COMMUNICATION

 The term communication is derived from the Latin word “Communis” which means to
share.
 Communication is simply the act of transferring information from one place, person or
group to another. (https://www.skillsyouneed.com/)
 Communication is the act of sharing and receiving information through a variety of
media to various individuals. (https://study.com/academy/lesson)
 Communication means transferring thoughts, information, emotion and ideas through
gesture, voice, symbols, signs and expressions from one person to another.
(https://www.everstudy.co.in/blog/meaning-of-communication)

COMMUNICATION PROCESS
The communication is a dynamic process that begins with the conceptualizing of ideas by
the sender who then transmits the message through a channel to the receiver, who in turn gives
the feedback in the form of some message or signal within the given time frame. Thus, there are
seven (7) major elements of communication process:

1. Sender: The sender or the communicator is the person who initiates the conversation
and has conceptualized the idea that he intends to convey it to others.
2. Encoding: The sender begins with the encoding process wherein he uses certain
words or non-verbal methods such as symbols, signs, body gestures, etc. to translate
the information into a message. The sender’s knowledge, skills, perception,
background, competencies, etc. has a great impact on the success of the message.
3. Message: Once the encoding is finished, the sender gets the message that he intends
to convey. The message can be written, oral, symbolic or non-verbal such as body
gestures, silence, sighs, sounds, etc. or any other signal that triggers the response of a
receiver.
4. Channel: The Sender chooses the medium through which he wants to convey his
message to the recipient. It must be selected carefully in order to make the message
effective and correctly interpreted by the recipient. The choice of medium depends
on the interpersonal relationships between the sender and the receiver and also on the
urgency of the message being sent. Oral, virtual, written, sound, gesture, etc. are some
of the commonly used communication mediums.
5. Receiver: The receiver is the person for whom the message is intended or targeted.
He tries to comprehend it in the best possible manner such that the communication
 objective is attained. The degree to which the receiver decodes the message depends
on his knowledge of the subject matter, experience, trust and relationship with the
sender.
6. Decoding: Here, the receiver interprets the sender’s message and tries to understand
it in the best possible manner. An effective communication occurs only if the receiver
understands the message in exactly the same way as it was intended by the sender.
7. Feedback: The Feedback is the final step of the process that ensures the receiver has
received the message and interpreted it correctly as it was intended by the sender. It
increases the effectiveness of the communication as it permits the sender to know the
efficacy of his message. The response of the receiver can be verbal or non-verbal.

Note: The Noise shows the barriers in communications. There are chances when the
message sent by the sender is not received by the recipient.

Types of Noise

1. Physical noise- external noise that makes difficult to hear or otherwise. (Baking
dogs, loud music, raining sounds, sound of vehicle, etc. )
2. Physiological noise- distractions originating in the bodies of communicators-
cold, headache, hunger, fatigue.
3. Psychological noise- distraction originating in the thoughts of communication-
anxiety, day dreaming, worrying.
4. Semantic noise- occurs when communicators applying different meaning to the
same words or phrases.

4 MAIN TYPES OF COMMUNICATION

1. Verbal Communication
- Is using speech or spoken word to exchange information, emotion,
and thoughts.
- It is the ability to communication by using words.
- Is using sounds and language to share information. While all types
of communication can successfully relay information, delivering
messages verbally holds the spot for being the most personal, most
relevant to business, and the easiest to interpret.

Verbal Communication

Oral Communication Written Communication

ORAL COMMUNICATION
 Implies communication through mouth. It includes individuals conversing with
each other, be it direct conversation or telephonic conversation. Speeches,
presentations, discussions are all forms of oral communication.
 Is the process of verbally transmitting information and ideas from one individual or
group to another. Oral communication can be either formal or informal.
 Examples of informal oral communication include:
 Face-to-face conversations
 Telephone conversations
 Discussions that take place at business meetings

More formal types of oral communication include:

 Presentations at business meetings
 Classroom lectures
 Commencement speeches given at a graduation ceremony

WRITTEN COMMUNICATION
 Written communication is making use of the written word to deliver information.
 Written communication is any written message that two or more people exchange.
Example:
Email, letter, memorandums, manuals, reports, handbooks, etc.

2. NON- VERBAL COMMUNICATION

 The process of using wordless messages to generate meaning.

 Refers to the ways in which beings convey information about their emotions, needs,
intentions, attitudes, and thoughts without the use of verbal language.
Types of Non-verbal
1. Appearance- clothing, hairstyle, choice of colors
2. Gestures- hand movements, winking, nodding, shoulder shrug, rubbing palm together
3. Facial Expression- smile, frown, sad
4. Eye contact- movement of your eyes, blinking
5. Postures- arm crossing, leg crossing, seating position
6. Para- linguistic- tone of your voice, pitch, loudness
7. Body contact- shaking hands, hitting, pushing, holding

3. VISUAL COMMUNICATION
 Visual communication is the practice of using visual elements to communicate
information or ideas. Types of visual communication include animated GIFs,
screenshots, videos, pie charts, infographics, and slide deck presentations.

4. INTRA-PERSONAL
 Intra-personal communication, one communicates with himself or herself. It
involves the exchange of messages between the brain and the sense organs of the
body.

5. INTERPERSONAL
 Interpersonal communication is that between people two or more individuals.
 It is communication that goes on between people, mostly in face-to-face situation.
Such a situation makes it possible for feedback to be immediate. Feedback is given
in the form of both verbal and non-verbal.
 6. GROUP COMMUNICATION
 Group communication has to do with communication between different groups of
people. It is a form interpersonal communication because it is mostly in a face-to-
face situation and feedback is most time immediate. For example, lecture, round
table discussion etc.
7. PUBLIC COMMUNICATION
 Public communication is the communication among people of common interest
and, perhaps, of same social background.
Example: communication between members attending political parties, social
clubs, village meetings, etc.

8. MASS COMMUNICATION
 It is a type of communication where a large body (millions of people) of people is
addressed.
 It uses any medium of media to convey the message at a mass level.
 In this case, the target audience does not have same interests or social
backgrounds.
 They can only be reached through a mechanical device, hence, it is a mediated
form of communication to a larger audience who are all reacting or responding to
the stimuli of that communication.
EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
 Effective communication is the process of exchanging ideas, thoughts, opinions,
knowledge, and data so that the message is received and understood with clarity
and purpose.
 Effective communication is the communication which produces intended or
desired result.
USES OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
 Effective communication helps to understand a person or situation in a better way.
 It enables us to solve the differences, build trust and respect in the organization.
 Something our message is misunderstand the received message, effective communication
helps us to resolves problems with both point of view.
 Effective communication helps us to connect well with kids, spouse, boss, colleagues,
etc.
 It helps us in decision making.

THE 7’C OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION

1. Completeness
 The information conveyed in the message should be complete for the
communication to be effective.
 Complete information always gives additional information wherever required, it
leaves no question in the minds of the receiver.
 Complete information persuades the audience.
 Complete information helps in better decision making as it serves all the desired
and crucial information.
2. Conciseness
 Conciseness means communicating what you want to convey in least possible
words.
 Concise communication provides short and essential message in limited words.
  Concise message is more appealing and comprehensive to the audience.
 Concise message are non-repetitive in nature.
3. Consideration
 Effective communication must take audience into consideration by knowing the
viewpoints, background, mindset, educational level; etc.
 Consideration ensures that the self-respect of the audience is maintained and their
emotions are not harmed.
 Consider the needs and requirements of the audience to achieve effective
communication.
 Consideration implies “stepping into the shoes of others”
4. Clarity
 Clarity implies emphasizing on a specific goal or objective at a time, rather than
trying to move away from track.
 Clarity helps to understand the message easily.
 Completer clarity of thoughts and ideas enhances the meaning of message.
 Clarity comes with the use of exact, appropriate, and concrete words.

5. Concreteness
 Concrete communication implies being particular and clear rather being fuzzy and
general.
 Concrete communication shows good level of confidence.
 Concrete information helps to strengthen the reputation of the organization.
 Concrete information cannot be misinterpreted.
6. Courtesy
 Courtesy means being polite, kind, judicious, enthusiastic and convincing.
 Courtesy is an important element of effective communication.
 Courtesy reflects the nature and character of the sender of the message.
 It is the same as give respect and then expect the same.
7. Correctness
 Correctness in the communication implies that the correct information is conveyed
through message.
 Correct communication boosts up the confidence level of the sender.
 Correct information has a greater impact on the audience.
 Free from grammatical errors and use of appropriate and correct language.
 Correct information includes the precision and accurateness of facts and figures used
in the message.
RECOGNIZING BARRIER TO EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
1. Encoding Barriers
 The process of selecting and organizing symbols to represent a message requires skill
and knowledge.
a. Lack of Sensitivity to Receiver-
 A breakdown in communication may result when a message is not adapted to its
receiver. Recognizing the receiver’s needs, status, knowledge of the subject, and
language skills assists the sender in preparing a successful message. If a customer is
angry, for example, an effective response may be just to listen to the person vent for a
while.
b. Lack of Basic Communication Skills
 The receiver is less likely to understand the message if the sender has trouble choosing
the precise words needed and arranging those words in a grammatically-correct
sentence.
 c. Insufficient Knowledge of the Subject
 If the sender lacks specific information about something, the receiver will likely receive
an unclear or mixed message.
d. Information Overload
 If you received a message with too much information, you may tend to put up a barrier
because the amount of information is coming so fast that you may have difficulty
comfortably interpreting that information.
e. Emotional Interference
 An emotional individual may not be able to communicate well. If someone is angry,
hostile, resentful, joyful, or fearful, that person may be too preoccupied with emotions
to receive the intended message.

2. Transmitting Barriers
 Things that get in the way of message transmission are sometimes called “noise”.
a. Physical Distractions
 A bad cellular phone line or noisy restaurant can destroy communication.
b. Conflicting Messages
 Message that cause a conflict in perception for the receiver may result in incomplete
communication. For example, if a person constantly uses jargon or slang to
communicate with someone from another country who has never heard such
expressions, mixed message are sure to result.
3. Decoding Barriers
 The communication cycle may break down at the receiving end.
A. Lack of Interest
B. Lack of Knowledge
C. Lack of Communication Skills
D. Emotional Distractions
E. Physical Distractions
4. Responding Barriers
 The communication cycle may be broken if feedback is unsuccessful.
a. No Provision for Feedback
b. Inadequate Feedback

FUNCTION OF COMMUNICATION
 Communication as a human activity always serves a function.
 Functions of communication refer to how human use language for different purposes.
 Theoretician such as Roman Jakobson, Mickael Halliday, and Bronislaw Malinowsi
have categorized the different uses or functions of communication.

a. Regulation/ Control- can be used to control the behavior of human beings. It can
be used to regulate the nature and amount of activities human engage in.
b. Social Interaction- Communication can be used to produce social interaction. In
their daily course of living, human being develop and maintain bonds, intimacy,
relationships and associations.
c. Motivation- as a function of communication refers to a person using a language to
express desires, needs, wants, likes and dislikes, inclinations, choices and
aspirations.
 d. Information- communication can be used for giving and getting information.
Giving information usually comes in the form of statements of facts (grammatically
known as declaratives).
e. Emotional Expression- human always need to express their emotions verbally and
nonverbally. Emotions are the central part of who we are. Beyond thing and people
in our word, we feel about them and about ourselves.
COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE
 Communicative competence is what a speaker needs to know in order to be
communicatively competent in a speech community.
 The ability to achieve communicative goals in a socially appropriate manner. It is
organized and goal-oriented, i.e. it includes the ability to select and apply skills that are
appropriate and effective in the respective context. It includes verbal and non-verbal
behaviour.

OVERVIEW:
In 1965, Noam Chomsky’s idea of Competence and Performance

LANGUAGE KNOWLEDGE

PERFORMANCE
COMPETENCE
- What a person
- What a person can actually do
knows
DELL HYMES – Communicative Competence 1972
- What a learners knows about how a language is used in particular situations for effective
and appropriate communication.
- Includes knowledge of rules of speaking, knowledge of how to use and respond to different
types of speech acts and social conventions, and knowledge of how to use language
appropriately.

CANEL & SWAIN

SPEECH
- The study of human symbolic interaction.
- The expression of ideas and thoughts by means of vocal sounds, or the faculty of thus
expressing ideas and thought.
- Is a communication through talking or a talk given to the audience.
- The expression of or the ability to express thoughts and feelings by articulate sounds.
TYPES OF SPEECH CONTEXT
1. INTRAPERSONAL – his refers to communication that centers on one person, where the
speaker acts as both sender and receiver of message. The message is made up of your
thoughts and feelings.
Example: You felt happy while thinking about how your teacher appreciated you for
submitting you project before the due date and you reflected on why this was so.

2. INTERPERSONAL – This refers to communication between and among people and

establishes personal relationships between and among them.
Types of Interpersonal Context
a. Dyad Communication- communication that occurs between two people.
Example: You offered feedback on the speech performance of your classmate.
b. Small Group- This refers to communication that involves at least three but no
more than twelve people engaging in a face-to-face interaction to achieve a
desired goal. All participants can freely share ideas in a loose and open
discussion.
Example: You are having a discussion with your groupmates on how to finish
the assigned tasks.
3. PUBLIC
- This type refers to communication that requires you to deliver or send the
message before or in front of a group.
- This message can be driven by informational or persuasive purpose.
- ‘In public communication, unlike in interpersonal and small group, the channels
are more exaggerated.
- The voice is louder and the gestures are more expansive because the audience is
bigger. The speaker might use additional; visual channels such as slides, or a
PowerPoint Presentation.
Example: You deliver a graduation speech to your batch.
4. MASS COMMUNICATION
- This refers to communication that takes place through television, radio, newspapers,
magazines, books, billboards, internet, and other types of media.
Example: You are a student journalist articulating your stand on current issues
through the school’s newspaper.

TYPES OF SPEECH STYLE

COMMUNICATIVE STYLE
 - It refers to a specific form of language that a speaker utilizes which is characterized by a
certain level of formality or informality.
- The way you communicate has a big impact on how you get on with people and get the
things you want. Good communication skills can help you avoid conflict and solve
problems – they’re also important for making friends and having healthy relationships.

TYPES OF COMMUNICATIVE STYLES

1. Informal or Casual Style
- This style is common among peers and friends. Jargon, slang, or the vernacular language
are used.
- Language used between friends. Often very relaxed and focused on just getting the
information out.
- Relationship between speaker and hearer is closed.
- A group language.
- One must be a member to engage in this register.
Examples: casual conversations with friends, family members, chats, phone calls and
messages.
2. Intimate Style
- This style is private, which occurs between or among close family members or
individuals.
- The language used in this style may not be shared in public.
- Intimate speech is used in conversation between people who are very close and know
each other quite well because they have the maximum of shared background
information.
Example: Husband and wife, boyfriend and girlfriend, siblings, and parent and children.
3. Frozen Style
- This style of communication rarely or never changes. It is frozen in time and
content.
- It is most formal communicative style that is often used in respectful situation or
formal ceremony.
- Rarely or never changes and has fixed and static language.
- Frozen speech is used generally in a very formal setting, does not require any
feedback from the audience.
Example: the Pledge of Allegiance, the Lord’s Prayer, the Preamble of the Constitution,
the Alma Matter, a bibliographic reference, laws
4. Formal Style
- This language is used in formal setting and is one-way in nature.
- This use of language usually follows a commonly accepted format.
- It is usually impersonal and formal.
Example: sermons by priest and minister, State of the Nation Address of the
President, formal speeches, or pronouncements by judges.

5. Consultative Style
- This style is the standard one. Professional or mutually acceptable language is a
must in this style.
- It is formal and societal expectations accompany the users of this speech.
Example: communication between a superior and a subordinate, doctor and patient,
lawyer and client, lawyer and judge, teacher and students, and counsellor and client.
TYPES OF COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGY
1. NOMINATION
- When you employ this strategy, you try to open a topic with the people you are
talking to.
- When beginning a topic, you may start off with news inquires and news
announcement as they promise extended talk.
- Presenting a particular topic clearly, truthfully, and saying only what is relevant.
2. RESTRICTION
- Any limitation you may have a speaker.
- When communicating in the classroom, in a meeting, or while hanging out with
your friends, you are typically given instructions that you must follow.
3. TURN-TAKING
- The process by which people decide who takes the conversation floor.
- The primary idea is to give all communicators a chance to speak.
- Recognizing when and how to speak because it is one’s turn.
- Remember to keep your words relevant and reasonably short enough to express
your views or feelings.
- To acknowledge others, you may employ visual signs like a nod, a look, or a step
back. Accompanied with spoken cues such as “What do you think?” or You wanted
to say something.
4. TOPIC CONTROL
- Used to control and prevent unnecessary interruptions and topic shifts in a certain
conversation.
- Sticking to the topic throughout the discussion it covers how procedural formality
or informality affects the development of topic in conversations.
5. TOPIC SHIFTING
 Moving from one topic to another. In other words, it is where one part of
conversation ends and where another begins.
 Introducing a new topic followed by the continuation of that topic.
 Make sure that the previous topic is nurtured enough to generate adequate views.
6. REPAIR
 Refers to how speakers address the problems in speaking, listening, and
comprehending that they may encounter in a conversation.
 Overcoming communication breakdown to send more comprehensible messages.
 Speakers will always try to address and correct if there is a problem in
understanding the conversation.
7. TERMINATION
 Close-initiating expressions that end a topic in a conversation.
 Using verbal and non-verbal signals to end the interactions.
 Most of the time, the topic initiator takes responsibility to signal the end of the
discussion as well.
TYPES OF SPEECH ACTS
PRINCIPLE OF SPEECH WRITING

AUDIENCE ANALYSIS

SELECTING A SPEECH PATTERN

 Preparing an outline
Outline- an hierarchical list that shows the relationship of your ideas.
a. Introduction
b. Body
c. Conclusion
 Creating Body speech
- Provides explanations, examples, or any details that can help you deliver your
purpose and explain the main idea of your speech.
 Preparing Introduction
- Foundation of the speech
 The goal is to get the attention of the audience and present the subject or main idea
of your speech.
 Preparing the conclusions
- Restates the main idea of the speech.
- Provides the summary, emphasizes the message, and calls for action.
- Aims to leave the audience with a memorable statement.

EDITING/ REVISING
 Involves correcting errors in mechanics, such grammar, punctuation,
capitalizations, unity, coherence, and others.

SIX POWER PRINCIPLES FOR SPEECH EDITING

According to Andrew Dlugan (2013)
a. Edit for Focus
b. Edit for Clarity
c. Edit for Conclusion
d. Edit for Continuity
e. Edit for Variety
f. Edit for Impact and Beauty