom
(2) By 2nd form of the verb

Transitive verb:
1) I blamed
2) I said
3) I lied
4) I lend
Intransitive verb:
1) I went
2) I slept
3) I bought
4) I come
Example:
Action Presence
Run Is
Eat Am
Sleep Are
Drink Was
Go Were
Smoke Shall be
Swim Been
 Possessive case
(a)Singular Noun
“The possessive of singular noun is made by putting an apostrophe’s, offer,

and the noun which that stands for possessive”
Example:
Statement Possessive form
The cat of Mary Mary’s cat
The house of Jack Jack’s house
The voice of child Child’s voice

(b)Plural noun
“If plural nouns we put first apostrophe (‘)”
Example:
Statement Possessive form
The house of the boys The boy’s house
The hat of girls The girl’s hat
Complete the following sentences using appropriate verb forms.

1. The teacher ...................... the lesson yesterday.
teaches
taught
has taught
2. Now he ...................... questions to see if the students have understood the lesson.
asks
is asking
asked
3. As he ....................... not satisfied with the answers, he .....................… the lesson
tomorrow.
is, will repeat
was, would repeat
is, repeated
4. John ..................... in hospital for two weeks.
is lying
lies
has been lying
5. We ..................... him yesterday.
were visiting
visited
have visited
6. He ................... completely.
recovers
recovered
has recovered
7. Most probably he ..................... to school next week.
will come
would come
has come
8. Mark ........................... for jobs ever since he passed his examination in March.
has applied
has been applying

applied
9. Last month he .................... for an interview.
has appeared
appeared
was appearing
10. He ..................... for the results.
waits
is waiting
waited
11. I .................. to my friend a fortnight ago inviting her to spend the holidays with me.
have written
wrote
was writing
12. Yesterday, I ....................... her reply.
was receiving
received
have received
Answers
1. The teacher taught the lesson yesterday.
2. Now he is asking questions to see if the students have understood the lesson.
3. As he is not satisfied with the answers, he will repeat the lesson tomorrow.
4. John has been lying in hospital for two weeks.
5. We visited him yesterday.
6. He has recovered completely.
7. Most probably he will come to school next week.
8. Mark has been applying for jobs ever since he passed his examination in March.
9. Last month he appeared for an interview.

10. He is waiting for the results.
11. I wrote to my friend a fortnight ago inviting her to spend the holidays with me.
12. Yesterday, I received her reply
 Adverb
“A word that tell us something about verb an adjective or another adverb is called
Adverb”
Example:
Slowly, Beautifully, Early, Well

1- You are lazy =Adjective

2- You are working lazily = Adverb
3- He is beautiful singer = Adjective
4- He is singing beautifully = Adverb
[
 Kind of Adverb
“There are three kind of adverb”
 Adverb of manner
 Adverb of place
 Adverb of time
 Adverb of manner
“An adverb goes with verb to tell “How” is called adverb of manner”
Example
1-She is coming badly
=How?
=Badly
2-He sang beautiful
=How?
=Beautifully
Adverb of Place
“An adverb goes with to tell “Where” is called adverb of place”
Example:
1-She sang a song there
=Where?
=There
2-They gave test here
=Where
=Here
Adverb of Time
“An adverb goes with verb to tell “When” is called adverb of time”
Example:
1-He ate early
=When?
=Early
2-They come today
=When
=Today

To Make the Adverb
No#1
Adding Ly
“Generally we make the adverb of an adjective by adding “Ly”
Example:
Adjective Adverb
Slow Slowly
Bad Badly
Beautiful Beautifully
Careful Carefully
No#02
Adding Ily
“Generally we make the adverb of an adjective by adding “ily”
Example:
Adjective Adverb
Easy Easily
Heavy Heavily
Lazy Lazily
merry Merrily
No#03
Adding or Addition
“There are some objectives that have the some form for adverb as well”

Example:
Adjective Adverb
Fast Fast
Hard Hard
Soon Soon
Good Well
Find the adjective in the first sentence and fill the gap with the adverb.
happily
1. Joanne is happy. She smiles .
2. The boy is loud. He shouts .
3. Her English is fluent. She speaks English .
4. Our mum was angry. She spoke to us .
5. My neighbour is a careless driver. He drives .
6. The painter is awful. He paints .
7. Jim is a wonderful piano player. He plays the piano .
8. This girl is very quiet. She often sneaks out of the house .
9. She is a good dancer. She dances really .
10. This exercise is simple. You have to put one word in each space.
 Preposition
A preposition is a word placed before a noun. That word relates a noun or pronoun
to another in the sentences.
‫حروف کا کسی ناؤن یا پروناؤن کے ساتھ استعمال ہوتے ہیں اور انکا تعلق دوسرے الفاظ کے ساتھ ظاہر ہوتا‬
‫ہیں‬
Example
I live in Lahore
Who is at the door?
The books is on the table

OR
A preposition is a word placed before a noun or noun-equivalent show in what relation

the pronoun or thing devoted there by stand to something due.
‫حروف جار وہ الفاظ ہیں جو ایک اسم کا دوسرے اسم ضمیر سے تعلق ظاہر کرتے ہیں انہی الفاظ کو حروف جار کہتے‬
‫ہیں‬
Examples
At, under, on, in, from, to, with, by
Ahsan khan lives at Kohat

Look at this pictures
Ahsan lives in Lahore

He is the room
Humaira is going to school
The work was rattan by him
A pen is to write with
He sits on the chair.

He will came from Karachi tomorrow.
The cat is under the tree.
She is under sixteen.
Prepositions exercise
Complete the following sentences using appropriate prepositions.
1. He went ……….. the market.

in
to
at
2. He lives …………. a small town.
on
in
at
3. I met him ………….. the afternoon.
on
in
at
4. He took something ………….. the drawer.
in
from
at

5. He put the books ………… the table.

in
on
at
6. He fell …………… the ladder and broke his leg.
to
from
into
7. Let us hope …………. the best.
on
for
at
8. There is someone ………. the door.
in
at
on
9. There is a mistake ………….. the third line.
in
on
with
10. I was born …….. Kerala.
in
at
on
11. Soumya is the best girl ……….. the class.
in
at
on
12. Indians celebrate Independence Day …….. the 15th of August.
at

on
in
13. This table is made …………. wood.
in
of
out
14. I live ………… the sea.
near
by
Either could be used here

Answers
1. He went to the market.
2. He lives in a small town.
3. I met him in the afternoon.
4. He took something from the drawer.
5. He put the books on the table.
6. He fell from the ladder and broke his leg.
7. Let us hope for the best.
8. There is someone at the door.
9. There is a mistake in the third line.
10. I was born in Kerala.
11. Soumya is the best girl in the class.
12. Indians celebrate Independence Day on the 15th of August.
13. This table is made of wood.
14. I live near the sea.
 Conjunction
“A word join together two word phrases or sentence is called conjunction.
Example
And, But, Although, If, Until, While, Because etc.

1) Teacher and Student

2) Along the round and near the school
3) You should not talk to him until I phase you
Exercise:
 1. Jack always brushes his teeth ___ he has eaten a meal.
while
and
after
or
 2. It started to rain ___ the children were playing in the garden.
or
since
while
 3. Let's go home ___ it gets dark.
but
since
when
until
 4. Give this letter to Anne ___ you see her.

since
until
when
before
 5. She has known Jack ___ he was a child.
as
since
after
when
 6. The party began at 8:00 P.M. and lasted ___ midnight.
while
until
as
since
 7. Alice looked unhappy ___ she walked in.
or
since
as
 8. I asked for some bread ___ butter.

as
and
until
when
 9. Sarah is a good singer ___ a poor dancer.
but
until
as
after
 10. Are you going by train ___ by bus?
since
while
or
as
 Interjection
“A word that express sudden feeling or emotion is called interjection”
Example
Alas, Humma, Ouch, Hurry, Good, Oh! , What, Hurrah, Hallo etc

Hurrah! We won the match.
Alas! I got accident.
Oh! Its you.
What! You faild the exams.
Part A: Identify the Interjection
Directions: In the following sentences, identify the interjection and circle it.
1. Hi, I'm glad that you could make it to my party.

2. Wow! You look great tonight.
3. That was the best performance that I have ever seen, bravo!
4. I can't believe you broke my favorite toy, bah.
5. Hmm, I wonder where I put my keys and wallet?
6. Eureka, I've struck gold!
7. "Shoo, go away!" shouted the woman when she saw the cat licking milk from her cereal bowl.
8. I guess that's the end of the movie, darn.
9. Stop! You should always wear a helmet when riding a bike.
10. Yippee, I made this picture all by myself.
Part B: Choose the Right Interjection
Directions: In the following sentences, choose the most appropriate interjection from the
selection below and write it in the space provided.
Choose from: Wow, Seriously, Goodness, Dang, Yippee, Incredible, Bingo, Geez, Yay, Darn
1. ______________, why didn't you hold the door for me?

2. ______________, I'm so happy that you decided to visit this summer.
3. ______________, it's not every day that you see a dog riding a skateboard.
4. ______________! How can you possibly agree with that point of view?
5. He just cost us the game with that error, ______________!
6. ______________! You just gave me a great idea.

7. ______________, that's a very large dog at the end of that leash.
8. I can't believe that I finally got an A on a project, ____________!
9. ______________, my favorite author is doing a reading at the local library.
10. This is my first new car,_______________.
Answers for Part A:
1. "Hi" is the interjection and is used as a greeting.

2. "Wow" is the interjection and shows surprise.
3. "Bravo" is the interjection and is also used as a way to congratulate the participants.
4. "Bah" is the interjection and shows disappointment.
5. "Hmm" is the interjection and a verbalization of a mental process.
6. "Eureka" is the interjection and indicates excitement.
7. "Shoo" is the interjection and is being used to verbally startle the cat.
8. "Darn" is the interjection and shows disappointment.
9. "Stop" is the interjection and ceases the forthcoming action.
10. "Yippee" is the interjection and demonstrates excitement.
Answers for Part B:
Of course, the answers to the fill-in section can vary. Several of the options can fit more than one
sentence. You could say, "Seriously," but I might say, "Geez." You might say, "Yay," and I'd
say, "Wow." But for the purposes of the exercise we selected these answers:
1. "Goodness" is the interjection, showing a certain level of upset.

2. "Wow" is the interjection, showing delight.
3. "Dang" is the interjection, showing amusement or surprise.
4. "Seriously" is the interjection, showing shock or disapproval.
5. "Darn" is the interjection, showing disappointment.
6. "Bingo" is the interjection, showing excitement.
7. "Geez" is the interjection, showing awe or surprise.
8. "Incredible" is the interjection, showing delight.
9. "Yay" is the interjection, showing extreme excitement.
10. "Yippie" is the interjection, showing extreme delight.
 Complementary sentence
Formula = Sub+H.V+complementary

1) Simple Present tense

2) Simple past tense
Simple Present Tense

Formula = Sub + is/am/are +Complementary
He is my teacher. ‫وہ میرااستاد ہے‬
He is not my teacher. ‫وہ میرا استاد نہیں ہے‬
Is he not my teacher? ‫کیا وہ میرا استادنہیں ہے‬
What Are the Five Types of Sentences?
 Declarative sentence
 Imperative sentence
 Interrogative sentence
 Exclamatory sentence

 Optative Sentence
And there are only three punctuation marks with which to end a sentence:
 Period
 Question mark
 Exclamation point
What is a declarative sentence?
A declarative sentence simply makes a statement or expresses an opinion. In other

words, it makes a declaration. This kind of sentence ends with a period.
Examples of this sentence type:
She is not a good cloths.
“I want to be a good writer.” (makes a statement)
“My friend is a really good writer.” (expresses an opinion)
What is an imperative sentence?
An imperative sentence gives a command or makes a request. It usually ends with a

period but can, under certain circumstances, end with an exclamation point.
“Please sit down.”
“I need you to sit down now!”
What is an interrogative sentence?
An interrogative sentence asks a question. This type of sentence often begins with
who, what, where, when, why, how, or do, and it ends with a question mark.
“When are you going to turn in your writing assignment?”
“Do you know what the weather will be tomorrow?”

What is an exclamatory sentence?
An exclamatory sentence is a sentence that expresses great emotion such as

excitement, surprise, happiness and anger, and ends with an exclamation point.
“It is too dangerous to climb that mountain!”
“I got an A on my book report!”
 WH Question Words
We use question words to ask certain types of questions (question word questions).
We often refer to these words as WH words because they include the letters WH (for
example WHy, HoW).
question word Function example sentence
asking for information about something What is your name?

what
What? I can't hear you.
asking for repetition or confirmation
You did what?
what...for asking for a reason, asking why What did you do that for?
when asking about time When did he leave?
where asking in or at what place or position Where do they live?
which asking about choice Which colour do you want?
asking what or which person or people

who Who opened the door?
(subject)
asking what or which person or people

whom Whom did you see?
(object)
whose asking about ownership Whose are these keys?

Whose turn is it?
why asking for reason, asking what...for Why do you say that?
why don't making a suggestion Why don't I help you?
asking about manner How does this work?

how
asking about condition or quality How was your exam?
how + adj/adv asking about extent or degree see examples below
How far is Pattaya from

how far Distance
Bangkok?
how long length (time or space) How long will it take?
how many quantity (countable) How many cars are there?
How much money do you

how much quantity (uncountable)
have?
how old Age How old are you?
how come
asking for reason, asking why How come I can't see her?
(informal)
Fill in the correct question word.
1. sits next to Frank? Clara.

2. does the boy come from? He's from Newcastle.
3. old are her children? They are seven and ten.
4. is Peter's birthday? In April, I think.
5. much is the shirt? It's twenty pounds.
6. is best at playing tennis? It's Bob.

7. are you going? I'm going to my friends.

8. is an orange juice? It's fifty pence.
9. does the restaurant open? It opens at six o' clock.
10. can I get some ice cream? You can get some at the snack bar.
11. are you going to order? Fish and chips.
12. are you going to do on Saturday? I don't know.
13. has got my pullover? I have got it.
14. is your name? Carol.
15. is Susan's party? It's on Friday.
Special sentence in Urdu

 The good you do is not lost, though you forget it
 ‫نیکی ہللا کے ہاں لکھی جاتی ہے‬

An old goat is never the more reverend for his beard
 ‫بوڑھے کی عزت اس کی عقل سے ہوتی ہے نا کہ داڑھی سے‬

 Pass away
 ‫گزرنا ۔ مرنا ۔‬

 Happiness is not steadfast but transient

 ‫خوشی کو سدا قیام نہیں‬

 Pretty kettle of fish

 ‫اجنبیت محسوس کرنا‬
 Hard measures
 ‫ظالمانہ سلوک‬
 Blood is thicker than water

 ‫اپنا اپنا غیر غیر ۔ خون خون ہی ہے اور پانی پانی‬

 To plough the sands and sow the waves

 ‫صحرا میں ہل چالنا پانی میں بیج بونا‬

 Clemency is the remedy of cruelty

 ‫ظلم کا عالج رحمدلی بھی ہے‬

 Dog in the manger

 ‫نہ خود خوش ہونا نا ہونے دینا‬


 God comes to see without a bell
 ‫ہللا کی الٹھی بے آواز ہے‬
 Foolhardiness proceeds of ignorance

 ‫اُجڈ پنا جہالت کا نتیجہ ہے‬
 Never hold a candle to the devil

 ‫ب ُرے کے ساتھ کبھی نیکی نہ کرو‬
 For one good deed a hundred ill deeds should be overlooked

 ‫ایک بھالئی کے بدلے میں سو ب ُرائیوں کو نظر انداز کر دینا چاہیئے‬
 On one’s pins
 ‫ٹانگوں پر‬
 To argue it away
 ‫تدبیر کے ساتھ نجات پانا‬
 Scratch my back and I will scratch yours

 ‫من ترا حاجی بگویم تو مرامال بگو‬

 Wish rather to be well spoken of than to be rich

 ‫دولت سے نیک نامی اچھی‬
 Earth`s joys and heaven`s combined

 ‫آم کے آم گٹھلیوں کے دام‬
 An ounce of vanity spoils a hundred weight of merit
 ‫غرور لیاقت کو چھپا لیتا ہے‬
 Time management interview questions and example answers( activity)
To help prepare for time management interview questions, review these questions and
example answers:
 How do you prioritize tasks?

 How do you limit distractions?
 How do you manage deadlines?
 Why do you think it is important to manage your time well?
 How do you balance work and personal life?
 Describe how you manage stress at work.
 Can you describe a situation in which you were late to complete a task or you
missed a deadline?
The simple present tense is one of several forms of present tense in English. It is used to
describe habits, unchanging situations, general truths, and fixed arrangements.
The simple present tense is simple to form. Just use the base form of the verb: (I take, you take,
we take, they take)
Note: the 3rd person singular takes an -s at the end. (he takes, she takes).
Examples
 For habits
He drinks tea at breakfast.
She only eats fish.
They watch television regularly.

 For repeated actions or events

We catch the bus every morning.
It rains every afternoon in the hot season.
They drive to Monaco every summer.
 For general truths
Water freezes at zero degrees.
The Earth revolves around the Sun.
Her mother is Peruvian.
 For instructions or directions
Open the packet and pour the contents into hot water.
You take the No.6 bus to Watney and then the No.10 to Bedford.
 For fixed arrangements
His mother arrives tomorrow.
Our holiday starts on the 26th March
 With future constructions
She'll see you before she leaves.
We'll give it to her when she arrives.
Forming the simple present tense:
Affirmative Interrogative Negative
I think Do I think? I do not think
You think Do you think? You do not think
He thinks Does he think? He does not think
She thinks Does she think? She does not think

Affirmative Interrogative Negative
It thinks Does it think? It does not think
We think Do we think? We do not think.
Notes on the simple present, third person singular
 In the third person singular the verb always ends in -s:

he wants, she needs, he gives, she thinks.
 Negative and question forms use DOES (= the third person of the auxiliary 'DO') + the
infinitive of the verb.
He wants ice cream. Does he want strawberry? He does not want vanilla.
 Verbs ending in -y : the third person changes the -y to -ies:
fly --> flies, cry --> cries
Exception: if there is a vowel before the -y:
play --> plays, pray --> prays
 Add -es to verbs ending in:-ss, -x, -sh, -ch:
he passes, she catches, he fixes, it pushes
Examples
 He goes to school every morning.

 She understands English.
 It mixes the sand and the water.
 He tries very hard.
 She enjoys playing the piano.
 Present Continuous Tense:

Present continuous tense expresses the ongoing action or task of the present. It is also
called present progressive tense. For example, I am eating the meal.

Structure / Formula
Subject + is/am/are + Present participle (-ing) form

Subject (I) Am Present participle(-ing)+…
Subject (He/she/it) Is Present participle(-ing)+…
Subject (We/They) Are Present participle(-ing)+…
Positive Sentences
To make the positive sentences, we use same structure,
Subject + is/am/are + Present participle (-ing) form

Examples of positive sentences
 Julia is making a sponge cake right now.

 He is going to the hill station next week.
Negative Sentences
We add ‘not’ after auxiliary verb to make the sentence negative.
Subject + is/am/are + not + Present participle (-ing) form

Examples of negative sentences.
 Julia is not making a sponge cake right now.

 He is not going to hill station next week.

Question Sentences
To make the question, auxiliary verb come at the start of the sentence and question mark at the
end.
Is/am/are + Subject + Present participle (-ing) form + ?

Examples of question sentences.
 Is Julia making a sponge cake right now?

 Is he going to hill station next week?
Usage
Usage Example
To express actions that are happening

now. He is playing tennis now.
To express actions that are planned. He is watching movie with his friend next Sunday.
For changing situations. The climate is getting hotter each year.
To express time at the moment of

speaking We are performing our duty at the moment.
Example Sentences
 The laborer is pushing the cart.

 He is flattering the boss.
 She is kneading the flour.
 He is spending the holidays in Switzerland.
 I am taking the examination this month.
 John is writing an essay on education.
 Peter is running on the jogging track.
Present perfect tense
it is used to expressed the time which is just bieng passed.

Or the actions which has just completed.

‫اس میں زمانہ حال میں کسی کام کا مکمل ہونا پایاجانا ہے‬
Note:
Verb ends in Y convert in ie.

Example:
Study = Studied
Try = Tried
Have Has
I He
We She
You It
They
or any plural name or any singular name
Structure of sentence
Positive Sentence
• Subject + Auxiliary verb + main verb

(past participle) + object.
• Subject + has/have + 3rd form of verb

(past participle )+object
Example
I have received your letter. ‫مجھے تمھارا خط مال‬
We have entered in 21 century. ‫ہم ایکیسویں صدی میں داخل ہو چکے ہیں‬
You have taken tea. ‫آپ چائے پی چکے ہو‬
They have played match. ‫وہ میچ کھیل چکے ہیں‬
Has returned from his journey. ‫وہ سفر سے واپس آچکا ہے‬
She has cooked the food. ‫وہ کھانا پکھا چکی ہے‬

It has rained here today. ‫آج صبح یہاں بارش ہوچکی ہے‬
Negative Sentence
• Subject + Auxiliary verb + NOT + main verb (past participle) + object
• Subject + has/have + NOT + 3rd form of verb or past participle + object
I have not received your letter. ‫مجھے تمھارا خط نہیں مال‬
We have not entered in 21 century. ‫ہم ایکیسویں صدی میں داخل نہیں ہو چکے ہیں‬
You have not taken tea. ‫آپ چائے نہیں پی چکے ہو‬
They have not played match. ‫وہ میچ نہیں کھیل چکے ہیں‬
He has not return from his journey. ‫وہ سفر سے واپس نہیں آچکا ہے‬
She has not cooked the food. ‫وہ کھانا نہیں پکھا چکی ہے‬
Has is not rained here today. ‫آج صبح یہاں بارش نہیں ہوچکی ہے‬
Interrogative Sentences
• Auxiliary verb + Subject + main verb (past participle)
+ object
• Has/have + Subject + 3rd form of verb or past participle + object
Have I received your letter? ‫کیا مجھے تمھارا خط مالک‬
Have we entered in 21 century? ‫کیا ہم ایکیسویں صدی میں داخل ہو چکے ہیں‬
Have you taken tea? ‫کیا آپ چائے پی چکے ہو‬

Have they played match? ‫کیا وہ میچ کھیل چکے ہیں‬
Has he return from his journey? ‫کیا وہ سفر سے واپس آچکا ہے‬
Has she cooked the food? ‫کیا وہ کھانا پکھا چکی ہے‬
It has not rained here today? ‫کیا آج صبح یہاں بارش ہوچکی ہے‬
Interrogative + Negative Sentences
• Auxiliary verb + Subject +Not+ main verb (past participle) + object
• Has/have + Subject +Not+ 3rd form of verb or past participle + object
Have I not received your letter? ‫کیا مجھے تمھارا خط نہیں مال‬
Have we not entered in 21 century?‫کیا ہم ایکیسویں صدی میں داخل نہیں ہو چکے ہیں‬
Have you not taken tea? ‫کیا آپ چائے نہیں پی چکے ہو‬
Have they not played match? ‫کیا وہ میچ نہیں کھیل چکے ہیں‬
Has he not return from his journey? ‫کیا وہ سفر سے واپس نہیں آچکا ہے‬
Has she not cooked the food? ‫کیا وہ کھانا نہیں پکھا چکی ہے‬
Has it not rained here today? ‫کیا آج صبح یہاں بارش نہیں ہوچکی ہے‬

 Present Perfect Continuous:
USE 1 Duration from the Past Until Now
We use the present perfect continuous to show that something started in the past and
has continued up until now. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Tuesday" are
all durations which can be used with the present perfect continuous.
Examples:
 They have been talking for the last hour.

 She has been working at that company for three years.
 What have you been doing for the last 30 minutes?
 James has been teaching at the university since June.
 We have been waiting here for over two hours!
 Why has Nancy not been taking her medicine for the last three days?
USE 2 Recently, Lately
You can also use the present perfect continuous WITHOUT a duration such as "for two
weeks." Without the duration, the tense has a more general meaning of "lately." We
often use the words "lately" or "recently" to emphasize this meaning.
Examples:
 Recently, I have been feeling really tired.

 She has been watching too much television lately.
 Have you been exercising lately?
 Mary has been feeling a little depressed.
 Lisa has not been practicing her English.
 What have you been doing
REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs/ Mixed Verbs
It is important to remember that non-continuous verbs cannot be used in any continuous

tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings for mixed verbs cannot be used in

continuous tenses. Instead of using present perfect continuous with these verbs, you
must use present perfect.
Examples:
 Sam has been having his car for two years. Not Correct
 Sam has had his car for two years. Correct
 Use appropriate words
 Robin: I think the waiter (forget) us. We
(wait) here for over half an hour and nobody
(take) our order yet.
Michele: I think you're right. He (walk) by us at least
twenty times. He probably thinks we (order, already)
Robin: Look at that couple over there, they (be, only)
here for five or ten minutes and they already have their food.
Michele: He must realize we (order, not) yet! We
(sit) here for over half an hour staring at him.
Robin: I don't know if he (notice, even) us. He
(run) from table to table taking orders and serving food.
Michele: That's true, and he (look, not) in our direction
once.
 Past Indefinite Tense:

The past tense is used for actions that has done in past time.
Structure of sentences
Positive Sentence
Subject + main verb (past simple) + object

Subject + 2nd form of verb (past simple) + object
Example
I reached the college at 8’o clock morning.
‫میں صبح آٹھ بجے کالج پہنچا۔‬
We studied Grammar.
‫ہم نے گرامر کا مطالعہ کیا۔‬
You helped anybody as well.
‫آپ نے بھی کسی مدد کی۔‬
Negative Sentences
Subject + (auxiliary verb + not) main verb (base form) + object
Subject + did not + 1st form of verb or base form + object
Example:
I did not reach the college at 8’o clock morning.

‫میں صبح آٹھ بجے کالج نہیں پہنچا۔‬
We did not study Grammar.
‫ہم نے گرامر کا مطالعہ نہیں کیا۔‬
You did not help anybody as well.
‫آپ نے بھی کسی مدد نہیں کی۔‬

Interrogative Sentences
Auxiliary verb + subject + main verb (base verb) + object
Did + subject + 1st form of verb (or base verb) + object
Example:
Did I reach the college at 8’o clock morning?

‫کیا میں صبح آٹھ بجے کالج پہنچا؟‬
Did we study Grammar?
‫کیا ہم نے گرامر کا مطالعہ کیا؟‬
Did you help anybody as well?
‫کیا آپ نے بھی کسی مدد کی؟‬
Did we buy the new pen?
‫کیا ہم نے نیا قلم خریدا؟‬
Past Continuous tense

The tense is used to denote past work.
Example: I went Karachi
I played piano
‫ہم یہ ٹینس کس چیز یا واقعے کو اس طرح بیان کرنے کیلئے استعمال کرتے ہیں کہ آنکھوں کے سامنے اس‬
‫کی تصویر آجائے۔‬

Positive Sentences
Subject + auxiliary verb + Main Verb (present participle) + object
Subject + was/were + (1st form of verb or base verb +ing) +object
I was preparing for papers.

‫ہم پیپروں کی تیاری کر رہے تھے‬
They were playing cricket.

‫وہ کرکٹ کھیل رہے تھے‬
Negative Sentences
Subject + auxiliary verb + NOT + Main verb (present participle) + object
Subject + was/were + NOT + (1st form of verb or base verb +ing) +object
Example:
I was not preparing for papers.

‫میں پیپروں کی تیاری نہیں کر رہا تھا‬
They were not playing cricket.

‫وہ کرکٹ نہیں کھیل رہے تھے‬
We were not sitting in the class during Examination.

‫امتحان کے دوران ہم کالس میں نہیں بیٹھے ہوئے تھے‬
Interrogative Sentence
Auxiliary verb + Subject + Main verb (present participle) + object
Was/were + Subject + (1st form of verb or base verb +ing) +object

Example:
Was I preparing for papers?

‫کیا ہم پیپروں کی تیاری کر رہے تھے؟‬

Were they playing cricket?

‫کیا وہ کرکٹ کھیل رہے تھے؟‬
Were we sitting in the class during Examination?

‫کیاامتحان کے دوران ہم کالس میں بیٹھے ہوئے تھے؟‬
Past perfect tense
Functions of the past perfect
The past perfect refers to a time earlier than before now. It is used to make it clear that one
event happened before another in the past. It does not matter which event is mentioned first -
the tense makes it clear which one happened first.
In these examples, Event A is the event that happened first and Event B is the second or more
recent event:
Event A Event B
John had gone out when I arrived in the office.
Event A Event B
I had saved my document before the computer crashed.

Event B Event A
When they arrived we had already started cooking.
Event B Event A
He was very tired because he hadn't slept well.
Forming the past perfect
The Past Perfect tense in English is composed of two parts: the past tense of the verb to have
(had) + the past participle of the main verb.
Affirmative Negative Interrogative
I had decided I hadn't decided Had I decided?

Affirmative Negative Interrogative
You had decided You hadn't decided Had you decided?
She had decided She hadn't decided Had she decided?
We had decided We hadn't decided Had we decided?
They had decided They hadn't decided Had they decided?
Past perfect + just
'Just' is used with the past perfect to refer to an event that was only a short time earlier than
before now, e.g.
 The train had just left when I arrived at the station.

 She had just left the room when the police arrived.
 I had just put the washing out when it started to rain.
Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Past Perfect Continuous Tense represents an ongoing action that started and
continued for some time in the past. To indicate time reference “for” and “since” are
used and it describes when the action started and how long it continued in the past.
Structure / Formula

Subject + had + been + Base form(+ing) + object + time reference

I had Been travelling.
Base form of
Subject Auxiliary verb Auxiliary verb verb+ing
Positive Sentences
To make the positive sentences, we use this structure,
Subject + had + been + Base form(+ing) + object + time reference
 He had been playing football for two hours.

 The child had been studying since morning.
Negative Sentences
To make the sentence negative, we add ‘not’ after the auxiliary verb.
Subject + had + not + been + Base form(+ing) + object + TR

The mechanic had not been fixing my bike since morning.
Question Sentences
Auxiliary verb ‘had’ come at the start of the sentence and question mark at the end.
Had + subject+ been + Base form(+ing) + object + T.R. +?
 Had he been studying book since morning?
Future tense:
The simple future tense expresses actions that will occur.

To form the simple future:
 Subject + will + base form of verb and object
 Example. It will rain tomorrow.

I Shall come on Friday.
Positive sentence
Subject + auxiliary verb + main verb + object

I shall come to karachi
Subject + will + 1st form of verb + object
Negative sentence
Subject + auxiliary verb(not) + main verb + object

I shall not come to karachi
Subject + will(not) + 1st form of verb + object
Question sentence
auxiliary verb +Subject + main verb + object?

Shall I come to karachi?
will + Subject + 1st form of verb + object?
What is the Future Progressive?

What does future progressive mean? The future progressive expresses actions that
will be ongoing (actions that the subject will be in progress doing) at some point in the
future.
To form the future progressive:

 Subject + will be + present participle (and “-ing” to end of the verb)
Example:
 Muhsin will be watching the sky.
The future progressive is used to express:
 future actions in progress
 They will be waiting for you.
 She will be retiring soon.
Positive sentence

Subject + auxiliary verb + main verb (present participle) + object
Subject + will be+ 1st form of verb or base form+ing (present participle) + object
Example:
I shall be making sentence. ‫میں جملے بنا رہا ہونگا‬
We shall be going to market. ‫ہم کل بازارجارہے ہونگے‬
Negative sentence
Subject + not between auxiliary verbs+ not + main verb (present participle) + object
Subject + will not be + 1st form of verb or base form+ing (present participle) + object
Example:
I shall not be making sentence. .‫میں جملے نہیں بنا رہا ہونگا‬
We shall not be going to market. .‫ہم کل بازار نہیں جارہے ہونگے‬

Interrogative sentence
Auxiliary verb + subject + auxiliary verb + main verb (present participle) + object
Will + subject + be+ 1st form of verb or base form+ing (present participle) + object
Example:
Shall I be making sentence? ‫کیامیں جملے بنا رہا ہونگا؟‬
Shall we be going to market? ‫کیا ہم کل بازارجارہے ہونگے؟‬
Future Perfect Tense:

Future perfect tense is used to express the action that will be completed in future at some time.
For example, I will have studied the French language.

Signal Words
 by next year
 by the end of next month
Structure / Formula
Positive Sentences
Subject + will + have+ Past participle
 He will have locked the door.

 She will have studied the grammar rules.
Negative Sentences
We add ‘not’ after the auxiliary verb to make the sentence negative.
Subject + will + not + have+ Past participle
Examples of negative sentences
 He will not have locked the door.

 She will not have studied the grammar rules.
Question Sentences
end.
Will + subject + have+ past participle +?
 Will he have locked the door?

 Will she have studied the grammar rules?
Usage
Usage Example
To express an action that will be I will have taken tea by 7 o’clock.

completed before some stated time in

future.
They will not have finished their

To show time expressions: by then, until. work until then.
Example Sentences
 By the end of this year, I will have completed my degree.

 She will have gone to the market by 7 o’clock.
 The children will have studied grammar lessons.
 The farmers will have sown the crops.
 The passengers will have reached their destination.
 By the end of next month, I will have traveled to Venice.
 I will have taken the exam.
Future Perfect Continuous Tense:

Future perfect continuous tense is used to express the ongoing action that will be completed in
future before a certain time. For example, I will have been studying in this college for one year.
Signal Words
 for the last two days

 all day long
 for the last three hours
Structure / Formula
Positive Sentences
Subject + will have been + Present participle (-ing) form + time reference
 It will have been raining all day long.

 She will have been learning French for two weeks.
Negative Sentences
We add ‘not’ after the auxiliary verb to make the sentence negative.
Subject + will + not + have been + Present participle (-ing) form + time reference
 It will not have been raining all day long.

 She will not have been learning French for two weeks.

Question Sentences
end.
Will + subject + have been + Present participle (-ing) form + time reference
 Will it have been raining all day long?

 Will she have been learning French for two weeks?
Example Sentences
 He will have been enjoying the holidays.

 The children will have been learning lessons in the classroom for two hours.
 The farmers will have been sowing crops for one month.
 She will have been performing duties since 2017.
 I will have been traveling around the world for five years.
 Articals
Using Indefinite Article: a & an

Rule 1:
A common noun in the singular number always requires an article before it. But a
plural common noun does not require an article always. A plural common noun can
have the article ‘the’ if we want to particularise that noun.
Example:
o I saw a snake. (Refers to a random snake)
o I saw snakes in a zoo. (No article is required)
o I have seen the snake again. (Refers to the snake I have already seen earlier)
o I have seen the snakes again before leaving the zoo. (Refers to the particular
snakes of the zoo which I saw earlier.)
Rule 2:
The choice between the two indefinite articles – a & an – is determined by sound.
Words beginning with consonant sounds precede ‘a’ and words beginning with vowel
sounds precede ‘an’. There are some special cases also. For instance,
o a university, a union, a useful book, etc.
o a one-dollar note, a one-man army, etc.
o an MA, a BA, an LLB, a BSC, etc.
o
Rule 3:

A or an - sometimes makes a Proper Noun a Common Noun. Proper nouns generally do

not take any articles, but when a proper noun needs to be used as a common noun,
you must bring a or an - for it.
Example:
o He thinks he is a Shakespeare. (Here, ‘Shakespeare’ does not refer to the
actual person but someone like him.)
o He seems to be an Australian. (‘Australia’ is a proper noun but ‘Australian’ is a
common noun because there is only one Australia but a million of Australians.)
o
Rule 4:
Sometimes indefinite articles are used to refer the number ‘one’/’each’/’per’.
Example:
o I earned a thousand dollar in that job. (One thousand dollar)
o I have a car. (One car)
o It goes 50 miles an hour. (Per Hour)
Rule 5:
Indefinite articles often precede descriptive adjectives.
Example:
o He is a good boy.
o What a nice car!
Rule 6:
‘A’ sometimes comes before determiners, for example, a few, a little, a lot of, a
most, etc. but in the case of many, a or an - comes after.
Example:
o I have a few friends coming over.
o There is a little milk in the jar.
o Many a fan welcomed
Using Definite Article: the

Rule 1:
‘The’ is used to indicate a particular person(s) or thing(s) in the case of common
nouns. Proper nouns generally do not take an article.
Example:
o The man is running. (A particular man)
o I saw the boy stealing.
o Where is the pen I gave you last year?
o I gave him a ball, but he lost the ball. (‘a ball’ became ‘the ball’ in the second
clause because that ball was not a random ball anymore.)
o
Rule 2:

Sometimes ‘the’ is used to generalize a group/whole class.

Example:
o The dog is a faithful animal. (Refers to the whole species of dog.)
o The English are industrious. (Refers to the people of England as a nation)
o The honest are respected. (The+adjectives = plural noun)
o The poor are not always dishonest. (The+adjectives = plural noun)
Rule 3:
To particularise a non-count noun ‘the’ is required before it.
Example:
o The water of the Arctic ocean is freezing.
o Please return the money I lent you last year.
Rule 4:
‘The’ is mandatory before a thing which is only one of a kind in the universe.
Example:
o The moon is shining tonight.
o The earth is moving around the sun.
Use of ‘the’ before geographical places :
Rule 5:
Using ‘the’ with geographical nouns generally depends on the size and plurality of the
things those nouns refer to. ‘The’ is generally used everywhere except some cases.
So, it’s better to know those exceptions first.
‘The’ must not precede:
o Names of continents: Asia, Europe, Australia, Africa, South America, North
America, Antarctica.
o Names of countries: Australia, Bolivia, England, France, Spain, etc.
o Names of states, cities, or towns: Los Angeles, Alaska, Sydney, London,
o Names of streets: George street, Albion Street, New town street,
o Names of singular lakes and bays: Lake Carey, Lake Eyre, Lake Hillier, Shark
Bay,
o Names of single mountains: Mount Everest, Mount Solitary, Mount Bindo,
Mount Fuji, etc.
o Names of single islands: Easter Island, Bare Island, Bird Island, Fatima Island,
o Names of languages: Spanish, Russian, English, (When ‘the’ precedes these
nouns, they refer to the population of those languages.)
o Names of sports: cricket, football, basketball,
o Names of discipline/subject of studies: biology, history, computer science,
mathematics,
Punctuation
Capital letters

We use capital letter in the following case:

1. To begin a sentence
2. For proper noun
3. For pronoun ‘I’
Full Stop (.)
1. Full stop is used at the end statement or command sentence.
Example:
This is a red car. (Statement)
Come here. (Command)
2. Full stop is used in end of abbreviations if the first and only a part of the
word are used.
Example:
Captain (Capt.)
3. Full stop is not used in the abbreviations if the last letter of word is
included in the abbreviations.( according to UK convention)
Example:
Doctor (Dr)
Question Mark (?)
1. Question mark is used at the end of direct question.
Example:
Why are you sad? (Direct question)
2. Question mark is not used in case of indirect question.
Example:
I asked her why she is sad. (Indirect question)
Exclamation Mark (!)
An exclamation mark usually used to shows strong feeling such as surprise,
anger or joy.
Example:
Well done!
Hurray! Tomorrow is holiday.
Comma (,)
1. Comma is used to show a pause in a sentence.

Example:
Therefore, we should speak to teacher on this matter.
2. Comma is used to separate words in a list of things.
Example:
I want to order pizza, burger, soft drinks and lollipops.
3. Comma is used to show what someone has said.
Example:
“I hope he will be all right soon”, said Ravi
4. Comma is used after salutation.
Example:
Dear mam,
Apostrophe (‘)
1. Apostrophe is used to indicate possession of something.
Example:
This is Ravi’s house.
2. Apostrophe is used in contraction where letters have been omitted.
Example:
Don’t
 List of occupations (jobs)
a baker a butcher a carpenter a cook

a farmer a fireman a fisherman a gardener
a hairdresser a journalist a judge a lawyer
a mason a mechanic a painter a plumber
a policeman a postman a secretary a singer
a soldier a taxi driver a teacher a waiter
a pilot an engineer a doctor a nurse

a goldsmith an actor a shoe-shine boy a tailor
 Some Important Abbreviations
B.A. Bachelor of Arts
B.C. Before Christ
cent. century, centuries
Cm centimeter(s)
Col. Colonel; Colossians
Comdr. Commander
Corp. Corporation
D.C. District of Columbia
dept. Department
dist. District
Dr. Doctor
FM frequency modulation
GMT Greenwich mean time
GNP gross national product
GOP Grand Old Party (Republican Party)
grad. graduated, graduated at
i.e. id est [that is]

Inst. Institute, Institution
IRA Irish Republican Army
IRS Internal Revenue Service
Kg kilogram(s)
Km kilometer(s)
Lt. Lieutenant
Ltd. Limited
M meter(s)
Mr. Mister (always abbreviated)
Mrs. Mistress (always abbreviated)
Mus. Museum
NAACP National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization
OAS Organization of American States
R.N. registered nurse
SEATO Southeast Asia Treaty Organization
SEC Securities and Exchange Commission
Sr. Senior
SSR Soviet Socialist Republic
UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund
U.S. United States
USA United States Army

USAF United States Air Force
USCG United States Coast Guard
USMC United States Marine Corps
WHO World Health Organization
wt. Weight
How to Use “Used To” in English

We can use “used to” to talk about a past habit or state.
An example for a state: “He used to live in London” (but he doesn’t now)
Be + used to + doing
There’s a big difference between used to do – to talk about past habits or states and is
used to doing – to talk about our familiarity with a place, or activity.
The form is subject + verb to be + used to + verb in the ing form / noun
“I am / was used to studying English every day.”

“I am used to his jokes.” (example with a noun)
Modal verbs
The modal verbs include can, must, may, might, will, would, should. They
are used with other verbs to express ability, obligation, possibility, and so
on. Below is a list showing the most useful modals and their most common
meanings:
Use Of Can
Modal verbs are a type of auxiliary verb which expresses the mood of another verb.
‫موڈل فعل معاون فعل کا ایک قسم ہیں جو کسی اور فعل کا موڈ بیان کرتا ہے‬
They are used to express ideas such as possibility, prediction,

speculation, deduction, and necessity.

Could (past form of the can)
The auxiliary verb 'Could' is used while these conditions are available.
Present/future
‫ مستقبل‬/ ‫موجودہ‬
Politeness
‫ادب‬
Less able to than 'can'
'‫کر سکتے ہیں' سے کم قابل‬
Some Example of could
I could speak English

‫میں انگریزی بول سکتا تھا‬
You could go to market
‫آپ مارکیٹ میں جا سکتے ہیں‬
Could I ask your name?

‫کیا میں آپ کا نام پوچھ سکتا ہوں؟‬
We could create English

‫ہم انگریزی بنا سکتے ہیں‬
You couldn't take admission in the center
‫آپ مرکز میں داخل نہیں ہوسکتے تھے‬
Often used in auxiliary functions to express permission politely
Could I take this jacket with me?

‫کیا میں اس جیکٹ کو میرے ساتھ لے سکتا ہوں؟‬
You could borrow my umbrella.

‫آپ میری چھت قرض لے سکتے ہیں‬
Could you please move this box?

‫کیا آپ اس باکس کو منتقل کر سکتے ہیں؟‬
Could you please let me pass you?

‫کیا آپ براہ کرم مجھے آپ کو منتقل کر سکتے ہیں؟‬
Could I get you more water?

‫کیا میں تمہیں زیادہ پانی حاصل کر سکتا ہوں؟‬
Double Object:
When the verb of a sentence is playing the role of both the direct object and the indirect object
it is termed as double object.
Example:
I gave the girl her ball.
She asks me money.
In the above sentence example, the girl is the direct object whereas her ball is
the indirect object. As both the direct and indirect objects of the sentences are represented by
the single verb gave, it is known as double object.
Active voice / Passive voice
Active voice:
In the active voice the subject does something or in the other words, is the doer of an action
Example Aslam writes letters.
Passive Voice:
In the active voice the subject is not active but passive that suffer or receives some action.
Example: A letter is written by Aslam.
Subject verb object

Asla writes a letter.

A letter is written by Aslam

Changes
 The subject is changed into object, and object into subject.
 The third form of verb is used
 Addition of preposition ‘by’
 Pronoun is change
I = me We = us You= you
He = him She= her They = them
It = it
Notes: A transitive verb can be changed from active to passive.
For exmaple: A child breaks toys.( a transitive verb must have an object)
An intransitive can not be changed from active to passive because it has no object
Example: I always sleep at 9:00 p.m
I go to school.
Tenses Active Passive
Present I drink milk Milk is drunk by me.
Present continues I am drinking milk Milk is bieng drunk by me.
Present perfect I have drunk milk Milk has been drunk by me.
Present perfect continues I have been drinking milk No passive
Past I drank milk Milk was drunk by me.
Past continues I was drinking milk Milk was bieng drunk by me.

Past perfect I had drunk milk Milk had been drunk by me.
Past perfect continues I had been drinking milk

No passive
Future I shall drink milk Milk will be drunk by me.
Future continues I shall be drinking milk No pssive.
Future perfect I shal have drunk milk Milk will have been drunk
by me.
Future perfect contiues I shall have been drinking No passive

milk
Change the following active sentences into passive voice.
1. I did not beat her.

2. I will never forget this experience.
3. Mother made a cake yesterday..
4. The boy teased the girl.
5. Did she do her duty?
6. The tiger was chasing the deer.
7. She has written a novel.
8. She has learned her lessons.
9. Have you finished the report?
10. The police have caught the thief.
Answers
1. She was not beaten by me.

2. This experience will never be forgotten by me.
3. A cake was made by mother yesterday.
4. The girl was teased by the boy.
5. Was her duty done by her?
6. The deer was being chased by the tiger.

7. A novel has been written by her.

8. Her lessons have been learned by her.
9. Has the report been finished by you?
10. The thief has been caught by the police.
What is Direct & Indirect Speech?

Direct speech – reporting the message of the speaker in the exact words as spoken by him.
Direct speech example: Maya said ‘I am busy now’.
Indirect speech: reporting the message of the speaker in our own words
Indirect speech example: Maya said that she was busy then.
Direct And Indirect Speech Rules
Rule 1 – Direct To Indirect Speech Conversion – Reporting Verb
1. When the reporting verb of direct speech is in past tense then all the present tenses are
changed to the corresponding past tense in indirect speech.
Direct to indirect speech example:

Direct: She said, ‘I am happy’.
Indirect: She said (that) she was happy.
1. In indirect speech, tenses do not change if the words used within the quotes (‘’) talk of a
habitual action or universal truth.

Direct: He said, ‘We cannot live without air’.
Indirect: He said that we cannot live without air.
1. The tenses of direct speech do not change if the reporting verb is in the future
tense or present tense.

Direct: She says/will say, ‘I am going’
Indirect: She says/will say she is going.
Rule 2 – Direct Speech to Indirect Speech conversion – Present Tense

 Present Perfect Changes to Past Perfect.

Direct: “I have been to Lahore”, she told me.
Indirect: She told me that she had been to Lahore.
 Present Continuous Changes to Past Continuous

Direct: “I am playing the guitar”, she explained.
Indirect: She explained that she was playing the guitar.
 Present Perfect Changes to Past Perfect

Direct: He said, “She has finished her homework“.
Indirect: He said that she had finished her homework.
 Simple Present Changes to Simple Past

Direct: “I am unwell”, she said.
Indirect: She said that she was unwell.
Rule 3 – Direct Speech to Indirect Speech conversion – Past Tense & Future Tense
 Simple Past Changes to Past Perfect

Direct: She said, “Irvin arrived on Sunday.”
Indirect: She said that Irvin had arrived on Sunday.
 Past Continuous Changes to Past Perfect Continuous

Direct to indirect speech example
Direct: “We were playing basketball”, they told me.
Indirect: They told me that they had been playing basketball.
 Future Changes to Present Conditional


Direct: She said, “I will be in Scotland tomorrow.”

Indirect: She said that she would be in Scotland the next day.
 Future Continuous Changes to Conditional Continuous

Direct: He said, “I’ll be working on the old computer next Tuesday.”
Indirect: He said that he would be working on the old computer the following Tuesday..
Rule 4 – Direct Speech to Indirect Speech Conversion – Interrogative Sentences
 No conjunction is used, if a sentence in direct speech begins with a question

(what/where/when) as the “question-word” itself acts as a joining clause.
Direct: “Where do you live?” asked the boy.
Indirect: The boy enquired where I lived.
 If a direct speech sentence begins with an auxiliary verb/helping verb, the joining clause
should be if or whether.
Direct: She said, ‘Will you come for the party’?
Indirect: She asked whether we would come for the party.
 Reporting verbs such as ‘said/ said to’ changes to enquired, asked, or demanded.
Direct: He said to me, ‘What are you wearing’?
Indirect: He asked me what I was wearing.
Rule 5 – Direct Speech to Indirect Speech Conversion – Changes in Modals

While changing direct speech to indirect speech, the modals used in the sentences change like:
1. Can becomes could

2. May becomes might
3. Must becomes had to /would have to
Check the examples:

 Direct : She said, ‘She can dance’.

 Indirect: She said that she could dance.
 Direct: She said, ‘I may buy a dress’.
 Indirect: She said that she might buy a dress.
 Direct: Rama said, ‘I must complete the assignment’.
 Indirect: Rama said that he had to complete the assignment.
There are modals that do not change – Could, Would, Should, Might, Ought to
 Direct: She said, ‘I should clean the house’

 Indirect: She said that she should clean the house.
Rule 6 – Direct Speech to Indirect Speech Conversion – Pronoun
1. The first person in direct speech changes as per the subject of the speech.
Direct speech to indirect speech examples-

Direct: He said, “I am in class Twelfth.”
Indirect: He says that he was in class Twelfth.
1. The second person of direct speech changes as per the object of reporting speech.
Direct speech to indirect speech examples –

Direct: She says to them, “You have done your work.”
Indirect: She tells them that they have done their work.
1. The third person of direct speech doesn’t change.
Direct speech to indirect speech examples –

Direct: He says, “She dances well.”
Indirect: He says that she dances well.
Rule 7 – Direct Speech to Indirect Speech Conversion – Request, Command, Wish,

Exclamation
 Indirect Speech is supported by some verbs like requested, ordered, suggested and
advised. Forbid-forbade is used for negative sentences. Therefore, the imperative mood
in the direct speech changes into the Infinitive in indirect speech.

Direct: She said to her ‘Please complete it’.

Indirect: She requested her to complete it.
Direct: Hamid said to Zain, ‘Sit down’.
Indirect: Hamid ordered Zain to sit down.
1. In Exclamatory sentences that express grief, sorrow, happiness, applaud, Interjections

are removed and the sentence is changed to an assertive sentence.
Direct: She said, ‘Alas! I am undone’.

Indirect: She exclaimed sadly that she was broke.
Essays:
Science:
is the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and
the laws of nature with thorough experiment and practical observation. Science is divided into
three branches: Natural sciences, Social sciences, Formal sciences.
When we talk about Science, it is a broad subject of discussion. It was what helps human beings
to mold this present world into we live in. Science has helped a lot in human development, and
it’s even the key to human developments.
Science has brought so many of the things in the purview of rational understanding and
explanation.
Science and rationality
Science has made it possible to find an explanation for most things that take place around us. In
ancient times, people were being taken advantage of their ignorance by those who had even a bit
of grasp over the laws of science. People’s fears were manipulated into an advantage for the
unscrupulous elements. Science has largely eliminated that harassment.
Science and information
Science has made information so easy that it is realistically available at one’s fingertips. It is
easily exchanged within seconds and globally available as well as accessible.
Blessings of Science
 The study of science helps to read, study and understand the earth and other planetary
bodies.
 The knowledge of science helps to study our planet earth. To know when and where
precipitation will occur, to study climate change, to predict, mitigate and escape natural
disasters, etc.

 It shapes the development of human being in many ways like innovations. Innovations
come about with the help of Science. Machines invented helps to carry out more tedious
work without consuming much time and energy. An invention of home appliances.
Fertilizers for farming and mechanization. Improvements in the health system. Weapon
and artilleries for the military. Advance learning system — dissemination of Information.
Conclusion
Science is one of the crucial aspects of human life. It creates immensely in our ways of life both
the natural and social sciences. It’s what help to shape the present world we live in. With the ease
that we move around in life today, what else can we call science but a blessing!
Global warming:
is the continuous depletion of the ozone layer, due to which there are continuous increasing
environmental issues all over the world.
Actually, global warming is the continuous rise in earth temperature, due to some greenhouse
gases like carbon dioxide, water vapours, nitrous oxide, methane etc. This rise of temperature
ultimately hurts the life of human beings, animals and plants. The main cause of global warming
is the greenhouse effect.
Apart from affecting human life it also affects almost every part of the world and also a cause of
a rise in sea level by melting of glaciers.
To control global warming we need to come as a global community and put every effort to
lower the level of global warming.
Importance of Education –
Education is the most important tool in today’s modern world. Education empowers one and all
to achieve one’s life goals. Education is important in all age-groups.
Children: Children learn many subjects and many life skills through their education at school.
English, Maths, Science, Languages, Social Sciences, Arts and Crafts are some of the major
subjects the children learn through their education at school. Learning life skills is probably the
most important objective of good education. Playing and learning good social skills is also a vital
part of school education.
Adolescents: The adolescent education is mainly focused on career development. College

education provides further life skills to prepare students for the adult world. The main objective
though is to equip them with the academic know-how, technology training and skill training in
their chosen field of work. This can be or various types: Engineering, Medicine, Law,
Electronics, Administrative, Languages, Arts, Management, Commerce, Finances, etc.

Adults: In real life, education continues even in the adult age-groups and to some extent
throughout life. To live a wholesome life, one must be open-minded enough to keep learning and
educating oneself about new life skills in every life stage. As adults you can take up educational
courses to upgrade your career skills, learn new skills in addition to your career, learn new
technologies, learn new languages, etc. Especially in today’s fast changing world of technology,
it is important to keep educating oneself with the latest technological developments to stay in
line with the changing world.
Tourism: Its Meaning and Importance
“Tours and travel first leave you speechless, and then turn you into a storyteller.” Tourism is a
beautiful experience and can be simply defined as a trip for pleasure. However, the deeper
meaning for tourism can be found below:
Meaning
Tourism is the act of travel for mainly relaxation and purposes. World Tourism
Organization defines tourists as the people who “travel to and stay in places outside their usual
environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business, recreation and other
purposes not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited.”
Tourism is not only a leisure and fun activity. Rather, Tourism exists as an independent industry
which draws, accommodates and entertains tourists and helps generate income for the country.
Tourism opportune us to explore new culture, meet new people and do fun and adventure at
different places.
Importance of Tourism
1. Economic Progress – The tourism industry aids and supports the foreign exchange
reserves. It benefits our country in generating foreign currency. Every year a large
number of tourists visit India and other places. They visit places; stay and shop in our
country. All this contributes to a significant amount of foreign currency
generation. Despite global recession, Indian tourism grew 6.9 % to approximately $42
billion in the year 2010.
2. Source of Income – Tourism is the source of revenue for many countries who have many
tourist visiting their resources yearly.It is a continual source of income for the public &
private income. The government charges various forms of tax that is called government
revenue. The income generated through these taxes is the public income. The profit earned
by a seller, by selling items like local artifacts, handicraft items, etc, to the tourists is called

private income. Tourism also helps in employment generation. It created jobs specifically in
hotel industry, hospitality industry, service sector, entertainment and transportation industry.
3. Development of Infrastructure – Have you ever noticed how the look and status of a
place changes when it is declared a tourist place? Actually, tourism aids and encourages
infrastructure development by making way for dams, roads, connectivity, airport
improvements, and any other activity that helps a tourist in visiting a place in a much
better way!
5. Societal Progress – Tourism is a wonderful method for cultural exchange. It also

encourages societal progress as tourists learn to show respect, tolerance and love for each
other when they visit new places.
6. Cultural Heritage – Tourism helps explain beauty, art, history and culture of our
country. Different people visiting any country take beautiful cultural concepts along with
them and spread those concepts to others while visiting other places of the world.
Similarly, the local skills, languages and art get a wide exposure through tourism.
7. Employment: It also provides an employment for the workers who work in the
various tourists’ attraction places like wildlife parks as guides for the tourists.
8. It fosters trade as the tourists like to purchase commodities from the countries they visit.
9. Tourism also helps bring people together and therefore mixing of cultures. Tourism
also cause cultural diversity through the borrowing of practices done by either group
of people involved in the industry.
10. It opens up a country to foreign investors who during their visits see entrepreneurial
opportunities they choose to invest in.
11. Tourism also influences a country to take care of whichever resources they are
blessed with a view to attract more tourists and therefore more revenue.
Conclusion: Tourism attracts and invites numerous visitors across the world to come and visit a
country. It also helps in the economic progress of a country and generates employment too.
Tourism is also a wonderful method for cultural exchange! Hence, every country should
encourage an tourism as much as possible because tourism lets us explore and discover how
beautiful this world is!
A MORNING WALK
Early to bad early to rise makes man healthy, wealthy and wise. Health is the great blessing of
Allah. Morning walk is very useful for health. Morning walk keep us healthy, active and smart.
The morning time is the most suitable time for a walk. I gate up very early in the morning and
call at my friend. When we come out of our houses, we find the streets deserted. People are still
asleep. There is calm and quite everywhere. First of all we say fajir prayer in the masjid. Then
we start a walk. We after go to the park beside the canal. The cool and fresh breeze refresh our
mind. Birds are chirping in the streets. The whole scene is very chirping here we see many
people. Some are taking exercises. Some are bathing swimming. When the sun rises, its golden

rays look very beautiful in the clear water. The few drops shine like pearls on the grass. We
return home at seven O’clock. Now we are quite fresh and active for the day’s work.
Short Note:
TAKE CARE OF CUTS AND SCRAPES
Generally, small wounds stop bleeding after a short time. But when if blood continues to flow,
what we should do? Press the wound softly. It will stop the blood flow. After this, we should
wash the carefully. Cleaning the wound reduces the risk of infection. After cleaning, we should
cover the wound with antibiotic. The clam will keep the wound soft and safe. Next, we should
dress the wound. It would keep the wound safe from dirt and bacteria. The changing of dressing
is necessary every day. If the wound gets infected, we should see the doctor.
To
Used to indicate the place, person, or thing that someone or something

moves toward, or the direction of something:
 I am heading to the entrance of the building.

 The package was mailed to Mr. Kim yesterday.
 All of us went to the movie theater.
 Please send it back to me.
Used to indicate a limit or an ending point:
 The snow was piled up to the roof.

 The stock prices rose up to 100 dollars.
Used to indicate relationship:
 This letter is very important to your admission.

 My answer to your question is in this envelop.
 Do not respond to every little thing in your life.
Used to indicate a time or a period:
 I work nine to six, Monday to Friday.

 It is now 10 to five. (In other words, it is 4:50.)
 Three forms of verb

V1 Meaning
Base Form of V2 V3
Verb Past Simple Past Participle
be (is, am,are) ‫آهي‬ was, were Been
Beat ‫شڪستڏيڻ‬ Beat beaten
Become ‫ئيڻ‬،‫بڻجي‬ Became become
Begin ‫شروع ڪرڻ‬ Began begun
Bend ‫موڙڻ‬ Bent Bent
Bet ‫شرط لڳائڻ‬ Bet Bet
/‫بولي لڳائڻ‬
Bid Bid Bid
‫حڪم ڏيڻ‬
Bite Bit Bitten

‫کاٹنا‬

V1 Meaning
Base Form of V2 V3
‫دھچکا ھوا‬
Blow Blew Blown
‫جوھلڻ‬
Break Broke Broken

‫ ڀڃڻ‬،‫توڑنا‬
Bring Brought Brought

‫ آئڻ‬،‫النے‬
Build Built Built

‫تعمیر‬
Burn burned/burnt burned/burnt

‫جالنا‬
Buy Bought Bought

‫خريدنے‬
Catch Caught Caught

‫پکڑو‬
Choose Chose Chosen

‫منتخب‬
Come Came Come

‫آو‬
Cost Cost Cost

‫الگت‬
Cut Cut Cut

‫ڪٽ‬

V1 Meaning
Base Form of V2 V3
Dig Dug Dug

‫کوٽي‬
Dive Dove Dived

‫غوطه‬
Do Did Done
‫ڪريو‬
Draw Drew Drawn

‫ڈرا‬
Dream dreamed/dreamt dreamed/dreamt

‫خواب‬
Drive Drove Driven

‫ڈرائیو‬
Drink Drank Drunk

‫پیو‬
Eat Ate Eaten

‫کائو‬
Fall Fell Fallen

‫زوال‬
Feel ‫محسوس‬ Felt Felt

V1 Meaning
Base Form of V2 V3
Fight Fought Fought

‫وڙهڻ‬
Find Found Found

‫پايا‬
Fly Flew Flown

‫ اڏارڻ‬،‫اڑنا‬
Forget Forgot Forgotten

‫وسارڻ‬،‫بھول جاؤ‬
Forgive Forgave Forgiven

‫معاف ڪرڻ‬
Freeze Froze Frozen

‫ڄمڻ‬،‫فريز‬
Get Got Gotten

‫حاصل ڪرڻ‬
Give Gave Given

‫ديناڏيڻ‬
Go Went Gone
‫وڃڻ‬،‫جاؤ‬
Grow Grew Grown

‫وڌڻ‬،‫بڑھنا‬
Hang Hung Hung

‫لٽڪائڻ‬،‫پھانسی‬

V1 Meaning
Base Form of V2 V3
Have Had Had

‫ وٽ‬،‫ہے‬
Hear Heard Heard

‫ ٻڌڻ‬،‫سنو‬
Hide Hid Hidden

‫ لڪائڻ‬،‫چھپائیں‬
Hit Hit Hit

‫ مارڻ‬،‫مارا‬
Hold Held Held

‫ پڪڙڻ‬،‫پکڑو‬
‫ تڪلیف‬،‫چوٹ لگی‬
Hurt Hurt Hurt
‫ڏيڻ‬
Keep Kept Kept

‫ رکڻ‬،‫رکھیں‬
،‫جانتے ہیں‬
Know Knew Known
‫ڄاٹڻ‬
Lay Laid Laid

‫بچھانا‬
Lead Led Led

‫سیسہ‬

V1 Meaning
Base Form of V2 V3
Leave ‫چھوڑو‬ Left Left
Lend Lent Lent

‫قرض دينا‬
Let Let Let

‫چلو‬
Lie Lay Lain

‫جھوٹ‬
Lose Lost lost

‫کھو جانا‬
Make Made Made

‫بنانا‬
Mean Meant Meant

‫مطلب‬
Meet Met Met

‫ملنا‬
Pay Paid Paid

‫ادائیگی‬
Put Put Put

‫ڈال‬
Read Read Read

‫پڑھیں‬

V1 Meaning
Base Form of V2 V3
Ride Rode Ridden

‫سواری‬
Ring Rang Rung

‫بجنا‬
Rise Rose Risen

‫اضافہ‬
Run Ran Run

‫رن‬
Say Said Said

‫کہو‬
See Saw Seen

‫ديکھو‬
Sell Sold Sold

‫فروخت‬
Send Sent Sent

‫بھیجیں‬
Show ‫دکھائیں‬ Showed Shown
Shut Shut Shut

‫بند‬
Sing Sang Sung

‫گانا‬

V1 Meaning
Base Form of V2 V3
Sit Sat Sat

‫بیٹھو‬
Sleep Slept Slept

‫نیند‬
Speak Spoke Spoken

‫بول‬
Spend Spent Spent

‫خرچ‬
Stand Stood Stood

‫کھڑے ہو جاؤ‬
Swim Swam Swum

‫تیرنا‬
‫لے لو‬
Take Took Taken
Teach Taught Taught

‫سکھائیں‬
Till Tore Torn

‫تک‬
Tell Told Told

‫بتاؤ‬
Think Thought thought

‫سوچو‬

V1 Meaning
Base Form of V2 V3
Throw Threw Thrown

‫پھینک‬
Understand Understood understood

‫سمجھیں‬
Wake Woke Woken

‫جاگ‬
Wear Wore Worn

‫پہننا‬
Win ‫کٽڻ‬ Won Won
Write ‫لکو‬ Wrote written
Words Antonyms
Accept Reject
Buy Sell
Collect Distribute

Dead Alive
Encourage Discourage
Float Sink
Give Take
Artificial Real
Awkward Graceful
Barren Fertile
Believe Doubt
Birth Dead
Brave Cowardly
Brief Long
Full Empty
Calm Excited
Care Neglect
Cease Continue
Close Open

Combine Separate
Shrewd Unthinking
Sick Well
Sluggish Quick
Before After
Believe Doubt
Beneficial Harmful
Charming Obnoxious
Chubby Thin
Close Open
Dangerous Safe
Dense Sparse
Deposit Withdraw
Entirely Partly
Evident Doubtful
Feasible Impossible
Ferocious Tame
Gallant Ungentlemanly
Gaunt Overweight

Help Hinder
Hold Release
Hospitable Rude
Long Short
Lure Repel
Magnify Reduce
Negligent Conscientious
Neutral Prejudiced
Nice Unpleasant
Open Close
Always Never
Apparent Hidden
Birth Death
Brave Cowardly
Valiant Cowardly
Vicious Kind
Virtuous Sinful
Tangible Vague
Upset Soothe

Vacant Filled
Combine Separate
Complex Simple
Conflict Agree
Premature Late,
Arrive Depart
Deter Encourage
Awkward Graceful
Quit Continue
Sluggish Quick
Smooth Rough
Passive Forceful
Poor Rich
Mourn Rejoice
Fluid Solid
Fluid Solid
Drastic Mild
Ratify Veto
Reluctant Willing

Surplus Lack
Synthetic Natural
Ridiculous Sensible
Question Answer
Listless Active
Full Empty
Future Past
Maximum Minimum
Ordinary Unusual
Outstanding Insignificant
Combine Separate
Complex Simple
Sorrow Joy
Successful Unsuccessful
Naughty Good
Huge Small
Humiliate Honor
Docile Wild
Homonyms:

Address – Address
 I can give you the address of a good attorney.

 That letter was addressed to me.
Band – Band
 The band was playing old Beatles songs.

 She always ties her hair back in a band.
 Many insects are banded black and yellow.
Bat – Bat
 I am afraid of bats.
 It’s his first time at bat in the major leagues.
Match – Match
 If you suspect a gas leak do not strike a match or use electricity.

 Her fingerprints match those found at the scene of the crime.
Mean – Mean
 What does this sentence mean?

 He needed to find a mean between frankness and rudeness.
Right – Right
 I’m sure I’m right.

 Take a right turn at the intersection.
Ring – Ring
 What a beautiful ring!

 The children sat on the floor in a ring.
Rock – Rock
 Komuro formed a rock band with some friends while in college.

 To build the tunnel, they had to cut through 500 feet of solid rock.
Rose – Rose
 She has a rose garden.

 Sales rose by 20% over the Christmas period.

Spring – Spring
 I’m sorry to spring it on you, but I’ve been offered another job.
 He was born in the spring of 1944.
Stalk – Stalk
 He ate the apple, stalk and all.

 Snatching up my bag, I stalk out of the room.
Well – Well
 The conference was very well organized.

 The dog fell down a well.
Clip – Clip
 They are clips from the new James Bond film.

 The wire is held on with a metal clip.
Date – Date
 The date on the letter was 30th August 1962.

 She and Ron go to the park to date.
Drop – Drop
 The apples are beginning to drop from the trees.

 A single drop of blood splashed onto the floor.
Fly – Fly
 A fly was buzzing against the window.

 Let’s fly a kite.
Letter – Letter
 There’s a letter for you.

 “B” is the second letter of the alphabet.
Palm – Palm
 He held the bird gently in the palm of his hand.

 The coconut palm is a native of Malaysia.
Park – Park

 We went for a walk in the park.

 The tennis court is sometimes used as a car park.
Point – Point
 He’s just saying that to prove a point.

 Everything seemed to point in one direction.
Ruler – Ruler
 I have a 12 inch ruler.

 King Priam was a firm, but just ruler.
Saw – Saw
 Saw is a tool that has a long blade with sharp points along one of its edges.
 Last night, I saw a lovely girl.
Scale – Scale
 They entertain on a large scale.

 He somehow managed to scale the sheer outside wall of the tower.
Ship – Ship
 There are two restaurants on board ship.

 A new engine was shipped over from the US.
Sink – Sink
 The ships sink to the bottom of the sea.

 I felt chained to the kitchen sink.
Tie – Tie
 He had to tie her hands together.

 I wear a shirt and tie at work.
Trip – Trip
 We went on a trip to the mountains.

 Someone will trip over that cable.
Wave – Wave
 Huge waves were breaking on the shore.

 The people on the bus waved and we waved back.

Cool – Cool
 She swam out into the cool water.

 When tempers had cooled, he apologized.
Duck – Duck
 Every afternoon they went to the park to feed the duck.

 He had to duck as he came through the door.
Fall – Fall
 September had come and the leaves were starting to fall.

 The area is beautiful in the fall.
File – File
 Every file on the same disk must have a different name.

 We began to file out into the car park.
Foot – Foot
 My foot hurts.
 Once again it will be the taxpayer who has to foot the bill.
Left – Left
 Look left and right before you cross the road.

 The plane left for Dallas last night.
Nail – Nail
 The key was hanging on a nail by the door.

 I’ve broken my nail.
Watch – Watch
 I like watching TV every night.

 I glanced at my watch.
Can – Can
Gabriella can speak French fluently.

 We drank a can of Coke each.
Homonyms Examples (Homophones)

Homonyms can refer to homophones (words that are pronounced the same as other
words but differ in meaning and are spelled differently).
Fort – Fought
 Just the three of you going to be holding the fort tonight.

 He fought many battles with the early Labor party in Lancaster and discrimination
against socialist employees was alleged.
Foul – Fowl
 He woke up with a foul taste in his mouth.

 Fish, fowl and meat, most with a decidedly Southwestern treatment, are
represented on the menu.
Groan – Grown
 Richard’s jokes make you groan rather than laugh.

 He had been a grown man with a small but independent income when he had
taken Minnie instead of her to wife.
Holy – Wholly
 The priest puts some holy water on the child’s head.

 The report claimed that the disaster was wholly unavoidable.
Hour – Our
 The interview lasted half an hour.

 We showed them some of our photos.
I – Eye
 I moved to this city six years ago.

 Ow! I’ve got something in my eye!
Know – No
 I know people’s handwriting changes as they get older.

“It was Tony.”
 “‘No, you’re wrong. It was Ted.”
Links – Lynx
 A love of nature links the two poets.

 They may be eagle-eyed or watch like a lynx.

Mail – Male
 He found a mountain of mail waiting for him.

 Many women earn less than their male colleagues.
Meet – Meat
 Maybe we’ll meet again some time.

 I gave up eating meat a few months ago.
Peace – Piece
 I wish she would just leave me in peace.

 He broke off a piece of bread and gave it her.
Right – Write
 Keep on the right side of the road.

 She had to write a report on the project.
Scene – Seen
 The police soon arrived at the scene of the crime.

 He crouched down so he couldn’t be seen.
Than – Then
 Natalie was prettier than her sister.

 I wish I had known then what I know now.
Weak – Week
 She is still weak after her illness.

 He comes to see us once a week.
Synonyms (A)
Learn the list of common synonyms that start with A with examples.
Abandon —– Forsake
 People often simply abandon their pets when they go abroad

 He had made it clear to his wife that he would never forsake her.

Able —– Capable
 You must be able to speak French for this job.

 You are capable of better work than this.
Accomplish —– Achieve
 Easy enough to say, but sometimes hard to accomplish!

 They could not achieve their target of less than 3% inflation.
Accurate —– Precise
 Scientists have found a more accurate way of dating cave paintings.

 I can be reasonably precise about the time of the incident.
Active —– Athletic
 She’s over 80, but is still very active.

 He can play any sport, he’s naturally athletic.
Admit —– Confess
 Don’t be afraid to admit to your mistakes.

 We persuaded her to confess her crime.
Agree —– Consent
 I agree with her analysis of the situation.

 I rarely consent to do interviews.
Aim —– Goal/ Purpose
 Our main aim is to increase sales in Europe.

 Your goal as a parent is to help your child become an independent adult.
 The purpose of the book is to provide a complete guide to the university.
Alike —– Same
 My mother and I are alike in many ways.

 She was born on the same day as me.
All —– Every
 The boys played video games all day.

 I enjoyed every minute of the film.
Allow —– Permit

 My parents wouldn’t allow me to go to the party

 We were not permitted any contact with each other.
Amiable —– Friendly
Her parents seemed very amiable.

 Everyone was very friendly towards me.
Amount —– Quantity
 We’ve had an enormous amount of help from people.

 The police also found a quantity of ammunition in the flat.
Angry —– Mad/ Irritated
 Her behavior really made me angry.

 He’s always been mad about kids.
 She was getting more and more irritated at his comments.
Arrive —– Reach
 They arrived at the airport at 10.30.

 You should reach there around 9.45 a.m.
Ask —– Enquire
 We’ll have to ask someone the way to the station.

 I called the station to enquire about train times.
Assist —– Help
 Anyone willing to assist can contact this number.

 This charity aims to help people to help themselves.
Assure —– Guarantee
 We were assured that everything possible was being done.

 We cannot guarantee our flights will never be delayed.
Attire —– Dress
 Their attire was a mixture of the sombre and seaside wear.

 I am wearing the long white dress.
Away —– Absent
 There were ten children away yesterday.

 Today, he is absent from work.

Awful —– Terrible/ Bad
 The weather last summer was awful.

 That’s a terrible thing to say!
 I’m having a really bad day.
Synonyms (B)
Learn a list of synonyms that start with B with examples.
Bargain —– Deal
 The car was a bargain at that price.

 We did a deal with the management on overtime.
Begin —– Start
 He always begins his lessons with a warmup exercise.

 I only started this book yesterday.
Beginner —– Novice/ Amateur
 She’s in the beginners’ class.

 I’m a complete novice at skiing.
 The tournament is open to both amateurs and professionals.
Behave —– Act
 The doctor behaved very unprofessionally.

 John’s been acting very strangely lately.
Belly —– Stomach
 They crawled along on their bellies.

 You shouldn’t exercise on a full stomach.
Below —– Under
 He dived below the surface of the water.

 The dog squeezed under the gate and ran into the road.
Big —– Vast/ Large

 It’s the world’s biggest computer company.

 His business empire was vast.
 Brazil is the world’s largest producer of coffee.
Blank —– Empty
 Sign your name in the blank space below.

 It’s not good to drink alcohol on an empty stomach.
Blend —– Mix
 Blend together the eggs, sugar and flour.

 Mix all the ingredients together in a bowl.
Bother —– Annoy
 I don’t want to bother her with my problems at the moment.

 His constant joking was beginning to annoy her.
Brave —– Courageous
 I wasn’t brave enough to tell her what I thought of her.

 I hope people will be courageous enough to speak out against this injustice.
Broad —– Wide
 He is tall, broad and muscular.

 Her face broke into a wide grin.
Brute —– Rough/ Violent
 His father was a drunken brute.

 This watch is not designed for rough treatment.
 Her husband was a violent man.
Bucket —– Pail
 They were playing on the beach with their buckets and spades.
 It was a community that drank out of the beer pail and ate out of the lunch bucket.
Bunny —– Rabbit
 A little bunny seemed harmless enough.

 I want to have a rabbit.
Business —– Trade

 It’s been a pleasure to do business with you.

 Trade between the two countries has increased.
Buy —– Purchase
 If you’re thinking of getting a new car, now is a good time to buy.

 The equipment can be purchased from your local supplier.
Synonyms (C)
Common synonyms that start with C with examples.
Center —– Middle
 There was an enormous oak table in the center of the room.

 He was standing in the middle of the room.
Chiefly —– Mainly
 We are chiefly concerned with improving educational standards.

 They eat mainly fruit and nuts.
Child —– Kid
 I lived in London as a child.

 She’s a bright kid.
Choose —– Select/ Pick
 We have to choose a new manager from a shortlist of five candidates.

 She was selected as the parliamentary candidate for Bath.
 She picked the best cake for herself.
Chop —– Cut
 He was chopping logs for firewood.

 You need a powerful saw to cut through metal.
Close —– Shut
 I closed my eyes against the bright light.

 Philip went into his room and shut the door behind him.
Coat —– Jacket

 I have a long winter coat.

 I have to wear a jacket and tie to work.
Cold —– Chilly/ Freezing
Today, it is very cold.

 I was feeling chilly.
 My hands are freezing!
Competent —– Capable
 He’s very competent in his work.

 You are capable of better work than this.
Complete —– Finish
 The project should be completed within a year.

 She finished law school last year.
Complex —– Complicated
 That’s a complex problem.

 The story is extremely complicated.
Connect —– Join
 The towns are connected by train and bus services.

 The island is joined to the mainland by a bridge.
Cope —– Manage
 He wasn’t able to cope with the stresses and strains of the job.
 She’s 82 and can’t manage on her own any more.
Couch —– Sofa
 Tom offered to sleep on the couch.

 I took my shoe off and lay down on the sofa.
Coarse —– Rough
 He is wearing a jacket of coarse wool.

 The skin on her hands was hard and rough.
Crash —– Accident
 A girl was killed yesterday in a crash involving a stolen car.

 He was killed in an accident.

Crook —– Criminal
 The film portrays a world of smalltime crooks, petty crime and drinking clubs.
 Lawyers are not allowed to comment on current criminal cases.
Cry —– Weep
 It’s all right. Don’t cry.

 She started to weep uncontrollably.
Cunning —– Clever
 It was a cunning piece of detective work.

 He’s clever with his hands.

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The Dynamic Thoughts Academy

We Can make you Fly.

Seek Knowledge Page 1

Content Page No.

English is language of POWER, and passport to success.

Seek Knowledge Page 2

Tips to Develop Speaking Skills

 Practice speaking every chance you get in your surroundings.

Noun is the Name of Place, person, and anything in the world.

 Countable : Which can be count.

Examples: teacher, car, music, danger, receipt

 Have you seen my dog?

 Proper Nouns ‫اسم خاص‬

Proper noun refers to a particular person , place or thing.

Seek Knowledge Page 3

Rule: Proper nouns always start with a capital letter.

Examples: Jane, Thailand, Sunday, James Bond, Einstein, Superman, Game of

 Let me introduce you to Mary.

 Abstract Nouns ‫اسم ذات‬

 He has great strength.

 Collective Nouns ‫اسم جمع‬

A collective noun denotes a number of persons or collection of things.

 Compound Nouns ‫اسم مرڪب‬

A compound noun is a noun that is made with two or more words.

Compound nouns have three different forms:

1. open or spaced - space between words (bus stop)

Seek Knowledge Page 4

 Can we use the swimming pool?

Singular means one. Plural means more than one

You have an apple. ( ) You have apples. ( )

 How to make Plural Nouns

add -es to the end to make it plural.

Seek Knowledge Page 5

the -s or -z prior to adding the -es for pluralization.

the -s to form the plural version.

Seek Knowledge Page 6

 5 If a singular noun ends in -y and the letter before the -y is a consonant,

change the ending to -ies to make the noun plural.

simply add an -s to make it plural.

 7 If the singular noun ends in -o, add -es to make it plural.

Seek Knowledge Page 7

 9 If the singular noun ends in -is, the plural ending is -es.

 10 If the singular noun ends in -on, the plural ending is -a.

 11 Some nouns don’t change at all when they’re pluralized.

Seek Knowledge Page 8

 Plural Noun Rules for Irregular Nouns

the proper pluralization in the dictionary.

 child – children Following nous are singular. They always

 goose – geese take singular verb. Innings, Issue

 man – men Mathematics, Polities, Civics, Ethics,

 woman – women Physics, News, Mechanics.

 tooth – teeth 1. Lala’s innings is so excited.

 foot – feet 2. Mathematics is boring subject for me.

 mouse – mice 3. Politics has become worst or these day

 person – people 4. The news about Dr. A. Qadeer was true

5. Mr. Ali has no issue

Exercise: Make plurals of the followings.

Seek Knowledge Page 9

Gender is defined as a classification of a noun or pronoun as feminine, masculine or