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    Generator Protection 1

    Uploaded by

    Gilbert Obias
    (i) Loss of excitation causes the generator to draw reactive power instead of supplying it, leading to voltage drop and potential loss of synchronism. (ii) Unbalanced loading produces negative sequence currents that heat the rotor and damper windings. (iii) Overloading causes excess heating in the stator insulation from high currents. (iv) Failure of the prime mover prevents the generator from delivering real power and can cause it to operate as a motor instead.

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    Generator Protection 1

    Uploaded by

    Gilbert Obias
    21 views4 pages
    (i) Loss of excitation causes the generator to draw reactive power instead of supplying it, leading to voltage drop and potential loss of synchronism. (ii) Unbalanced loading produces negative sequence currents that heat the rotor and damper windings. (iii) Overloading causes excess heating in the stator insulation from high currents. (iv) Failure of the prime mover prevents the generator from delivering real power and can cause it to operate as a motor instead.

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    (i) Loss of excitation causes the generator to draw reactive power instead of supplying it, leading to voltage drop and potential loss of synchronism. (ii) Unbalanced loading produces negative sequence currents that heat the rotor and damper windings. (iii) Overloading causes excess heating in the stator insulation from high currents. (iv) Failure of the prime mover prevents the generator from delivering real power and can cause it to operate as a motor instead.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    21 views4 pages

    Generator Protection 1

    Uploaded by

    Gilbert Obias
    (i) Loss of excitation causes the generator to draw reactive power instead of supplying it, leading to voltage drop and potential loss of synchronism. (ii) Unbalanced loading produces negative sequence currents that heat the rotor and damper windings. (iii) Overloading causes excess heating in the stator insulation from high currents. (iv) Failure of the prime mover prevents the generator from delivering real power and can cause it to operate as a motor instead.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 4

    Generator Protection 1

    The generator is the prime equipment in the power system. The increased size of the generators and even greater
    increase in their capacity makes the imperative to protect them against fault. Unlike other apparatus only isolating
    the circuit breaker is not enough to prevent further damage as the generator would still supply power to its stator
    windings until the excitation is suppressed. So for isolation it is needed to open the field to avoid any excitation, and
    to stop the fuel supply to the prime mover.

    Generator faults

    Generator faults can be considered as follows.

    (a) Stator faults: These include the following

    (i) Phase to earth faults.

    (ii) Phase to phase faults

    (iii) Inter turn faults

    The stator is prone to maximum amount of faults in the system with phase to earth fault being the most common.
    The inter turn faults and phase faults are less common but develop into an earth fault in the long run.

    (b) Rotor faults: The faults that exist in the rotor can be either earth fault or an inter turn fault. These faults are
    mainly caused by the mechanical and thermal stress acting upon the winding insulation. The existence of such fault
    may be taken care of as the incidence of second fault may short circuit some part of the field winding which would
    result in the asymmetrical air gap flux which may cause vibrations and result in damage to the bearings. In the
    modern era, the practice is to operate the field winding isolated from the earth so that a single fault between field
    winding and rotor body due to insulation breakdown can be tolerated.

    (c) Abnormal running conditions: The abnormal running conditions that can occur are:

    (i) loss of excitation,

    (ii) unbalance loading,

    (iii) overloading,

    (iv) failure of prime mover,

    (v) over speeding, and

    (vi) over-voltage

    Field failure may occur due to a faulty field breaker. When a generator loses its excitation, the amount of reactive
    power supplied to the system is lost. Instead it would draw excitation from the system while delivering real power at
    leading power factor. This leads to an operation of an induction generator where the speed is slightly increased. Also
    due to loss of excitation there would be a voltage fall which would lead to loss of synchronism. The situation may
    also lead to overheating in rotor and damper windings.

    If there is any unbalance in the system due to a phase fault or due to the unbalance loading, it gives rise to negative
    sequence currents. It produces an armature reaction field which rotates in a direction opposite to that of the rotor
    and hence produces a flux which is twice the frequency. These currents are linked to the rotor and damper windings
    which produces heating in the windings.

    When there is an overloading in the generator, it would draw more current and as a result would produce more
    heating loss in the stator which may damage the insulation.

    When there is a failure of prime mover, the real power delivering capacity is lost and instead it would draw power
    from the system making it to run as a motor. This affects the drive of the system due to opposite torque being
    applied on to the shaft.
    When a sudden load is removed then according to the AGC control, the machine is going to over speed. This
    happens mainly in the hydraulic generators since the water flow cannot be immediately stopped for the inertia in
    water motion.

    Over voltages may occur due to the failure in the AVR control in the excitation or may be due to over speeding.

    Stator Protection

    As discussed, the most common fault that happens in stator is the earth faults. Since an earth fault near the
    generator is very critical as the magnitude of the current is very high, so the current is limited by either a resistance
    connected in the neutral circuit. Depending on this value the current can be limited to either 200 to 250 A which is
    done by resistor earthing or 4 to 10 A by distribution transformer earthing. Even though the second method has an
    advantage of reducing the damage on to the stator core, the practicability of this method is limited if the ransformer
    is connected in delta.

    In the resistor earthing, the resistance is connected between the neutral and the ground and the CT is mounted on
    the neutral with an IDMT or an instantaneous attracted armature type relay. The maximum value of resistance is
    given by

    Where C is the capacitance of the stator circuit to earth per phase in microfarad and f is the system
    frequency.

    If the neutral is earthed through the primary winding of a distribution transformer, earth-fault protection is provided
    by connecting an over-voltage relay across its secondary, then the maximum value of resistance is equal to

    Where N is the turn ratio of the transformer.

    Generator differential protection: The best form of protection for the stator windings against all the internal faults is
    by the use of differential protection. The relay recommended for this application is instantaneous attracted
    armature type which is immune to ac transients and has the high speed feature if the CTs are reasonably matched.
    But when the CTs have dissimilar characteristics, biased differential relay can be applied as it would result in high
    amount of spill current flowing through the relay.
    A particular longitudinal biased differential relay protection scheme for the generator is given as below

    Stator Inter turn fault protection: An inter-turn fault occurring on the same phase of the stator winding do not
    disturb the neutral current, hence by the use of longitudinal differential relay it is not possible to detect such type of
    fault. This results to another modification in the protection designing whereby we make the transverse differential
    relay in case of the generators where the stators have two windings per phase. The protection scheme is given as
    Wherever single winding is present the protection of generators against inter turn fault is done by using zero
    sequence voltage caused by the reduction of emf in the faulted phase. One of the connections is given as

    Rotor Protection

    The rotor windings as discussed earlier may be due to earth faults or open circuits. The figure shows a modern
    method of rotor earth fault detection. The field is biased by a dc voltage which causes current to flow through R for
    an earth fault.

    Question:

    1. Discuss the following abnormal running conditions

    (i) loss of excitation,


    (ii) unbalance loading,
    (iii) overloading,
    (iv) failure of prime mover,
    (v) over speeding, and
    (vi) over-voltage

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