IOS - Wikipedia

iOS - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.
org/wiki/IOS
iOS
iOS (formerly iPhone OS[10]) is a mobile operating system developed by Apple Inc.
exclusively for its hardware. It is the operating system that powers many of the company's iOS
mobile devices, including the iPhone; the term also includes the system software for iPads
predating iPadOS—which was introduced in 2019—as well as on the iPod Touch devices
—which were discontinued in mid-2022.[11] It is the world's second-most widely installed Commercial logo as used by
mobile operating system, after Android. It is the basis for three other operating systems Apple, since 2017
made by Apple: iPadOS, tvOS, and watchOS.[12] It is proprietary software, although some
parts of it are open source under the Apple Public Source License and other licenses.[13]
Unveiled in 2007 for the first-generation iPhone, iOS has since been extended to support
other Apple devices such as the iPod Touch (September 2007) and the iPad (introduced:
January 2010; availability: April 2010.) As of March 2018, Apple's App Store contains
more than 2.1 million iOS applications, 1 million of which are native for iPads.[14] These
mobile apps have collectively been downloaded more than 130 billion times.
Major versions of iOS are released annually. The current stable version, iOS 16, was
released to the public on September 12, 2022.[15]
History
In 2005, when Steve Jobs began planning the iPhone, he had a choice to either "shrink the
Mac, which would be an epic feat of engineering, or enlarge the iPod". Jobs favored the iOS 16 running on an iPhone 13
former approach but pitted the Macintosh and iPod teams, led by Scott Forstall and Tony
Fadell, respectively, against each other in an internal competition, with Forstall winning by Developer Apple Inc.
creating the iPhone OS. The decision enabled the success of the iPhone as a platform for Written in C, C++,
third-party developers: using a well-known desktop operating system as its basis allowed Objective-C,
the many third-party Mac developers to write software for the iPhone with minimal Swift,
retraining. Forstall was also responsible for creating a software development kit for assembly
programmers to build iPhone apps, as well as an App Store within iTunes.[16][17] language
The operating system was unveiled with the iPhone at the Macworld Conference & Expo on OS family Unix-like,
January 9, 2007, and released in June of that year.[18][19][20] At the time of its unveiling in based on
January, Steve Jobs claimed: "iPhone runs OS X" and runs "desktop class applications", Darwin
[21][22] but at the time of the iPhone's release, the operating system was renamed "iPhone (BSD),
OS".[23] Initially, third-party native applications were not supported. Jobs' reasoning was macOS
that developers could build web applications through the Safari web browser that "would Working state Current
behave like native apps on the iPhone".[24][25] In October 2007, Apple announced that a
Source model Closed, with
native Software Development Kit (SDK) was under development and that they planned to
open-source
put it "in developers' hands in February".[26][27][28] On March 6, 2008, Apple held a press
components
event, announcing the iPhone SDK.[29][30]
Initial release June 29, 2007
The iOS App Store was opened on July 10, 2008, with an initial 500 applications
Latest release 16.3.1[1]
available.[31] This quickly grew to 3,000 in September 2008,[32] 15,000 in January 2009,[33]
(20D47)[2]
50,000 in June 2009,[34] 100,000 in November 2009,[35][36] 250,000 in August 2010,[37][38]
(February 13,
650,000 in July 2012,[39] 1 million in October 2013,[40][41] 2 million in June 2016,[42]
[43][44] and 2.2 million in January 2017.[45][46] As of March 2016, 1 million apps are 2023) [±] (ht
tps://en.wikip
natively compatible with the iPad tablet computer.[47] These apps have collectively been
edia.org/w/in
downloaded more than 130 billion times.[42] App intelligence firm Sensor Tower estimated
dex.php?title
that the App Store would reach 5 million apps by 2020.[48]
=Template:La
In September 2007, Apple announced the iPod Touch, a redesigned iPod based on the test_stable_s
iPhone form factor.[49] On January 27, 2010, Apple introduced their much-anticipated oftware_relea
media tablet, the iPad, featuring a larger screen than the iPhone and iPod Touch, and se/iOS&actio
designed for web browsing, media consumption, and reading, and offering multi-touch n=edit)
interaction with multimedia formats including newspapers, e-books, photos, videos, music,
Latest preview 16.4 beta[3]
word processing documents, video games, and most existing iPhone apps using a 9.7-inch
(20E5212f)[4]
screen.[50][51][52] It also includes a mobile version of Safari for web browsing, as well as
(February 16,
access to the App Store, iTunes Library, iBookstore, Contacts, and Notes. Content is
1 of 49 2/19/23, 13:52
iOS - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS
downloadable via Wi-Fi and optional 3G service or synced through the user's computer.[53] 2023) [±] (htt
AT&T was initially the sole U.S. provider of 3G wireless access for the iPad.[54] ps://en.wikipe
dia.org/w/ind
In June 2010, Apple rebranded iPhone OS as "iOS".[55][56] The trademark "IOS" had been ex.php?title=
used by Cisco for over a decade for its operating system, IOS, used on its routers. To avoid
Template:Lat
any potential lawsuit, Apple licensed the "IOS" trademark from Cisco.[57]
est_preview_s
The Apple Watch smartwatch was announced by Tim Cook on September 9, 2014, being oftware_relea
introduced as a product with health and fitness-tracking.[58][59] It was released on April 24, se/iOS&action
2015.[60][61][62] It uses watchOS as its operating system; watchOS is based on iOS, with =edit)
new features created specially for the Apple Watch such as an activity tracking app. Marketing target Smartphones,
tablet
On November 22, 2016, a five-second video file originally named "IMG_0942.MP4" started
computers,
crashing iOS on an increasing count of devices, forcing users to reboot. It gained massive
portable
popularity through social media channels and messaging services.[63][64]
media
In October 2016, Apple opened its first iOS Developer Academy in Naples inside University players
of Naples Federico II's new campus.[65][66] The course is completely free, aimed at Available in 40
acquiring specific technical skills on the creation and management of applications for the languages[5]
Apple ecosystem platforms.[67] At the academy there are also issues of business [6][7][8]
administration (business planning and business management with a focus on digital
Update method OTA (since iOS
opportunities) and there is a path dedicated to the design of graphical interfaces. Students
have the opportunity to participate in the "Enterprise Track", an in-depth training 5), Finder
experience on the entire life cycle of an app, from design to implementation, to security, (from macOS
troubleshooting, data storage and cloud usage.[68][69] As of 2020, the academy graduated Catalina
almost a thousand students from all over the world, who have worked on 400 app ideas and onwards)[9]
have already published about 50 apps on the iOS App Store. In the 2018–2019 academic or iTunes
year, students from more than 30 countries arrived. 35 of these have been selected to attend (Windows
the Worldwide Developer Conference, the annual Apple Developer Conference held and macOS
annually in California in early June.[70][71] pre-Catalina)
On June 3, 2019, iPadOS, the branded version of iOS for iPad, was announced at the 2019 Platforms ARMv8-A (iOS
WWDC; it was launched on September 25, 2019.[72] 7 and later)
ARMv7-A
Features (iPhone OS 3 –
iOS 10.3.4)
ARMv6 (iPhone
Interface OS 1 – iOS
The iOS user interface is based upon direct manipulation, using multi-touch gestures such 4.2.1)
as swipe, tap, pinch, and reverse pinch. Interface control elements include sliders, switches, Kernel type Hybrid (XNU)
and buttons.[73] Internal accelerometers are used by some applications to respond to shaking
Default Cocoa Touch
the device (one common result is the undo command) or rotating it in three dimensions (one
user interface (multi-touch,
common result is switching between portrait and landscape mode). Various accessibility
described in § Accessibility functions enable users with vision and hearing disabilities to GUI)
properly use iOS.[74] License Proprietary
software
iOS devices boot to the homescreen, the primary navigation and information "hub" on iOS except for
devices, analogous to the desktop found on personal computers. iOS homescreens are open-source
typically made up of app icons and widgets; app icons launch the associated app, whereas
components
widgets display live, auto-updating content, such as a weather forecast, the user's email
inbox, or a news ticker directly on the homescreen.[75] Preceded by Newton OS
Official website apple.com/ios
Along the top of the screen is a status bar, showing information about the device and its (https://www.
connectivity. The status bar itself contains two elements, the Control Center and the
apple.com/ios
Notification Center. The Control Center can be "pulled" down from the top right of the
/)
notch, on the new iPhones, giving access to various toggles to manage the device more
quickly without having to open the Settings. It is possible to manage brightness, volume, Support status
wireless connections, music player, etc.[76] Supported
Instead, scrolling from the top left to the bottom will open the Notification Center, which in Articles in the series
the latest versions of iOS is very similar to the lockscreen. It displays notifications in iOS version history
chronological order and groups them by application. From the notifications of some apps it
is possible to interact directly, for example by replying a message directly from it. Notifications are sent in two modes, the important
notifications that are displayed on the lock screen and signaled by a distinctive sound, accompanied by a warning banner and the app
badge icon, and the secondary mode where they are displayed in the Notification Center, but they are not shown on the lock screen,
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nor are they indicated by warning banners, badge icons or sounds.[77][78]
On earlier iPhones with home button, screenshots can be created with the simultaneous press of
the home and power buttons. In comparison to Android OS, which requires the buttons to be held
down, a short press does suffice on iOS.[79] On the more recent iPhones which lack a physical
home button, screenshots are captured using the volume-up and power buttons instead.[80]
The camera application used a skeuomorphic closing camera shutter animation prior to iOS 7.
Since then, it uses a simple short blackout effect.[81] Notable additions over time include HDR
photography and the option to save both normal and high dynamic range photographs First iOS logotype
simultaneously where the former prevents ghosting effects from moving objects (since iPhone 5, (2010–2013), using Myriad
iOS 6), automatic HDR adjustment (iOS 7.1), "live photo" with short video bundled to each Pro Semibold font
photo if enabled (iPhone 6s, iOS 9), and a digital zoom shortcut (iPhone 7 Plus, iOS 10).[82]
[83][84] Some camera settings such as video resolution and frame rate are not adjustable through
the camera interface itself, but are outsourced to the system settings.[85]
A new feature in iOS 13 called "context menus" shows related actions when you touch and hold
an item. When the context menu is displayed, the background is blurred.[86]
To choose from a few options, a selection control is used. Selectors can appear anchored at the Second iOS logotype
bottom or in line with the content (called date selectors). Date selectors take on the appearance of (2013–2017), using Myriad
any other selection control, but with a column for day, month, and optionally year. Pro Light font
Alerts appear in the center of the screen, but there are also alerts that scroll up from the bottom of
the screen (called "action panels"). Destructive actions (such as eliminating any element) are
colored red.
The official font of iOS is San Francisco. It is designed for small text readability, and is used
throughout the operating system, including third-party apps.[86] Third iOS logotype (2017–
present), using San
The icons are 180x180px in size for iPhones with a larger screen, usually models over 6 inches, Francisco Semibold font
including iPhone 11 Pro and iPhone 8 Plus, while it's 120x120px on iPhones with smaller
displays.[87]
Applications
iOS devices come with preinstalled apps developed by Apple including Mail, Maps, TV,
Music, FaceTime, Wallet, Health, and many more.
Applications ("apps") are the most general form of application software that can be installed
on iOS. They are downloaded from the official catalog of the App Store digital store, where
apps are subjected to security checks before being made available to users. In June 2017,
Apple updated its guidelines to specify that app developers will no longer have the ability to
use custom prompts for encouraging users to leave reviews for their apps.[88][89] IOS
applications can also be installed directly from an IPA file provided by the software distributor,
via unofficial ways. They are written using iOS Software Development Kit (SDK) and, often,
combined with Xcode, using officially supported programming languages, including Swift and
Objective-C. Other companies have also created tools that allow for the development of native
iOS apps using their respective programming languages.
iPhone (first generation), the
Applications for iOS are mostly built using components of UIKit, a programming framework.
first commercially released
It allows applications to have a consistent look and feel with the OS, nevertheless offering
device running iOS (2007)
customization.
Elements automatically update along with iOS updates, automatically including new interface rules. UIKit elements are very
adaptable, this allows developers to design a single app that looks the same on any iOS device. In addition to defining the iOS
interface, UIKit defines the functionality of the application.
At first, Apple did not intend to release an SDK to developers, because they did not want third-party apps to be developed for iOS,
building web apps instead. However, this technology never entered into common use, this led Apple to change its opinion, so in
October 2007 the SDK for developers was announced, finally released on March 6, 2008.
The SDK includes an inclusive set of development tools,[90] including an audio mixer and an iPhone simulator. It is a free download
for Mac users. It is not available for Microsoft Windows PCs. To test the application, get technical support, and distribute applications
through App Store, developers are required to subscribe to the Apple Developer Program.
Over the years, the Apple Store apps surpassed multiple major milestones, including 50,000,[91] 100,000,[92] 250,000,[93] 500,000,[94]
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1 million,[95] and 2 million apps.[96] The billionth application was installed on April 24, 2009.[97]
Home screen
The home screen, rendered by SpringBoard, displays application icons and a dock at the bottom where
users can pin their most frequently used apps. The home screen appears whenever the user unlocks the
device, presses the physical "Home" button while in an app, or swipes up from the bottom of the
screen using the home bar.[98] Before iOS 4 on the iPhone 3GS (or later), the screen's background
could be customized only through jailbreaking, but can now be changed out-of-the-box. The screen has
a status bar across the top to display data, such as time, battery level, and signal strength. The rest of
the screen is devoted to the current application. When a passcode is set and a user switches on the
device, the passcode must be entered at the Lock Screen before access to the Home screen is Apple CEO Steve Jobs
granted.[99] introduces the iPad in
2010
In iPhone OS 3, Spotlight was introduced, allowing users to search media, apps, emails, contacts,
messages, reminders, calendar events, and similar content. In iOS 7 and later, Spotlight is accessed by
pulling down anywhere on the home screen (except for the top and bottom edges that open Notification Center and Control Center).
[100][101] In iOS 9, there are two ways to access Spotlight. As with iOS 7 and 8, pulling down on any homescreen will show Spotlight.
However, it can also be accessed as it was in iOS versions 3 through 6. This endows Spotlight with Siri suggestions, which include
app suggestions, contact suggestions and news.[102] In iOS 10, Spotlight is at the top of the now-dedicated "Today" panel.[103]
Since iOS 3.2, users are able to set a background image for the Home Screen. This feature is only available on third-generation
devices—iPhone 3GS, third-generation iPod Touch (iOS 4.0 or newer), and all iPad models (since iOS 3.2)—or newer.
iOS 7 introduced a parallax effect on the Home Screen, which shifts the device's wallpaper and icons in response to the movement of
the device, creating a 3D effect and an illusion of floating icons. This effect is also visible in the tab view of Mail and Safari.[104]
Researchers found that users organize icons on their homescreens based on usage frequency and relatedness of the applications, as
well as for reasons of usability and aesthetics.[105]
System font
iOS originally used Helvetica as the system font. Apple switched to Helvetica Neue exclusively for the iPhone 4 and its Retina Display,
and retained Helvetica as the system font for older iPhone devices on iOS 4.[106] With iOS 7, Apple announced that they would
change the system font to Helvetica Neue Light, a decision that sparked criticism for inappropriate usage of a light, thin typeface for
low-resolution mobile screens. Apple eventually chose Helvetica Neue instead.[107][108] The release of iOS 7 also introduced the
ability to scale text or apply other forms of text accessibility changes through Settings.[109][110] With iOS 9, Apple changed the font to
San Francisco, an Apple-designed font aimed at maximum legibility and font consistency across its product lineup.[111][112]
Folders
iOS 4 introduced folders, which can be created by dragging an application on top of another, and from then on, more items can be
added to the folder using the same procedure. A title for the folder is automatically selected by the category of applications inside, but
the name can also be edited by the user.[113] When apps inside folders receive notification badges, the individual numbers of
notifications are added up and the total number is displayed as a notification badge on the folder itself.[113] Originally, folders on an
iPhone could include up to 12 apps, while folders on iPad could include 20.[114] With increasing display sizes on newer iPhone
hardware, iOS 7 updated the folders with pages similar to the home screen layout, allowing for a significant expansion of folder
functionality. Each page of a folder can contain up to nine apps, and there can be 15 pages in total, allowing for a total of 135 apps in
a single folder.[115] In iOS 9, Apple updated folder sizes for iPad hardware, allowing for 16 apps per page, still at 15 pages maximum,
increasing the total to 240 apps.[116]
Notification Center
Before iOS 5, notifications were delivered in a modal window and couldn't be viewed after being dismissed. In iOS 5, Apple
introduced Notification Center, which allows users to view a history of notifications. The user can tap a notification to open its
corresponding app, or clear it.[117] Notifications are now delivered in banners that appear briefly at the top of the screen. If a user taps
a received notification, the application that sent the notification will be opened. Users can also choose to view notifications in modal
alert windows by adjusting the application's notification settings. Introduced with iOS 8, widgets are now accessible through the
Notification Center, defined by 3rd parties.
When an app sends a notification while closed, a red badge appears on its icon. This badge tells the user, at a glance, how many
notifications that app has sent. Opening the app clears the badge.
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Accessibility
iOS offers various accessibility features to help users with vision and hearing disabilities. One major feature, VoiceOver, provides a
voice reading information on the screen, including contextual buttons, icons, links and other user interface elements, and allows the
user to navigate the operating system through gestures. Any apps with default controls and developed with a UIKit framework gets
VoiceOver functionality built in.[118] One example includes holding up the iPhone to take a photo, with VoiceOver describing the
photo scenery.[119] As part of a "Made for iPhone" program, introduced with the release of iOS 7 in 2013, Apple has developed
technology to use Bluetooth and a special technology protocol to let compatible third-party equipment connect with iPhones and
iPads for streaming audio directly to a user's ears. Additional customization available for Made for iPhone products include battery
tracking and adjustable sound settings for different environments.[120][121] Apple made further efforts for accessibility for the release
of iOS 10 in 2016, adding a new pronunciation editor to VoiceOver, adding a Magnifier setting to enlarge objects through the device's
camera, software TTY support for deaf people to make phone calls from the iPhone, and giving tutorials and guidelines for third-
party developers to incorporate proper accessibility functions into their apps.[122]
In 2012, Liat Kornowski from The Atlantic wrote that "the iPhone has turned out to be one of the most revolutionary developments
since the invention of Braille",[123] and in 2016, Steven Aquino of TechCrunch described Apple as "leading the way in assistive
technology", with Sarah Herrlinger, Senior Manager for Global Accessibility Policy and Initiatives at Apple, stating that "We see
accessibility as a basic human right. Building into the core of our products supports a vision of an inclusive world where opportunity
and access to information are barrier-free, empowering individuals with disabilities to achieve their goals".[124]
Criticism has been aimed at iOS depending on both internet connection (either WiFi or through iTunes) and a working SIM card upon
first activation.[125] This restriction has been loosened in iOS 12, which no longer requires the latter.[126]
Multitasking
Multitasking for iOS was first released in June 2010 along with the release of iOS 4.[127][128] Only certain devices—iPhone 4, iPhone
3GS, and iPod Touch 3rd generation—were able to multitask.[129] The iPad did not get multitasking until iOS 4.2.1 in that
November.[130]
The implementation of multitasking in iOS has been criticized for its approach, which limits the work that applications in the
background can perform to a limited function set and requires application developers to add explicit support for it.[129][131]
Before iOS 4, multitasking was limited to a selection of the applications Apple included on the device. Users could however
"jailbreak" their device in order to unofficially multitask.[132] Starting with iOS 4, on third-generation and newer iOS devices,
multitasking is supported through seven background APIs:[133]
1. Background audio – application continues to run in the background as long as it is playing audio or
video content[134]
2. Voice over IP – application is suspended when a phone call is not in progress [134]
3. Background location – application is notified of location changes [134]
4. Push notifications
5. Local notifications – application schedules local notifications to be delivered at a predetermined
time[134]
6. Task completion – application asks the system for extra time to complete a given task [134]
7. Fast app switching – application does not execute any code and may be removed from memory at any
time[134]
In iOS 5, three new background APIs were introduced:
1. Newsstand – application can download content in the background to be ready for the user [134]
2. External Accessory – application communicates with an external accessory and shares data at regular
intervals[134]
3. Bluetooth Accessory – application communicates with a bluetooth accessory and shares data at regular
intervals[134]
In iOS 7, Apple introduced a new multitasking feature, providing all apps with the ability to perform background updates. This
feature prefers to update the user's most frequently used apps and prefers to use Wi-Fi networks over a cellular network, without
markedly reducing the device's battery life.
Switching applications
In iOS 4.0 to iOS 6.x, double-clicking the home button activates the application switcher. A scrollable dock-style interface appears
from the bottom, moving the contents of the screen up. Choosing an icon switches to an application. To the far left are icons which
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function as music controls, a rotation lock, and on iOS 4.2 and above, a volume controller.
With the introduction of iOS 7, double-clicking the home button also activates the application switcher. However, unlike previous
versions it displays screenshots of open applications on top of the icon and horizontal scrolling allows for browsing through previous
apps, and it is possible to close applications by dragging them up, similar to how WebOS handled multiple cards.[135]
With the introduction of iOS 9, the application switcher received a significant visual change; while still retaining the card metaphor
introduced in iOS 7, the application icon is smaller, and appears above the screenshot (which is now larger, due to the removal of
"Recent and Favorite Contacts"), and each application "card" overlaps the other, forming a rolodex effect as the user scrolls. Now,
instead of the home screen appearing at the leftmost of the application switcher, it appears rightmost.[136] In iOS 11, the application
switcher receives a major redesign. In the iPad, the Control Center and app switcher are combined. The app switcher in the iPad can
also be accessed by swiping up from the bottom. In the iPhone, the app switcher cannot be accessed if there are no apps in the RAM.
Ending tasks
In iOS 4.0 to iOS 6.x, briefly holding the icons in the application switcher makes them "jiggle" (similarly to the homescreen) and
allows the user to force quit the applications by tapping the red minus circle that appears at the corner of the app's icon.[137] Clearing
applications from multitasking stayed the same from iOS 4.0 through 6.1.6, the last version of iOS 6.
As of iOS 7, the process has become faster and easier. In iOS 7, instead of holding the icons to close them, they are closed by simply
swiping them upwards off the screen. Up to three apps can be cleared at a time compared to one in versions up to iOS 6.1.6.[138]
Task completion
Task completion allows apps to continue a certain task after the app has been suspended.[139][140] As of iOS 4.0, apps can request up
to ten minutes to complete a task in the background.[141] This doesn't extend to background uploads and downloads though (e.g. if a
user starts a download in one application, it won't finish if they switch away from the application).
Siri
Siri (/ˈsɪri/) is an intelligent personal assistant integrated into iOS. The assistant uses voice queries and a natural language user
interface to answer questions, make recommendations, and perform actions by delegating requests to a set of Internet services. The
software adapts to users' individual language usages, searches, and preferences, with continuing use. Returned results are
individualized.
Originally released as an app for iOS in February 2010,[142] it was acquired by Apple two months later,[143][144][145] and then
integrated into iPhone 4S at its release in October 2011.[146][147] At that time, the separate app was also removed from the iOS App
Store.[148]
Siri supports a wide range of user commands, including performing phone actions, checking basic information, scheduling events and
reminders, handling device settings, searching the Internet, navigating areas, finding information on entertainment, and is able to
engage with iOS-integrated apps.[149] With the release of iOS 10 in 2016, Apple opened up limited third-party access to Siri,
including third-party messaging apps, as well as payments, ride-sharing, and Internet calling apps.[150][151] With the release of iOS
11, Apple updated Siri's voices for more clear, human voices, it now supports follow-up questions and language translation, and
additional third-party actions.[152][153]
Game Center
Game Center is an online multiplayer "social gaming network"[154] released by Apple.[155] It allows users to "invite friends to play a
game, start a multiplayer game through matchmaking, track their achievements, and compare their high scores on a leaderboard." iOS
5 and above adds support for profile photos.[154]
Game Center was announced during an iOS 4 preview event hosted by Apple on April 8, 2010. A preview was released to registered
Apple developers in August.[154] It was released on September 8, 2010, with iOS 4.1 on iPhone 4, iPhone 3GS, and iPod Touch 2nd
generation through 4th generation.[156] Game Center made its public debut on the iPad with iOS 4.2.1.[157] There is no support for the
iPhone 3G, original iPhone and the first-generation iPod Touch (the latter two devices did not have Game Center because they did not
get iOS 4).[158] However, Game Center is unofficially available on the iPhone 3G via a hack.[159]
Hardware
The main hardware platform for iOS is the ARM architecture (the ARMv7, ARMv8-A, ARMv8.2-A, ARMv8.3-A). iOS releases
before iOS 7 can only be run on iOS devices with 32-bit ARM processors (ARMv6 and ARMv7-A architectures). In 2013, iOS 7 was
released with full 64-bit support (which includes a native 64-bit kernel, libraries, drivers as well as all built-in applications),[160] after
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Apple announced that they were switching to 64-bit ARMv8-A processors with the introduction of the Apple A7 chip.[161] 64-bit
support was also enforced for all apps in the App Store; All new apps submitted to the App Store with a deadline of February 2015,
and all app updates submitted to the App Store with a deadline of June 1, 2015.[162] iOS 11 drops support for all iOS devices with 32-
bit ARM processors as well as 32-bit applications,[163][164] making iOS 64-bit only.[165]
Supported locales
iOS has support for many locales.
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List of locales by iOS version
English
Language 1.0 1.1.2 2.0 2.1-2.2 3 4-6 7 8 9 10-15 16+
name
English (US) English (US) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
English English Note

No No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes
(Canada) (Canada) 2
English (UK) English (UK) No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
English English
No No No No No No No No No Yes Yes
(Ireland) (Ireland)
English English
(Singapore) (Singapore)
English (South English

Africa) (South Africa)
English English
No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
(Australia) (Australia)
English (New English (New

Zealand) Zealand)
English
English (India) No No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes
(India)
Chinese,
简体中⽂ No Note 1 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Simplified
Chinese,
繁體中⽂（台灣） Traditional No Note 1 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
(Taiwan)
Chinese,
繁體中⽂（⾹港） Traditional No No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes
(Hong Kong)
Chinese,
繁體中⽂（澳⾨） Traditional No No No No No No No No No Yes Yes
(Macau)
⽇本語 Japanese No Note 1 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Español Spanish
No Note 1 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
(España) (Spain)
Spanish
Español Note
(Latin No No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes
(Latinoamérica) 2
America)
Español Spanish
No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
(México) (Mexico)
Español Spanish
(Argentina) (Argentina)
Español Spanish
(Bolivia) (Bolivia)
Spanish
Español (Chile) No No No No No No No No No Yes Yes
(Chile)
Español Spanish
(Colombia) (Colombia)
Español (Costa Spanish

Rica) (Costa Rica)
Español Spanish
(Ecuador) (Ecuador)
Español (El Spanish (El

Salvador) Salvador)
Español (EE.
Spanish (US) No No No No No No No No No Yes Yes
UU.)
Español Spanish
(Guatemala) (Guatemala)
Español Spanish
(Honduras) (Honduras)
8 of 49 2/19/23, 13:52
English
Language 1.0 1.1.2 2.0 2.1-2.2 3 4-6 7 8 9 10-15 16+
name
Español Spanish
(Nicaragua) (Nicaragua)
Español Spanish
(Panamá) (Panama)
Español Spanish
(Paraguay) (Paraguay)
Spanish
Español (Perú) No No No No No No No No No Yes Yes
(Peru)
Español Spanish
(Puerto Rico) (Puerto Rico)
Español Spanish
(República (Dominican No No No No No No No No No Yes Yes
Dominicana) Republic)
Español Spanish
(Uruguay) (Uruguay)
Español Spanish
(Venezuela) (Venezuela)
Français French
No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
(France) (France)
Français French Note

(Suisse) (Switzerland) 2
Français French
(Belgique) (Belgium)
Français French
No No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes
(Canada) (Canada)
Deutsch German
No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
(Deutschland) (Germany)
Deutsch German Note

(Österreich) (Austria) 2
Deutsch German Note

(Schweiz) (Switzerland) 2
Русский Russian No Note 1 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Português Portuguese
(Brasil) (Brazil)
Português Portuguese
No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
(Portugal) (Portugal)
Italiano (Italia) Italian (Italy) No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Italiano Italian
No No No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes
(Svizzera) (Switzerland)
한국어 Korean No Note 1 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Türkçe Turkish No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Nederlands Dutch
(Nederland) (Netherlands)
Nederlands Dutch
No No No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes
(België) (Belgium)
‫ا ﻟ ﻌ ﺮﺑ ﻴﺔ‬ Arabic No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
ภาษาไทย Thai No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Svenska Swedish No Note 1 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Dansk Danish No Note 1 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Tiếng Việt Vietnamese No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Norwegian
Norsk bokmål No Note 1 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Bokmål
Polski Polish No Note 1 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
9 of 49 2/19/23, 13:52
English
Language 1.0 1.1.2 2.0 2.1-2.2 3 4-6 7 8 9 10-15 16+
name
Suomi Finnish No Note 1 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Bahasa
Indonesian No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Indonesia
‫עברית‬ Hebrew No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Ελληνικά Greek No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Română Romanian No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Magyar Hungarian No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Čeština Czech No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Català Catalan No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Slovenčina Slovak No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Українська Ukrainian No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Hrvatski Croatian No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Bahasa Melayu Malay No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
िह�दी Hindi No No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Қазақ тілі Kazakh No No No No No No No No No No Yes
Български Bulgarian No No No No No No No No No No Yes
Notes
1. The iPod Touch at its launch supported English, French, German, Japanese, Dutch, Italian, Spanish,
Portuguese, Danish, Finnish, Norwegian, Swedish, Korean, Simplified Chinese, Traditional Chinese,
Russian, and Polish. However, most of these languages were not available in the iPhone until iPhone
2.0.
2. As of iOS 8, users can add more than one locale to use on the device. If one language is not supported,
the next one is used instead. The language on the top of the list is the primary one.
3. While these regions are present in iOS 8, they fall back to the generic regions for the system language.
This issue has been resolved in iOS 9 and later, when a default region is added.
▪ de-AT, de-CH: de
▪ en-CA, en-US: en
▪ es-ES: es
▪ es-419: es-MX
▪ fr-CH: fr
4. iOS 9 and above improved the locale handling process, now applying a default region to those that
have multiple regions. The region is not displayed in the locale name if the region is the same as the
country/region setting, or if only one region is added for a language.
▪ German: German (Germany)
▪ English: English (US)
▪ Spanish: Spanish (Spain)
▪ French: French (France)
▪ Italian: Italian (Italy)
▪ Dutch: Dutch (Netherlands)
▪ Portuguese: Portuguese (Brazil)
▪ Chinese, Traditional: Chinese, Traditional (Taiwan)
5. Dutch (Belgium) was previously shown as Flemish in iOS 9 before being fixed in iOS 10, to bring it
more in line with other locales.
6. iOS 10 and macOS Sierra were the last versions in which new locales were added for the languages
supported by iOS and macOS. Two new languages, Bulgarian and Kazakh, were added in iOS 16 and
macOS Ventura.
▪ English (US): United States, Canada
▪ English (UK): United Kingdom, Ireland, Singapore, South Africa
▪ English (Australia): Australia, New Zealand
10 of 49 2/19/23, 13:52
▪ English (India): India

▪ Chinese, Simplified: China mainland
▪ Chinese, Traditional (Taiwan): Taiwan
▪ Chinese, Traditional (Hong Kong): Hong Kong, Macau
▪ Japanese: Japan
▪ Spanish (Spain): Spain
▪ Spanish (Latin America): Latin America, Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica,
Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama,
Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, Uruguay, US, Venezuela
▪ French (France): France, Belgium, Switzerland
▪ French (Canada): Canada
▪ German: Germany, Austria, Switzerland
▪ Russian: Russia
▪ Portuguese (Brazil): Brazil
▪ Portuguese (Portugal): Portugal
▪ Italian: Italy, Switzerland
▪ Korean: South Korea
▪ Turkish: Turkey
▪ Dutch: Netherlands, Belgium
▪ Arabic: Saudi Arabia
▪ Thai: Thailand
▪ Swedish: Sweden
▪ Danish: Denmark
▪ Vietnamese: Vietnam
▪ Norwegian Bokmål: Norway
▪ Polish: Poland
▪ Finnish: Finland
▪ Indonesian: Indonesia
▪ Hebrew: Israel
▪ Greek: Greece
▪ Romanian: Romania
▪ Hungarian: Hungary
▪ Czech: Czech Republic
▪ Catalan: Spain
▪ Slovak: Slovakia
▪ Ukrainian: Ukraine
▪ Croatian: Croatia
▪ Malay: Malaysia
▪ Hindi: India
7. It is possible to add custom locales in the iOS Simulator by editing the AppleLanguages portion of the
.GlobalPreferences.plist file for each simulator.
Development
The iOS SDK (Software Development Kit) allows for the development of mobile apps on iOS.
While originally developing iPhone prior to its unveiling in 2007, Apple's then-CEO Steve Jobs did not intend to let third-party
developers build native apps for iOS, instead directing them to make web applications for the Safari web browser.[166] However,
backlash from developers prompted the company to reconsider,[166] with Jobs announcing in October 2007 that Apple would have a
software development kit available for developers by February 2008.[167][168] The SDK was released on March 6, 2008.[169][170]
The SDK is a free download for users of Mac personal computers.[171] It is not available for Microsoft Windows PCs.[171] The SDK
contains sets giving developers access to various functions and services of iOS devices, such as hardware and software attributes.[172]
It also contains an iPhone simulator to mimic the look and feel of the device on the computer while developing.[172] New versions of
the SDK accompany new versions of iOS.[173][174] In order to test applications, get technical support, and distribute apps through
App Store, developers are required to subscribe to the Apple Developer Program.[171]
Combined with Xcode, the iOS SDK helps developers write iOS apps using officially supported programming languages, including
11 of 49 2/19/23, 13:52
Swift and Objective-C.[175] Other companies have also created tools that allow for the development of native iOS apps using their
respective programming languages.[176][177]
Update history & schedule

Apple provides major updates to the iOS operating system annually via iTunes and, since iOS 5,
also over-the-air.[179] The device checks an XML-based PLIST file on mesu.apple.com for
updates. Updates are delivered as unencrypted ZIP files. Updates are checked for regularly, and
are downloaded and installed automatically if enabled. Otherwise, the user can install them
manually or are prompted to allow automatic installation overnight if plugged in and connected to
Wi-Fi.
iPod Touch users originally had to pay for system software updates due to accounting rules that
designated it not a "subscription device" like the iPhone or Apple TV,[180][181] causing many iPod
Touch owners not to update.[182] In September 2009, a change in accounting rules won tentative
approval, affecting Apple's earnings and stock price, and allowing iPod Touch updates to be
delivered free of charge.[183][184] iPhone platform usage
as measured by the App
Apple significantly extended the cycle of updates for iOS-supported devices over the years. The Store on May 31st,
iPhone (1st generation) and iPhone 3G only received two iOS updates, while later models had 2022[178]
support for five, six, and seven years.[185][186]
iOS 15 (82.00%)
iOS 14 (14.00%)
XNU kernel iOS 13 and earlier
(4.00%)
The iOS kernel is the XNU kernel of Darwin. The original iPhone OS (1.0) up to iPhone OS 3.1.3
used Darwin 9.0.0d1. iOS 4 was based on Darwin 10. iOS 5 was based on Darwin 11. iOS 6 was
based on Darwin 13. iOS 7 and iOS 8 are based on Darwin 14. iOS 9 is based on Darwin 15. iOS
10 is based on Darwin 16. iOS 11 is based on Darwin 17. iOS 12 is based on Darwin 18. iOS 13
is based on Darwin 19. iOS 14 is based on Darwin 20. iOS 15 is based on Darwin 21. iOS 16 is
based on Darwin 22.[187]
In iOS 6 the kernel is subject to ASLR, similar to that of OS X Mountain Lion. This makes
exploit possibilities more complex since it is not possible to know the location of kernel code.
Apple has made the XNU kernel open source.[188] The source is under a 3-clause[189] BSD
license for the original BSD parts, with parts added by Apple under the Apple Public Source
License.[190] The versions contained in iOS are not available; only the versions used in macOS
are available.
iPad platform usage as
iOS does not have kernel extensions (kexts) in the file system, even if they are actually present. measured by the App
The kernel cache can be decompressed to show the correct kernel, along with the kexts (all Store on May 31st,
packed in the __PRELINK_TEXT section) and their plists (in the __PRELINK_INFO section). 2022[178]
The kernel cache can also be directly decompressed (if decrypted) using third-party tools. With iPadOS 15 (72.00%)
the advent of iOS 10 betas and default plain text kernelcaches, these tools can only be used after iPadOS 14 (18.00%)
unpacking and applying lzssdec to unpack the kernel cache to its full size. iPadOS 13 and earlier
(10.00%)
The kextstat provided by the Cydia alternative software does not work on iOS because the kextstat
is based on kmod_get_info(...), which is a deprecated API in iOS 4 and Mac OS X Snow
Leopard. There are other alternative software that can also dump raw XML data.
On developing devices, the kernel is always stored as a statically linked cache stored in /System/Library/Caches
/com.apple.kernelcaches/kernelcache which is unpacked and executed at boot.
In the beginning, iOS had a kernel version usually higher than the corresponding version of macOS. Over time, the kernels of iOS and
macOS have gotten closer. This is not surprising, considering that iOS introduced new features (such as the ASLR Kernel, the default
freezer, and various security-strengthening features) that were first incorporated and subsequently arrived on macOS. It appears Apple
is gradually merging the iOS and macOS kernels over time. The build date for each version varies slightly between processors. This is
due to the fact that the builds are sequential.
12 of 49 2/19/23, 13:52
Kernel Builds
iOS Version Kernel Build Notes
Darwin Kernel Version 9.0.0d1: Thu Mar 8 01:38:53 PST 2007;

1A420
root:xnu-933.0.0.144.obj~1/DEVELOPMENT_ARM_S5L8900XRB
Darwin Kernel Version 9.0.0d1: Tue May 22 21:15:55 PDT 2007;

1.0
root:xnu-933.0.0.178.obj~3/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8900XRB
1.0.1 Darwin Kernel Version 9.0.0d1: Fri Jun 22 00:38:56 PDT 2007;
1.0.2 root:xnu-933.0.1.178.obj~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8900XRB
Darwin Kernel Version 9.0.0d1: Thu Sep 6 23:26:45 PDT 2007;

1.1 iPod Touch only
root:xnu-933.0.0.203.obj~6/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8900XRB
Darwin Kernel Version 9.0.0d1: Wed Sep 19 00:08:42 PDT 2007; First kernel that was 8900
1.1.1
root:xnu-933.0.203~21/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8900XRB encrypted
Darwin Kernel Version 9.0.0d1: Wed Oct 10 00:07:49 PDT 2007;

1.1.2
root:xnu-933.0.204~7/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8900XRB
1.1.3
Darwin Kernel Version 9.0.0d1: Wed Dec 12 00:16:00 PST 2007;
1.1.4
root:xnu-933.0.211~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8900XRB
1.1.5 iPod Touch only
1.2 beta ?
Darwin Kernel Version 9.3.1: Wed Mar 19 22:40:09 PDT 2008;

2.0 beta 2
root:xnu-1228.6.34~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8900X
Darwin Kernel Version 9.3.1: Tue Apr 1 21:58:46 PDT 2008; root:xnu-
2.0 beta 3
1228.6.39~6/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8900X
2.0 beta 4
2.0 beta 5 ?
2.0 beta 6 ?
2.0 beta 7 ?
2.0 GM
2.0 Darwin Kernel Version 9.3.1: Sun Jun 15 21:37:01 PDT 2008; root:xnu-
2.0.1 1228.6.76~45/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8900X
2.0.2
2.1 beta ?
2.1 beta 2 ?
2.1 beta 3 ?
2.1 beta 4 ?
2.1 Darwin Kernel Version 9.4.1: Sun Aug 10 21:25:25 PDT 2008;
2.1.1 root:xnu-1228.7.27~12/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8720X
2.2 beta ?
2.2 beta 2 ?
Darwin Kernel Version 9.4.1: Sat Nov 1 19:13:13 PDT 2008; root:xnu-
2.2
Darwin Kernel Version 9.4.1: Mon Dec 8 21:02:57 PST 2008; root:xnu-
2.2.1
Darwin Kernel Version 10.0.0d3: Mon Mar 9 22:51:44 PDT 2009;

3.0 beta
Darwin Kernel Version 10.0.0d3: Wed Mar 25 21:56:57 PDT 2009;

3.0 beta 2
Darwin Kernel Version 10.0.0d3: Fri Apr 10 15:52:33 PDT 2009;

3.0 beta 3
13 of 49 2/19/23, 13:52
Darwin Kernel Version 10.0.0d3: Wed Apr 22 21:48:01 PDT 2009;

3.0 beta 4
Darwin Kernel Version 10.0.0d3: Wed Apr 29 22:05:19 PDT 2009;

3.0 beta 5
3.0 GM ?
3.0 Darwin Kernel Version 10.0.0d3: Wed May 13 22:16:49 PDT 2009;
Darwin Kernel Version 10.0.0d3: Wed Jun 24 21:55:27 PDT 2009;

3.1 beta
Darwin Kernel Version 10.0.0d3: Wed Jul 8 21:57:20 PDT 2009;

3.1 beta 2
Darwin Kernel Version 10.0.0d3: Wed Jul 22 21:39:52 PDT 2009;

3.1 beta 3
Darwin Kernel Version 10.0.0d3: Fri Aug 14 13:23:32 PDT 2009;

3.1
Darwin Kernel Version 10.0.0d3: Fri Sep 25 23:35:35 PDT 2009;

3.1.2
Last release for iPhone

Darwin Kernel Version 10.0.0d3: Fri Dec 18 01:34:28 PST 2009;
3.1.3 (1st generation) and iPod
Touch (1st generation)
Darwin Kernel Version 10.3.1: Mon Mar 15 23:15:33 PDT 2010;

3.2
Darwin Kernel Version 10.3.1: Fri May 28 16:46:17 PDT 2010;

3.2.1 iPad only
Darwin Kernel Version 10.3.1: Wed Aug 4 19:08:04 PDT 2010;

3.2.2
Darwin Kernel Version 10.3.1: Sat Apr 3 03:06:07 PDT 2010; root:xnu-
4.0 beta
Darwin Kernel Version 10.3.1: Wed Apr 14 23:43:59 PDT 2010;

4.0 beta 2

4.0 beta 3
Darwin Kernel Version 10.3.1: Tue May 11 22:12:23 PDT 2010;

4.0 beta 4
4.0 GM ?
4.0 Darwin Kernel Version 10.3.1: Wed May 26 22:28:33 PDT 2010;

4.0.2
Darwin Kernel Version 10.3.1: Mon Jul 5 20:15:12 PDT 2010; root:xnu-
4.1 beta
1504.55.27~4/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X
Darwin Kernel Version 10.3.1: Tue Jul 20 21:31:09 PDT 2010; root:xnu-
4.1 beta 2
1504.55.32~9/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X
Darwin Kernel Version 10.3.1: Wed Jul 28 01:26:23 PDT 2010;

4.1 beta 3

4.1
Darwin Kernel Version 10.3.1: Tue Sep 7 23:33:25 PDT 2010; root:xnu-
4.2 beta
1504.58.18~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X
Darwin Kernel Version 10.4.0: Thu Sep 23 20:56:24 PDT 2010;

4.2 beta 2
Darwin Kernel Version 10.4.0: Tue Oct 5 21:42:47 PDT 2010; root:xnu-
4.2 beta 3
1504.58.25~18/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X
4.2 GM Darwin Kernel Version 10.4.0: Wed Oct 20 20:14:45 PDT 2010;
14 of 49 2/19/23, 13:52
4.2.1 GM root:xnu-1504.58.28~3/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X
Last release for iPhone 3G

Darwin Kernel Version 10.4.0: Wed Oct 20 20:14:45 PDT 2010;
4.2.1 and iPod Touch (2nd
generation)
4.2.5
4.2.6 Darwin Kernel Version 10.4.0: Thu Dec 30 19:38:02 PST 2010;
4.2.7 root:xnu-1504.62~11/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X
iPhone 4 only.
4.2.8
4.2.9 Darwin Kernel Version 10.4.0: Fri Jul 8 18:32:26 PDT 2011; root:xnu-
4.2.10 1504.63~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X
Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Tue Jan 4 21:36:31 PST 2011; root:xnu-
4.3 beta
1735.24~10/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X
Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Mon Jan 10 22:08:15 PST 2011;

4.3 beta 2
root:xnu-1735.30~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X
Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Fri Jan 28 13:55:49 PST 2011; root:xnu-
4.3 beta 3
1735.39.80~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X
4.3 GM ?
4.3 Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Thu Feb 10 21:46:56 PST 2011;
4.3.2 Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Wed Mar 30 18:51:10 PDT 2011;
4.3.4 Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Sat Jul 9 00:59:43 PDT 2011; root:xnu-
4.3.5 1735.47~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X
Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Mon May 30 20:28:35 PDT 2011;

5.0 beta
Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Sun Jun 19 18:59:56 PDT 2011;

5.0 beta 2
Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Thu Jun 30 23:23:57 PDT 2011;

5.0 beta 3
Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Sun Jul 17 19:21:53 PDT 2011; root:xnu-
5.0 beta 4
Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Tue Aug 2 22:31:30 PDT 2011; root:xnu-
5.0 beta 5
Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Sun Aug 14 19:04:49 PDT 2011;

5.0 beta 6
Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Thu Aug 25 20:47:50 PDT 2011;

5.0 beta 7
5.0 GM Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Thu Sep 15 23:34:16 PDT 2011;
5.0 root:xnu-1878.4.43~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X

5.0.1 beta
5.0.1 beta 2 Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Tue Nov 1 20:34:16 PDT 2011; root:xnu-
5.0.1 1878.4.46~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8940X
Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Sun Nov 13 19:10:13 PST 2011;

5.1 beta
Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Sun Dec 4 18:57:33 PST 2011; root:xnu-
5.1 beta 2
1878.10.68~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X
Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Mon Jan 2 18:46:01 PST 2012; root:xnu-
5.1 beta 3
1878.10.74~3/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X
Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Wed Feb 1 23:18:07 PST 2012;

5.1
15 of 49 2/19/23, 13:52
Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Sun Apr 8 21:51:26 PDT 2012; root:xnu- Last release for iPad (1st
5.1.1
1878.11.10~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X generation)
Darwin Kernel Version 13.0.0: Wed May 30 19:23:03 PDT 2012;

6.0 beta

6.0 beta 2
6.0 beta 3
6.0 beta 4
6.0 GM Darwin Kernel Version 13.0.0: Sun Aug 19 00:27:34 PDT 2012;
6.0.1 Darwin Kernel Version 13.0.0: Wed Oct 10 23:32:19 PDT 2012;
6.0.2 root:xnu-2107.2.34~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X iPhone 5 only.
Darwin Kernel Version 13.0.0: Sun Oct 21 19:28:43 PDT 2012;

6.1 beta
Darwin Kernel Version 13.0.0: Sun Nov 4 19:02:54 PST 2012; root:xnu-
6.1 beta 2
Darwin Kernel Version 13.0.0: Mon Nov 26 21:17:13 PST 2012;

6.1 beta 3
6.1 beta 4
6.1 beta 5
6.1
Darwin Kernel Version 13.0.0: Sun Dec 16 20:01:39 PST 2012;
6.1.1 beta
6.1.1 iPhone 4s only
6.1.2
6.1.3 beta 2
6.1.3
6.1.4 iPhone 5 only.

root:xnu-2107.7.55.2.2~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8920X iPod Touch (4th
6.1.5
generation) only.
iPod Touch (4th

6.1.6 generation) and iPhone
3GS only.

7.0 beta
root:xnu-2423.1.1.1.2~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X
Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Mon Jun 17 00:51:51 PDT 2013;

7.0 beta 2
7.0 beta 3
2423.1.40~11/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X
Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Mon Jul 22 02:12:11 PDT 2013;

7.0 beta 4
7.0 beta 5 Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Sun Aug 4 22:40:14 PDT 2013;
7.0 beta 6 root:xnu-2423.1.70~6/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X
7.0 GM Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Tue Aug 13 21:39:05 PDT 2013;
7.0.1 Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Mon Sep 9 20:56:02 PDT 2013; iPhone 5c and 5s only
7.0.2 root:xnu-2423.1.74~2/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X
7.0.3 Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Fri Sep 27 23:08:32 PDT 2013; root:xnu-
16 of 49 2/19/23, 13:52
7.0.4
2423.3.12~1/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X iPhone 5c and iPhone 5s

7.0.5
only.
7.0.6

7.1 beta
Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Tue Dec 10 21:25:34 PST 2013;

7.1 beta 2
Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Thu Jan 2 01:55:45 PST 2014; root:xnu-
7.1 beta 3
2423.10.45~5/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X

7.1 beta 4

7.1 beta 5
7.1 GM Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Fri Feb 21 19:41:10 PST 2014; root:xnu-
7.1 2423.10.67~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X
Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Fri Mar 28 21:22:10 PDT 2014; root:xnu-
7.1.1
2423.10.70~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X
Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Thu May 15 23:17:54 PDT 2014;

7.1.2 Last release for iPhone 4
root:xnu-2423.10.71~1/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X

8.0 beta
Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Sat Jun 14 16:36:40 PDT 2014;

8.0 beta 2
root:xnu-2775.0.0.1.1~3/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X
Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Wed Jul 2 18:51:34 PDT 2014; root:xnu-
8.0 beta 3
2783.1.21~19/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X

8.0 beta 4

8.0 beta 5
8.0 GM Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Tue Aug 19 15:09:47 PDT 2014;
8.0 root:xnu-2783.1.72~8/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X
8.0.1 Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Thu Sep 18 21:52:21 PDT 2014;
Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Sat Sep 27 18:49:49 PDT 2014;

8.1 beta
Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Fri Oct 3 21:52:09 PDT 2014; root:xnu-
8.1 beta 2
8.1
Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Sun Nov 2 20:21:29 PDT 2014;

8.1.1 beta
8.1.1 Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Mon Nov 3 22:54:30 PDT 2014;
Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Mon Jan 2 21:29:20 PST 2015; root:xnu-
8.1.3
8.2 beta ?
8.2 beta 2 ?

8.2 beta 3
8.2 beta 4
17 of 49 2/19/23, 13:52

8.2 beta 5
Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Mon Feb 9 22:07:57 PST 2015; root:xnu-
8.2
8.3 beta ?
8.3 beta 2 ?
Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Mon Mar 4 20:55:58 PST 2015;

8.3 beta 3
Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Thu Mar 19 00:16:36 PST 2015;

8.3 beta 4
Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Sun Mar 29 19:44:04 PDT 2015;

8.3

8.4 beta
root:xnu-2784.30.1~29/RELEASE_ARM64_T7000

8.4 beta 2
Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Tue May 5 23:09:22 PDT 2015; root:xnu-
8.4 beta 3
2784.30.5~7/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X
Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Tue Wed 3 23:19:49 PDT 2015;

8.4 beta 4
Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Wed Jun 24 00:50:15 PDT 2015;

8.4
Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Thu Jul 9 21:54:11 PDT 2015; root:xnu-
8.4.1 beta
8.4.1 beta 2
2784.40.6~15/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X

8.4.1

9.0 beta

9.0 beta 2
Darwin Kernel Version 15.0.0: Sat Jul 11 20:01:45 PDT 2015; root:xnu-
9.0 beta 4
3247.1.56~13\/RELEASE_ARM64_T7001
Darwin Kernel Version 15.0.0: Mon Aug 3 19:58:41 PDT 2015;

9.0 beta 5
root:xnu-3247.1.88.1.1~1\/RELEASE_ARM64_T7001

9.0 GM
root:xnu-3248.1.2~3\/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8940X
9.0
9.0.1
9.0.2
Darwin Kernel Version 15.0.0: Sat Aug 29 17:41:04 PDT 2015;

9.1 beta
Darwin Kernel Version 15.0.0: Mon Sep 14 01:24:55 PDT 2015;

9.1 beta 2
root:xnu-3248.10.38~3\/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X
Darwin Kernel Version 15.0.0: Fri Sep 25 17:14:21 PDT 2015; root:xnu-
9.1 beta 3
3248.10.41~11\/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X
9.1 beta 4
9.1 beta 5
3248.10.42~4\/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X
9.1

9.2 beta
root:xnu-3248.20.33.0.1~7\/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000
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9.2 beta 2
root:xnu-3248.20.39~8\/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000
Darwin Kernel Version 15.0.0: Fri Nov 6 22:12:13 PST 2015; root:xnu-
9.2 beta 3
3248.21.1~2\/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X
9.2 beta 4 Darwin Kernel Version 15.0.0: Fri Nov 13 16:08:07 PST 2015; root:xnu-
9.2 3248.21.2~1\/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X
9.2.1 beta
Darwin Kernel Version 15.0.0: Wed Dec 9 22:19:38 PST 2015;
9.2.1 beta 2
9.2.1
9.3 beta Darwin Kernel Version 15.4.0: Tue Jan 5 21:24:25 PST 2016; root:xnu-
9.3 beta 1.1 3248.40.155.1.1~3\/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X
9.3 beta 2
3248.40.166.0.1~10\/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000
Darwin Kernel Version 15.4.0: Sun Jan 31 22:48:58 PST 2016;

9.3 beta 3
Darwin Kernel Version 15.4.0: Sun Feb 14 23:17:56 PST 2016;

9.3 beta 4
9.3 beta 5 Darwin Kernel Version 15.4.0: Sun Feb 22 01:48:23 PST 2016;
9.3 beta 6 root:xnu-3248.41.4~36\/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000
9.3 beta 7
Darwin Kernel Version 15.4.0: Fri Feb 19 13:54:52 PST 2016; root:xnu-
9.3
3248.41.4~28\/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000
9.3.1
Darwin Kernel Version 15.5.0: Thu Mar 31 17:49:02 PDT 2016;

9.3.2 beta
9.3.2 beta 2
3248.50.20~12\/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000
9.3.2 beta 3
Darwin Kernel Version 15.5.0: Mon Apr 18 16:44:07 PDT 2016;
9.3.2 beta 4
9.3.2

9.3.3 beta

9.3.3 beta 2

9.3.3 beta 3
9.3.3 beta 4
9.3.3 beta 5 Darwin Kernel Version 15.6.0: Mon Jun 20 20:10:21 PDT 2016;
9.3.4
Last release for iPad 2 (Wi-

9.3.5
Darwin Kernel Version 15.6.0: Fri Aug 19 10:37:56 PDT 2016; root:xnu- Fi)
3248.61.1~1\/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X Last release for iPad 2 (Wi-
9.3.6
Fi + Cellular)

10.0 beta
Darwin Kernel Version 16.0.0: Tue Jun 28 21:38:14 PDT 2016;

10.0 beta 2
root:xnu-3757~291\/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000
10.0 beta 3
3777.0.0.0.1~28\/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000
19 of 49 2/19/23, 13:52

10.0 beta 4
Darwin Kernel Version 16.0.0: Fri Aug 5 22:15:30 PDT 2016; root:xnu-
10.0 beta 5
3789.1.24~11\/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000
10.0 beta 6
10.0 beta 7
10.0 beta 8

10.0
root:xnu-3789.2.2~3\/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010
10.0.1 GM
10.0.1
10.0.2
10.1 beta
3789.20.46~54\/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000
10.1 beta 2
10.1 beta 3
Darwin Kernel Version 16.1.0: Thu Sep 29 21:56:12 PDT 2016;
10.1 beta 4
10.1
10.1.1

10.2 beta
Darwin Kernel Version 16.3.0: Tue Nov 1 22:23:11 PDT 2016; root:xnu-
10.2 beta 2
3789.30.86~54\/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000

10.2 beta 3

10.2 beta 4
10.2 beta 5
10.2 beta 6 Darwin Kernel Version 16.3.0: Tue Nov 29 21:40:09 PST 2016;
10.2
Darwin Kernel Version 16.3.0: Thu Dec 1 19:49:21 PST 2016; root:xnu-
10.2.1 beta
3789.42.1~1\/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000
10.2.1 beta 2
10.2.1 beta 3 Darwin Kernel Version 16.3.0: Thu Dec 15 22:41:46 PST 2016;
10.2.1 beta 4 root:xnu-3789.42.2~1\/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000
10.2.1

10.3 beta
root:xnu-3789.50.189~28\/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010
Kernel Version 16.5.0: Tue Jan 31 21:09:24 PST 2017; root:xnu-

10.3 beta 2
3789.50.195.1.1~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X
Darwin Kernel Version 16.5.0: Fri Feb 10 22:11:20 PST 2017; root:xnu-
10.3 beta 3
3789.50.208~47/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X
10.3 beta 4
10.3 beta 5 Darwin Kernel Version 16.5.0: Thu Feb 23 23:48:09 PST 2017;
10.3 beta 7
10.3 Darwin Kernel Version 16.5.0: Thu Feb 23 23:22:54 PST 2017;
10.3.1 root:xnu-3789.52.2~7\/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000
20 of 49 2/19/23, 13:52

10.3.2 beta
10.3.2 beta 2
3789.60.15~13\/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000
Darwin Kernel Version 16.6.0: Tue Apr 11 22:03:42 PDT 2017;

10.3.2 beta 3
10.3.2 beta 4 Darwin Kernel Version 16.6.0: Mon Apr 17 20:33:39 PDT 2017;
10.3.2 beta 5 root:xnu-3789.60.24~25/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000

10.3.2
root:xnu-3789.60.24~24/RELEASE_ARM_S8000

10.3.3 beta

10.3.3 beta 2
Darwin Kernel Version 16.7.0: Tue Jun 6 21:56:23 PDT 2017; root:xnu-
10.3.3 beta 3
3789.70.15~6/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010

10.3.3 beta 4
root:xnu-3789.70.16~6/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000

10.3.3 beta 5
10.3.3 beta 6 Darwin Kernel Version 16.7.0: Thu Jun 15 18:33:36 PDT 2017;
10.3.3 root:xnu-3789.70.16~4/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000
Last release for all 32-bit

Darwin Kernel Version 16.7.0: Wed Jul 26 11:08:56 PDT 2017; iDevices (iPad (4th
10.3.4
root:xnu-3789.70.16~21/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X generation), iPhone 5,
etc.)
Darwin Kernel Version 17.0.0: Sat May 27 21:47:07 PDT 2017;

11.0 beta
root:xnu-4397.0.0.2.4~1/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000

11.0 beta 2
root:xnu-4481.0.0.2.1~1/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000

11.0 beta 3
root:xnu-4532.0.0.0.1~30/RELEASE_ARM64_T7000
Darwin Kernel Version 17.0.0: Thu Jul 20 19:49:59 PDT 2017; root:xnu-
11.0 beta 4
4556.0.0.2.5~1/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X
Darwin Kernel Version 17.0.0: Tue Aug 1 21:11:37 PDT 2017; root:xnu-
11.0 beta 5
4570.1.24.2.3~1/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010

11.0 beta 6
11.0 beta 7
11.0 beta 8 Darwin Kernel Version 17.0.0: Fri Aug 18 20:14:27 PDT 2017; root:xnu-
11.0 beta 9 4570.2.5~84/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010
11.0 beta 10
11.0 GM
11.0
11.0.1
4570.2.5~167/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000
11.0.2
11.0.3
Darwin Kernel Version 17.2.0: Sun Sep 17 22:21:07 PDT 2017;

11.1 beta
11.1 beta 2 Darwin Kernel Version 17.2.0: Sat Sep 30 23:14:15 PDT 2017;
11.1 beta 3 root:xnu-4570.20.62~9/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015
11.1 beta 4 Darwin Kernel Version 17.2.0: Fri Sep 29 18:14:51 PDT 2017; root:xnu-
21 of 49 2/19/23, 13:52
11.1 beta 5
11.1
4570.20.62~4/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015
11.1.1
11.1.2

11.2 beta

11.2 beta 2
11.2 beta 3
11.2 beta 4
11.2 beta 5
11.2 beta 6
11.2 Darwin Kernel Version 17.3.0: Mon Nov 6 21:19:16 PST 2017;
11.2.1 root:xnu-4570.32.1~1/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015
11.2.2
Darwin Kernel Version 17.4.0: Sat Dec 2 21:26:33 PST 2017; root:xnu-
11.2.5 beta
4570.40.6~8/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015
11.2.5 beta 2
11.2.5 beta 3
Darwin Kernel Version 17.4.0: Wed Dec 13 22:51:57 PST 2017;
11.2.5 beta 4
11.2.5 beta 5
11.2.5 beta 6
11.2.5 beta 7
Darwin Kernel Version 17.4.0: Fri Dec 8 19:35:51 PST 2017; root:xnu-
11.2.5
4570.40.9~1/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015
11.2.6
Darwin Kernel Version 17.5.0: Sat Jan 13 00:03:04 PST 2018; root:xnu-
11.3 beta
4570.50.243~9/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015
Darwin Kernel Version 17.5.0: Fri Jan 26 22:56:33 PST 2018; root:xnu-
11.3 beta 2
4570.50.257~6/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015
Darwin Kernel Version 17.5.0: Sat Feb 10 17:01:35 PST 2018;

11.3 beta 3
Darwin Kernel Version 17.5.0: Sat Feb 24 20:24:10 PST 2018;

11.3 beta 4
11.3 beta 5 Darwin Kernel Version 17.5.0: Tue Mar 6 20:47:58 PST 2018; root:xnu-
11.3 Darwin Kernel Version 17.5.0: Tue Mar 13 21:32:11 PDT 2018;
Darwin Kernel Version 17.5.0: Sun Mar 25 20:49:19 PDT 2018;

11.4 beta
Darwin Kernel Version 17.6.0: Thu Apr 5 22:33:56 PDT 2018; root:xnu-
11.4 beta 2
4570.60.16~9/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015
Darwin Kernel Version 17.6.0: Sun Apr 22 03:29:53 PDT 2018;

11.4 beta 3
11.4 beta 4
Darwin Kernel Version 17.6.0: Tue May 1 16:16:12 PDT 2018; root:xnu-
11.4 beta 5
4570.60.21~7/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015
11.4 beta 6

11.4
22 of 49 2/19/23, 13:52

11.4.1 beta
Darwin Kernel Version 17.7.0: Sun Jun 3 20:38:12 PDT 2018; root:xnu-
11.4.1 beta 2
4570.70.19~13/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015
11.4.1 beta 3
11.4.1 beta 4
11.4.1 beta 5

11.4.1

12.0 beta
Darwin Kernel Version 18.0.0: Wed Jun 13 21:04:46 PDT 2018;

12.0 beta 2

12.0 beta 3
12.0 beta 4
4903.200.304.42.1~1/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015

12.0 beta 5

12.0 beta 6

12.0 beta 7
12.0 beta 8
4903.202.1~2/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015
12.0 beta 9
12.0 beta 10 Darwin Kernel Version 18.0.0: Wed Aug 15 21:51:15 PDT 2018;
12.0 beta 12
12.0 GM
Darwin Kernel Version 18.0.0: Tue Aug 14 22:07:16 PDT 2018;
12.0
12.0.1

12.1 beta

12.1 beta 2

12.1 beta 3
Darwin Kernel Version 18.2.0: Tue Oct 9 18:52:50 PDT 2018; root:xnu-
12.1 beta 4
4903.222.4~3/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015
Darwin Kernel Version 18.2.0: Tue Oct 16 22:15:34 PDT 2018;

12.1 beta 5

12.1
Darwin Kernel Version 18.2.0: Thu Oct 25 21:36:46 PDT 2018;

12.1.1 beta
Darwin Kernel Version 18.2.0: Sat Nov 3 03:45:48 PDT 2018; root:xnu-
12.1.1 beta 2
4903.232.1~3/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015

12.1.1 beta 3

12.1.1
23 of 49 2/19/23, 13:52
12.1.2 beta
4903.240.8~8/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015

12.1.2

12.1.3 beta 2
12.1.3 beta 3 Darwin Kernel Version 18.2.0: Wed Dec 19 22:27:19 PST 2018;
12.1.3 beta 4 root:xnu-4903.242.2~2/RELEASE_ARM64_T8020
12.1.3 Darwin Kernel Version 18.2.0: Wed Dec 19 20:28:53 PST 2018;
Darwin Kernel Version 18.5.0: Sun Jan 13 21:01:59 PST 2019;

12.2 beta
Darwin Kernel Version 18.5.0: Wed Jan 30 19:26:26 PST 2019;

12.2 beta 2

12.2 beta 3

12.2 beta 4
12.2 beta 5 Darwin Kernel Version 18.5.0: Tue Mar 5 21:34:09 PST 2019; root:xnu-
Darwin Kernel Version 18.5.0: Tue Mar 5 19:52:18 PST 2019; root:xnu-
12.2
4903.252.2~1/RELEASE_ARM64_T8020

12.3 beta

12.3 beta 2
Darwin Kernel Version 18.6.0: Thu Apr 18 19:45:13 PDT 2019;

12.3 beta 3
12.3 beta 4
12.3 beta 5
12.3 beta 6
12.3
(12F203)
12.3.1 Darwin Kernel Version 18.6.0: Thu May 9 15:45:33 PDT 2019;
(12F8202) root:xnu-4903.262.2~4/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010

12.3.2
12.4 beta Darwin Kernel Version 18.6.0: Tue May 7 23:38:12 PDT 2019; root:xnu-
12.4 beta 2 4903.270.19.100.1~3/RELEASE_ARM64_T8020

12.4 beta 3
Darwin Kernel Version 18.7.0: Wed Jun 5 21:04:51 PDT 2019; root:xnu-
12.4 beta 4
4903.270.37~24/RELEASE_ARM64_T8020
Darwin Kernel Version 18.7.0: Fri Jun 14 21:12:14 PDT 2019; root:xnu-
12.4 beta 5
4903.270.38~24/RELEASE_ARM64_T8020
12.4 beta 6 Darwin Kernel Version 18.7.0: Tue Jun 25 22:53:57 PDT 2019;
Darwin Kernel Version 18.7.0: Fri Jun 21 22:24:16 PDT 2019; root:xnu-
12.4
4903.270.47~7/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015

12.4.1
24 of 49 2/19/23, 13:52
12.4.2
12.4.3
12.4.4
12.4.5
12.4.7
Last release for iPhone 5S,

12.4.8 iPhone 6, iPad Air, iPad
mini 2, and iPad mini 3

13.0 beta
Darwin Kernel Version 19.0.0: Sun Jun 9 18:57:16 PDT 2019; root:xnu-
13.0 beta 2
6110.0.0.120.8~3/RELEASE_ARM64_T8020

13.0 beta 3
13.0 beta 4
6153.0.59.0.2~63/RELEASE_ARM64_T8020
13.0 beta 5
6153.0.98.0.2~30/RELEASE_ARM64_T8020
13.0 beta 6
6153.0.103.8~3/RELEASE_ARM64_T8020
13.0 beta 7
6153.0.103.11~2/RELEASE_ARM64_T8020

13.0 beta 8
root:xnu-6153.0.103.12~3/RELEASE_ARM64_T8020
13.0 GM Darwin Kernel Version 19.0.0: Mon Aug 12 20:19:35 PDT 2019;
13.0 root:xnu-6153.0.103.12~1/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015

13.1 beta

13.1 beta 2
13.1 beta 3 Darwin Kernel Version 19.0.0: Fri Sep 6 09:12:32 PDT 2019; root:xnu-
13.1
13.1.1 Darwin Kernel Version 19.0.0: Tue Sep 3 21:52:14 PDT 2019; root:xnu-
13.1.2 6153.2.3~2/RELEASE_ARM64_T8030
13.1.3

13.2 beta
Darwin Kernel Version 19.0.0: Thu Oct 3 23:49:24 PDT 2019; root:xnu-
13.2 beta 2
6153.40.150.100.1~1/RELEASE_ARM64_T8030
13.2 beta 3 Darwin Kernel Version 19.0.0: Fri Oct 11 02:14:05 PDT 2019; root:xnu-
13.2
13.2.2
13.2.3

13.3 beta
Darwin Kernel Version 19.2.0: Wed Nov 6 02:29:57 PST 2019;

13.3 beta 2
25 of 49 2/19/23, 13:52
13.3 beta 3 Darwin Kernel Version 19.2.0: Tue Nov 12 22:06:16 PST 2019;

13.3
13.3.1 beta
6153.80.8.0.1~13/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010
13.3.1 beta 2 Darwin Kernel Version 19.3.0: Thu Jan 9 22:14:53 PST 2020; root:xnu-
13.3.1 beta 3 6153.82.3~2/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010
Darwin Kernel Version 19.3.0: Thu Jan 9 21:10:55 PST 2020; root:xnu-
13.3.1
6153.82.3~1/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010
Darwin Kernel Version 19.4.0: Wed Jan 29 20:44:26 PST 2020;

13.4 beta
Darwin Kernel Version 19.4.0: Tue Feb 11 21:22:30 PST 2020;

13.4 beta 2
Darwin Kernel Version 19.4.0: Thu Feb 20 00:09:27 PST 2020;

13.4 beta 3

13.4 beta 4

13.4 beta 5
13.4 beta 6
Darwin Kernel Version 19.4.0: Mon Feb 24 22:04:12 PST 2020;
13.4
13.4.1
Darwin Kernel Version 19.5.0: Tue Mar 24 15:35:36 PDT 2020;

13.4.5 beta
Darwin Kernel Version 19.5.0: Sun Apr 5 22:05:12 PDT 2020; root:xnu-
13.4.5 beta 2
6153.120.27~19/RELEASE_ARM64_T8027
Darwin Kernel Version 19.5.0: Sun Apr 19 23:40:03 PDT 2020;

13.5 beta 3

13.5 beta 4
13.5 GM Darwin Kernel Version 19.5.0: Tue Apr 28 22:25:26 PDT 2020;
13.5 root:xnu-6153.122.1~1/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010

13.5.1
Darwin Kernel Version 19.6.0: Sun May 17 23:49:11 PDT 2020;

13.5.5 beta
Darwin Kernel Version 19.6.0: Tue Jun 2 23:09:45 PDT 2020; root:xnu-
13.6 beta 2
6153.140.27.0.1~17/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010

13.6 beta 3
13.6 GM Darwin Kernel Version 19.6.0: Sat Jun 27 04:36:25 PDT 2020;
13.6.1
13.7 beta
6153.142.1~8/RELEASE_ARM64_T8010

14.0 beta

14.0 beta 2

14.0 beta 3
26 of 49 2/19/23, 13:52

14.0 beta 4

14.0 beta 5

14.0 beta 6
14.0 beta 7 Darwin Kernel Version 20.0.0: Wed Aug 26 23:29:06 PDT 2020;
14.0 GM
14.0
7195.0.46~9/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000
14.0.1
14.1 GM Darwin Kernel Version 20.0.0: Wed Sep 30 03:24:26 PDT 2020;
14.2 beta
7195.40.84.172.1~2/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015

14.2 beta 2

14.2 beta 3

14.2 beta 4

14.2 RC
Kernel Image
The kernel image base is randomized by the boot loader (iBoot). This is done by creating random data, doing a SHA-1 hash of it and
then using a byte from the SHA-1 hash for the kernel slide. The slide is calculated with this formula:
base=0x01000000+(slide_byte*0x00200000)
If the slide is 0, the static offset of 0x21000000 is used instead.
The adjusted base is passed to the kernel in the boot arguments structure at offset 0x04, which is equivalent to gBootArgs->virtBase.
Kernel Map
The kernel map is used for kernel allocations of all types (kalloc(), kernel_memory_allocate(), etc.) and spans all of
kernel space (0x80000000-0xFFFEFFFF). The kernel based maps are submaps of the kernel_map, for example zone_map,
ipc_kernel_map, etc.
The strategy is to randomize the base of the kernel_map. A random 9-bit value is generated right after kmem_init() which
establishes kernel_map, is multiplied by the page size. The resulting value is used as the size for the initial kernel_map
allocation. Future kernel_map (and submap) allocations are pushed forward by a random amount. The allocation is silently
removed after the first garbage collection and reused. This behaviour can be overridden with the "kmapoff" boot parameter.
Attacks
Kext_request() allows applications to request information about kernel modules, divided into active and passive operations.
Active operations (load, unload, start, stop, etc.) require root access. iOS removes the ability to load kernel extensions. Passive
operations were originally (before iOS 6) unrestricted and allowed unprivileged users to query kernel module base addresses. iOS6
inadvertently removed some limitations; only the load address requests are disallowed. So attackers can use
kKextRequestPredicateGetLoaded to get load addresses and mach-o header dumps. The load address and mach-o segment
headers are obscured to hide the ASLR slide, but mach-o section headers are not. This reveals the virtual addresses of loaded kernel
sections.
27 of 49 2/19/23, 13:52
This information leak has been closed with iOS 6.0.1.
Versions codenames
Internally, iOS identifies each version by a codename, often used internally only, normally to maintain secrecy of the project. For
example, the codename for iOS 14 is Azul.
Jailbreaking
Since its initial release, iOS has been subject to a variety of different hacks centered around adding functionality not allowed by
Apple.[191] Prior to the 2008 debut of Apple's native iOS App Store, the primary motive for jailbreaking was to bypass Apple's
purchase mechanism for installing the App Store's native applications.[192] Apple claimed that it would not release iOS software
updates designed specifically to break these tools (other than applications that perform SIM unlocking); however, with each
subsequent iOS update, previously un-patched jailbreak exploits are usually patched.[193]
When a device is booting, it loads Apple's own kernel initially, so a jailbroken device must be exploited and have the kernel patched
each time it is booted up.
There are different types of jailbreak. An untethered jailbreak uses exploits that are powerful enough to allow the user to turn their
device off and back on at will, with the device starting up completely, and the kernel will be patched without the help of a computer –
in other words, it will be jailbroken even after each reboot.
However, some jailbreaks are tethered. A tethered jailbreak is only able to temporarily jailbreak the device during a single boot. If the
user turns the device off and then boots it back up without the help of a jailbreak tool, the device will no longer be running a patched
kernel, and it may get stuck in a partially started state, such as Recovery Mode. In order for the device to start completely and with a
patched kernel, it must be "re-jailbroken" with a computer (using the "boot tethered" feature of a tool) each time it is turned on. All
changes to the files on the device (such as installed package files or edited system files) will persist between reboots, including
changes that can only function if the device is jailbroken (such as installed package files).
In more recent years, two other solutions have been created – semi-tethered and semi-untethered.
A semi-tethered solution is one where the device is able to start up on its own, but it will no longer have a patched kernel, and
therefore will not be able to run modified code. It will, however, still be usable for normal functions, just like stock iOS. To start with
a patched kernel, the user must start the device with the help of the jailbreak tool.
A semi-untethered jailbreak gives the ability to start the device on its own. On first boot, the device will not be running a patched
kernel. However, rather than having to run a tool from a computer to apply the kernel patches, the user is able to re-jailbreak their
device with the help of an app (usually sideloaded using Cydia Impactor) running on their device. In the case of the iOS 9.2-9.3.3 and
64-bit 10.x jailbreaks, Safari-based exploits were available, thereby meaning websites could be used to rejailbreak.
In more detail: Each iOS device has a bootchain that tries to make sure only trusted/signed code is loaded. A device with a tethered
jailbreak is able to boot up with the help of a jailbreaking tool because the tool executes exploits via USB that bypass parts of that
"chain of trust", bootstrapping to a pwned (no signature check) iBSS (https://www.theiphonewiki.com/wiki/IBSS), iBEC (https://ww
w.theiphonewiki.com/wiki/IBEC), or iBoot to finish the boot process.
Since the arrival of Apple's native iOS App Store, and—along with it—third-party applications, the general motives for jailbreaking
have changed.[194] People jailbreak for many different reasons, including gaining filesystem access, installing custom device themes,
and modifying SpringBoard. An additional motivation is that it may enable the installation of pirated apps. On some devices,
jailbreaking also makes it possible to install alternative operating systems, such as Android and the Linux kernel. Primarily, users
jailbreak their devices because of the limitations of iOS. Depending on the method used, the effects of jailbreaking may be permanent
or temporary.[195]
In 2010, the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) successfully convinced the U.S. Copyright Office to allow an exemption to the
general prohibition on circumvention of copyright protection systems under the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA). The
exemption allows jailbreaking of iPhones for the sole purpose of allowing legally obtained applications to be added to the iPhone.[196]
The exemption does not affect the contractual relations between Apple and an iPhone owner, for example, jailbreaking voiding the
iPhone warranty; however, it is solely based on Apple's discretion on whether they will fix jailbroken devices in the event that they
need to be repaired. At the same time, the Copyright Office exempted unlocking an iPhone from DMCA's anticircumvention
prohibitions.[197] Unlocking an iPhone allows the iPhone to be used with any wireless carrier using the same GSM or CDMA
technology for which the particular phone model was designed to operate.[198]
Unlocking
Initially most wireless carriers in the US did not allow iPhone owners to unlock it for use with other carriers. However AT&T allowed
iPhone owners who had satisfied contract requirements to unlock their iPhone.[199] Instructions to unlock the device are available
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from Apple,[200] but it is ultimately at the sole discretion of the carrier to authorize unlocking the device.[201] This allows the use of a
carrier-sourced iPhone on other networks. Modern versions of iOS and the iPhone fully support LTE across multiple carriers
wherever the phone was purchased.[202] Programs to remove SIM lock restrictions are available, but are not supported by Apple, and
most often not a permanent unlock – a soft unlock,[203] which modifies the iPhone so that the baseband will accept the SIM card of
any GSM carrier. SIM unlocking is not jailbreaking, but a jailbreak is also required for these unofficial software unlocks.
The legality of software unlocking varies in each country; for example, in the US, there is a DMCA exemption for unofficial software
unlocking of devices purchased before January 26, 2013.[204]
Digital rights management

The closed and proprietary nature of iOS has garnered criticism, particularly by digital rights advocates such as the Electronic
Frontier Foundation, computer engineer and activist Brewster Kahle, Internet-law specialist Jonathan Zittrain, and the Free Software
Foundation who protested the iPad's introductory event and have targeted the iPad with their "Defective by Design" campaign.
[205][206][207][208] Competitor Microsoft, via a PR spokesman, criticized Apple's control over its platform.[209]
At issue are restrictions imposed by the design of iOS, namely digital rights management (DRM) intended to lock purchased media to
Apple's platform, the development model (requiring a yearly subscription to distribute apps developed for the iOS), the centralized
approval process for apps, as well as Apple's general control and lockdown of the platform itself. Particularly at issue is the ability for
Apple to remotely disable or delete apps at will.
Some in the tech community have expressed concern that the locked-down iOS represents a growing trend in Apple's approach to
computing, particularly Apple's shift away from machines that hobbyists can "tinker with" and note the potential for such restrictions
to stifle software innovation.[210][211] Former Facebook developer Joe Hewitt protested against Apple's control over its hardware as a
"horrible precedent" but praised iOS's sandboxing of apps.[212]
Security and privacy

iOS utilizes many security features in both hardware and software. Below are summaries of the most prominent features.
Secure Boot
Before fully booting into iOS, there is low-level code that runs from the Boot ROM. Its task is to verify that the Low-Level Bootloader
is signed by the Apple Root CA public key before running it. This process is to ensure that no malicious or otherwise unauthorized
software can be run on an iOS device. After the Low-Level Bootloader finishes its tasks, it runs the higher level bootloader, known as
iBoot. If all goes well, iBoot will then proceed to load the iOS kernel as well as the rest of the operating system.[213]
Secure Enclave
The Secure Enclave is a coprocessor found in iOS devices part of the A7 and newer chips used for data protection, Touch ID and Face
ID. The purpose of the Secure Enclave is to handle keys and other info such as biometrics that is sensitive enough to not be handled
by the Application Processor (AP). It is isolated with a hardware filter so the AP cannot access it. It shares RAM with the AP, but its
portion of the RAM (known as TZ0) is encrypted. The secure enclave itself is a flashable 4 MB AKF processor core called the secure
enclave processor (SEP) as documented in Apple Patent Application 20130308838 (http://appft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=
PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220130308838%22.
PGNR.&OS=DN/20130308838&RS=DN/20130308838). The technology used is similar to ARM's TrustZone/SecurCore (http://ww
w.arm.com/products/processors/technologies/trustzone/index.php) but contains proprietary code for Apple KF cores in general and
SEP specifically. It is also responsible for generating the UID key on A9 or newer chips that protects user data at rest.
It has its own secure boot process to ensure that it is completely secure. A hardware random number generator is also included as a
part of this coprocessor. Each device's Secure Enclave has a unique ID that is given to it when it is made and cannot be changed. This
identifier is used to create a temporary key that encrypts the memory in this portion of the system. The Secure Enclave also contains
an anti-replay counter to prevent brute force attacks.[213]
The SEP is located in the devicetree under IODeviceTree:/arm-io/sep and managed by the AppleSEPManager driver.[214]
In 2020, security flaws in the SEP were discovered, causing concerns about Apple devices such as iPhones.[215]
Face ID
Face ID is a face scanner that is embedded in the notch on iPhone models X, XS, XS Max, XR, 11, 11 Pro, 11 Pro Max, 12, 12 Mini,
12 Pro, 12 Pro Max, 13, 13 Mini, 13 Pro, 13 Pro Max, 14, and the 14 Plus. On the iPhone 14 Pro and the 14 Pro Max, it is embedded
in the Dynamic Island.[216] It can be used to unlock the device, make purchases, and log into applications among other functions.
29 of 49 2/19/23, 13:52
When used, Face ID only temporarily stores the face data in encrypted memory in the Secure Enclave, as described above. There is no
way for the device's main processor or any other part of the system to access the raw data that is obtained from the Face ID
sensor.[213]
Passcode
iOS devices can have a passcode that is used to unlock the device, make changes to system settings, and encrypt the device's contents.
Until recently, these were typically four numerical digits long. However, since unlocking the devices with a fingerprint by using Touch
ID has become more widespread, six-digit passcodes are now the default on iOS with the option to switch back to four or use an
alphanumeric passcode.[213]
Touch ID
Touch ID is a fingerprint scanner that is embedded in the home button and can be used to unlock the device, make purchases, and log
into applications among other functions. When used, Touch ID only temporarily stores the fingerprint data in encrypted memory in
the Secure Enclave, as described above. Like Face ID, there is no way for the device's main processor or any other part of the system
to access the raw fingerprint data that is obtained from the Touch ID sensor.[213]
Address Space Layout Randomization

Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR) is a low-level technique of preventing memory corruption attacks such as buffer
overflows. It involves placing data in randomly selected locations in memory in order to make it more difficult to predict ways to
corrupt the system and create exploits. ASLR makes app bugs more likely to crash the app than to silently overwrite memory,
regardless of whether the behavior is accidental or malicious.[217]
Non-executable memory
iOS utilizes the ARM architecture's Execute Never (XN) feature. This allows some portions of the memory to be marked as non-
executable, working alongside ASLR to prevent buffer overflow attacks including return-to-libc attacks.[213]
Encryption
As mentioned above, one use of encryption in iOS is in the memory of the Secure Enclave (https://support.apple.com/en-gb/guide/sec
urity/sec59b0b31ff/web). When a passcode is utilized on an iOS device, the contents of the device are encrypted. This is done by
using a hardware AES 256 implementation that is very efficient because it is placed directly between the flash storage and RAM.[213]
iOS, in combination with its specific hardware, uses crypto-shredding when erasing all content and settings by obliterating all the keys
in 'effaceable storage'. This renders all user data on the device cryptographically inaccessible.[218]
Keychain
The iOS keychain is a database of login information that can be shared across apps written by the same person or organization.[213]
This service is often used for storing passwords for web applications.[219]
App security
Third-party applications such as those distributed through the App Store must be code signed with an Apple-issued certificate. In
principle, this continues the chain of trust all the way from the Secure Boot process as mentioned above to the actions of the
applications installed on the device by users. Applications are also sandboxed, meaning that they can only modify the data within
their individual home directory unless explicitly given permission to do otherwise. For example, they cannot access data owned by
other user-installed applications on the device. There is a very extensive set of privacy controls contained within iOS with options to
control apps' ability to access a wide variety of permissions such as the camera, contacts, background app refresh, cellular data, and
access to other data and services. Most of the code in iOS, including third-party applications, runs as the "mobile" user which does
not have root privileges. This ensures that system files and other iOS system resources remain hidden and inaccessible to user-installed
applications.[213]
App Store bypasses
Companies can apply to Apple for enterprise developer certificates. These can be used to sign apps such that iOS will install them
directly (sometimes called "sideloading"), without the app needing to be distributed via the App Store.[220] The terms under which
30 of 49 2/19/23, 13:52
they are granted make clear that they are only to be used for companies who wish to distribute apps directly to their employees.[220]
Circa January–February 2019, it emerged that a number of software developers were misusing enterprise developer certificates to
distribute software directly to non-employees, thereby bypassing the App Store. Facebook was found to be abusing an Apple
enterprise developer certificate to distribute an application to underage users that would give Facebook access to all private data on
their devices.[221][222][223] Google was abusing an Apple enterprise developer certificate to distribute an app to adults to collect data
from their devices, including unencrypted data belonging to third parties.[224][220] TutuApp, Panda Helper, AppValley, and TweakBox
have all been abusing enterprise developer certificates to distribute apps that offer pirated software.[225]
Network security
iOS supports TLS with both low- and high-level APIs for developers. By default, the App Transport Security framework requires that
servers use at least TLS 1.2. However, developers are free to override this framework and utilize their own methods of communicating
over networks. When Wi-Fi is enabled, iOS uses a randomized MAC address so that devices cannot be tracked by anyone sniffing
wireless traffic.[213]
Two-factor authentication
Two-factor authentication is an option in iOS to ensure that even if an unauthorized person knows an Apple ID and password
combination, they cannot gain access to the account. It works by requiring not only the Apple ID and password, but also a verification
code that is sent to an iDevice or mobile phone number that is already known to be trusted.[213] If an unauthorized user attempts to
sign in using another user's Apple ID, the owner of the Apple ID receives a notification that allows them to deny access to the
unrecognized device.[226]
Hardened memory allocation
iOS features a hardened memory allocator known as kalloc_type that was introduced in iOS 15. Since the XNU kernel is
primarily written in memory unsafe languages such as C and C++,[227] kalloc_type is designed to mitigate the large amount of
vulnerabilities that result from the use of these languages in the kernel. In order to achieve this, kalloc_type implements
mitigations such as type isolation in order to prevent type confusion and buffer overflow vulnerabilities. Ultimately, the prevention of
privilege escalation is intended.[228]
Reception
Market share
iOS is the second most popular mobile operating system in the world, after Android. Sales of iPads in recent years are also behind
Android, while, by web use (a proxy for all use), iPads (using iOS) are still the most popular.[229]
By the middle of 2012, there were 410 million devices activated.[230] At WWDC 2014, Tim Cook said 800 million devices had been
sold by June 2014.[231]
During Apple's quarterly earnings call in January 2015, the company announced that they had sold over one billion iOS devices since
2007.[232][233]
By late 2011, iOS accounted for 60% of the market share for smartphones and tablets.[234] By the end of 2014, iOS accounted for
14.8% of the smartphone market[235] and 27.6% of the tablet and two-in-one market.[236] In February 2015, StatCounter reported iOS
was used on 23.18% of smartphones and 66.25% of tablets worldwide, measured by internet usage instead of sales.[237]
In the third quarter of 2015, research from Strategy Analytics showed that iOS adoption of the worldwide smartphone market was at a
record low 12.1%, attributed to lackluster performance in China and Africa. Android accounted for 87.5% of the market, with
Windows Phone and BlackBerry accounting for the rest.[238][239]
Devices
31 of 49 2/19/23, 13:52
Timeline of iOS devices: iPhone, iPod Touch, iPad, and Apple TV (2G) models
Sources: Apple Inc. Newsroom Archive,[240] Mactracker Apple Inc. model database[241]
See also
▪ Comparison of mobile operating systems
▪ Android (operating system)
▪ Computer programming portal
▪ Telephones portal
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Further reading
▪ Hillegass, Aaron; Conway, Jon (March 22, 2012). iOS Programming: The Big Nerd Ranch Guide (3rd ed.).
Pearson. ISBN 978-0-321-82152-2.
▪ Mark, Dave; LaMarche, Jeff (July 21, 2009). Beginning iPhone 3 Development: Exploring the iPhone SDK
(https://archive.org/details/beginningiphone300davi/page/584) (1st ed.). Apress.
ISBN 978-1-4302-2459-4.
▪ Mark, Dave; LaMarche, Jeff (December 29, 2009). More iPhone 3 Development: Tackling iPhone SDK 3
(https://archive.org/details/moreiphone3devel00mark/page/552) (1st ed.). Apress.
48 of 49 2/19/23, 13:52
ISBN 978-1-4302-2505-8.
▪ Turner, Kirby (December 19, 2011). Learning iPad Programming: A Hands-on Guide to Building iPad
Apps with iOS 5 (1st ed.). Pearson. ISBN 978-0-321-75040-2.
External links
▪ Official website (http://www.apple.com/ios)
▪ Official website (http://developer.apple.com/ios) Dev Center at Apple Developer Connection
▪ iOS Reference Library (https://developer.apple.com/library/ios/navigation/) – on the Apple Developer
Connection website
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IOS&oldid=1140295430"
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nor are they indicated by warning banners, badge icons or sounds.[77][78]

In iOS 5, three new background APIs were introduced:

List of locales by iOS version

English English Note

English (South English

English (New English (New

Español (Costa Spanish

Español (El Spanish (El

Français French Note

Deutsch German Note

Deutsch German Note

‫ا ﻟ ﻌ ﺮﺑ ﻴﺔ‬ Arabic No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

ภาษาไทย Thai No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Tiếng Việt Vietnamese No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

‫עברית‬ Hebrew No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Ελληνικά Greek No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Română Romanian No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Magyar Hungarian No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Čeština Czech No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Català Catalan No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Slovenčina Slovak No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Hrvatski Croatian No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

िह�दी Hindi No No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes

Қазақ тілі Kazakh No No No No No No No No No No Yes

Български Bulgarian No No No No No No No No No No Yes

▪ English (India): India

Update history & schedule

iOS Version Kernel Build Notes

Darwin Kernel Version 9.0.0d1: Thu Mar 8 01:38:53 PST 2007;

Darwin Kernel Version 9.0.0d1: Tue May 22 21:15:55 PDT 2007;

Darwin Kernel Version 9.0.0d1: Thu Sep 6 23:26:45 PDT 2007;

Darwin Kernel Version 9.0.0d1: Wed Oct 10 00:07:49 PDT 2007;

Darwin Kernel Version 9.3.1: Wed Mar 19 22:40:09 PDT 2008;

Darwin Kernel Version 10.0.0d3: Mon Mar 9 22:51:44 PDT 2009;

Darwin Kernel Version 10.0.0d3: Wed Mar 25 21:56:57 PDT 2009;

Darwin Kernel Version 10.0.0d3: Fri Apr 10 15:52:33 PDT 2009;

Darwin Kernel Version 10.0.0d3: Wed Apr 22 21:48:01 PDT 2009;

Darwin Kernel Version 10.0.0d3: Wed Apr 29 22:05:19 PDT 2009;

Darwin Kernel Version 10.0.0d3: Wed Jun 24 21:55:27 PDT 2009;

Darwin Kernel Version 10.0.0d3: Wed Jul 8 21:57:20 PDT 2009;

Darwin Kernel Version 10.0.0d3: Wed Jul 22 21:39:52 PDT 2009;

Darwin Kernel Version 10.0.0d3: Fri Aug 14 13:23:32 PDT 2009;

Darwin Kernel Version 10.0.0d3: Fri Sep 25 23:35:35 PDT 2009;

Last release for iPhone

Darwin Kernel Version 10.3.1: Mon Mar 15 23:15:33 PDT 2010;

Darwin Kernel Version 10.3.1: Fri May 28 16:46:17 PDT 2010;

Darwin Kernel Version 10.3.1: Wed Aug 4 19:08:04 PDT 2010;

Darwin Kernel Version 10.3.1: Wed Apr 14 23:43:59 PDT 2010;

Darwin Kernel Version 10.3.1: Wed Apr 28 20:47:20 PDT 2010;

Darwin Kernel Version 10.3.1: Tue May 11 22:12:23 PDT 2010;

Darwin Kernel Version 10.3.1: Wed Aug 4 18:46:06 PDT 2010;

Darwin Kernel Version 10.3.1: Wed Jul 28 01:26:23 PDT 2010;

Darwin Kernel Version 10.3.1: Wed Aug 4 22:35:51 PDT 2010;

Darwin Kernel Version 10.4.0: Thu Sep 23 20:56:24 PDT 2010;

Last release for iPhone 3G

Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Mon Jan 10 22:08:15 PST 2011;

Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Mon May 30 20:28:35 PDT 2011;

Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Sun Jun 19 18:59:56 PDT 2011;