Republic of the Philippines, Department of Education, Region IV-A CALABARZON, Division of Quezon

LOPEZ NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL

Maharlika Highway, Brgy. Magsaysay, Lopez, Quezon
email add: sdo.quezon.lopeznchs@gmail.com
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“Effects of Inflation Rate in Managing Finances of Selected

Consumers in Brgy. Poblacion Lopez, Quezon: Basis for SMART Buying”

Richelda A. Adan
Ronnel D. Belleza
Dhy-Ann Marie S. Bernal
Monica M. Escobido
Honey J. Espinosa
Jaymark D. Laylay
John Carlo N. Ragos
Maria Belenda T. Uy
Monica Grace L. Villancio
Researchers

CHAPTER I
PROBLEMS AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction
One of the hobbies of few Filipinos is buying. Zig Ziglar once have said that,
“People don’t buy for logical reasons. They buy for emotional reasons.” People
sometimes buy consumable items. It is either for a need or for a want. Need would
be defined as goods or services that are required. Wants are good or services that
are not necessary but we desire or wish for. An example from Needs and Wants, one
needs clothes, but one may not need designer clothes. In this example, people
combine a real life to ideal life, anyone desire their want other than needs.
According to Ankur Baranwal (2018), a need is some that a person must have in
order to thrive. Without it, that person will suffer either physical or mentally. In real

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life, need is the most important. But what all of those needs and wants suddenly
became a higher price?

Based on an online dictionary, Inflation means “a general increase in prices

and fall in the purchasing value of money.” It is a way of adding a higher value of tax
in some products. The purview of inflation has narrowed in the present day since
only the phenomenon of increase in the price level termed as inflation. Previously,
the devaluation of money was also considered to be a condition of inflation. In the
present day, this phenomenon is known as a “Monetary Inflation”. The cause of
inflation in developed countries is broadly identified as growth of money supply. In
developing countries, in contrast, inflation is not a purely monetary phenomenon.
Besides, factors typically related to fiscal imbalances such as higher money growth
and exchange rate depreciation arising from a balance of payments crisis dominate
the inflation process in developing countries, as discussed by Sergent and Wallace.

Philippines inflation is now the highest in ASEAN. Trading Economics stated

that as of October 2018, the inflation rate in the Philippines is 6.7%, unchanged from
previous month but higher than market expectations of 6.5%. Not only is this the
highest in 9.4 years, it also exceeded the government’s upper forecast of 6.2%, and is
way above the government’s 4% upper target for 2018. It also shows in the data that
Vietnam’s inflation rate (at least as of July) was only at 4.5%, Indonesia 3.2%,
Thailand 1.5%, Malaysia 0.9%, and Singapore 0.6%.

One of the causes of inflation rate in the Philippines is World Oil Prices.
Philippines do not have substantial oil production causing the country to import oil
from other countries. Research shows back in 2016 that Philippines import 94% of
oil requirements, vis-à-vis Thailand which only imported 70%, Indonesia 41%,

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Vietnam 20%, and Malaysia 10%. Other than that, Philippine peso is weak. As
inflation rises, businesses are being forced to raise their prices. Banks are forced to
raise interest rates in order to maintain a profit margin. The Philippine peso
exchanged rate has also devalued by about 8% from the start of this year and is
adding to the inflationary pressures, causing a further increase in the price of
commodities. One factor that contributes to runaway inflation is the weakening
peso. As of September 5, the peso closed P 53.5 per US Dollar.

Some economists blame Tax Reform for Acceleration and Inclusion as a

reason why inflation rate in the Philippines grow. TRAIN included tax hikes on
several petroleum products, such as unleaded gasoline, diesel, and kerosene.
Unknown to many, TRAIN also provides for two more rounds of automatic
petroleum tax hikes in 2019 and 2020. Combined with the fact that global oil prices
later this year could reach up to $90 per barrel—because of limited supplies from
key oil exporters like Iran and Venezuela—it seems cruel to impose additional tax
hikes on fuels come January 2019. Therefore, the proposed bill to stop the
implementation of TRAIN’s petroleum tax hikes seems more and more justified by
the day – if only as a stopgap measure to arrest runaway inflation immediately

Demand for goods and services decreases as inflation increases, and this in
turn reduces purchasing power and lowers demand for goods and services,
decreasing the national output. This caused “shortage”. In economic, a shortage or
excess demand is a situation in which the demand for a product or services exceeds
its supply in a market. In economic terminology, a shortage occurs when for some
reason, the price does not rise to reach equilibrium. In common use, the term
“shortage” may refer to a situation where most people are unable to find a desire
goods at an affordable price especially where supply problems have increased the

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price. That’s why our economy has no sufficient product to sell. They import a
product from other country and that product cost a high price and it will be the
inflation.

Today’s inflation is one of the problems that we need to face. A continual

increase in the price goods and services can affect to the consumer and producer.
According to Statista, inflation refers to an overall increase in the Consumer Price
Index (CPI) which is a weightiest average of prices for different goods. Consumer
Price Index means a measure of change in the price level of the pre-selected market
basket of consumer goods and services purchase. The set of goods that make up the
index depends on which are considered representative of a common consumption
basket. Therefore, depending on the country and the consumption habits of a
majority of the population, the index will comprise different goods. Some goods
might record a drop-in price, whereas others may increase thus, the overall value of
the CPI will depend on the weight of each of the goods with respect to the whole
basket. Annual inflation refers to the percent change of the CPI compared to the
same month of the previous year.

Economists distinguish between two types of inflation: Demand-Pull

Inflation and Cost-Push Inflation. Both types of inflation cause an increase in the
overall price level within an economy. Demand-pull inflation occurs when aggregate
demand for goods and services in an economy rises more rapidly than an economy's
productive capacity. One potential shock to aggregate demand might come from a
central bank that rapidly increases the supply of money. Cost-push inflation, on the
other hand, occurs when prices of production process inputs increase. Rapid wage
increases or rising raw material prices are common causes of this type of inflation.

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Inflation has been narrowed now a day. Philippines’ economy is facing this
problem, having a high inflation is one of the most powerful agents of redistribution.
It can reduce the real value of the tax revenues. Employees with higher skills will be
able to preserve the power of purchasing their wages. While the lower suffered
heavy losses. How can consumers deal with this problem?

The purpose of this study is to know the Effects of Inflation Rate in Managing
Finances of Selected Consumers in Brgy. Poblacion Lopez, Quezon, to give solutions
for these effects, and to give some tips for SMART buying. This research will serve as
basis for near future.

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Figure 1.1 Theoretical Framework

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Ibn Khaldun's theory of taxation has been considered one of his most
important contributions to economic thought. In the Muqaddimah, he relates the
theory of taxation with the government expenditure and argued for low tax rate so
that incentive to work is not killed and taxes are paid happily. According to him, at
the beginning of a dynasty, taxation yields large revenue from small assessment, but
at the end of a dynasty, taxation yields small revenue from large assessment. The
effect of taxation on incentives and productivity is so clearly visualized by Ibn
Khaldun that he seems to have grasped the concept of optimum taxation. He also
analyzed the effect of government expenditure on the economy. He advocates a
policy of wise and productive public expenditure. By these economic insights, Ibn
Khaldun has been considered as the forerunner of modern recommendations that
high tax rates shrink the tax base because they reduce the economic activity.

The fact that by the year 2012, as many as 27 countries adopted the regime
of target inflation (Serbia has been one of them since 2009) points to an increasing
interest and growing popularity in the application of this monetary politics regime.
As the number of countries adopting the regime of inflation targeting is growing,
there is a strong need for it to be theoretically grounded. In this work we consider
the bond between the appliance of the regime of inflation targeting and new
keynesian dynamical models of general equilibrium - DSGE models with a leading
economic mainstream (known as "new neoclassical synthesis"), and there are a few
points of dispute that imply limited possibilities of the practical appliance of the
above mentioned regime of monetary politics and models. When the creators of the
monetary politics make decisions, it is necessary for them to take into account the
understanding of initial principles, important characteristics and limits of applying
this regime as well as all the accompanying instruments.

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The Diffusion Theory of French writers: Canard and Mansfield. This theory
states that taxes equate and diffuse themselves. This theory holds that government
may impose such taxes as are most easily assessed and collected and will cause the
least obstruction to national wealth. It favors indirect taxation, trusting to the laws
of trade to distribute the burden of taxation over the whole population. The diffu-
sion theory of taxation is based on the assumption of perfect competition and
complete mobility of all economic agents. According to this theory, the individuals
from whom the tax is collected will not ultimately bear the entire burden of taxation.
The burden will be shifted on to other classes and finally it will be diffused all over
the society, untraceable.

According to Andreea BALTAC, PhD Student the term inflation, in a first

phase, was related to currency, money later and is now commonly used to describe
the prices. This change of paradigm seems to originate in a sequence of unfortunate
events, but probably inevitable. The article presents the main theories that have led
to the definition of the concept of "inflation" highlighting the successive acceptable
that economists – starting with those classics, contemporary of Adam Smith – they
have assigned over time of this economic phenomenon.

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Figure 1.2 Conceptual Framework

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In figure 1.2, the purpose of this survey is to know the Effects of Inflation
Rate in Managing Finances of Selected Consumers in Brgy. Poblacion Lopez, Quezon.
In input, what are the Effects of Inflation Rate in Managing Finances of
Selected Consumers in Brgy. Poblacion Lopez, Quezon will be answered by selected
consumers in Brgy. Poblacion Lopez, Quezon wherein their profile was known by
their Name, Age, Gender, and Monthly Income, Questions that would be answer by
their preferences.
The process shows the step conducted by the researchers: the questionnaires
of respondents. Afterwards, the researchers will conduct a symposium or forum for
the possible outcome of the questionnaires.

Statement of the Problem

The goal of this research is to identify the Effects of Inflation Rate in
Managing Finances of Selected Consumers in Brgy. Poblacion Lopez, Quezon: Basis
for SMART Buying. This research aims to determine:

1. The demographic profile of the respondents according to:

a. Name
b. Age
c. Gender
d. Monthly Income
2. What are the products that consumers can afford to buy despite of the
inflation rate?
3. How often consumers buy those products?
4. What are the possible strategies of the consumers to have an alternative
solution for inflation rate?

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Significance of the study

This study will answer the curiosity of people about the sudden increase of
tax. It will show you how this problem affects the buying system of the consumers.
For Consumers, the researchers will give recommendations at the end of
this study that will be their guide in SMART buying.
For Researchers, they will have more knowledge about Inflation rate and
they will be more aware on what is happening in the economy.

Scope and Delimitation

The target respondents for this study are selected consumers in Brgy.
Poblacion Lopez, Quezon.
The researchers will choose only those consumers who are willing to give
their idea and monthly income for research purposes.
The researchers will use Convenience Sampling for gathering information
about the Effects of Inflation Rate in Managing Finances of Selected Consumers in
Brgy. Poblacion Lopez, Quezon.

KEYWORDS: Effects, Inflation Rates, Managing Finances, Selected Consumers, Brgy.

Poblacio Lopez Quezon, Basis, Smart Buying

Definition of Terms
 Effects - negative or positive cause of Inflation Rate.
 Inflation Rate - Increasing price of product.
 Managing Finances – planning, organizing, directing, and controlling the
financial activities.
 Consumers - Selected respondents from Barangay Poblacion Lopez, Quezon.
 Brgy. Poblacion Lopez, Quezon - Consist of 7 Barangays; Scope of the study.

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 Basis - Source of information about Inflation Rate.

 SMART Buying - Save Money and Apply Realistic Technique Buying.

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CHAPTER II

RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the related literature and studies, both local and
foreign, which consists of books, journals, magazines and online resources relevant
to the study in order to provide deeper and broader insights regarding to Effects of
Inflation Rate in Managing Finances of Selected Consumers in Brgy. Poblacion
Lopez, Quezon: Basis for SMART Buying.

Related Literature

Developing countries experiencing growth usually have some form of

inflation. Some economists have argued that some form of inflation is inevitable for
growth. The history of inflation has many instances of countries that have inflation
without growth and others that have growth without inflation (Friedman, 1973).

Stock returns are volatile overtime. According to Emenike (2010), Volatility

clustering occurs when large stock price changes are followed by large price change,
of either sign, and small price changes are followed by periods of small price
changes. However, Robert and Nardin (1996) suggested that there is possibility for
the determinants of differential stock returns to be stable over time, and the
forecasting power of the expected return factor model may also be high.
Interestingly, they also found out that there seems to be a great deal of commonality
across markets in firm characteristics that explain differences in expected returns.
This is true in spite of the fact that the monthly “payoffs” to these characteristics are
not significantly correlated across the five countries examined. Thus, the
determinants of expected stock returns appear to be common across different time
periods and across different markets. Based on this, they suggest the following as

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possible determinants of stock returns; riskiness of an assets, interest rate,

exchange rate, money supply and trading volume.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the annual rate
of deaths that can be attributed to tobacco usage is greater than the combined
number of deaths from HIV, alcohol use, vehicular injuries, illegal drug use, suicides
and murders. To discourage tobacco usage, the federal and state governments have
levied increasingly high taxes on cigarettes and other tobacco products. Some of the
revenue from these increased taxes is used to fund health education and disease
prevention programs. As of 2010, a pack of cigarettes attracts a federal tax of $2.11,
as well as sales and other state taxes. Spirits, wine and beer also attract high
taxation, although there is a movement to increase taxation rates further as a
deterrent to excessive drinking and its serious ramifications, such as disease and
vehicular accidents caused by drunk drivers. As of 2010, a 750-milliliter bottle of
spirits attracts a federal tax of $2.14, a 750 milliliter bottle of wine has a tax of 21
cents and a 12 fluid-ounce can of beer has a tax of 5 cents. These products also
attract sales and other state taxes.

There are some products that have a lot of value-added tax. It is called Excise
tax, also known as duty or sumptuary tax. According to the article of Harvey (2011)
entitled “What Are Some of the Highest Taxed Items?”, it is an indirect tax that is
charged at federal and state levels on the sale of particular items. It is an indirect
form of taxation, since the government does not apply the tax directly on the
consumer, but instead charges manufacturers, producers and merchants, who pass
the tax on to consumers through higher prices. These taxes are often levied on items
such as tobacco and alcohol to discourage consumption.

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According to Adriaan Slabbert, BBS Economics & Mathematics, Rhodes

University (2016), from a consumer viewpoint, inflation increases the cost of goods
and services, i.e. the cost of living. If the consumer’s income increased at the same
rate as inflation, they wouldn't be negatively affected, because they would have
more money in order to pay for their (now) more expensive needs. However, if
income remained at the same level, the purchasing power of that income would be
reduced, i.e. the same amount of money would buy less. Hence, if income remains
constant, inflation reduces a consumer’s buying power, and hence, decreases their
standard of living.

It has been found out that higher inflation probably translates to higher
spending. Well, it seems like the value of the money you’re holding onto is
diminishing. This encourages consumer to purchase more goods and services now,
for fear that the value of the currency will fall even further later on. As a result, this
can be beneficial for the economy as a whole. Sort of Adriaan Slabbert, BBS
Economics & Mathematics, Rhodes University (2016)

According to the article of Martin Ruzima (2016) entitled “Impact of inflation

on economic growth” shows that there is no consensus on the relationship between
inflation and economic growth both in theoretical and empirical studies. The results
mostly depend on the assumptions adopted in the study. Accordingly, the
theoretical literature indicates that the inflation-growth nexus can be positive,
negative or neutral. Also, the empirical findings are diversified based on the
economic conditions, methodology employed, data used, and nature of the study
whether cross section, panel data or country specific, and time period of the study
as well as the number of explanatory variables included in the model. Therefore, the
empirical results have two models: linear and nonlinear relationships.

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Related Studies

Based on the Oxford Dictionary, tax is a compulsory contribution to state

revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or
added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions. According to
Investopedia, taxes reduce both demand and supply, and drive market equilibrium
to a price that is higher than without the tax and a quantity that is lower than
without the tax.

Shahidur Rashid Talukdar (2012), Texas Tech University, analyze the effect
of inflation on poverty with a panel dataset comprised of 115 developing countries
over the period 1981-2008. By the help of regression analysis, Talukdar found
evidence supporting the view that inflation in general is positively correlated with
poverty while income, education attainment, and quality of governance show
negative correlation with poverty in most of the specifications. Apart from the
study of all the countries combined, he separately analyze the effect of inflation on
poverty in low income countries, lower middle income countries, and upper middle
income countries to see whether the effect of inflation is similar or different in
countries with different levels of income. He found out that although in most of the
cases inflation shows a positive and statistically significant correlation with poverty,
however, in the case of low income countries, the relationship between inflation and
poverty is negative and statistically in significant under certain specification.

In the study on September 2013 titled “Crime and Inflation Rates in the
Philippines: A Co-integration Analysis” states that the test of relationships of
variables has been used to provide policy tool a foundation for forecast interactions.
If variables were empirically determined to have close association, then a control of
one variable then it will show significant effect on the other variable, thus a forecast
relationship. This study aimed to establish long-run relationship between crime

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volume and the inflation rates. Also, findings revealed that the highest crime rate
was recorded at the period the inflation rates were at the highest. Crime rates and
increasing prices are co-integrated. This finding would lend support to peace and
development policies. The paradigm of peace first before development or the
reverse would not make any difference; it is on what the government is good at
must being the first. Both peace and security first, development follows;
development first, peace follows.

On the study of Bon Nguyen (June 3, 2015) entitled “Effects of Fiscal Deficit
and Money M2 Supply on Inflation: Evidence from Selected Economies of Asia” says
that a sustained high growth rate of gross domestic product at a low inflation is one
of the main goals of the majority of macroeconomic policies, so keeping the price
stability plays an important role in determining the growth rate of output. This
paper empirically investigates effects of fiscal deficit and broad money M2 supply on
inflation in Asian countries, namely Bangladesh, Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia,
Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam in the period of 1985-2012.
By applying the Pooled Mean Group (PMG) estimation-based error correction model
and the panel differenced GMM (General Method of Moment) Arellano-Bond
estimator, the study finds out broad money M2 supply has significantly positive
impact on inflation only in the method of PMG estimation whereas fiscal deficit,
government expenditure and interest rate are the statistically significant
determinants of inflation in both methods of estimation.

Economic Growth has long been the central theme in economics, followed by
human development. In the study of Gale and Samwick (2016), they stated that the
structure and financing of a tax change are critical to achieving economic growth.
Tax rate cuts may encourage individuals to work, save, and invest, but if the tax cuts

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are not financed by immediate spending cuts, they will likely also result in an
increased federal budget deficit, which in the long-term will reduce national saving
and raise interest rates. The net impact on growth is uncertain, but many estimates
suggest it is either small or negative. Base-broadening measures can eliminate the
effect of tax rate cuts on budget deficits, but at the same time, they reduce the
impact on labor supply, saving, and investment and thus reduce the direct impact on
growth.

A value-added tax (VAT) is a consumption tax placed on a product whenever

value is added at each stage of the supply chain, from production to the point of sale.
The amount of VAT that the user pays is on the cost of the product, less any of the
costs of materials used in the product that have already been taxed. As studied by
Ghaffarian Kolahi and Zaleha Bt Mohd Noor (2016), VAT is administrated normally
by employing the credit mechanism and that VAT is based on the destination
principle. The credit mechanism let the sellers to claim credit for any VAT they pay
while buying inputs required for producing the goods or services they sell. The
sellers are allowed to redeem those VAT credits against any VAT that they are
responsible to pay while selling the goods or services. Those VAT credits are
claimed by the sellers on condition that they grant invoices for the VAT they had
paid on their inputs. In this way, tax evasion is discouraged by VAT as the taxpayers
themselves incline to pay and take receipts for the VAT paid on input purchased for
allowing them to claim credit against the VAT they themselves need to pay at the
point of selling their end product or service. It is possible for the taxpayers
themselves to give checks against one another due to the fact that the receipts are
required at both ends of the transaction.

Yuchiro Ito and Sohei Kaihatsu (2016) states in their study that increases in
inflation expectations produced the positive effect on consumer spending on the
whole since the positive effect of declines in real interest rates was larger than the

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negative effects of declines in real wages expectation. Wages expectation was

generally influenced by wage perception and business performance outlook. This
suggests that improvement in wage expectation needs associate higher expectations
about business performance outlook and realization of wage increases.

Iona A. Duca, Geoff Kenny, and Andres Reuter (2016) investigate empirically
the relationship between consumer inflation expectation and spending using
individual consumer level data from the European Union Joint Harmonized Business
and Consumer Survey. More specifically for a 1 percentage point (pp) increase in
inflation expectation they find a 0.16 to 0.33 pp increase in the probability that a
consumer will spend in the current, this relationship is stronger when the effective
lower bound in binding. Country analysis corroborates the pooled results all
countries in the sample except one exhibit a positive, although heterogeneous,
relationship between consumer inflation expectations and the likelihood of
spending. Finally, using these estimated probabilities, they indirectly estimate the
impact of a gradual increase in inflation expectations on actual real consumption,
and find that this impact is also positive in line with economic theory.

As studied by the students in PUP Sta. Mesa, general prices of commodities in

the Philippines continued to rise more rapidly in the past years. It is therefore
important to know whether inflation rate has an effect on country's GDP growth
rate. This study aimed to find out the significant relationship of inflation rate and
GDP growth rate in the country from 1984 to 2013. From the results generated, as
can be observed, if the inflation reached 3.1, GDP growth rate is 9.97 on the First
quarter of 2012 and 8.67 on the growth rate if the inflation is 2.43 on the 3rd
quarter of 2013. Moreover, as of the Philippines in the year 1984, when inflation
rate soared 53%, the GDP growth rate was -19.20% and when inflation rate was 1.9
in 2012, GDP growth rate turned 5.4%. This entails that an increase in the inflation
rate have a spontaneous effect on the Gross Domestic Product growth rate in the

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 Republic of the Philippines, Department of Education, Region IV-A CALABARZON, Division of Quezon

LOPEZ NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL

Maharlika Highway, Brgy. Magsaysay, Lopez, Quezon
email add: sdo.quezon.lopeznchs@gmail.com
Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion
G12- ABM Quezon

long run. It turned out that inflation rate slightly affects the GDP growth rate
positively in the short run but its effect is more visible in the long run as inflation
rate gives a negative effect on the growth rate.

20 | P a g e
ADAN, R.A. et.al S.Y. 2018-2019
 Republic of the Philippines, Department of Education, Region IV-A CALABARZON, Division of Quezon

LOPEZ NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL

Maharlika Highway, Brgy. Magsaysay, Lopez, Quezon
email add: sdo.quezon.lopeznchs@gmail.com
Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion
G12- ABM Quezon

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter shows the methods and procedures maneuvered by the

researchers in orchestrating the study. It compasses the research design, research
locale, research population and sample, research instrument, data gathering
procedure and statistical treatment data.

Research Design

Since this study focuses at the present condition, the researchers used
descriptive research design in which the researchers have a survey to the selected
consumer in Brgy. Poblacion. This research design is appropriate because the
purpose of the research is to determine the effects of Inflation Rate in Managing
Finances of Selected Consumers in Brgy. Poblacion Lopez, Quezon. This research
also explains and shows the changes of having an inflation rate in Lopez, Quezon.
This design led the researchers to the discovery of new facts and knowledge which
became helpful in solving this problem and other problems related to this.

Population and Sampling

The target population for this study were the consumers in Brgy. Poblacion
Lopez, Quezon. The researchers need respondents that have enough knowledge
about inflation rate.

The researchers used Convenience Sampling for this study and chose only
those consumers who are willing to give their idea and monthly income to gather
more information about the effects of Inflation Rate in Managing Finances of
Selected Consumers in Brgy. Poblacion Lopez, Quezon.

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ADAN, R.A. et.al S.Y. 2018-2019
 Republic of the Philippines, Department of Education, Region IV-A CALABARZON, Division of Quezon

LOPEZ NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL

Maharlika Highway, Brgy. Magsaysay, Lopez, Quezon
email add: sdo.quezon.lopeznchs@gmail.com
Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion
G12- ABM Quezon

Respondents

The Respondents of this study were composed of forty-two (42) selected

consumers in Lopez Quezon.

Research Instrument

The Researchers used a survey and questionnaire in gathering data needed

on identifying the Effects of Inflation Rate in Managing Finances of Selected
Consumers in Brgy. Poblacion Lopez, Quezon. Additionally, the people of the
respondents and the different factors needed to be answered by the respondents
comprised the questionnaire.

Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers made the research instument successfully. In able for them
to conduct the research and parcel out questionnaire, the researchers sent out a
letter to the subject teacher and then to the principal of LNCHS. Then, this request
was promptly and formally granted by the Investegation, Information and
Immersion teacher and the Principal of LNCHS.
Afterwards, the researchers were divided into three groups to distribute the
questionnaire to the selected consumer in Brgy. Poblacion Lopez, Quezon. The
researchers personally distributed the questionnaires and they are also guiding the
selected consumer in answering it . After the distribution of questionnaires, the
researchers gathered the data through collecting the questionnaires. The collected
questionnaires are examined, tabulated and analyzed that served as the basis of the
study.

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 Republic of the Philippines, Department of Education, Region IV-A CALABARZON, Division of Quezon

LOPEZ NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL

Maharlika Highway, Brgy. Magsaysay, Lopez, Quezon
email add: sdo.quezon.lopeznchs@gmail.com
Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion
G12- ABM Quezon

Statistical Treatment of Data

The statistical treatment techniques that were used in classifying the data
and influential statistical that consist of percentage, weighted mean and highest
score to lowest score.

1. Percentage Formula

𝑓
P=𝑛 x 100

Where:

P= percentage

f= frequency

n= number of respondents

100= constant

2. Weighted Mean

X=

Where:
w= unit weight of responding responses
f= number of responses
Σ𝑓=sum of responses
Σ𝑓𝑤=sum of the product of f and w

The formula was used to determine the weighted mean of the respondents in the
different variables that was analyzed and presented in the different tables.

23 | P a g e
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 Republic of the Philippines, Department of Education, Region IV-A CALABARZON, Division of Quezon

LOPEZ NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL

Maharlika Highway, Brgy. Magsaysay, Lopez, Quezon
email add: sdo.quezon.lopeznchs@gmail.com
Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion
G12- ABM Quezon

3. Range Interval

The level of agreement is considered from the answers and was classified into
four levels as follows:

5−1
= 5
4
=5

= .80

Table 3.1

MEAN SCORES LEVEL OF AGREEMENT/ EXPERIENCE

4.21 – 5.00 Strongly Agree
3.41 – 4.20 Agree
2.61 - 3.40 Undecided
1.81 – 2.60 Disagree
1.00 – 1.80 Strongly Disagree

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ADAN, R.A. et.al S.Y. 2018-2019
 Republic of the Philippines, Department of Education, Region IV-A CALABARZON, Division of Quezon

LOPEZ NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL

Maharlika Highway, Brgy. Magsaysay, Lopez, Quezon
email add: sdo.quezon.lopeznchs@gmail.com
Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion
G12- ABM Quezon

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents the data gathered, the results of the statistical analysis
done and interpretation of findings. These are presented in tables following the
sequence of the specific research problem regarding the Effects of Inflation Rate in
Managing Finances of Selected Consumers in Brgy. Poblacion Lopez, Quezon: Basis
for SMART Buying.

I. This section of the questionnaire covered the respondents’ gender, age

and monthly income.
a. Gender

Table 4.1 shows the frequency distribution and percentage of the gender of
respondents.

Gender Frequency Percentage

Male 8 19%
Female 34 81%
Total 42 100%
Table 4.1 Gender of the respondent

As shown in table above are thirty-four (34) or 81% are female and eight (8)
or 19% are male.

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 Republic of the Philippines, Department of Education, Region IV-A CALABARZON, Division of Quezon

LOPEZ NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL

Maharlika Highway, Brgy. Magsaysay, Lopez, Quezon
email add: sdo.quezon.lopeznchs@gmail.com
Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion
G12- ABM Quezon

GENDER
Male Female

19%

81%

Figure 4.1 Gender of the respondents

b. Age

Table 4.2 shows the frequency distribution and percentage of the age of
respondents.

Age Frequency Percentage

16-25 3 7%
26-35 12 29%
36-45 11 26%
46-55 9 21%
56-65 2 5%
66-75 5 12%
Total 42 100%
Table 4.2 Age of the respondent

The respondents were asked how old they were. Table 4.2 depicts the
respondents’ ages.

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 Republic of the Philippines, Department of Education, Region IV-A CALABARZON, Division of Quezon

LOPEZ NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL

Maharlika Highway, Brgy. Magsaysay, Lopez, Quezon
email add: sdo.quezon.lopeznchs@gmail.com
Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion
G12- ABM Quezon

AGE
16-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 56-65 66-75

12% 7%

5%

29%

21%

26%

Figure 4.2 Age of the respondent

c. Monthly Income

Table 4.3 shows the frequency distribution and percentage of the Monthly Income of
respondents.

Monthly Income Frequency Percentage

Below 5,000 13 31%
6,000-15,000 28 67%
16,000-25,000 1 2%
16,000-25,000 1 2%
26,000-35,000 0 0
36,000 above 0 0
Total 42 100%
Table 4.3 Monthly Income

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 Republic of the Philippines, Department of Education, Region IV-A CALABARZON, Division of Quezon

LOPEZ NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL

Maharlika Highway, Brgy. Magsaysay, Lopez, Quezon
email add: sdo.quezon.lopeznchs@gmail.com
Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion
G12- ABM Quezon

The monthly income revealed that twenty-eight (28) or 67% of the

respondents are belong in 6,000-15,000(monthly income), thirteen (13) or 31% of
the respondents are belong in below 5,000 (monthly income), one (1) or 2% of the
respondents are belong in 16,000-25,000 (monthly income) and 0% in both 26,000-
35,000 and 36,000 above.

MONTHLY INCOME
Below 5,000 6,000-15,000 16,000-25,000 26,000-35,000 36,000 above

0%
2%

31%

67%

Figure 4.3 Monthly Income of the respondent

28 | P a g e
ADAN, R.A. et.al S.Y. 2018-2019
 Republic of the Philippines, Department of Education, Region IV-A CALABARZON, Division of Quezon

LOPEZ NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL

Maharlika Highway, Brgy. Magsaysay, Lopez, Quezon
email add: sdo.quezon.lopeznchs@gmail.com
Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion
G12- ABM Quezon

II. Products that consumer can afford to buy despite of inflation rate.

Table 4.4 shows the frequency of the product that consumer can afford to buy
despite of inflation rate.

Very Not Not at

Somewhat Undecided
Product Much Really All Total
(4) (3)
(5) (2) (1)
1. Basic Foods (e.g. Fish,
Meat, Pastries, 34 4 4 0 0 42
Poultries, etc.)

2. Restaurant Foods 3 9 10 14 6 42

3. Beverages (Soft drinks,

20 8 6 6 3 42
water, shake, etc.)
4. Liquor (Gin, Wine, etc.) 3 7 11 5 16 42

5. Gadgets 3 7 10 13 9 42
6. Appliances 2 9 7 13 11 42
7. Clothes and
accessories (Brand 9 10 10 12 3 42
New)
8. Clothes and
accessories (Ukay- 10 14 8 8 2 42
Ukay)
Table 4.4 Product that consumer can afford to buy despite of
inflation rate.

This table show the answer of the respondent based on what product they
can afford despite of inflation rate.

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ADAN, R.A. et.al S.Y. 2018-2019
 Republic of the Philippines, Department of Education, Region IV-A CALABARZON, Division of Quezon

LOPEZ NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL

Maharlika Highway, Brgy. Magsaysay, Lopez, Quezon
email add: sdo.quezon.lopeznchs@gmail.com
Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion
G12- ABM Quezon

Table 4.5 shows the rank of the product that consumer can afford to buy despite of
inflation rate.

VM SW U NR NA
Product WAM Rank Interpretation
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1. Basic Foods (e.g. Fish,
Meat, Pastries, 170 16 12 0 0 4.71 1 Very Much
Poultries, etc.)
2. Beverages (Soft drinks,
100 32 18 12 3 3.93 2 Somewhat
water, shake, etc.)
3. Clothes and
accessories (Ukay- 50 56 24 16 2 3.52 3 Somewhat
Ukay)
4. Clothes and
accessories (Brand 45 40 30 24 3 3.38 4 Undecided
New)
5. Restaurant Foods 15 36 30 28 6 2.74 5 Undecided
6. Gadgets 15 28 30 26 9 2.57 6 Not Really
7. Appliances 10 36 21 26 11 2.48 7 Not Really
8. Liquor (Gin, Wine, etc.) 15 28 33 10 16 2.43 8 Not Really
Table 4.5 Rank of Product that consumer can afford to buy despite of
inflation rate.

30 | P a g e
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 Republic of the Philippines, Department of Education, Region IV-A CALABARZON, Division of Quezon

LOPEZ NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL

Maharlika Highway, Brgy. Magsaysay, Lopez, Quezon
email add: sdo.quezon.lopeznchs@gmail.com
Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion
G12- ABM Quezon

WEIGHTED MEAN
Basic Foods Beverages Ukay-Ukay Brand New Restaurant Foods Gadgets Appliances Liquor

13%
17%

9%

15%
10%

10%
13%

13%

Figure 4.4 Graphical Presentation of the total weighted mean of the

respondents

This table show the ranking order of the product that consumer can afford
despite of inflation rate. Rank 1 is the basic food like fish, meat, pastries, poultries
and etc. with a weighted mean of 4.71 and an interpretation of very much.
Beverages like water soft drink shake and etc. ranked as number 2 with a weighted
mean of 3.93 and an interpretation of somewhat. Clothes and accessories that
purchase in ukay-ukay is ranked as number 3 with a weighted mean of 3.52 and an
interpretation of somewhat. Last in the ranking is liquor with a weighted mean of
2.43 and an interpretation of not at really.

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ADAN, R.A. et.al S.Y. 2018-2019
 Republic of the Philippines, Department of Education, Region IV-A CALABARZON, Division of Quezon

LOPEZ NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL

Maharlika Highway, Brgy. Magsaysay, Lopez, Quezon
email add: sdo.quezon.lopeznchs@gmail.com
Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion
G12- ABM Quezon

The researchers’ found that consumers can afford basic foods because
according to the Article of Harvey (2011), “What Are Some of the Highest Taxed
Items?”, the taxes are often levied on products such as tobacco and liquors,
consumers can afford basic products such as fish, meat, pastries, poultries, etc.
because merchants are the one who put taxes on it.

III. How often products are purchase.

Table 4.6 shows how often the customers purchased the products.

Always Frequently Occasionally Rarely Not Total

Product at All
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
Basic Foods (e.g. Fish, Meat, 31 8 2 1 0 42
Pastries, Poultries, etc.)

Restaurant Foods 1 5 19 13 4 42
Beverages (Soft drinks, 17 10 8 6 1 42
water, shake, etc.)
Liquor (Gin, Wine, etc.) 0 2 21 7 12 42

Gadgets 2 3 9 19 9 42
Appliances 1 5 10 17 9 42
Clothes and accessories 5 9 12 12 4 42
(Brand New)
Clothes and accessories 9 10 12 8 5 42
(Ukay-Ukay)
Table 4.6 How often products are purchase.

This table show the answer of the respondent on how often they purchase
those products.

32 | P a g e
ADAN, R.A. et.al S.Y. 2018-2019
 Republic of the Philippines, Department of Education, Region IV-A CALABARZON, Division of Quezon

LOPEZ NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL

Maharlika Highway, Brgy. Magsaysay, Lopez, Quezon
email add: sdo.quezon.lopeznchs@gmail.com
Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion
G12- ABM Quezon

Table 4.7 shows the rank on how often customers purchased the products.

A F O R NA
Product WAM Rank Interpretation
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1. Basic Foods (e.g.
Fish, Meat,
155 32 6 2 0 4.64 1 Always
Pastries, Poultries,
etc.)
2. Beverages (Soft
drinks, water, 85 40 24 12 1 3.86 2 Frequently
shake, etc.)
3. Clothes and
accessories (Ukay- 45 40 36 16 5 3.38 3 Occasionally
Ukay)
4. Clothes and
accessories (Brand 25 36 36 24 4 2.98 4 Occasionally
New)
5. Restaurant Foods 5 20 57 26 4 2.67 5 Occasionally
6. Appliances 5 20 30 34 9 2.33 6 Rarely
7. Liquor (Gin, Wine,
0 8 63 14 12 2.31 7 Rarely
etc.)
8. Gadgets 10 12 27 38 9 2.29 8 Rarely
Table 4.7 Rank of how often products are purchase.

33 | P a g e
ADAN, R.A. et.al S.Y. 2018-2019
 Republic of the Philippines, Department of Education, Region IV-A CALABARZON, Division of Quezon

LOPEZ NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL

Maharlika Highway, Brgy. Magsaysay, Lopez, Quezon
email add: sdo.quezon.lopeznchs@gmail.com
Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion
G12- ABM Quezon

WEIGHTED MEAN
Basuc Foods Beverages Ukay-Ukay Brand New Restaurant Foods Appliances Liquor Gadgets

9%
19%

9%

10%

16%

11%

14%
12%

Figure 4.5 Graphical Presentation of the total weighted mean of the

respondents

This tabulated data shows the ranking on how often product are purchase.
Rank 1 is the basic food like fish, meat, pastries, poultries and etc. with a weighted
mean of 4.64 and an interpretation of always. Rank 2 in beverages like soft drinks,
water, shake and etc. with a weighted mean of 3.86 and an interpretation of
frequently. Rank 3 is clothe and accessories that purchase in ukay-ukay with a
weighted mean of 3.38 and an interpretation of occasionally. And in the last rank is
the gadgets and an interpretation of rarely.

34 | P a g e
ADAN, R.A. et.al S.Y. 2018-2019
 Republic of the Philippines, Department of Education, Region IV-A CALABARZON, Division of Quezon

LOPEZ NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL

Maharlika Highway, Brgy. Magsaysay, Lopez, Quezon
email add: sdo.quezon.lopeznchs@gmail.com
Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion
G12- ABM Quezon

According to Ankur Baranwal (2018), a need is some that a person must have
in order to thrive. Without it, that person will suffer either physically or mentally.
The researchers found out that the higher the inflation, the higher of spending and
base on the survey, consumers always purchase basic foods. Needs would be
defined as good or services that is required so therefore consumers were always
purchasing basic needs.

IV. Strategies of the consumers to have an alternative solution for inflation

rate.

Table 4.8 shows the strategies of the consumers to have an alternative solution
for inflation rate.

VM SW U NR NA
Strategies Total
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1. Buy more preservative products
(Panic Buying) e.g. Can goods, 14 6 14 3 5 42
instant foods, etc.
2. Save money for emergency
27 10 3 1 1 42
purposes
3. Think Before you buy 25 14 2 1 42
4. Buy only the needs 29 12 1 42
5. Save money for your wants 21 15 3 1 1 42
6. Buy the same product but lesser
12 12 12 4 1 42
quantity
7. Separate your money for your
27 9 3 2 3 42
needs and wants
Table 4.8 Strategies of the consumers to have an alternative solution for
inflation rate.

35 | P a g e
ADAN, R.A. et.al S.Y. 2018-2019
 Republic of the Philippines, Department of Education, Region IV-A CALABARZON, Division of Quezon

LOPEZ NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL

Maharlika Highway, Brgy. Magsaysay, Lopez, Quezon
email add: sdo.quezon.lopeznchs@gmail.com
Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion
G12- ABM Quezon

This tabulated table show the answer of the respondent on the strategies
they do to have an alternative solution for inflation rate.

Table 4.9 shows the rank on the strategies of the consumers to have an alternative
solution for inflation rate.

VM SW U NR NA
Strategies WAM Rank Interpretation
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1. Buy only the needs 145 48 3 0 0 4.67 1 Very Much
2. Think Before you buy 125 56 6 2 0 4.50 2 Very Much
3. Save money for emergency
135 40 9 2 1 4.45 3.5 Very Much
purposes
4. Separate your money for
135 36 9 4 3 4.45 3.5 Very Much
your needs and wants
5. Save money for your
105 60 9 2 1 4.21 4 Very Much
wants
6. Buy the same product but
60 56 36 8 1 3.83 5 Somewhat
lesser quantity
7. Buy more preservative
products (Panic Buying)
70 24 42 6 5 3.50 6 Somewhat
e.g. Can goods, instant
foods, etc.

Table 4.9 Rank on the strategies of the consumers to have an alternative

solution for inflation rate

36 | P a g e
ADAN, R.A. et.al S.Y. 2018-2019
 Republic of the Philippines, Department of Education, Region IV-A CALABARZON, Division of Quezon

LOPEZ NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL

Maharlika Highway, Brgy. Magsaysay, Lopez, Quezon
email add: sdo.quezon.lopeznchs@gmail.com
Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion
G12- ABM Quezon

WEIGHTED MEAN
Strategy 1 Strategy 2 Strategy 3 Strategy 4 Strategy 5 Strategy 6 Strategy 7

12%
16%

13%

15%

14%

15%

15%

Figure 4.6 Graphical Presentation of the total weighted mean of the

respondents

This figure shows the ranking order of the strategies that respondent do to
have an alternative solution for inflation rate. Rank 1 is buy only the needs with a
weighted mean of 4.67 and an interpretation of very much. Rank as number 2 is
think before you buy with a weighted mean of 4.50 and an interpretation of very
much. Rank 3 are save money for emergency purposes and separate your money for
your needs and wants with a weighted mean of 4.45 and an interpretation of very
much. Last rank is buy more preservative product (Panic Buying) e.g. can good,
instant foods, etc. with a weighted mean of 3.50 and an interpretation of somewhat.

According to Adriaan Slabbert (2016), if the income of the consumer will go

higher as well as the inflation rate then it is not a problem. But if it is on the other

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ADAN, R.A. et.al S.Y. 2018-2019
 Republic of the Philippines, Department of Education, Region IV-A CALABARZON, Division of Quezon

LOPEZ NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL

Maharlika Highway, Brgy. Magsaysay, Lopez, Quezon
email add: sdo.quezon.lopeznchs@gmail.com
Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion
G12- ABM Quezon

side it is a problem. And based on the answers of the respondents, they buy only the
needs because it is the most important.

38 | P a g e
ADAN, R.A. et.al S.Y. 2018-2019
 Republic of the Philippines, Department of Education, Region IV-A CALABARZON, Division of Quezon

LOPEZ NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL

Maharlika Highway, Brgy. Magsaysay, Lopez, Quezon
email add: sdo.quezon.lopeznchs@gmail.com
Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion
G12- ABM Quezon

CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter contains the summary, findings, the conclusions, and

recommendations of this research study.

SUMMARY
The objective of this study is to identify the Effects of Inflation Rate in
Managing Finances of Selected Consumers in Brgy. Poblacion Lopez, Quezon. This
research aims to determine:

1. The demographic profile of the respondents according to:

a. Name
b. Age
c. Gender
d. Monthly Income
2. What are the products that consumers can afford to buy despite of the
inflation rate?
3. How often consumers buy those products?
4. What are the possible strategies of the consumers to have an alternative
solution for inflation rate?

FINDINGS
After tallying, tabulating, analyzing, and interpreting the data gathered, the
researchers have found out that:

1. The majority of the respondents have the age of 26-35 with 29% and the
least number of respondents have the age of 56-65 with 12%.

39 | P a g e
ADAN, R.A. et.al S.Y. 2018-2019
 Republic of the Philippines, Department of Education, Region IV-A CALABARZON, Division of Quezon

LOPEZ NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL

Maharlika Highway, Brgy. Magsaysay, Lopez, Quezon
email add: sdo.quezon.lopeznchs@gmail.com
Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion
G12- ABM Quezon

2. There were 42 respondents in all; 34 females and 8 males. All selected

consumers are from Brgy. Poblacion Lopez, Quezon.

3. Most of the respondents have a monthly income of 6,000-15,000 with a

percentage of 64%, second is below 5,000 with a percentage of 31% and the
last have a 16,000-25,000 with a percentage of 2%.

4. The respondent's answer regarding to the factors of inflation rate in terms of

product that can afford to buy despite of inflation rate are range from very
much to not at all.

5. The respondent's answer regarding to the factors of inflation rate in terms of

how often products are purchase are range from always to not at all.

6. The respondent's answer regarding to the factors of inflation rate in terms of

strategies of the consumer to have an alternative solution are range from
very much to not at all.

CONCLUSION
After analyzing and interpreting the data gathered the researchers conclude
the following based on findings:
1. Most of the respondents are female.

2. Based on the survey, most of the consumers can afford to buy are the basic
foods despite of inflation rate.

3. Consumers’ priorities are those products that they will need every day.

4. The researchers found out that the respondents have different strategies to
have an alternative solution for inflation rate.

5. According to the result of the survey, respondents are always purchasing

those basic foods and beverages, gadgets, appliances and liquor are not at all.

40 | P a g e
ADAN, R.A. et.al S.Y. 2018-2019
 Republic of the Philippines, Department of Education, Region IV-A CALABARZON, Division of Quezon

LOPEZ NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL

Maharlika Highway, Brgy. Magsaysay, Lopez, Quezon
email add: sdo.quezon.lopeznchs@gmail.com
Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion
G12- ABM Quezon

RECOMMENDATION
Based on the findings and conclusion the researchers attempted to
recommend the following:
For Consumers:
1. We would like to recommend to the consumers that use SMART buying as a
technique.
2. We would like to recommend to the consumers that only buy the needs and
buy less the wants.
3. We would like to recommend to those buyers that be practical when buying
products.
4. We would like to recommend that consumers must buy high quality products
but less expense.
For Future Researchers:
1. For future researchers we would like to recommend that they can use this
study as a basis.
2. For future researchers we would like to recommend that they can use a
larger scale of respondents.
3. For future researchers we would like to recommend that they can add the
occupation on the demographic profile of your respondents.
4. For future researchers we would like to recommend that they can use and
improve this research.

41 | P a g e
ADAN, R.A. et.al S.Y. 2018-2019
 Republic of the Philippines, Department of Education, Region IV-A CALABARZON, Division of Quezon

LOPEZ NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL

Maharlika Highway, Brgy. Magsaysay, Lopez, Quezon
email add: sdo.quezon.lopeznchs@gmail.com
Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion
G12- ABM Quezon

REFERENCES

Alavuotunki, K., et. al. (2016, November 20). The Effects of the Value-Added Tax on
Revenue and Inequality. Taylor & Francis Online.
Retrieved from
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00220388.2017.1400015

Economic Concepts.com (2015). Theories of Taxation.

Retrieved from http://economicsconcepts.com/theories_of_taxation.htm

Gale, W. and Samwick, A. (2016, February 1). Effects of Income Tax Changes on
Economic Growth. Brookings.
Retrieved from https://www.brookings.edu/research/effects-of-income-tax-
changes-on-economic-growth/

Hayes, A. Economics Basics: Supply and Demand. Investopedia.

Retrieved from
https://www.investopedia.com/university/economics/economics3.asp?fbclid=IwA
R0R_xuYq2SKp2Ykzr4VccPPVNS1j3jEN3uYaxDPNLRPxwuKc-Z180QaHhc

Holland, R. (2018, July 2). Corporate Tax Cuts Don’t Increase Middle Class Incomes.
Working Knowledge: Business Research for Business Leaders.

Retrieved from https://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/corporate-tax-cuts-don-t-increase-

middle-class-incomes?fbclid=IwAR3JjN4b_nCAZYfvNq-Sqrdr0eVQEttm-
0i6Z19xSh6c7KfTXElrIIK-Apk

Islahi, A. (2006, March 5). Ibn Khaldun’s Theory of Taxation and its Relevance
Today. Muslim Heritage.
Retrieved from http://www.muslimheritage.com/article/ibn-
khaldun%E2%80%99s-theory-taxation-and-its-relevance-today

Kenton, W. (2018, June 27). Income Effect. Investopedia

Retrieved from https://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/incomeeffect.asp

Moheeth, M. Top 4 Theories of Tax Shifting. Accounting Notes.

Retrieved from http://www.accountingnotes.net/taxation/tax-shifting/top-4-
theories-of-tax-shifting/10060

Nguyen, B. (2015, June 3). Effects of Fiscal Deficit and Money M2 Supply on Inflation:
Evidence from Selected Economies of Asia. SSRN.

42 | P a g e
ADAN, R.A. et.al S.Y. 2018-2019
 Republic of the Philippines, Department of Education, Region IV-A CALABARZON, Division of Quezon

LOPEZ NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL

Maharlika Highway, Brgy. Magsaysay, Lopez, Quezon
email add: sdo.quezon.lopeznchs@gmail.com
Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion
G12- ABM Quezon

Retrieved from
https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2614047&fbclid=IwAR2QiD
QmHTxQbOKvP4BWBjMlg_XzpGCgdD1n2LTuPw3d2mW3zKQiTK35FlM

Retrieved from
https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2614047&fbclid=IwAR2QiD
QmHTxQbOKvP4BWBjMlg_XzpGCgdD1n2LTuPw3d2mW3zKQiTK35FlM

Newman, K. S. (2011, February). Taxing the Poor. University of California Press.

Retrieved from https://www.ucpress.edu/book/9780520269675/taxing-the-
poor?fbclid=IwAR3czi8ogqRuXJ7_lnvmAJDq_nCMeJgbbByfS6xMiVsqdzCS07m5v7H
7Y74

Nallareddy, S. et. al. (2018, May 13). Corporate Tax Cuts Increase Income Inequality.
Working Knowledge: Business Research for Business Leaders.

Retrieved from https://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/corporate-tax-cuts-increase-income-

inequality?fbclid=IwAR3LPgdMYXN9keisIQmU3pPfEO4MPQsDj_2UYcy-
cxNZ_iDshMnkURqnroQ

Rivas, R. (2019, March 5). Finally! Inflation in February 2019 falls within target at
3.8%. Rappler.
Retrieved from https://www.rappler.com/business/224946-inflation-rate-
philippines-february-
2019?fbclid=IwAR1V6cH8WdpFK3LYZJSM44gNto9K5et2hentoQrj3nCF_2wnLdZvG
r-DX_U

43 | P a g e
ADAN, R.A. et.al S.Y. 2018-2019
 Republic of the Philippines, Department of Education, Region IV-A CALABARZON, Division of Quezon

LOPEZ NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL

Maharlika Highway, Brgy. Magsaysay, Lopez, Quezon
email add: sdo.quezon.lopeznchs@gmail.com
Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion
G12- ABM Quezon

APPENDICES

A. Letter

B. Research Instrument

C. Leaflet

D. Map of Research Locale

E. Curriculum Vitae

44 | P a g e
ADAN, R.A. et.al S.Y. 2018-2019
 Republic of the Philippines, Department of Education, Region IV-A CALABARZON, Division of Quezon

LOPEZ NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL

Maharlika Highway, Brgy. Magsaysay, Lopez, Quezon
email add: sdo.quezon.lopeznchs@gmail.com
Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion
G12- ABM Quezon

45 | P a g e
ADAN, R.A. et.al S.Y. 2018-2019
 Republic of the Philippines, Department of Education, Region IV-A CALABARZON, Division of Quezon

LOPEZ NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL

Maharlika Highway, Brgy. Magsaysay, Lopez, Quezon
email add: sdo.quezon.lopeznchs@gmail.com
Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion
G12- ABM Quezon

“Effects of Inflation Rate in Managing Finances of Selected Consumers in

Brgy. Poblacion Lopez, Quezon: Basis for SMART Buying”

I. Demographic Profile

Name (optional): ______________________________________________ Age: ___________________

Gender: ____________________

Direction: Put a check inside the circle based on your monthly income.

1. Monthly Income:
o Below 5,000
o 6,000-15,000
o 16,000- 25,000
o 26,000-35,000
o 36,000 above

II. Products that consumer can afford to buy despite of inflation rate.

Direction: Put a check mark (/) on the column of your answer.

Legend:
5 – Very Much
4 – Somewhat
3 – Undecided
2 – Not Really
1 – Not at all
Products (5) (4) (3) (2) (1)

Basic Foods (e.g. Fish, Meat, Pastries, Poultries, etc.)

Restaurant Foods

Beverages (Soft drinks, Water, Shake, etc.)

Liquors (Gin, Wine, etc.)

Gadgets

46 | P a g e
ADAN, R.A. et.al S.Y. 2018-2019
 Republic of the Philippines, Department of Education, Region IV-A CALABARZON, Division of Quezon

LOPEZ NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL

Maharlika Highway, Brgy. Magsaysay, Lopez, Quezon
email add: sdo.quezon.lopeznchs@gmail.com
Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion
G12- ABM Quezon

Appliances

Clothes and Accessories (Brand new)

Clothes and Accessories (Ukay-ukay)

III. How often products are purchased.

Direction: Put a check mark (/) on the column of your answer.

Legend:
5 – Always
4 – Frequently
3 – Occasionally
2 – Rarely
1 – Not at all
Products (5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
Basic Foods (e.g. Fish, Meat, Pastries, Poultries, etc.)

Restaurant Foods

Beverages (Soft drinks, Water, Shake, etc.)

Liquors (Gin, Wine, etc.)

Gadgets

Appliances

Clothes and Accessories (Brand new)

Clothes and Accessories (Ukay-ukay)

47 | P a g e
ADAN, R.A. et.al S.Y. 2018-2019
 Republic of the Philippines, Department of Education, Region IV-A CALABARZON, Division of Quezon

LOPEZ NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL

Maharlika Highway, Brgy. Magsaysay, Lopez, Quezon
email add: sdo.quezon.lopeznchs@gmail.com
Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion
G12- ABM Quezon

IV. Strategies of the consumers to have an alternative solution for inflation

rate.

Direction: Put a check mark (/) on the column of your answer.

Legend:
5 – Very Much
4 – Somewhat
3 – Undecided
2 – Not Really
1 – Not at all
Strategies
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)

Buy more preservative products (Panic Buying) e.g. Can

goods, instant foods, etc.
Save money for emergency purposes

Think before you buy

Buy only the needs

Save money for your wants

Buy the same product but lesser quantity

Separate your money for your needs and wants

48 | P a g e
ADAN, R.A. et.al S.Y. 2018-2019
 Republic of the Philippines, Department of Education, Region IV-A CALABARZON, Division of Quezon

LOPEZ NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL

Maharlika Highway, Brgy. Magsaysay, Lopez, Quezon
email add: sdo.quezon.lopeznchs@gmail.com
Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion
G12- ABM Quezon

Thank you very much for your cooperation. We assured that all data
gathered from you will be kept in the highest level of confidentiality. Your positive
response will be valuable contribution for the success of the study and will highly
appreciate.

Richelda A. Adan
Ronnel D. Belleza
Dhy-Ann Marie S. Bernal
Monica M. Escobido
Honey J. Espinosa
Jaymark D. Laylay
John Carlo Ragos
Maria Belinda T. Uy
Monica Grace L. Villancio
Researchers

49 | P a g e
ADAN, R.A. et.al S.Y. 2018-2019
 Republic of the Philippines, Department of Education, Region IV-A CALABARZON, Division of Quezon

LOPEZ NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL

Maharlika Highway, Brgy. Magsaysay, Lopez, Quezon
email add: sdo.quezon.lopeznchs@gmail.com
Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion
G12- ABM Quezon

LEAFLET

50 | P a g e
ADAN, R.A. et.al S.Y. 2018-2019
 Republic of the Philippines, Department of Education, Region IV-A CALABARZON, Division of Quezon

LOPEZ NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL

Maharlika Highway, Brgy. Magsaysay, Lopez, Quezon
email add: sdo.quezon.lopeznchs@gmail.com
Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion
G12- ABM Quezon

51 | P a g e
ADAN, R.A. et.al S.Y. 2018-2019
 Republic of the Philippines, Department of Education, Region IV-A CALABARZON, Division of Quezon

LOPEZ NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL

Maharlika Highway, Brgy. Magsaysay, Lopez, Quezon
email add: sdo.quezon.lopeznchs@gmail.com
Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion
G12- ABM Quezon

MAP OF RESEARCH LOCALE

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ADAN, R.A. et.al S.Y. 2018-2019
 Republic of the Philippines, Department of Education, Region IV-A CALABARZON, Division of Quezon

LOPEZ NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL

Maharlika Highway, Brgy. Magsaysay, Lopez, Quezon
email add: sdo.quezon.lopeznchs@gmail.com
Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion
G12- ABM Quezon

CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL BACKGROUND
NAME RICHELDA A. ADAN
AGE 17
GENDER FEMALE
BIRTHDAY APRIL 22, 2001
PLACE OF BIRTH LOPEZ, QUEZON
ADDRESS BRGY. RIZAL POB. LOPEZ QUEZON
EMAIL adan.richelda5@gmail.com
STATUS SINGLE
RELIGION ROMAN CATHOLIC
NATIONALITY FILIPINO

SCHOOL BACKGROUND
SCHOOL NAME LOPEZ NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL
GRADE 12
SECTION QUEZON
TRACK ACADEMIC
STRAND ABM
ADVISER MR. MARK KENNETH J. BITOIN
TEACHER IN I.I.I MR. GIDEON TRAÑAS

53 | P a g e
ADAN, R.A. et.al S.Y. 2018-2019
 Republic of the Philippines, Department of Education, Region IV-A CALABARZON, Division of Quezon

LOPEZ NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL

Maharlika Highway, Brgy. Magsaysay, Lopez, Quezon
email add: sdo.quezon.lopeznchs@gmail.com
Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion
G12- ABM Quezon

PERSONAL BACKGROUND
NAME RONNEL D. BELLEZA
AGE 18
GENDER MALE
BIRTHDAY NOVEMBER 12 2000
PLACE OF BIRTH LOPEZ, QUEZON
ADDRESS BRGY. SAN PEDRO, BUENAVISTA QUEZON
EMAIL ronnelbelleza0@gmail.com
STATUS SINGLE
RELIGION ROMAN CATHOLIC
NATIONALITY FILIPINO

SCHOOL BACKGROUND
SCHOOL NAME LOPEZ NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL
GRADE 12
SECTION QUEZON
TRACK ACADEMIC
STRAND ABM
ADVISER MR. MARK KENNETH J. BITOIN
TEACHER IN I.I.I MR. GIDEON TRAÑAS

54 | P a g e
ADAN, R.A. et.al S.Y. 2018-2019
 Republic of the Philippines, Department of Education, Region IV-A CALABARZON, Division of Quezon

LOPEZ NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL

Maharlika Highway, Brgy. Magsaysay, Lopez, Quezon
email add: sdo.quezon.lopeznchs@gmail.com
Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion
G12- ABM Quezon

PERSONAL BACKGROUND
NAME DHY-ANN MARIE S. BERNAL
AGE 18
GENDER FEMALE
BIRTHDAY NOVEMBER 12 2000
PLACE OF BIRTH LOPEZ, QUEZON
ADDRESS BRGY. SABANG UNO CALAUAG QUEZON
EMAIL mariyadianne@gmail.com
STATUS SINGLE
RELIGION ROMAN CATHOLIC
NATIONALITY FILIPINO

SCHOOL BACKGROUND
SCHOOL NAME LOPEZ NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL
GRADE 12
SECTION QUEZON
TRACK ACADEMIC
STRAND ABM
ADVISER MR. MARK KENNETH J. BITOIN
TEACHER IN I.I.I MR. GIDEON TRAÑAS

55 | P a g e
ADAN, R.A. et.al S.Y. 2018-2019
 Republic of the Philippines, Department of Education, Region IV-A CALABARZON, Division of Quezon

LOPEZ NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL

Maharlika Highway, Brgy. Magsaysay, Lopez, Quezon
email add: sdo.quezon.lopeznchs@gmail.com
Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion
G12- ABM Quezon

PERSONAL BACKGROUND
NAME MONICA M. ESCOBIDO
AGE 18
GENDER FEMALE
BIRTHDAY AUGUST 28, 2000
PLACE OF BIRTH LOPEZ, QUEZON
ADDRESS BRGY. MARILAG CALAUAG QUEZON
EMAIL mariyadianne@gmail.com
STATUS SINGLE
RELIGION ROMAN CATHOLIC
NATIONALITY FILIPINO

SCHOOL BACKGROUND
SCHOOL NAME LOPEZ NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL
GRADE 12
SECTION QUEZON
TRACK ACADEMIC
STRAND ABM
ADVISER MR. MARK KENNETH J. BITOIN
TEACHER IN I.I.I MR. GIDEON TRAÑAS

56 | P a g e
ADAN, R.A. et.al S.Y. 2018-2019
 Republic of the Philippines, Department of Education, Region IV-A CALABARZON, Division of Quezon

LOPEZ NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL

Maharlika Highway, Brgy. Magsaysay, Lopez, Quezon
email add: sdo.quezon.lopeznchs@gmail.com
Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion
G12- ABM Quezon

PERSONAL BACKGROUND
NAME HONEY J. ESPINOSA
AGE 18
GENDER FEMALE
BIRTHDAY DECEMBER 9, 2000
PLACE OF BIRTH LOPEZ, QUEZON
ADDRESS BRGY. MARILAG CALAUAG QUEZON
EMAIL Honeyespinosa7@yahoo.com
STATUS SINGLE
RELIGION ROMAN CATHOLIC
NATIONALITY FILIPINO

SCHOOL BACKGROUND
SCHOOL NAME LOPEZ NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL
GRADE 12
SECTION QUEZON
TRACK ACADEMIC
STRAND ABM
ADVISER MR. MARK KENNETH J. BITOIN
TEACHER IN I.I.I MR. GIDEON TRAÑAS

57 | P a g e
ADAN, R.A. et.al S.Y. 2018-2019
 Republic of the Philippines, Department of Education, Region IV-A CALABARZON, Division of Quezon

LOPEZ NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL

Maharlika Highway, Brgy. Magsaysay, Lopez, Quezon
email add: sdo.quezon.lopeznchs@gmail.com
Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion
G12- ABM Quezon

PERSONAL BACKGROUND
NAME JAYMARK D. LAYLAY
AGE 19
GENDER MALE
BIRTHDAY NOVEMBER 22, 1999
PLACE OF BIRTH LOPEZ, QUEZON
ADDRESS BRGY. CANDA ILAYA LOPEZ QUEZON
EMAIL Kindful22@gmail.com
STATUS SINGLE
RELIGION ROMAN CATHOLIC
NATIONALITY FILIPINO

SCHOOL BACKGROUND
SCHOOL NAME LOPEZ NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL
GRADE 12
SECTION QUEZON
TRACK ACADEMIC
STRAND ABM
ADVISER MR. MARK KENNETH J. BITOIN
TEACHER IN I.I.I MR. GIDEON TRAÑAS

58 | P a g e
ADAN, R.A. et.al S.Y. 2018-2019
 Republic of the Philippines, Department of Education, Region IV-A CALABARZON, Division of Quezon

LOPEZ NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL

Maharlika Highway, Brgy. Magsaysay, Lopez, Quezon
email add: sdo.quezon.lopeznchs@gmail.com
Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion
G12- ABM Quezon

PERSONAL BACKGROUND
NAME JOHN CARLO N. RAGOS
AGE 18
GENDER MALE
BIRTHDAY DECEMBER 19, 2000
PLACE OF BIRTH LOPEZ, QUEZON
ADDRESS BRGY. MATINIK LOPEZ QUEZON
EMAIL carlo.ragos@gmail.com
STATUS SINGLE
RELIGION ROMAN CATHOLIC
NATIONALITY FILIPINO

SCHOOL BACKGROUND
SCHOOL NAME LOPEZ NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL
GRADE 12
SECTION QUEZON
TRACK ACADEMIC
STRAND ABM
ADVISER MR. MARK KENNETH J. BITOIN
TEACHER IN I.I.I MR. GIDEON TRAÑAS

59 | P a g e
ADAN, R.A. et.al S.Y. 2018-2019
 Republic of the Philippines, Department of Education, Region IV-A CALABARZON, Division of Quezon

LOPEZ NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL

Maharlika Highway, Brgy. Magsaysay, Lopez, Quezon
email add: sdo.quezon.lopeznchs@gmail.com
Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion
G12- ABM Quezon

PERSONAL BACKGROUND
NAME MARIA BELENDA UY
AGE 18
GENDER FEMALE
BIRTHDAY DECEMBER 14, 2000
PLACE OF BIRTH LOPEZ, QUEZON
ADDRESS BRGY. BURGOS LOPEZ QUEZON
EMAIL mabel.uy@gmail.com
STATUS SINGLE
RELIGION ROMAN CATHOLIC
NATIONALITY FILIPINO

SCHOOL BACKGROUND
SCHOOL NAME LOPEZ NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL
GRADE 12
SECTION QUEZON
TRACK ACADEMIC
STRAND ABM
ADVISER MR. MARK KENNETH J. BITOIN
TEACHER IN I.I.I MR. GIDEON TRAÑAS

60 | P a g e
ADAN, R.A. et.al S.Y. 2018-2019
 Republic of the Philippines, Department of Education, Region IV-A CALABARZON, Division of Quezon

LOPEZ NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL

Maharlika Highway, Brgy. Magsaysay, Lopez, Quezon
email add: sdo.quezon.lopeznchs@gmail.com
Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion
G12- ABM Quezon

PERSONAL BACKGROUND
NAME MONICA GRACE L. VILLANCIO
AGE 17
GENDER FEMALE
BIRTHDAY JULY 8, 2001
PLACE OF BIRTH LOPEZ, QUEZON
ADDRESS BRGY. BOCBOC LOPEZ QUEZON
EMAIL gracevillancio2@gmail.com
STATUS SINGLE
RELIGION ROMAN CATHOLIC
NATIONALITY FILIPINO

SCHOOL BACKGROUND
SCHOOL NAME LOPEZ NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL
GRADE 12
SECTION QUEZON
TRACK ACADEMIC
STRAND ABM
ADVISER MR. MARK KENNETH J. BITOIN
TEACHER IN I.I.I MR. GIDEON TRAÑAS

61 | P a g e
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