URBAN STORMWATER

MANAGEMENT BNA40703

CHAPTER 4
Structures of Detention & Retention
 STRUCTURES OF DETENTION AND
RETENTION

4.1 Principles of quality control

4.2 Onsite detention
4.3 Structure of community and area detention
4.4 Structure of onsite retention and community
4.5 Structure of area retention
 4.1
PRINCIPLE OF QUALITY CONTROL

MSMA : Chapter 18
 4.1.1 INTRODUCTION

• Stormwater quantity control classified by its

function:
1. Detention facilities
2. Retention facilities
 Detention Retention

• Also known as ‘wet ponds’

• Known as ‘dry ponds’ • Retention refers to maintaining possession of holding

• Detention refers to delaying an action. in a particular place or hold back water similar to
• Open and flat areas of grass water behind a dam
• Normally dry during low flow periods
• Open areas of shallow water
• Allow filtration and sedimentation to take place
• Provide temporary storage • Accommodate water and provide temporary
• Most often employed in urban stormwater drainage
system to limits the peak out flowrate for a specific • Permanent pool of water that is fluctuates in
range of flood frequencies. response to precipitation and runoff from the
contributing areas
Comparison between detention and retention basin
Detention and Retention
• Function for both:
1. reduce peak and volume of runoff
2. reduce cost of large storm water drainage system by reducing the size required for such system in
downstream area
3. To settle suspended sediments and other solids typically present in stormwater runoff.

On-site

Detention and retention storage

- Small storage constructed on individual, residential,

based on location and size

commercial and industrial lots

Community
- Space area and public recreation or sporting facilities

Regional
- Large community storage facilities' that constructed at the
lower end of catchment prior to discharge to receiving water
Facilities can also categorized as follows:

Facilities

On-line storage Off-line storage Conveyance storage

Facility that intercepts flow Often neglected because it is

Diversion of flow from a dynamic and requires channel
directly within conveyance conveyance system into a
system and more often a storage routing analysis to
separate storage facility identify
community or regional facility
4.1.2 DETENTION FACILITIES
• Detention ‘pond’ hold water for a short period of time and this pond
temporarily holds water before it enters into the stream
• They usually dry except during or after rain
• Function
• To slow down water flow and hold it for a short period of time such
as 24 hours
• Reduce the peak discharge by the ‘temporary’ storage
• Gradual release the stormwater runoff by way of an outlet control
structure or release mechanism
• Provide for slow release of stormwater over an extended period of
several days or more(extended detention facilities)
4.1.2.1 On-site detention (OSD)

Above ground storages • Easily incorporate into the site by slight regrading or modification to the design of surface
features
• Relatively inexpensive
• Types
Common
type

Landscape Impervious
Flat roof Surface tank
area area

Below ground storage • Occupy less physical space

• Will not cause any inconvenience with ponding of water that could result using above ground
storage
Common
type

Underground Pipe Combined

tanks package storage

Combination
 4.1.2.2 Community and Regional Detention(CRD)

1. Larger than on-site detention because it provided in public areas outside of private
properties
2. Formed by construction of an embankment across a stream or stormwater conveyance
and excavation of basin storage area
3. Analysed using hydrograph estimation technique and preferably using computer model
4. Facility be sized using hydrographs estimated (Rational Method)

Types of detention facilities

normally provided for CRD

Dry basins
- Normally dry/empty when not in
operation(not have a permanent water Flood storage within pond and lakes
pond or pool)
- Suited to multipurpose use
 4.1.3 RETENTION FACILITIES
• Also called a ‘wet pond’ or ‘wet detention basin’
• This is an artificial lake with vegetation around the perimeter and includes a
‘permanent’ pool of water in its design.
• It is used
to manage stormwater runoff to prevent flooding and downstream erosion,
Improve water quality in an adjacent river, stream, lake or bay
Advantages of using local disposal
• Recharge of groundwater
• Reduction in the settlement of the land surface in areas of groundwater depletion
• Control the saline water intrusion
• Preservation and enhancement of natural vegetation
• Reduce the pollution transported
• Reduction of downstream flow peaks
• Reduction of basement flooding in underground drainage system
• Smaller storm drains at a lesser cost
How does it works?
• Instead of letting runoff from building flow straight into a creek, it first
flows into the retention pond(either wet or dry)
• Notes
1. Wet pond – always has some water in it and looks like pond all the
time
2. Dry retention structure – simple as grassy basin that fills when it
rains and then dries out.

Main function is to let water settle and absorb into the earth, rather
than building up in lakes and rivers which can cause flooding.
4.1.3.1 On-site and Community Retention

Main types of retention/infiltration techniques

a. Infiltration trenches
• Trenches in which the permeable fill material extends to the groundwater and overland flow
discharge onto the top of trenches along its length

• Shallow excavation (1 to 3.5 meter)

• Filled with stone for stormwater runoff
• Runoff gradually percolates through
bottom sides of trench
• Soakaway pits • Infiltration basin

Traditional method of disposal of stormwater in

many western countries where no drain or
conveniently dose watercourse existed. Area of land surround by banks or berms, retains
the stormwater until it has infiltrated through the
base of basin
• Porous pavement

o Engineered construction allowing stormwater to infiltrate

into pavement generally across the whole surface
o Allows water to percolate to the subgrade for recharge of
groundwater
o Alternative method for disposing of water entering the
pavement
4.1.3.2 Regional retention
Streamflow from storm runoff Is being spread, a series of basins have
• More cost efficient the advantage that upper basins can be reserved for settling silt.
• Main method a) Basin method
i. Spreading
a. Basin
b. Stream/channel
c. Ditch
d. Furrow flooding
e. Irrigation
ii. Recharging
a. Pits
b. Injection wells
iii. Integrated pumping schemes
- to lower water table /piezometric level
for inducing infiltration from spreading
or well techniques
 b. Ditch/furrow method e. Recharged well method
- defined as a well that admits water from the
surface to freshwater aquifers.
- it flow is the reverse of a pumping well, but its
construction may or may not be same

c. Flooding method
d. Irrigation method
-requires no additional cost for land preparation
because the distribution system is already installed.
-when the large portion of the water supply is
pumped, this method has an advantage of raising
the water table and consequently reducing power cost.
4.1.4 General design consideration

4.1.4.1 On-site detention

• Requirement for OSD development,
1. Permissible site discharge (PSD)
2. Site storage requirement (SSR)
• To determine the required PSD and SSR needs two approaches :
1. Site-based methods
 PSD and SSR values determine by hydrologic analysis of the development site
only
 PSD is the estimated peak flow and it was determine by using Rational Method
or Hydrograph Estimation Method.
2. Catchment-based Method
 PSD and SSR values determined from analysis of a total catchment instead of
single site.
• OSD storage analyzed by using any hydrograph estimation technique, but the most popular
method is Rational Hydrograph Method
4.1.4.2 Community and Regional Detention(CRD)

Design and Analysis

Release Timing
Community and Regional

Calculation with multiple design storms

Detention(CRD)

(trial & error)

Spillway Operation

Extreme Floods

Public Safety

Environmental Considerations
 4.1.4.3 Retention
• The storage volume of a retention facility is over the infiltrating surface or pore volume of
the stone filling.
• For proper design, generally two main characteristic should be known and understood
which are
• 1. surface soil
• 2. geohydrologic condition of the site
4.2 ON-SITE
DETENTION

MSMA : Chapter 19
Introduction

• This chapter provides guidelines for the design

of the on-site storm water detention (OSD)
facilities.
SITE SELECTION

• undeveloped sites, the decision of whether or

not to include OSD to control site discharges
should be made in early as possible.
• developed sites, the location and level of
existing structures and services can severely
restrict opportunities for providing satisfactory
OSD systems
Flow Control Requirement

Design storm
Permissible Site Discharge( PSD)
Site Storage Requirement(SSR)
Site Coverage
Frequency staged storage
Bypass Flow
 Design storm
• design storm for discharge from an OSD storage, termed the discharge design
storm , shall be the minor system design ARI of the municipal drainage
system and shall be 10 year ARI.
 Permissible Site Discharge( PSD)
• the maximum allowable post-development discharge from a site for the
selected discharge design storm and is estimated on the basis that flows
 Site Storage Requirement(SSR)
• the total amount of storage required to ensure that the required PSD is not
exceeded and the OSD facility does not overflow
 Site Coverage
• the site drainage system and grading should be designed to direct runoff from
the entire site to the OSD system
 Frequency staged storage
• Generally the most challenging task in designing OSD systems is locating
and distributing the storage(s) in the face of the following competing demand
A typical composite storage system is illustrated in Figure 19.1. Refer
to Table 19.2 for recommended maximum ponding depths in the
above- ground storage component.

 Bypass Flows
• generally designed only to deal with stormwater runoff from the site under
consideration and ineffective in terms of reducing stormwater runoff leaving the site.
Determination of PSD and SR

 OSD SIZING METHOD

 OSD SIZING PROCEDURE
 OSD SIZING METHOD
• The recommended method for estimating PSD and SSR is the
Swinburne Method.
(i) PSD
• the discharge design storm for estimating the PSD is the minor
system design ARI of the municipal stormwater system to which the
site is or will be connected
• following general equation is used to calculate the PSD for the site
in litres per second.
Example calculation :
(ii)SSR

• the storage design storm for estimating the SSR is 10 year ARI. In sizing
the volume of the storage facility, the method assumes a triangular inflow
hydrograph and an outflow hydrograph shape related to the type of storage
adopted.

Example equation is to calculate the SSR for the site in cubic metres.
OSD Sizing Procedure

1.Select storage type(s) to be used within the site, i.e. separate above and/or
below-ground storage(s), or a composite above and below-ground storage.
2.Determine the area of the site that will be drained to the OSD storage
system. As much of the site as possible should drain to the storage system.
3.Determine the amount of impervious and pervious areas draining to the
OSD storage system.
4.Determine the times of concentration, t c and t cs .
5.Calculate the pre and post-development flows, Qp and Qa , for the area
draining to the storage for the discharge design storm with time of
concentration t c .
6.Determine the required PSD for the site using Equation 19.1 for the
discharge design storm.
7.Determine the required SSR for the site using Equation 19.2 for the storage
design storm over a range of durations to determine the maximum value
 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

DRAINAGE SYSTEM
MULTIPLE STORAGES
SITE GADING
FLOOR LEVEL
AESTHETICS
CONSTRUCTION TOLERANCES
SIGNS
DRAINAGE SYSTEM
• The storm water drainage system that able to convey all runoff to
OSD storage
• Ensure that OSD storage is by passed by all runoff from
neighbouring.

MULTIPLE STORAGES
• The storages designed separately for more high efficiency for the
catchment draining.

SITE GADING
• Sites should be graded according to the following general guidelines:
1.grade the site for surface drainage such that no serious consequences
will occur if the property drainage system fails
2.avoid filling the site with storm water inlets that are not needed.
3.direct as much of the site as possible to the OSD storage.
FLOOR LEVEL
The site drainage system must ensure that;
1. all habitable floor levels for new and existing dwellings are a minimum 200 mm
above the storage maximum water surface level for the storage design storm ARI
2. garage floor levels are a minimum 100 mm above the storage design storm ARI
maximum water surface level

AESTHETICS
• The designer enhance the overall site design concept by applying the following
general guidelines:
1. avoid placing the discharge control structure in the centre where it will be an
eyesore.
2. try to retain some informality in garden areas used for storage. Maximise the
volume, and detract from the appearance of the landscaping
CONSTRUCTION TOLERANCES

• the design should allow for the potential reduction in the

storage volume due to common post- construction activities
such as landscaping, top dressing and garden furniture.
• considered that an OSD system will meet the design intent
where the:
1. storage volume is at least 95% of the specified volume
2. design outflow is within plus or minus 5% of the PSD

SIGNS
• awareness of the purpose of the OSD facilities provided.
• A permanent advisory sign for each OSD storage facility
ABOVE GROUND STORAGE

• Guidelines allow the designer maximum flexibility

when integrating the storage into the site layout.

MAXIMUM STORAGE DEPTHS

LANDSCAPED AREAS
IMPERVIOUS AREAS
FLAT ROOFS
SURFACE TANKS
MAXIMUM STORAGE DEPTHS
• Maximum storage depths in above-ground storages should
not exceed the values provided in Table 19.2.
LANDSCAPED AREAS
• Landscaped areas offer a wide range of possibilities for providing above-ground storage
and can enhance the aesthetics of a site.
• The minimum design requirements for storage systems provided in landscaped areas
are:
I. maximum ponding depths shall not exceed the limits recommended in Table 19.2 under
design conditions
II. calculated storage volumes shall be increased by 20% to compensate for construction
inaccuracies and the inevitable loss of storage
III. the minimum ground surface slope shall be 2% to promote free surface drainage and
minimise the possibility of pools of water remaining after the area has drained
IV. side slopes should be a maximum 1(V):4(H) where possible
V. subsoil drainage around the outlet should be provided to prevent the ground becoming
saturated during prolonged wet weather
VI. storage is to be located in an area where frequent ponding could create maintenance
problems or inconvenience to property owners
VII.landscaping should be designed such that loose materials such as mulch and bark etc.
will not wash into and block storage outlets
VIII.retaining walls shall be designed to be structurally adequate for the hydrostatic loads
caused by a full storage
IMPERVIOUS AREAS

• Car parks, driveways, paved storage yards, and other paved surfaces
may be used for stormwater detention
• The minimum design requirements for storage systems provided in
impervious areas shall be as follows:

I. avoid damage to vehicles, depths of ponding on driveways and car

parks shall not exceed the limits recommended in Table 19.2 under
design conditions
II. transverse paving slopes within storages areas shall not be less than
0.7%
III.if the storage is to be provided in a commonly used area where ponding
will cause inconvenience a frequency staged storage approach should
be adopted as recommended in Table 19.1. If this is not practical, the
first 10-20% of the storage should be provided in a non-sensitive area
on the site
FLAT ROOFS
• Flat roofs used for detention will have a substantial live load
component.

• It is therefore essential that the structural design of the roof is

adequate to sustain increased loadings from ponded storm
water.

Figure 19.6 Typical Roof Storage Flow

Restrictor
SURFACE TANKS

• Surface tanks are normally provided

on residential lots for rainwater
harvesting.

• These tanks collect rainwater from

the rooftops of buildings and store it
for later domestic use.

• Surface tanks may also be used

solely for on-site detention, or
utilised in combination with storage
provided for rainwater harvesting
as illustrated in Figure 19.7.
 BELOW GROUND STORAGE

• Providing a small proportion of the required storage

volume underground can often enhance a development
by limiting the frequency of inundation of an above-
ground storage area.
UNDERGROUND TANKS
 PIPE PACKAGES
 UNDERGROUND TANKS

(a) Basic Configuration

Typical below-ground storage tanks are either circular or
rectangular shape.
Advantage : tanks are out of sight and stored water will not
cause inconvenience to property owners or occupiers.
Disadvantage : high construction cost and maintenance
safety hazards
(b)Structural Adequacy
• must be structurally sound and be constructed from durable
materials that are not subject to deterioration by corrosion or
aggressive soil conditions.

(c)Horizontal Plan
• Site geometry will dictate how the installation is configured in
plan
• the area that the storage facility will occupy will depend, among
other things, on height and width limitations on the site.
(d) Bottom Slope
• easy access to all parts of the storage for maintenance, the floor slope of
the tank should not be greater than 10%. The lower limit for this slope is
2%, which is needed for good drainage of the tank floor.
(e) Ventilation
• It is very important to provide ventilation to minimise odour problems.
• the inflow and outflow pipes can provide some ventilation of the storage
tank.
(f) Overflow Provision
• provided to allow the tank to surcharge in a controlled manner if the
capacity of the tank is exceeded due to a blockage of the outlet pipe
(g) Access Openings
• should be provided with openings to allow access by maintenance
personnel and equipment.
• to maintenance access and overflow provision, access openings can also
be used for ventilation and to admit daylight into the tank.
 PIPE PACKAGES

(a) Basic Configuration

• A pipe package is a below-ground storage consisting of one
or more parallel rows of buried pipes connected by a common
inlet and outlet chamber.
• The size of a pipe package is determined by the storage
volume requirements and the physical availability of space on
the site.
(b) Minimum Pipe Size and Longitudinal Grade
To facilitate inspection and cleaning, the minimum pipe size
shall be 900 mm diameter.
(c) Low Flow Provision
• To keep the other pipes from filling during low flows, the difference in
level between the low flow pipe and other pipes needs to be sufficient to
keep the low flows confined .
• Confining low flows to one pipe will help the system to become self-
cleansing.

(d) Inlet Chamber

• The chamber must be large enough to permit easy access to all of the
pipes by maintenance personnel and equipment.

(e) Outlet Chamber

• At the downstream end, the pipe package is connected to the municipal
storm water drainage system through an outlet chamber.
• The chamber must also be large enough for maintenance access.
• Flow through the outlet chamber may be controlled by one of the
primary outlet devices.
(f) Overflow Provision

To prevent water from surcharging at storm water inlets or

manholes upstream during storms larger than the storage design
storm or if the primary outlet becomes blocked, a secondary outlet
overflow system must be installed at either the inlet or outlet
chamber (refer to Section 19.9).
• In this type of arrangement, the outlet chamber may need to
be sealed to allow the water to back up into the inlet
chamber before the overflow operates.

• As a result, the storage capacity in the pipe package is fully

utilised. It is essential to check that backwater effects will
not cause damage or other problems upstream.
• illustrates an overflow located at the outlet chamber.
• Although there is less risk of causing upstream flooding, it is possible that the storage capacity may not be
fully utilised in the above-mentioned cases.
• Also, there is a greater risk with this configuration that the bottom deposits in the pipe will be re suspended
and deposited downstream.

(g) Access Openings

Access openings are required at both chambers to facilitate normal cleaning and maintenance of a pipe package.
 PRIMARY OUTLET

 GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

 ORIFICE
 FLOW RESTRICTING PIPE
 PROPRIETARY PRODUCT
 DISCHARGE CONTROL PIT (DCP)
 TRASH SCREEN
 DROWNED OUTLETS
GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

(a) Flow Regulation

• provided by a storage volume that is released by some types of flow regulating
device
• determines how efficiently the storage volume will be utilised.

(b)Location of the Flow Regulator

• typically housed in an outlet structure, called a discharge control pit (DCP),
• typically located within the storage facility.

(c) Protection fromBlockage

• site discharge is relatively small and can highly susceptible to blockage
by installing trash screens around the primary outlet.

FLOW RESTRICTING PIPE

PROPRIETARY PRODUCT
TRASH SCREEN
DROWNED OUTLETS
ORIFICE
• The simplest flow regulating device that do comparison to the depth of water,
the discharge through the orifice can be calculated.
• equation assumes that there is no back pressure from the downstream drainage
system.
• the outlet needs to be well ventilated and the outlet pipe needs to be large
enough to prevent submergence.
Flow Restricting Pipe

• flow restricting pipe as a storage outlet is that it is difficult to modify the

hydraulic capacity of the pipe, unlike an orifice which can be easily.
• restricting effect of the pipe is mostly a function of the pipe length and
pipe roughness characteristics.
PROPRIETARY PRODUCT

• The following products are used in some overseas countries as

alternative flow regulating devices to orifices and flow
restricting pipes.
(ii) Wirbeldrossel (iii) Phillips Multi-cell
I. Hydrobrake
DISCHARGE CONTROL PIT (DCP) TRASH SCREEN
Function :
• is typically used to house a flow regulator for
• protect the outlet from blockage
an above-ground storage.
• to achieve predictable discharge coefficients
• retain litter and debris

I. Screen type
Small outlet : Maximesh Rh3030
Big outlet : Weldlok F40/203

II. Screen Area

• 50 times the primary outlet cross-sectional area where a fine
mesh screen is used Maximesh Rh3030
• 20 times the cross-sectional area where a grid mesh is used
(e.g. Weldlok F40/203).
III. Screen Orentation IV. General Consideration

• the inlet pipe should direct inflows • To prevent blockages, Maximesh

parallel to the screen. screens must be positioned long axis
• should be positioned as close to of the oval shaped holes are
vertical as possible horizontal, with the protruding lip
angled upwards and facing
downstream.
• being cut to size, Maximesh screens
should be `hot dipped' galvanised to
prevent corrosion.
• cut to size, Maximesh screens should
be `hot dipped' galvanised to prevent
corrosion.
 Drowned Outlets
• to ensure that the outlet pipe from a storage is large
enough,
• the assumption of free discharge may not be valid
if the outlet is drowned by the downstream
drainage system.
 SECONDARY OUTLETS

• A suitable overflow arrangement

must be provided to cater for rarer
storms than the OSD facilities
were designed for, or in the event
of a blockage anywhere in the site
drainage system.
• Figure show example of secondary
outlets.
 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE

 GENERAL
• OSD systems are intended to regulate flows over the entire life of the development.
• Need regular periodical maintenance to ensure OSD facilities are kept in good working
order and operate as designed
• minimise the frequency of maintenance and make the job as simple as possible
 MAINTENANCE SCHEDULE
How often should it be done?

• Who should do the maintenance?

Small : maintained by property owners, residents, or
handymen.
Larger :engage commercial cleaning companies with
specialised equipment.

• What must be done?

The maintenance should be manage and clear .
• storages are located
• parts of the system need to be accessed for cleaning
• the location of screens and how they can be removed for
cleaning
DESIGN PROCEDURE
Figure : Preliminary Design Procedure for OSD Storage Systems
Figure : Detailed Design Procedure for OSD Storage Systems
 4.3
STRUCTURE OF COMMUNITY
AND AREA DETENTION

MSMA : Chapter 20
 4.3.1 Site Selection
a) Establish and ownership
• The ownership of large parcel of land in the catchment, particularly
potential detention sites, should be determined asap in the planning process.
b) Assess proximity to flood-prone areas
• The nearer the storage site to the flood-prone area, the greater the portion of
the tributary area that will be control by site
c) Determine if site size is adequate
• A potential site should have adequate size as determined and can store the
volume of water temporarily
d) Evaluate topography and likelihood of gravity flow
• Considering which flow will be convey into and out of the detention
fascility
e) Other considerations
 4.3.2 General Design Concepts
1. Outlet Flows
• Primary Outlets
• designed to reduce post-development peak flows to match pre-development peak flows
for both minor and major system design storm ARI.
• two-staged outlet configuration
1. To control the minor system design flow and
2. To control the major system design in conjunction with minor system outlet

• Secondary Outlets(emergency spillways)

• Shall be designed to safely pass a minimum design storm of 100 year ARI through the
basin

2. Bypass flows
• flow may be bypassed by a variety of methods depending on the inflow system into the
basin

• the larger the amount of flow by passed, the more difficult it will be to reduce the post-
development minor system design flow to pre-development level
 4.3.3 DETENTION DESIGN CONCEPTS

1. Inflow Hydrographs
• The number of hydrographs that need to be estimated and routed
through the basin make manual calculation methods very tedious
and time consuming. Best performed using a computer model
• Rational method is not suitable for estimating inflow hydrographs
for sizing community or regional detention facilities under any
circumstances
2. Stage-storage relationships
• The relationship between the depth of water and storage volume in the
storage facility
• Volume of storage can be calculated by using simple geometric formulas
expressed as function of storage depth
• Storage volume for natural basins in irregular terrain may be developed
using a topography map and the double-end formula

• Relationship between storage volume and depth defines the stage-storage

curve.
3. State-discharge relationship

• Define the relationship between the storage water depth and the
discharged / outflow from a storage facility.

• Development of the curve for a particular outlet control structure

depend on interaction of individual ratings for each component of
control structure.
 4.3.4 EMBANKMENTS
1. Classification
• It specified amount as defined by the appropriate dam safety group.

• Embankments must be designed, constructed and maintained in accordance with

federal government or relevant state government dam safety standard

2. Maximum pond depths

• Maximum pond depth within the basin should not exceed 3.0m under normal
operating conditions for the maximum design flow which the primary outlets
have been designed.
3.Top Width
• recommended top width based on height of embankment

4. Side slopes
• The side slopes of grassed earthen embankment and basin storage area should not be
steeper than 4:1
• To increase the public safety it is recommended that the side slopes is 6:1
5. Bottom Grades
• Floor of basin shall be designed with minimum grade of 1% to provide positive
drainage and minimise the ponding
6. Freeboard
• Elevation of the top of settled embank shall be a minimum of 0.3m above the water
surface in the detention basin when it is operating at maximum design flow.
7. Fill material
• All materials in earthen embankment should be free from bush, roots and other
organic material subject to decomposition
 4.3.5 PRIMARY OUTLET DESIGN
Primary outlet are design for the planned release of water from a detention basin.

Typical Detention basin primary outlet

• Orifices
For a single circular orifice, the flow can be determined by using this formula
 Weirs
Sharp –Crested Weir Broad-Crested Weir

calculated by using this formula

can be calculated using the formula

 V-notch Weir Proportional weir

can be calculated using the formula

can be calculated using the formula
 Culverts

• Used as outlet structures for detention facilities

• Can be design as single or multi-stage discharges
• Rubber ring jointed pipes without lifting holes are recommended for pipe culverts
• All culverts should be provided with suitable bedding and cut-off walls or seepage collars
to prevent possible failure due to piping
 Trash Racks
• Must be large enough so the partial plugging will not adversely restrict flow to reach the
control outlet

• The inclined vertical bar rack is the most effective for lower stage outlet. It also allows
removal of accumulated debris.

• Surface area of trash racks should be maximize and should be located at suitable distance
from protected outlet
Mechanical Device

1. Vertical gate
• An electrically operated vertical sluice gate can be used as an
effective control
• Normally used on large facilities
• Can be operated by chains or wire ropes
• Two types usually used
• The sliding sluice gate
• Fixed-roller gate
2.Radial or Tainter Gates
• Provide further means of control
• Generally applicable to large facilities
• Resultant of the hydraulics forces on the curve gate surface acts
through the centre of rotation or hinge

3.Tilting Gates
• Used as flood storage controls
• Advantage over undershoot vertical and radial gates that debris can
pass over them in storm and causes less susceptible to blockage
 Erosion Protection

• Primary Outlet
• The outlet velocity from a primary outlet on a small basin, operating
at low head is comparatively small
• Measures required are generally the protection of the bed and banks
for a few metres downstream by stone pitching
• Downstream Waterway
• The channel bed and banks immediately downstream of silting
basins should be protected by stone pitching or riprap
 4.3.6 SECONDARY OUTLET DESIGN

-Purpose of secondary outlet is to provide a controlled overflows for flow in

excess of the maximum design storm ARI for storage facility
• Overflow weir
• Most common type of emergency spillway used is a broad crested
overflow weir cut through the original ground next to the
embankment

• Erosion Protection
• Embankment and spillway channel
• Downstream waterway
 4.3.7 PUBLIC SAFETY
• Appropriate ways must be considered to prevent and to discourage public
from being exposed to high hazard areas during these periods
• retarding basins should be provided with sign that clearly indicate their
purpose and their potential danger during storm
• The downstream end of primary outlet structure can also be a potentially
hazardous area as an energy dissipater device is provided for scour
protection
 4.3.8 LANDSCAPING

1. Detention facilities should be tastefully incorporated into

the urban setting in which they reside
2. Aesthetic of the finished facility is extremely important
3. Design should incorporate naturally shaped basin with
landscaped banks, footpaths and selective vegetation area
4. Sympathetic landscaping and the resulting improvement in
local visual amenity will encourage public to accept
detention basin as urban natural environment
 4.3.9 OPERATION AND MAINTAINANCE

1. Consultation
• Line of communication and contacts need to be established during
the planning period and maintained.
2. Planned Maintenance and Inspection
• Failure to carry out routine maintenance could result in blockage of
primary outlets and premature filling of basin under normal
conditions

3. Effect of Design on Maintenance Costs

• Maintaining cost can be minimise by the careful design of basin,
outlet structures and any adjoining amenity area
4.Grassed Areas and Embankments
• Embankments or spillways are subject to scour caused by high
velocities of flow, regular moving is required to keep the grass sward
in good condition and discourage wood growth
5.Waterways
• Engineered waterways upstream and downstream of a detention
basin will require regular attention especially in urban districts
6.Primary Outlets
• All screen on primary outlets should be inspected and cleaned on a
regular basis, particularly following a storm event
7.Sediment Removal
• Regular removal of any accumulated silt and sediment from a
detention basin is essential where the basin floor is used for
recreational purposes
8.Structural Repairs and Replacement
• Depend on site specific criteria such as soil conditions, type of
construction and frequency of operation
4.3.10 SIZING PROCEDURE
• STEP 1- Determine design storm criteria for the basin
• STEP 2- Determine the basin outflow limits
• STEP 3- Compute the basin inflow hydrographs
• STEP 4- Make a preliminary estimate of required basin volume
• STEP 5- Develop a basin grading plan
• STEP 6 - Compute the stage-storage relationship
• STEP 7- Size the minor design storm primary outlet
• STEP 8- Size the major design storm primary outlet
• STEP 9- Size the secondary outlet arrangement
• STEP 10- Check behaviour under extreme conditions
• STEP 11- Size Downstream erosion protection measures
• STEP 12- Prepare a design drawings and specification
 4.4
STRUCTURE OF ON-SITE AND
COMMUNITY RETENTION

MSMA : Chapter 21
 4.4.1 Planning and Feasibility Analysis

Introduction

• On-Site Retention : Facilities constructed

on individual residential, commercial, and
industrial lots (smaller than 500m2)
• Community Retention : Facilities
constructed in public open space areas (up
to 15 ha).
 Dispersion trench

• A technique in which stormwater collected via a traditional storm drain system is dispersed
widely on the ground and a trench with a stone-filled ‘reservoir’ for percolation to
groundwater, constructed below the ground.

Infiltration sump

• Often on single dwellings, the infiltration sump consisted of roughly dug pit filled with rubble
or hardcore to which the storm drain discharged.
• Retain access for cleansing and monitoring of performance.
• The access cover provides evidence of the location of the sump – a fact not known with the
rubble-filled pits.

Infiltration trench

• A trench in which the permeable fill material extends to the ground surface and overland flow
discharges onto the top of the trench along its length. The top of the trench must retain an
infiltration rate suffiient to allow for the intensity multiplied by the surface area ratio.
Infiltration basin

• An area of land surrounded by a bank or berm, which retains the stormwater

until it has infiltrated through the base of the basin.
• The basin is frequently excavated in the ground surface, but occasions do occur
where berms are used to enclose an area of land on the ground surface, or on
one side where the basin is constructed on sloping ground.
• There are examples where combined attenuation/infiltration processes can be
established the principal mode of operation is stormwater detention to attenuate
the discharge hydrograph, but ground conditions are such that some measure of
infiltration occurs during storage.
• The primary causes failure of infiltration:
- inadequate soil investigation, resulting in poorly designed systems
- improper construction practices, especially compaction for soil
- siltation, which clogs, soil for infiltration especially due to
construction-related erosion and sedimentation.
• An acceptance criterion require development sites to provide runoff quantity control to limit
peak flows discharged from developed site.
• The level of runoff control required is dependent on the type of retention facilities and type
of development proposed.
• The level of runoff control required for the different types of retention facilities are:
- On- site retention is provided to reduce the peak discharge in small
storms, up to the minor system design ARI.
- Community retention should be provided to reduce peak discharge in
storms up o 100 year ARI.

 General limitation

 GL-1 Soil Suitability

• There is no limitation on soil infiltration rate but a minimum rate of 13 mm/hr is
recommended
• Soil with 30% or greater clay content or 40% greater silt/clay content ha not be used.
• Infiltration systems shall neither utilise fill material nor be placed over fill soils.
 GL-2 Depth to Bedrock, Water Table, or Impermeable Layer or Dissimilar soil layer
• The base of all facilities shall be located at least 1.5m above the seasonal high ground water
mark, bedrock (or hardpan) and/or impermeable layer.
• Infiltration may be inhibited by the high water table, which could result in the facility not
functioning as designed.
• High water table can indicate the potential for ground water contamination.

 GL-3 Proximity to Drinking Water wells, Septic Tank, Drainfields, Building foundations,
Structures and property lines
• Infiltration facilities on commercial and industrial sites should be placed no closer than
35m from drinking water wells, septic tanks or drainfields and springs used for public
drinking water supplies
• Infiltration facilities should be situated at least 7m downslope and 50 m from building
foundations. An exception is OSR facillities which should be located a minimum of 3m
from any structure and 10m from a water supply well, septic tank or drainfield.

 GL-4 Land slope

• Infiltration facilities can be located on slopes up to 15% as long as the slope of the base of
the facility is less than 3%. All basins should be located at minimum distance of 20 m from
any slope greater than 15%.
 GL-5 Drainage Area
• Infiltration BMPs are limited in their ability to accept flows from larger drainage areas. The
following drainage area limitations will be applied: ·
- Dispersion trenches : maximum of 500 m 2 ·
- Infiltration sumps : maximum of 500 m 2 ·
- Infiltration trenches : maximum of 4 hectares
- Infiltration basins – maximum of 15 hectares · - -
Pavement - maximum of 4 hectares

 GL-6 Control of Siltation

• Siltation is one of the major reasons for failure of infiltration facilities.
• Final construction of infiltration facilities shall not be done until after other site
construction has finished and the site has been properly stabilised with permanent erosion
control practices.
• Inflow to infiltration, other than roof downspout systems, must first pass through a
pretreatment BMP in order to minimise the suspended solid load and prevent siltation of the
infiltration facility.
 Feasibility Analysis
• A soil report is required for each location. A soil log should be taken at a minimum
1.5m depth below the proposed base of the facility and an additional soil log shall be
taken for each every 500 m2 of infiltrating surface area.

 Requirement of effective infiltration structure design

• Location of the seasonal high ground water table depth to bedrock or impermeable
layer and/or depth to dissimilar soil layers.
• Textural character of the soil horizons and/or strata within the subsoil profile. Based
on this textural analysis the following variables are to be determined:
i. Soil infiltration rate “fc”
ii. Percent clay content in soil

• Advantages of soil textures of the US.

Department of Agriculture (USDA)
Textural Triangle are:
- It will provide for consistency of results
in the design procedures
- It will eliminate the need for the laborious
and costly process of conducting field and
laboratry infiltration and permeability tests.
4.4.2 General Design Criteria and Procedure

 Design/Sizing Methods
- Emphasis on infiltration trenches and infiltration basins
- General types of situations:
i. Dimensions of an infiltration device that is required to provide storage of the
water quality volume(WQy), or downstream protection volume.
ii. Site conditions may dictate the layout and capacity of infiltration measures.

Slopes
Overflow Soil
Route Investigation

Design Design
Backfill Infiltration
Material Criteria
Rate

Drawdown Runoff
Time Quality
Treatment
 Design of Trench Facilities

A) General Considerations
• The design of a trench system is based on the maximum allowable depth of the
trench(dmax).
• The maximum allowable depth should meet the following criteria:

 The volume of water that must be stored in the trench (V) is defined as:
B. Procedures for trench system design

 Determine the contributed volume of water from the development for storage to meet the
runoff control requirement
 Compute the maximum allowable trench depth (dmax) from the feasibility equation:

 Compute the trench surface area (At) for the particular soil type using equation 21.4
 Design of infiltration Basin Facilities

a) General considerations
• The volume of water that must be stored in the basin (V) is defined as:

 The volume of rainfall an be defined in terms of basin geometry

 The bottom length and width of the basin may be defined in terms of
the top length and width as:

b) Procedure for infiltration basin

 Determine the contributed volume of water from the development for

storage to meet the runoff control requirement
 Compute the maximum allowable trench depth (dmax) from the feasibility
equation:

 Compute the trench surface area (At) for the particular soil type using
equation 21.11
4.4.3 On Site Retention

• Any family residential or individual lot project that is subject to the flow control
requirement must implement one of the following types of OSR or combination of
controls for each lot:
- Dispersion Trenches
- Infiltration Sumps

 Dispersion Trenches
- This facility provides some storage for runoff, promote infiltration, and spread
concentrated flows so that a short vegetated path length an be used at the trench
outlet.

 Infiltration Sump
- This facility is intended for use with contributing surface areas of less than 500m2.
- The design criteria for small infiltration sumps are essentially the same as for other
retention facilities except that only one infiltration rate test and soil log required for
each small infiltration sump.
 Design criteria
4.4.4 Community retention

• Types of community retention

- Infiltration trench
- Infiltration Basin
- Porous/Modular Pavement
 Infiltration trench
- A shallow excavated trench designed to provide runoff quantity control.
 Infiltration Basin
• It is designed to provide only quantity control.
 Porous/Modular Pavements
 Types of grid and modular pavement

4.4.5 General construction, operation and maintenance

The failure of infiltration facilities to function properly can often be traced back to
construction and maintenance issues.

 Quality control in construction

- When selecting infiltration facilities as a functioning part of a

community’s stormwater management system, proper installaion,
inspection and quality control procedures will also have to be provided by
the community.
 Safeguarding retention facilities
- The risk of damage to these facilities is the greatest at this time. To minimise these risks the
following are recommended:
i. Locate retention facilities away from roads or construction haul
routes.
ii. Minimise the sealing of infiltration surface by keeping traffic off
those areas where they are to be built. Also locate the activities that
could seal soil surfaces away from these sites.
iii. Since runoff from construction sites is heavily laden with fine,
suspended solids, which clog infitration facilities, keep runoff out
of these facilities until construction is completed.
 Construction criteria

• Construction timing
• Trench preparation
• Fabric Laydown
• Stone aggregate placement and compaction
• Overlapping and covering
• Potential contamination
• Voids behind fabric
• Traffic control
• Observation well
• Unstable excavation sites
 Maturing of Infiltration suface

• Newly constructed infiltration surfaces may not have as rapid an infiltration rate as
more mature surface.
• After infiltration surface undergo thaw and the vegetation’s root system loosens the
soil, infiltration rates tend to increase.
• The downstream stormwater conveyance system may appear to be somewhat
undersized.
• As local disposal facilities begin to age, some of them will fail and will have to be
repaired and replaced.
• When failures begin to occur, the downstream conveyance system will need to
handle more runoff.
• Random erosion occurs after land development at points of concentrated flow.
 Clogging

• The use of infiltration system as pretreatment of infiltration beds is very effective in

reducing clogging
• If clogging occurs shortly after installation of infiltration facilities, it an indicate
excessive sediment loads.
• Frequent clogging may also indicate the blockage of filters at the inlets to the
infiltration or percolation beds.
• Occur due to accumulation of pollutants in the pores of the soil and in the
percolation media.

 Slope stability

• As the water infiltrates or percolates into soils, the intergranular friction in the soil
canbe reduced and previously stable slopes can become unstable.
• Slope stability in urban areas can be disastrous.
 Effects on groundwater

• The forced inflow of stormwater into the ground will affect the groundwater levels
and water quality in the regions where it occurs.
• Buildings with basements may not be feasible if the groundwater levels are raised
above basement floor elevations.
• Quality of groundwater and may be of particular concern where groundwater is used
as water supply.
• Groundwater contamination by organic toxicants.

 Care and maintenance

• Inspection schedule
• Sediment control effect on vegetated basins
• Sediment removal from non-vegatated basin floor
• Side slope mainenance
 4.5
STRUCTURE OF AREA RETENTION

MSMA : Chapter 22
4.5 Structure of area retention
4.5.1 General planning and analysis

4.5.1.1 Recharge basins

• Stormwater recharge can be accomplished by the spreading methods either by

flooding a basin, ditch and furrow or natural channel or by irrigation.
• Other general method is to fill recharge basins with water from nearby surface-
water sources either
• By pumping the water or by diverting streams to the basins.
The purpose of Infiltration from
these methods is to recharge basin
allow water to produces a
infiltrate into the groundwater
soil from a mound above the
relatively large original water. The
area and over and groundwater
extended period of mound grows over
time. time and once the
infiltration stops, it
decays gradually.
 4.5.1.2 Recharge wells

A recharging well produces pattern of These fines are removed with the
radially diverging flow from the well pumped water. A zone of increased
and a build-up of the water table or Permeability s thus created around he
the piezometric surface well.

For steady flow of recharge into confined

When pumping takes place, silt and fine
aquifer:
material, if present in the formation is
removed from it in vicinity of well
Where the average flow velocity is
sufficiently high.
4.5.2 Recharge basin design
• This facility design consideration is similar to the quantity infiltration basin and
wet pond. Stormwater must always be pretreated prior to discharge to this facility.
• Appropriate soil conditions and the protection of ground water are among the
important considerations, which may limit its use. (General Limitations in
Chapter 21)
• This basin will typically be located ‘offline’ and be an intergral component of the
quality control and detention system.
• Drainage areas can be ≤ 50 ha and basin depths generally may > 4m.
 4.5.2.1 Design criteria
1) General 4) Overflow route
• The construction of structures, materials • Must be identified in the event that the
allowed, accessibility for maintenance, basin capacity is exceeded. This overflow
safety measures, easement and hydraulic should be designed to meet minimum
requirement for preservation of natural
design method as required for detention drainage system.
basin in Chapter 20.

2) Soil investigation 5) Runoff treatment

• Minimum of 1 soils logs required for 450 • Runoff from 3 month ARI design storms is
𝑚2 of infiltration basin. to be completely treated prior to discharge
to this basin.

6) Slopes
3) Infiltration rate • Basins should be located on flat land only.
• The design infiltration rate, 𝑓𝑑 will be equal
to one- half the infiltration rate found from 7) Buildings
the soil textural analysis. • Basin should be located away from the
buildings
 8) Surface area 11) Groundwater mound
• Infiltration surface area • Maximum groundwater
(𝐴𝑠 ) used for sizing basin mound under the centre of the
shall be computed by basin is limited to 1.5 m
measuring the surface below the base of the basin.
area below maximum
design water surface. 10) Drawdown time
• Designed completely drain the
intended stored runoff within one
day with appropriate correction
factors.
9) Outlets • A maximum allowable 12) Vegetation
• The bottom elevation of low- drawdown time of 48 hours is
stage orifice should be permissible. • The embankment,
designed to coincide with emergency spillways, spoil
prescribed 1 day infiltration and borrow areas and other
capacity of basin. disturbed areas shall be
established and planted in
• All other aspects shall follow accordance with Chapter 39
details provided for detention and 42.
basin.
 4.5.2.2 Construction criteria
a) Construction schedule b) Excavation c) Lining materials

• A program should schedule • Initial basin excavation should • Recharge basin can be open
rough excavation of basin with be carried out to within or lined with layer of filter
rough grading phase of the 400mm of final elevation of material such as coarse sand
project to permit use of the the basin floor. or suitable filter fabric to help
material as fill in earthwork • Final excavation to the prevent the build-up of
areas. finished grade should be impervious deposits on the
• Partially excavated basin could deferred until all disturbed soil surface.
serve as a temporary areas In catchment have been • Organic material is increase
sediment trap or pond in stabilised/protected. the permeability of the soil,
order to assist in erosion and • Final phase of excavation the basin floor should be
sediment control during should remove all soaked/inundated for a brief
construction. accumulated sediment. period and then allowed to
• Basins near the final stages of • After final grading is dry.
excavation should never be completed, the basin floor • Establishing a healthy stand of
used prematurely for runoff should be deeply tilled by vegetation on basin side
disposal. means of rotary tillers or disc slopes and floor is
harrows to provide a well- recommended. It will prevent
aerated, highly porous surface erosion and sloughing but
texture. also maintaining high
infiltration rates.
 4.5.2.3 Maintenance

a) Inspection schedule
b) Sediment control effect on vegetated basins
c) Sediment removal from non-vegetated basins
d) Tilling of the non-vegetated basin floor
e) Side slope maintenance
4.5.2.4 System operation and maintenance

1. Surface and subsurface conditions

• Studies for selection of a recharge site should have reviewed the
soils maps of the area to assure that the soils were sufficiently open
and deep to permit continuing recharge.
2. Water quality
i. Settling basin
• The use of polyelectrolytes, simple mixing procedures, settling
basins and skimming weirs can be cost effective means of
reducing turbidity levels.
ii. Grass/Soil filters
• Used in recharge basins downstream of settling basins to
remove the remaining fine colloids and organics.
iii. Filter media
• Both granular filter can be used where existing surface materials
are not appropriate for the bottom of the recharge pond.
3. Basin operations
• Wet/dry cycle: The first consists of filling the basin and turning off the
inflow. The water in the basin is allowed to infiltrate into the soil and after
few days, the basin is empty. The bottom of the basin is allowed to dry and
aerate to reach an aerobic state. This process repeated until the basin takes
time to dry by infiltration has lengthened to a unacceptable time.
• Constant head operation: maintains a full basin on a continuous basis.
4. Ground water mounding
• When subsurface soil layers of low hydraulic conductivity exist that restrict
the downward movement of recharged water, localised perched water table
mounds may be created.
• If the mounds grow upward where their upper surface nears or reaches the
bottom of the pond the rate of infiltration will decrease.
5. Basin cleaning
• Once a decision is made to clean the basin it should be drained as quickly as
possible.
4.5.3 Recharge well design
4.5.3.1 Introduction

4 types of recharge wells :

1. A single-injection well is used
when only one aquifer is being
recharged.
2. A dual-injection well is used for
independent recharge of two
separate aquifers.
3. A triple point injection well
would be used for independent
recharge of three separate
aquifers.
4. A composite-injection well
can be used for recharge of
several aquifers from one
source.
 4.5.3.2 Injection rates
• Injection rates quantities vary with aquifer characteristics, well design and construction,
quality of recharge water, quality of aquifer water and operation practices.

4.5.3.3 Hydraulics
• Injection of water below saturated zone of an aquifer raises the free ground water surface in
the vicinity of the well and creates an “injection mound”.
• For a single well, the injection mound can be considered as mirror image of the cone of
depression for a pumping well and is termed the cone of recharge or impression.
• The term injection head is used to describe the hydraulic head or pressure an injection well
needs to inject water into an underground formation.
• The limitation on injection head will vary greatly depending upon the absence or presence
of a confining layer, the strength of confining layer, the extent of the hazard to surface
installations from water logging in vicinity of well and other special considerations for a
given location.
4.5.3.4 Well design and construction
i. Well design
• A thorough understanding of the geology and hydrology of underground formations involved is a
prerequisite to good well design and to obtaining good results for a recharge project.
• The considerations for choosing a well diameter and velocity of outward flow for an injection
well are similar to those used for pumping wells.
ii. Well drilling
• 3 common methods:
• Cable tool has been used considerably because of the relatively clean nature of the resulting
drill hole
• Conventional rotary has been used extensively for injection wells in all types of formations.
• Reverse rotary method, water s the usual drilling fluid.
iii. Well details
• To minimise corrosion problems, wells have been cased with pipes of such non-corrosive
materials as stainless steel, asbestos cement, plastic, fibreglass and concrete.
iv. Well construction
• In subsurface formations under pressure, the injection well will have penetrated one or more
confining layers of fine materials having very low hydraulic conductivity.
 4.5.3.5 Redevelopment and prevention of clogging process

• Although clogging is problematic and expensive in some cases, it is an intrinsic part of

aquifer recharge operations and can be overcome completely by appropriate pre-treatment
and injection well maintenance. The aim of redevelopment should be made during well
construction.
4.5.3.6 Summary of aquifer injection guidelines