Measurement and geometry

10
Surface
area and
volume
The Sydney Opera House was designed by Danish architect
Jørn Utzon, with construction taking place between 1955 and
1973 at a cost of $102 million. Its shell design represents a
ship under full sail, with each concrete shell being segments
of a sphere of radius 75.2 metres. The shells are covered
by 1 056 006 white and cream 120 mm square tiles. The
Sydney Opera House stands on 1.3 hectares of land, is
183 metres long and 120 metres wide at its widest point.
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Shutterstock.com/col
n Chapter outline n Wordbank
Proficiency strands capacity The amount of fluid (liquid or gas) in a container
10-01 Metric units U F R C cross-section A ‘slice’ of a solid, taken across the solid
10-02 Limits of accuracy rather than along it
of measuring
instruments U R C limits of accuracy How accurate a measured value using a
10-03 Perimeters and areas measuring instrument can be, equal to half of a unit on the
of composite shapes U F R instrument’s scale
10-04 Areas of mega- (abbreviated M) A metric prefix meaning one
quadrilaterals U F PS R million
10-05 Circumferences and
micro- (abbreviated m) A metric prefix meaning one-
areas of circular
millionth
shapes U F PS R
10-06 Surface area of a prism A solid shape with identical cross-sections and ends
prism U F PS R with straight sides
10-07 Surface area of a sector A region of a circle cut off by two radii, shaped like
cylinder* U F PS R a slice of pizza
10-08 Volumes of prisms
surface area The total area of all the faces of a solid shape
and cylinders U F PS R

*STAGE 5.2

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n In this chapter you will:

• investigate very small and very large time scales and intervals
• find perimeters and areas of parallelograms, trapeziums, rhombuses and kites
• solve problems involving the surface areas and volumes of right prisms
• (STAGE 5.2) calculate the surface areas of cylinders and solve related problems
• learn the metric prefixes for very small and very large units of measurement
• convert between units of digital memory, such as megabytes and gigabytes
• calculate the limits of accuracy of measuring instruments
• calculate the perimeters and areas of composite shapes, including circular shapes involving
sectors
• calculate volumes and capacities of right prisms and cylinders

SkillCheck
Worksheet
1 The measurements shown on the shapes below are in centimetres. For each shape, find
StartUp assignment 10
(correct to two decimal places if necessary):
MAT09MGWK10108
i its perimeter ii its area
a b c
32
6
50
14
12

48

d e f

10 8 26 30 30
24

25 28
2 Convert:
a 34 m to mm b 925 cm to m c 1500 m to km
d 3750 mL to L e 38 cm to mm f 7.5 L to mL

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3 What fraction of each circle is shaded?

a b c d

120°
130°

4 Calculate the volume of each prism (all units are in cm).

a b c d

15 20
45
15 10
A = 12 cm2 12 8
13
5 For each prism:
i count the number of faces ii name the shapes of the different faces
iii name the prism.
a b c

6 Find the value of each pronumeral.

a b 35 c
h y
9 x 8
37
40 8.9

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10-01 Metric units

Length 1 cm = 10 mm Capacity 1 L = 1000 mL
1 m = 100 cm = 1000 mm 1 kL = 1000 L
1 km = 1000 m 1 ML = 1000 kL = 1000 000 L
× 1000 × 1000 000

× 1000 × 100 × 10 × 1000 × 1000 × 1000

km m cm mm ML kL L mL
÷ 1000 ÷ 100 ÷ 10 ÷ 1000 ÷ 1000 ÷ 1000

÷ 1000 ÷ 1 000 000

Mass 1 g = 1000 mg Time 1 min = 60 s

1 kg = 1000 g 1 h = 60 min = 3600 s
1 t = 1000 kg 1 day = 24 h
× 3600

× 1000 × 1000 × 1000 × 24 × 60 × 60

t kg g mg da y h min s
÷ 1000 ÷ 1000 ÷ 1000 ÷ 24 ÷ 60 ÷ 60

÷ 3600

Other than for time, units of the metric system have prefixes based on powers of 10.
• kilo- means 1000 (thousand) or 103 1 kilogram ¼ 1000 grams
• mega- means 1 000 000 (million) or 106 1 megalitre ¼ 1 000 000 litres
• centi- means 1 (hundredth) or 102 1 centimetre ¼ 1 metre
100 100
• milli- means 1 (thousandth) or 103 1 millilitre ¼ 1 litre
1000 1000

Example 1
Convert:
a 5.8 t to kg b 16 km to cm c 23 700 mL to L d 1500 min to h

Solution
a 5:8 t ¼ 5:8 3 1000 kg To convert from large to small units, multiply (3).
¼ 5800 kg × 1000
t kg

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b 16 km ¼ 16 3 1000 3 100 cm × 100
× 1000
¼ 1 600 000 m km m cm

c 23 700 mL ¼ 23 700 4 1000 L To convert from small to large units, divide (4).
¼ 23:7 L
L mL
÷ 1000

d 1500 min ¼ 1500 4 60 h

h min
¼ 25 h
÷ 60

Metric prefixes
This table shows a more detailed list of metric prefixes.

Prefix
(abbreviation) Meaning Example
pico (p) 1012
nano (n) 109 ¼ 1 nanosecond (ns) ¼ billionth of a second
1 000 000 000
micro (m) 106 ¼ 1 microgram (mg) ¼ millionth of a gram
1 000 000
milli (m) 103 ¼ 1 millibar (mbar) ¼ thousandth of a bar (air
1000
pressure)
centi (c) 102 ¼ 1 centilitre (cL) ¼ hundredth of a litre
100
deci (d) 101 ¼ 1 decibel (dB) ¼ tenth of a bel (sound level)
10
1
deca (da) 10 ¼ 10 decametre (dam) ¼ ten metres
2
hecto (h) 10 ¼ 100 hectopascal (hPa) ¼ hundred pascals (air
pressure)
kilo (k) 103 ¼ 1000 kilojoule (kJ) ¼ thousand joules (energy)
6
mega (M) 10 ¼ 1 000 000 megahertz (MHz) ¼ million hertz
(frequency)
giga (G) 109 gigawatt (GW) ¼ billion watts (power)
12
tera (T) 10 terabyte (TB) ¼ trillion bytes (computer
memory)

Digital memory
Metric prefixes are used in units of digital (computer) memory. A byte, abbreviated B, is the
amount of memory used to store one character, such as @, g, #, 7 or ?.

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Summary

Unit Relationship Size

kilobyte (kB) 1 kB ¼ 1000 B About half a page of text.
megabyte (MB) 1 MB ¼ 1000 kB A million bytes, about the size of a novel.
gigabyte (GB) 1 GB ¼ 1000 MB A billion bytes, about 600 photos or
7.5 hours of video.
terabyte (TB) 1 TB ¼ 1000 GB A trillion bytes, about the size of all of
the books in a large library.

× 1000 × 1000 × 1000 × 1000

TB GB MB kB B
÷ 1000 ÷ 1000 ÷ 1000 ÷ 1000

Some examples of digital memory sizes:

E-mail (without attachment): 50 kB YouTube video: 7 MB per minute
Web page: 400 kB CD: 750 MB
Photo: 800 kB DVD: 8 GB
Music file: 6 MB Blu-ray disc: 27 GB

Example 2
Convert:
a 3.2 MB to kB b 147 000 MB to GB c 0.56 TB to GB

Solution
a 3:2 MB ¼ 3:2 3 1000 kB To convert from large to small units,
¼ 3200 kB multiply (3).
× 1000
MB kB

b 147 000 MB ¼ 147 000 4 1000 GB To convert from small to large units,
¼ 147 GB divide (4).

GB MB
÷ 1000

× 1000
c 0:56 TB ¼ 0:56 3 1000 GB
TB GB
¼ 560 GB

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Very small and very large units
Some very small and very large units of length, distance and time also use metric prefixes.
Length and distance
• One nanometre (nm) ¼ 1 m: your fingernails grown 1 nm every second, the
1 000 000 000
diameter of a helium atom is 0.1 nm
• One micrometre (mm) ¼ 1 m: used to measure diameters of bacteria
1 000 000
• One megametre (Mm) ¼ 1 000 000 m or 1000 km: the distance between Sydney and Brisbane,
or the length of the Bathurst 1000 car race
• One gigametre (GM) ¼ 1 000 000 000 m: the diameter of the Sun is 1.4 GM
• One astronomical unit (AU) ¼ 149 597 871 km or 149.6 GM: the average distance between
the Earth and the Sun, used to measure distances between planets in our solar system
• One light year (ly) ¼ 9.46 3 1012 km: the distance light travels in a year, for measuring
distances between stars
• One parsec (pc) ¼ 3.09 3 1013 km or 3.26 ly: for measuring distances between stars, the
nearest star Proxima Centauri is 1.30 parsecs away
Time
• One nanosecond (ns) ¼ 1 s: the time it takes electricity to travel along a 30 cm wire
1 000 000 000
• One microsecond (ms) ¼ 1 s
1 000 000
• One millisecond (ms) ¼ 1 s: the duration of the flash on a camera
1000
• One decade ¼ 10 years
• One century ¼ 100 years
• One millennium ¼ 1000 years
• One mega-annum (Ma) ¼ 1 000 000 years: used in geology and paleontology, the
Tyrannosaurus Rex dinosaur lived 65 Ma ago
• One giga-annum (Ga) ¼ 1 000 000 000 years: the Earth was formed 4.57 Ga ago

Example 3
Convert:
a 0.73 s to ms b 25 610 000 km to AU
c 4.57 Ga to years d 1 920 000 nm to m

Solution
a 0:73 s ¼ 0:73 3 1 000 000 ls To convert from large to small units,
¼ 730 000 ls multiply (3).
b 25 610 000 km ¼ 25 610 000 4 149 597 871 AU To convert from small to large units,
¼ 0:17119 . . . divide (4).
 0:17 AU
c 4:57 Ga ¼ 4:57 3 1 000 000 000 years
¼ 4 570 000 000 years

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d 1 920 000 nm ¼ 1 920 000 4 1 000 000 000 m

¼ 1:92 3 103 m
¼ 0:001 92 m

Exercise 10-01 Metric units

1 What metric unit would you use for each measurement?
a Width of a computer screen b Mass of a plane
c Distance between two towns d Capacity of a car’s fuel tank
e Amount of water in a pool f Time taken to fly overseas
See Example 1 2 Convert:
a 750 g to mg b 36 kL to L c 67 kg to g d 1.5 L to mL
e 6.7 cm to mm f 3.5 km to m g 9.4 t to kg h 3.75 g to mg
i 4.25 m to cm j 0.2 kg to g k 26.2 L to mL l 0.3 km to m
m 3 kL to mL n 4 days to min o 15 h to s p 2.7 km to cm
q 5 kg to mg r 0.7 m to mm s 29.375 t to g t 18.14 km to mm
3 How many mL in 18.9 kL? Select the correct answer A, B, C or D.
A 1 890 000 B 18 900 000 C 189 000 D 18 900
4 Select the most appropriate answer A, B or C for each measurement.
a height of a door
A 20 cm B 200 cm C 20 m
b capacity of a soft drink can
A 37.5 mL B 375 mL C 3.5 L
c time to run 100 metres
A 12.3 s B 34.3 s C 50.3 s
d height of Sydney Tower
A 30.5 m B 3050 m C 305 m
e mass of a family car
A 100 kg B 1000 kg C 10 000 kg
Shutterstock.com/Jose Gil

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5 Convert:
a 8000 L to kL b 90 mm to cm c 180 s to min
d 240 min to h e 375 mL to L f 14 700 kg to t
g 8600 mg to g h 750 cm to m i 223 mm to cm
j 800 g to kg k 125 L to kL l 3.5 kg to t
m 17 000 000 mg to kg n 7200 min to days o 45 000 000 g to t
p 144 000 s to h q 86 400 s to days r 2500 cm to km
s 75 000 mL to kL t 34 700 mm to m
6 How many km in 408 m? Select the correct answer A, B, C or D.
A 4.08 B 0.408 C 0.0408 D 0.004 08
7 Convert: See Example 2
a 4.8 MB to kB b 2.1 TB to GB c 8.5 GB to MB
d 10.8 MB to B e 2910 B to kB f 740 MB to GB
g 1050 kB to MB h 5900 GB to TB i 0.94 kB to MB
j 57 GB to MB k 0.43 GB to kB l 21 TB to GB
m 7.8 kB to B n 2180 MB to GB o 42 000 B to MB
p 940 MB to kB
8 Mala made a 3-minute phone call to her friend in Queensland using the Internet application Worked solutions
Skype at 1.2 MB per minute. How many kB did she use? Metric units
9 Calculate the number of MP3 files of average size 3.7 MB that can be stored on a 16 GB MAT09MGWS10040
MP3 player.
10 Convert, correct to two significant figures where necessary: See Example 3
a 3.5 AU to km b 6000 ms to s c 7.5 centuries to years
d 12 000 000 nm to m e 0.64 GM to m f 2.1 ly to km
g 0.07 s to ms h 0.25 Ma to years i 4 800 000 ms to s
j 5 290 000 km to Mm k 0.2 pc to km l 6 mm to mm
m 0.94 Ma to millennia n 849 years to centuries o 8 3 1014 km to ly
p 0.000 008 cm to nm

Just for the record The metre

The metre is the standard or base unit of length in the International System of Units.
It was originally defined in France in N
Distance from the
1795 as 1 (ten-millionth) of the north pole to
10 000 000 the equator
distance between the North Pole and the
Equator along a meridian of longitude.
In 1889, it was redefined as the distance
between two lines marked on a platinum
bar used as the standard.
The current definition was made in 1983, Equator
as the distance travelled by light in a
vacuum in 1 of a second.
299 792 458
S
Investigate the definition of a second.

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NSW Limits of accuracy of measuring

10-02 instruments
Worksheet
All measurements are only approximations.
Accuracy in
measurement No measurement is ever exact.
Eraser
MAT09MGWK10109 For example, we might measure this eraser to
be 5.5 cm long, because the scale on the ruler cm 1 2 3 4 5 6
measures to the nearest 0.5 cm.
If we used a ruler with a more precise scale,
such as 0.1 cm markings, then we may find Eraser
the length to be 5.4 cm.
cm 1 2 3 4 5 6
If we could find an instrument such as a micrometer
that measured to the nearest 0.01 cm, we may find that the measured length is 5.41 cm.
Notice that we can always find a more accurate measurement using a more precise measuring
instrument. So all measurements are approximations.
A measuring instrument such as a ruler has limits of accuracy due to its level of precision.
Accuracy means how close a measured value is to the true value, while precision means how fine
the scale is on the measuring instrument.
For example, this ruler is marked in
centimetres, so any length measured with it cm 10 11 12 13 14
can only be given to the nearest centimetre.
{
Any measurement in the shaded region should be recorded as 12 cm. The measured length is
12 cm, but the actual length is 12  0.5 cm, meaning ‘12 centimetres, give or take 0.5 centimetres’
or ‘11.5 to 12.5 cm’.
The limits of accuracy of this ruler are 0.5 cm or ‘plus or minus half a centimetre’.

Summary
The limits of accuracy of a measuring instrument are 0.5 of the unit shown on the
instrument’s scale.

Example 4
Find the limits of accuracy for each measuring scale.
a b
25 mL
80 90 20
15
kg 10
5

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Solution
a The size of one unit on the scale is 1 kg.
The limits of accuracy are 0.5 3 1 kg ¼ 0.5 kg
b The size of one unit on the scale is 5 mL.
The limits of accuracy are 0.5 3 5 mL ¼ 2.5 mL

Exercise 10-02 Limits of accuracy of measuring instruments

1 For each measuring instrument, state: See Example 4
i the size of one unit on the scale ii its limits of accuracy.

a b
60 70 80 90 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 °C
mm

c d e
12
11 1
10 2

9 3
500

4
8 4

3
2
7 5 0 1000

1
6 cm

0
GRAMS

2000 g
f g 50 60 70 h
70
80 90 100 110 40 80
60
120 1500 g
90 80 100 70 13 30 90
50 0 1
10
60 0
12 50
14

0
20 100
40

13 100 1000 g
0
0

15
40
30

14

0 1
150

30

10 110
0

088724
60
10 2

60

500 g
20
180 170 1

170 180

0 120
10

km/h
0

0g

i j k F

mL 200 kL 7
150 6
5
100 4
3
50 2
1 E

2 What are the limits of accuracy for this measuring cylinder? Select the 300 mL
correct answer A, B, C or D.
200 mL
A  0.5 mL B  10 mL C  20 mL D  5 mL

100 mL

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3 Measuring with a ruler, Jade correctly gives a measurement as 26.5 to 27.5 cm.
a What is the size of a unit on the ruler?
b What are the limits of accuracy of this measurement?
c Using a ruler marked in millimetres, Marival gives the same measurement as 26.8 cm. What
are the limits of accuracy of this measurement?
d What is the range within which this measurement must lie?

Perimeters and areas of composite

10-03 shapes

Summary
The perimeter of a shape is the distance around the shape, the sum of the lengths of the
sides of the shape.
The area of a shape is the amount of surface covered by the shape, measured in square units.

Rectangle A ¼ length 3 width Triangle 1

A¼ 3 base
A ¼ lw 2
w h 3 perpendicular height
1
l A ¼ bh
b 2

Example 5
For each composite shape, find:
i its perimeter ii its area.
a b

7m

38 cm
13 m
17 m
6m 18 cm

15 cm

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Solution
a i Find any unknown lengths on the shape. 11 – 6 = 5 7
Perimeter ¼ 6 þ 13 þ 5 þ 7 þ 11 þ 20
¼ 62 m
13
11
6

13 + 7 = 20

ii Area ¼ ð7 3 5Þ þ ð20 3 6Þ Sum of areas of two rectangles.

2
¼ 155 m
b i Divide the shape into a rectangle and a triangle,
and find the unknown length, h, using
Pythagoras’ theorem.
h 2 ¼ 15 2 þ 20 2 h 38 – 18 = 20
¼ 625
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
h ¼ 625
¼ 25 cm
Perimeter ¼ 18 þ 25 þ 38 þ 15
¼ 96 cm 18 18

15

 
1
ii Area ¼ 3 15 3 20 þ ð15 3 8Þ Area of triangle þ Area of rectangle
2
¼ 270 m2

Exercise 10-03 Perimeters and areas of composite shapes

1 For each composite shape, find: See Example 5
i its perimeter ii its area.

a 10 mm b 2m c 30 m 30 m
20 m
50 m

50 m
9 mm

8m
4 mm

100 m
15 mm 3m
2m

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d e f
m
8 cm 24c

20 cm
9 cm

52 cm
10 cm
20 cm
30 cm
cm
40

2 Find the area of each composite shape.

a b 3m
c

6 mm
12 m
10 m

8 mm
10 m

3m
18 m 10 m 8 mm
Worked solutions d e f 10 cm

2 cm
Perimeters and areas of
composite shapes 16 m
8m
MAT09MGWS10041 6m 10 m 5m 4 cm
10 m
10 m

16 m

12 m 8 cm

2 cm
g 9 cm h 40 cm
4 cm

20 cm

10 cm 10 cm

15 cm

i j k 300 cm
100 cm

80 cm 80 cm
m
18 m

200 cm
.1
14

20 m
8m

14
.1

100 cm
m

80 cm 80 cm
15 m
20 m 300 cm

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3 What is the area of the shaded arrow? Select the correct 3 cm 3 cm Worked solutions
answer A, B, C or D. Perimeters and areas

2 cm
A 14 cm2 B 8 cm2 C 9 cm2 D 12 cm2 of composite shapes

MAT09MGWS10041

1 cm
4 Find each shaded area.

a 0.5 cm b

4 cm
3 cm 3.8 cm 3 cm

6.4 cm 3 cm
19.6 cm

Investigation: Area of a trapezium, kite and rhombus

1 Draw two copies of this trapezium onto a sheet of paper. Draw a dotted line, parallel to
the sides labelled a and b, halfway down the height of each trapezium and label the sides
as shown.
a
Side 1
h
2

h
2
Side 2
b
2 Cut out one trapezium and cut along the dotted line to make two smaller trapeziums.
Join the pieces to make a long parallelogram.
3 By measuring the height and base of the parallelogram to the nearest millimetre, find its area.
4 By comparing the measurements of the parallelogram to the measurements of the original
trapezium, suggest a general formula for finding the area of any trapezium. Check your
answer with your teacher.
5 Cut out the original trapezium and paste it and the parallelogram into your book.
6 Draw two copies of the kite and rhombus on a sheet of paper. Draw diagonals of length x and y
and label them as shown. Notice that they cross at right angles. For the kite, one diagonal (x) is
bisected by the other (y), while for the rhombus, both diagonals bisect each other.

1x 1y
1x 1x 2 2
2 2
1y
2 1x
y 2 x and y are the lengths
of the diagonals

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7 Cut out one of your kites and rhombuses and cut along their diagonals to make four
triangles each. Join each set of triangles to make a rectangle.
8 By measuring the sides of each rectangle to the nearest millimetre, find the area of each
one.
9 By comparing the measurements of the kite to the measurements of the rectangle formed
from it, suggest a general formula for finding the area of any kite. Check your answer with
your teacher.
10 Is a rhombus a special type of kite?
11 Suggest a general formula for finding the area of any rhombus. Check your answer with
your teacher.
12 Cut out the original kite and rhombus and paste all shapes into your book.

Worksheet

Area ID 10-04 Areas of quadrilaterals

MAT09MGWK10110

Skillsheet

What is area?
Summary
MAT09MGSS10029
Parallelogram Trapezium
Homework sheet
a
Area 1

MAT09MGHS10019 h h

b
b 1
Area ¼ base 3 perpendicular height Area ¼ 3 ðsum of parallel sidesÞ
2
A ¼ bh 3 perpendicular height
1
A ¼ ða þ bÞh
2
Rhombus Kite

x y
y
x

1
Area ¼ 3 ðproduct of diagonalsÞ
2
1
A ¼ xy
2

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Example 6
Find the area of each quadrilateral.
a b c 16 mm
10 cm

9m 12 mm

14 m 30 mm
26 cm
d e
9m

15 cm
14 m 10 cm

11 cm

Solution
1 1
a Area of rhombus ¼ 2 3 26 3 10 A ¼ xy
2
¼ 130 cm2
b Area of parallelogram ¼ 14 3 9 A ¼ bh
2
¼ 126 m
1
c Area of trapezium ¼ 3 ð16 þ 30Þ 3 12 A ¼ 1 ða þ bÞh
2 2
¼ 276 mm2
1
d Area of kite ¼ 3 9 3 14 A ¼ 1 xy
2 2
¼ 63 m2
1
e Area of trapezium ¼ 3 ð10 þ 15Þ 3 11 A ¼ 1 ða þ bÞh
2 2
¼ 137:5 cm2

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Exercise 10-04 Areas of quadrilaterals

See Example 6 1 Find the shaded area of each shape.

a b c

4m
6 cm

17 mm
13.6 m
20 mm
8 cm

d e f

10 mm
12 cm
1.5 cm

25 mm
30 mm

7 cm
2 cm
50 mm

g h i
5m 6m
m
4m

7 cm
cm
mm
m

4.4
8m

4.4
2m
32

cm
mm 2m 2m 10.4
10 cm
cm 10.4

2 Find the area of each shape.

a b c
20 mm mm
30
23 mm

10 mm

15 mm
18 mm

d e f
15 mm 12 mm 12 mm
9 mm

20 mm 16 mm
12 mm 15 mm

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g h i
22 mm 8mm

19 mm 7mm
15 mm 15 mm 7 mm 7 mm

12mm 8mm

3 Find the area of each shape.

a b 5.5 m c 48 mm
9m

8m 20 mm
7m

11 m 32 mm
15 m

2.1 m

d 16 m e f
1.8 m
7.5 cm

10.5 cm
10 m
1.4 m

22 m
20 mm
6 cm i

g h 12 m
35 mm
14.5 m
7 cm

9.6 m
9 cm 6 cm 28 mm

4 Find the area of each shape.

a 9m b 13 cm c 5m

4m
4m 7m 17 cm 5m 3m
5m 10 cm 8 cm
4m 5m
14 m 3m
24 cm
5m

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d
10 cm 10 cm
6 cm
e f 5.5 m
8 cm 8 cm
6.6 m

15 cm
9.6 cm

17 cm 17 cm
8.8 m
10.5 cm

5 Calculate each shaded area (all measurements are in metres).

1.2
a b 15
c
12 5
10
10 20 2
15 15 4.5
12 18.6
1.2
20

Mental skills 10A Maths without calculators

Finding 10%, 20% and 5%

To find 10% or 1 of a number, simply divide the number by 10 by moving the decimal
10
point one place to the left.
1 Study each example.
a 10% × 150 = 15 0. = 15 b 10% × $1256.80 = $125 6.8 = $125.68
c 10% × 4917 = 491 7. = 491.7 d 10% × $48.55 = $4 8.55 = $4.885
2 Now find 10% of each amount.
a 190 b $75 c 875 d $202
e $37.60 f 400 g $9.25 h 896
i $2700 j $3.80 k $1527.60 l $72.50
m 3154 n $10.70 o 426 p $24 317.60
20% is 10% doubled so to find 20% of a number, first find 10% then double it.
3 Study each example.
a 20% 3 700 b 20% 3 $876
10% 3 700 ¼ 70 10% 3 $876 ¼ $87:60
) 20% 3 700 ¼ 70 3 2 ) 20% 3 $876 ¼ $87:60 3 2
¼ 140 ¼ $175:20

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c 20% 3 325 d 20% 3 $38:50
10% 3 325 ¼ 32:5 10% 3 $38:50 ¼ $3:85
) 20% 3 325 ¼ 32:5 3 2 ) 20% 3 $38:50 ¼ $3:85 3 2
¼ 65 ¼ $7:70
4 Now find 20% of each amount.
a 50 b 620 c $2450 d $8.60
e 72 f $12 700 g 390 h $5.80
i $45 j $84 k $4600 l 320
5% is half of 10%, so to find 5% of a number first find 10% then divide it by 2.
5 Study each example.
a 5% 3 180 b 5% 3 $76
10% 3 180 ¼ 18 10% 3 $76 ¼ $7:60
) 5% 3 180 ¼ 18 4 2 ) 5% 3 $76 ¼ $7:60 4 2
¼9 ¼ $3:80

c 5% 3 120 d 5% 3 $142:20
10% 3 120 ¼ 12 10% 3 $142:20 ¼ $14:22
) 5% 3 120 ¼ 12 4 2 ) 5% 3 $142:20 ¼ $14:22 4 2
¼6 ¼ $7:11
6 Now find 5% of each amount.
a 2000 b $12 c 50 d $27
e $36.80 f $84 g 800 h 130
i $9.60 j $138 k $72 l 840
Worksheet

A page of circular
shapes

MAT09MGWK10111

Circumferences and areas Homework sheet

10-05 of circular shapes Area 2

MAT09MGHS10020
Worksheet
The circumference of a circle is found by multiplying its diameter by a special number called Applications of area
pi (pronounced ‘pie’), represented by the Greek letter p.
MAT09MGWK10112
The area of a circle is found by multiplying p by the radius squared.
Worksheet

Back-to-front problems
Summary MAT09MGWK10113
Worksheet
The circumference (perimeter) of a circle is:
Area and perimeter
C ¼ p 3 diameter C ¼ 2 3 p 3 radius investigations
or
C ¼ pd C ¼ 2pr d
MAT09MGWK00025
r
The area of a circle is: Puzzle sheet

A ¼ p 3 ðradiusÞ2 Carpet talk

2
A ¼ pr MAT09MGPS00007

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 Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Surface area and volume

p ¼ 3.141 592 653 897 93… and can be found by pressing

pffiffiffi the π key on your calculator. It has
no exact decimal or fraction value, so like the surd 2 it is an irrational number.

Example 7
For each circle, calculate correct to two decimal places:
i its circumference ii its area.
a b

20 m 8.5 m

Solution
a i C ¼ p 3 20 C ¼ pd b i C ¼ 2 3 p 3 8:5 C ¼ 2pr
¼ 62:8318 . . . ¼ 53:4070 . . .
 62:83 m  53:41 m
ii A ¼ p 3 10 2 A ¼ pr 2 ii A ¼ p 3 8:52 A ¼ pr 2
¼ 314:1592 . . . ¼ 226:9800 . . .
2
 314:16 m  226:98 m2

Example 8
Video tutorial
For each sector, calculate correct to one decimal place: A sector is a fraction of a circle
Perimeter and area of ‘cut’ along two radii, like a
a sector i its perimeter ii its area. pizza slice.
MAT09MGVT10014
A B
Technology
a b c
GeoGebra: Area and 120° 5m
perimeter of a sector 3m
O
MAT09MGTC00002 80° 4.2 m

3m

Solution
a i This sector is a quadrant, a quarter of a circle.
1 1 3 circumference þ radius þ radius
Perimeter ¼ 3 2 3 p 3 3 þ 3 þ 3
4 4
¼ 10:71238 . . .
 10:7 m

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1 1 3 area of circle
ii Area ¼ 3 p 3 32
4 4
¼ 7:06858 . . .
 7:1 m2
80 80 3 circumference þ radius þ radius
b i Perimeter ¼ 3 2 3 p 3 4:2 þ 4:2 þ 4:2
360 360
¼ 14:26430 . . .
There are 360° in a circle, but
 14:3 m a sector is a fraction of a circle.

80 80 3 area of circle
ii Area ¼ 3 p 3 4:22
360 360
¼ 12:31504 . . .
 12:3 m2
c i Sector angle ¼ 360°  120° ¼ 240°
240
Perimeter ¼ 323p35 þ 5 þ 5
360
¼ 30:94395 . . .
 30:9 m
240
ii Area of sector ¼ 3 p 3 52
360
¼ 52:35987 . . .
 52:4 m2

Summary
For a sector with angle y:
u
• Arc length ¼ 3 2pr
360 arc length θ
• Perimeter of the sector ¼ u 3 2pr þ r þ r
360 r
(arc length þ radius þ radius)
• Area of the sector ¼ u 3 pr 2
360

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Example 9
Find, correct to one decimal place, the area of each shape.

a 15 b

12 m
7m

22 m
30 m

Solution
a The shape is made up of a rectangle b This ring shape is called an annulus,
and a quadrant. it is the area enclosed by two circles with
Radius of quadrant ¼ 7 m the same centre.
Length of rectangle ¼ 22  7 1
Radius of large circle ¼ 3 30 m
¼ 15 m 2
¼ 15 m
Area of shape ¼ area of rectangle 1
þ quadrant Radius of small circle ¼ 3 12 m
2
1 ¼6m
¼ 15 3 7 þ 3 p 3 72
4 Shaded area ¼ large circle  small circle
¼ 143:4845 . . . ¼ p 3 152  p 3 62
2
 143:5 m ¼ 593:7610 . . .
 593:8 m2

Exercise 10-05 Circumferences and areas of circular shapes

See Example 7 1 For each circle, calculate correct to two decimal places:
i its circumference ii its area.

a b c d

8 28.2
30
5.2

See Example 8 2 For each sector, calculate correct to one decimal place:
i its perimeter ii its area.

a b c d

10 m
210°
120° 24 m
36 m
10 m 1m
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e f g h
42 m
33 m 6m
8 m 10° 8 m 60°
30°
6m

3 Calculate the perimeter of each shape, correct to two decimal places.

a 40 cm b c
26 mm

40 cm
22 mm
15 cm

12 cm

d e 150 cm
f

11 m 11 m
90 cm 248 m
65 cm
30 m 248 m

g h 15 cm i

8 cm 18 cm
7m 7m
9 cm
15 m 18 cm

4 Calculate the area of each shape, correct to the nearest square metre. All measurements
are in metres.

a b c
15
22
40 12
26
40

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Surface area and volume

d e f

8 6 3 3
22
7 7
6

22
g h i

8 30
6

14
30

16

j 45 k l

10 10
20 90

20
150 40

Worked solutions 5 A circular playing field has a radius of 80 m. A rectangular cricket pitch measuring 25 m by
Circumferences and
2 m is placed in the middle. The field, excluding the pitch, is to be fertilised.
areas of circular shapes a Calculate correct to the nearest square metre the area to be fertilised.
MAT09MGWS10042 b How much will this cost if the fertiliser is $19.95 per 100 square metres? Give your answer
to the nearest dollar.
6 a The diameter of the Earth is 12 756 km. Find the circumference of the Earth, to the nearest
kilometre.
b A space lab orbits the Earth at a height of 1200 km above the Earth’s surface. Find the
distance it travels in one orbit of the Earth.
7 A circular plate of diameter 2 m has 250 holes of diameter 10 cm drilled in it. What is the
remaining area of the plate? Answer to the nearest 0.1 m2.
8 A circular pond of diameter 10 m is surrounded by a path one metre wide.
a Calculate the area of the path correct to two decimal places.
b If pavers are $75 per square metre laid, what is the cost of the path?
9 A circular patch of grass has a diameter of 8.5 m. How much
further does Nina walk if she walks around the border instead 8.5 m
of directly across it? Give your answer correct to the
nearest 0.1 m.

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10 A new tractor tyre has a diameter of 120 cm, while a Worked solutions
worn tyre has a diameter of 115 cm. Circumferences and
a Calculate the difference in circumference between

Shutterstock.com/Presniakov Oleksandr
areas of circular shapes
a new tyre and a worn tyre, correct to three MAT09MGWS10042
decimal places.
b Over 1000 revolutions, how much further (to the
nearest metre) will a new tyre travel compared to a
worn tyre?

11 A square courtyard measuring 5 m by 5 m has a semi-circular area added to each side.

a Calculate the area of the semi-circular additions, correct to the nearest square metre.
b By what percentage has the area of the courtyard increased?
(This can be calculated as increase in area 3 100%)
original area
12 The measurements of a running track are shown below. Each lane is 1 m wide and the athletes
run along the insides of the lanes.

FINISH LANE 2
staggered start lane 2

start lane 1 LANE 1

36.5 m

85 m
a Zoe runs one lap in lane 1. What distance does she cover, correct to one decimal place?
b Jaron runs one lap in lane 2. What distance does he cover, correct to one decimal place?
c By how much should the start line be staggered in lane 2 (from lane 1) so that Zoe and
Jaron run the same distance in one lap?

Just for the record A piece of pi

p ¼ 3.141 592 653 589 793 238 462 643 383 279 502 884 197 169 399 375 105 820…
Because p is an irrational number, its decimal digits run endlessly without repeating. Over
history, mathematicians and scientists (and now computer scientists) have tried to calculate
more accurate values of p, using more sophisticated formulas and calculation techniques. The
ancient Greeks, Romans and Chinese first estimated p as 3. This value is also mentioned in the
Bible. Since the first computer, the ENIAC, was invented in 1949, much progress has been
made. Supercomputers have been used to calculate more decimal places of p and, in 2011,
two system engineers Shigeru Kondo (Japan) and Alexander Yee (USA) calculated p to over
10 trillion places. In 2005, Chinese university student Lu Chao memorised p to 67 890
decimal places. It took him 24 hours 4 minutes to recite it.
Research the modern history of p or use the Internet to find out about recent calculations of
its value.

9780170193047 385
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Surface area and volume

Worksheet
Investigation: Nets of prisms
Nets of solids

MAT09MGWK10114 You will need: 1 cm grid paper.

If a solid is cut along some of its edges, the faces can all be folded down flat. The flat shape
obtained is called the net of the solid.

Net of a cube
How many different nets of a cube can you make
(or draw)? Do not count reflections or rotations
because they are considered to be the same.
For example, these are two versions of the
same net.
1 Draw the possible nets of a cube on 1 cm grid
paper. Cut out the nets and fold them to see if
they each form a cube, then paste them into
your book.
2 If a cube has side length 1 cm, what is the area of one of its faces?
3 The surface area of a cube is the sum of the areas of all of its faces. What is the surface
area of the cube with side length 1 cm?

Net of a rectangular prism

1 Draw each of the following nets of rectangular prisms on 1 cm grid paper. Cut them out
and fold them to make rectangular prisms, then paste them into your book.
a b 10

3
8

5
4 4 4
3
4

2 Calculate the surface area of each rectangular prism by adding the areas of all of its faces.

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Net of a triangular prism
1 Draw each of the following nets on 1 cm grid paper. Cut them out and fold them to make
triangular prisms, then paste them into your book.
a b
4 5
3
6 2.6 2.7

8
2 Calculate the surface area of each triangular prism.

Worksheet
10-06 Surface area of a prism Surface area

MAT09MGWK10115

Worksheet
Summary Nets of solids

MAT09MGWK10114
The surface area of a solid is the total area of all the faces of the solid. To calculate the
surface area of a solid, find the area of each face and add the areas together. Skillsheet

Solid shapes

MAT09MGSS10030
Example 10
Animated example
Calculate the surface area of each prism. Surface area

a cube b rectangular prism c open rectangular prism MAT09MGAE00003

Technology worksheet
top
12 cm Excel worksheet:
4 cm

side 4 cm Surface area calculator

end
MAT09MGCT00020
12 cm 5 cm
m
4 cm 4c 8 cm
25 cm Technology worksheet

Excel spreadsheet:
Solution Surface area calculator

a A cube has 6 identical faces in the shape of a square. 6 3 area of a square MAT09MGCT00005

Surface area ¼ 6 3 42
¼ 96 cm2

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 Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Surface area and volume

b A rectangular prism has 6 faces that are not all the same. However, opposite faces
such as the top and bottom are the same.
Surface area ¼ 2 top and bottom faces þ 2 end faces þ 2 side faces
¼ ð2 3 5 3 12Þ þ ð2 3 5 3 4Þ þ ð2 3 12 3 4Þ
¼ 256 cm2
c The open rectangular prism has no top so it has 5 faces that are not all the same.
Surface area ¼ Bottom face þ 2 front and back faces þ 2 side faces
¼ ð25 3 8Þ þ ð2 3 25 3 12Þ þ ð2 3 8 3 12Þ
¼ 992 cm2

Example 11
Video tutorial
Calculate the surface area of each triangular prism.
Surface area of a prism

MAT09MGVT10015
a b

Video tutorial

Surface area of prisms

5 cm

MAT09MGVT00003 nm
3 cm 24 m
10 cm
8 cm 30 m
10 m

Solution
a This triangular prism has 5 faces: two identical 3 cm
triangles (front and back), two identical rectangles 5 cm
(sides) and another rectangle (bottom). Drawing 8 cm
the net of the prism may help you see this.
10 cm

1
Surface area ¼ ð2 3 38 3 3Þ þ ð23 103 5Þ þ ð8 310Þ Front and back faces þ
2
side faces þ bottom face
¼ 204 cm2
b This triangular prism has 5 faces: two identical
triangles (front and back), three different rectangles. n 24

10

30

10

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To calculate the area of the left face, we need to know the value of n, which can be
found using Pythagoras’ theorem.
n 2 ¼ 10 2 þ 26 2
¼ 676
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
n ¼ 676
¼ 26
1
Surface area ¼ ð2 3 3 10 3 24Þ þ ð30 3 26Þ Front and back þ left þ
2
bottom þ right
þ ð30 3 10Þ þ ð30 3 24Þ
¼ 2040 m2

Stage 5.2
Example 12
Video tutorial
Calculate the surface area of this trapezoidal prism. 10 cm
Surface area of a prism

MAT09MGVT10015
13 cm

15 cm
12 cm
18 cm
24 cm

Solution
This trapezoidal prism has 6 faces: two 10
identical trapeziums (front and back)
15

12
13

and four different rectangles.

10
24

18

1
Area of each trapezium ¼ 3 ð10 þ 24Þ 3 12
2
¼ 204 cm2
Surface area ¼ ð2 3 204Þ þ ð18 3 10Þ þ ð18 3 15Þ 2 trapeziums þ 4 rectangles
þ ð18 3 24Þ þ ð18 3 13Þ
¼ 1524 cm2

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Surface area and volume

Exercise 10-06 Surface area of a prism

See Example 10 1 What is the surface area of this rectangular prism?
Select the correct answer A, B, C or D. 8 cm
A 320 cm2
B 352 cm2
8 cm
C 512 cm2 12 cm
D 768 cm2
2 Draw a net of each solid.
a cube b rectangular prism c triangular prism d cylinder
3 Calculate the surface area of each prism.
a cube b rectangular prism c open cube (no top)

45 cm

6.5 m
144 cm
20 cm
18 cm

d open rectangular prism e rectangular prism, open f cube, open one end
front and back

35 mm

3.4 m
7.5 m 48 mm
5.2 m 65 mm 44 cm

See Example 11 4 Find the surface area of each triangular prism.

a b

10 m 10 m

8m
6m
7m
15 m
16 m
6m

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c d
8 cm
29 cm

cm r
h 3.5

15 cm
40 cm 3.7 cm

e f 9m

12 m 15 m

10 m
5m 12 m

5 Match each net of a solid to the name of the solid.

triangular prism cube rectangular prism
square pyramid cylinder trapezoidal prism

a b

c d

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 Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Surface area and volume

e f

g h

6 Caroline made this tent.

19
a Find the surface area of the tent including the floor.
7c
b Caroline bought material at $12 per square metre. How m
much did it cost Caroline for the material to make the tent?
180 cm

m
0c
21
160 cm
7 Five cubes of side length 1 cm are joined to make
this solid. What is the surface area of the solid?
Select the correct answer A, B, C or D.
A 17 cm2
B 18 cm2
C 5 cm2
D 22 cm2

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8 An art gallery has a width of 16 metres, a length of 30 metres Worked solutions
and a slant height of 12 metres, as shown in the diagram. Surface area of a prism
a Find the perpendicular height, h, of the building, MAT09MGWS10043
correct to one decimal place.

12 m
b Find the area of the front wall.

hm
c Find the surface area of the art gallery,
without the floor. 30 m
16 m

9 Name the prism that each net represents, then calculate the surface area of the prism.
All lengths are in metres.
15
a b
12

21

c d 13
26 25
24
24
30
45
66

51

72
10 Calculate the surface area of each prism. Measurements are in centimetres. Stage 5.2
a b 75 c 35
See Example 12
14 52
20
24 48 48 20
20 15 12
17 40
32 10

11 This swimming pool is 15 m long and 10 m wide. The depth of the water ranges Worked solutions
from 1 m to 3 m. Surface area of a prism

15 m MAT09MGWS10043

10 m 1m

3m

Calculate, correct to two decimal places:

a the area of the floor of the pool b the total surface area of the pool.

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Surface area and volume

Investigation: Surface area of a cylinder

Collect 5 different cylindrical cans with paper labels.
1 Copy this table with rows for Cans 1 to 5 and complete it as you perform the following
measurements and calculations.

Surface
Circular ends Curved surface area
Circum-
Height Diameter Radius Area ference Length Width Area
Can
1
Can
2

r
2 Measure the height and diameter of the first can.
3 Calculate the radius, area and circumference of one
circular end, correct to two decimal places. height, h
4 Cut the label off the first can and lay it out flat.
What shape is this curved surface?
5 Measure the length, width and area of the curved surface (label).
6 Calculate the surface area of the can by adding the areas of the two circular ends and the
area of the label.
7 Why is the height of each can and the width of its label the same?
8 Why is the circumference of each circular end and the length of the label the same?
9 Repeat Steps 2 to 6 for the other four cans.

Stage 5.2

Worksheet
10-07 Surface area of a cylinder
A page of prisms and
cylinders A closed cylinder has three faces made up of two circles (the circular ends) and a rectangle (the
MAT09MGWK10116 curved surface). The length of the rectangle is the circumference of the circular end, while the
Homework sheet
width of the rectangle is the height of the cylinder.
Surface area r

MAT09MGHS10021 r

Technology worksheet r
circumference
height, h height, h
Excel worksheet: = 2π
Surface area calculator

MAT09MGCT00020 r

Technology worksheet

Excel spreadsheet:
Surface area of a cylinder ¼ area of two circles þ area of rectangle
Surface area calculator ¼ 2 3 pr 2 þ 2pr 3 h
MAT09MGCT00005
¼ 2pr 2 þ 2prh

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Stage 5.2
Summary
Worksheet
Surface area of a closed cylinder Surface area

A ¼ 2pr 2 þ 2prh MAT09MGWK10115

where r ¼ radius of circular base and h ¼ perpendicular height Worksheet

Applications of area 3

MAT09MGWK00030
The area of the two circular ends ¼ 2pr 2 and the area of the curved surface ¼ 2prh.
Puzzle sheet

Example 13 Car song

MAT09MGPS00006
Find, correct to one decimal place, the surface area of a cylinder with diameter 12 cm and
Video tutorial
height 20 cm.
Surface area of a
cylinder
Solution
1 of diameter MAT09MGVT10016
Radius ¼ 1 3 12 cm 2
2
¼ 6 cm

20 cm

12 cm

Surface area ¼ area of 2 ends

þ area of the curved surface 12 cm
r = 6 cm
A ¼ 2pr 2 þ 2prh
¼ 2 3 p 3 62 þ 2 3 p 3 6 3 20
circumference
¼ 980:176 9 . . .
height
 980:2 cm2
curved surface

end

Example 14
Find, correct to two decimal places, the surface area of an
open half-cylinder with radius 0.5 m and height 3 m. 3m

0.5 m

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Surface area and volume

Stage 5.2 Solution

Surface area ¼ 2 semicircle ends þ 1 3 curved surface
2 end
1 1
A ¼ 2 3 ð 3 p 3 0:52 Þ þ 3 ð2 3 p 3 0:5 3 3Þ
2 2
¼ 5:49778 . . . curved
 5:50 cm 2 surface 3 m

0.5 m

Exercise 10-07 Surface area of a cylinder

See Example 13 1 Calculate, correct to two decimal places, the surface area of a cylinder with:
a radius 7 m, height 10 m b diameter 28 cm, height 15 cm
c diameter 6.2 m, height 7.5 m d radius 0.8 m, height 2.35 m
2 Find, correct to one decimal place, the curved surface area of a cylinder with:
a diameter 9 cm, height 32 cm b radius 85 mm, height 16 mm
See Example 14 3 Calculate, correct to one decimal place, the surface area of each solid. All lengths shown
are in metres.
a closed cylinder b cylinder with one open end c closed half-cylinder

0.37

16.2
25
1.5 29.3
15

d half-cylinder with e half-cylinder with open top, f cylinder open

open top one end open at both ends
1.2 1.5
2.85 5.75

30
12

Worked solutions 4 A swimming pool is in the shape of a cylinder 1.5 m

Surface area of a
deep and 6 m in diameter. The inside of the pool is
cylinder to be repainted, including the floor. Find:
1.5 m
MAT09MGWS10044
a the area to be repainted, correct to one
decimal place
b the number of whole litres of paint needed
if coverage is 9 m2 per litre. 6m

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5 Which tent has the greater surface area? Stage 5.2

a b
2.24 m

2m
5m 5m
2m 2m

(Note: the floor is included for both tents)

6 This lampshade is to be covered. Find the area of

material needed if 10% extra is allowed for seams
and overlaps. Note: The lampshade is a cylinder
open at both ends.

30 cm

20 cm

Worksheet
10-08 Volumes of prisms and cylinders A page of prisms and
cylinders

The volume of a solid is the amount of space it occupies. Volume is measured in cubic units, for MAT09MGWK10116

example, cubic metres (m3) or cubic centimetres (cm3). Worksheet

The capacity of a container is the amount of fluid (liquid or gas) it holds, measured in millilitres
Volume and capacity
(mL), litres (L), kilolitres (kL) and megalitres (ML).
MAT09MGWK00028

Summary Skillsheet

What is volume?
1 cm3 contains 1 mL. MAT09MGSS10031
1 m3 contains 1000 L or 1 kL
1 mL Homework sheet
3
1 m = 1 kL Volume

MAT09MGHS10022
1 cm3 × 1 000 000 =
Puzzle sheet

Formula matching
game

Volume of a prism MAT09MGPS10117

A cross-section of a solid is a ‘slice’ of the solid cut across it, parallel to its end faces, rather than
along it. A prism has the same (uniform) cross-section along its length, and each cross-section is a
polygon (with straight sides).

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 Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Surface area and volume

cross-sections

Triangular prism Square prism

base cross-section

Trapezoidal prism
An end face of a prism is called its base. Prisms take their names from their base and cross-section.
For example, the prism shown above is a trapezoidal prism because its base and cross-sections are
trapeziums.
Because a prism is made up of identical cross-sections, its volume can be calculated by multiplying
the area of its base by its perpendicular height (the length or depth of the prism).

Summary

Volume of a prism
V ¼ Ah
where A ¼ area of base and
h ¼ perpendicular height A h

Example 15
Video tutorial
Find the volume of each prism.
Volumes of prisms and
cylinders a b c
15 cm
MAT09MGVT10017 4 cm
3 cm

30 cm
3m m
42 cm 10 m 4c
6 cm
5m

Solution
a V ¼ 42 3 30 3 15 For a rectangular prism, volume ¼ length 3
¼ 18 900 cm 3 width 3 height (V ¼ lwh).

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1
b A¼ 3533 Area of a triangle.
2
¼ 7:5
V ¼ 7:5 3 10 V ¼ Ah where height h ¼ 10
3
¼ 75 m
1
c A¼ 3 ð4 þ 6 Þ 3 3 Area of a trapezium.
2
¼ 15 cm2
V ¼ 15 3 4 V ¼ Ah, where height h ¼ 4
3
¼ 60 cm

Volume of a cylinder
A cylinder is like a ‘circular prism’ because its cross-sections are
r
identical circles. Because of this, we can also use V ¼ Ah to find the
volume of a cylinder. But for a circle, A ¼ pr 2, so:
h
Volume ¼ Ah ¼ pr 2 3 h ¼ pr 2h

Summary

Volume of a cylinder
V ¼ pr 2h
where r ¼ radius of circular base and h ¼ perpendicular height

Example 16
Video tutorial
For this cylinder, calculate: 128 cm
Volumes of prisms and
a its volume, correct to the nearest cm3 cylinders

b its capacity in kL, correct to 1 decimal place. MAT09MGVT10017

241 cm

Solution
1 1
a Radius ¼ 3 128 cm of diameter
2 2
¼ 64 cm
V ¼ p 3 642 3 241 V ¼ pr 2h
¼ 3 101 179:206 . . .
 3 101 179 cm3

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Surface area and volume

b Capacity ¼ 3 101 179 mL 1 cm3 ¼ 1 mL

¼ ð3 101 179 4 1000 4 1000Þ kL
kL L mL
¼ 3:101 179 kL ÷ 1000 ÷ 1000
 3:1 kL

Exercise 10-08 Volumes of prisms and cylinders

See Example 15 1 Find the volume of each rectangular prism using the formula V ¼ lwh.
a b c
4m
15 cm

17 mm

mm
4m

c m
3 cm 3 4m 30 mm

12
d e 28 mm f

2.3 cm
1.2 m

16.
5c
1.2

m cm
1.2 m 6.8
m

2 Find the volume of each solid.

a A = 63.1 m2 b c 64 cm

8m 38 cm
A = 27.5 cm2
A = 312 cm2

See Example 16 3 Find, correct to one decimal place, the volume of each cylinder.
a cm b 25 mm c d 12 c
5.6 m
15 mm

2 cm
14.
11.5
cm

0.7

m
m

1.2
e f 60 mm g 8.6 m
cm
.8
24

40 mm

8.6 m

36.4 cm

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4 Calculate, correct to one decimal place, the volume of each solid. All lengths are in metres.
a 2.4 b c
1.8 25

3.0 48 0.8 3.7

4.5
2.5

d e f
5.2

4.2 3.6 4.5

32 9.2
10.1 20
6.4 7.9

g h i
7.7
2.8
3.5 2.4 5.5
3.5
7.2 12.8 11.3
5.6
5 What is the capacity of this cylinder? Select the closest 2m Worked solutions
answer A, B, C or D. Volumes of prisms and
A 15 700 L B 12 570 L cylinders
1m
C 3140 L D 6260 L MAT09MGWS10045

6 Find the volume of this chest of drawers in m3:

a by calculating the volume in cm3, then converting
to m3
b by converting each length to metres first,
85 cm

then calculating the volume.

Which method is easier?

cm
40
90 cm

7 A triangular prism has base length 6 m, height 10 m and volume 150 m3. What is its length?
8 A fish tank that is 55 cm long, 24 cm wide and 22 cm high is filled to 4 cm below the top.
Calculate the capacity of the tank in litres.
9 This metal pipe has an inner diameter of 8.5 cm and an outer
9.5 cm
8.5 cm

diameter of 9.5 cm. Calculate, correct to two decimal places,

the volume of metal needed to make the pipe.
48 cm

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Surface area and volume

10 A cube has a volume of 343 m3. What is its side length?

11 A wedding cake with three tiers rests on a table.
Each tier is 6 cm high. The layers have radii of 20 cm,
15 cm and 10 cm respectively. Find the total volume
of the cake, correct to the nearest cm3.
6
10

15 6

Shutterstock.com/John Wollwerth
20 6

15 m
12 This swimming pool is 15 m long 1m
and 10 m wide. The depth of the 10 m
water ranges from 1 m to 3 m.
Calculate the capacity of this pool 3m
in kilolitres.

Investigation: Volume vs surface area

You will need: At least 20 centicubes.
1 Copy the following table.

Length Width Height Volume Surface area

8
8
..
.

2 Build as many rectangular prisms as you can with a volume of 8 cubes, but with different
dimensions. Note: 1 3 1 3 8 is the same as 1 3 8 3 1 and 8 3 1 3 1.
3 Record your dimensions in the table and calculate the surface area of each prism.
4 What are the dimensions of the solid that has the smallest surface area?
5 What name do we give to this three-dimensional solid?
6 Repeat the experiment for a volume of:
a 12 cubes b 20 cubes.

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Technology Drawing prisms and cylinders

In this activity you will use Google SketchUp to create your own rectangular prism and cylinder
and accurately calculate their surface area and volume.
1 Select the Rectangle tool and draw a rectangle
in the horizontal plane as shown.

2 To make a rectangular prism, select Push/pull .

Click on the rectangle and pull it up.

3 Measure the dimensions of the rectangular prism by first selecting the Dimensions
tool .
4 Click on the bottom edge of the front face as shown
below and you should see its length displayed.
Drag the length towards you and it will be shown
in front of the prism.

5 Repeat this step for the width and height of your prism.

6 Now in your own book calculate the surface area and volume of your prism.
7 Construct a circle using the Circle tool in
the horizontal plane.

8 Use the Push/pull tool to create a cylinder by pulling up the circle.

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Surface area and volume

9 Use the Orbit tool to change the cylinder to a

different orientation. This allows you to view
the cylinder in different ways.

10 Use Dimensions to measure the radius and height

of your cylinder.

11 Now in your own book calculate the surface area and volume of your cylinder.
12 Draw each solid below and find its surface area and volume.

a triangular prism \ ABC ¼ 90° b a shed with a gabled roof

c annular cylinder d prism

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Mental skills 10B Maths without calculators

Finding 15%, 2 12 %, 25% and 12 12 %

• To find 10% or 1 of a number, divide by 10.
10
• To find 5% of a number, find 10% first, then halve it (since 5% is half of 10%).
• So to find 15% of a number, find 10% and 5% of the number separately, then add the
answers together.
1 Study each example.
a 15% 3 80 ¼ ð10% 3 80Þ þ ð5% 3 80Þ b 15% 3 $170 ¼ ð10% 3 $170Þ
¼8þ4 þ ð5% 3 $170Þ
¼ 12 ¼ $17 þ $8:50
¼ $25:50

c 15% 3 3600 ¼ ð10% 3 3600Þ d 15% 3 $28 ¼ ð10% 3 $28Þ

þ ð5% 3 3600Þ þ ð5% 3 $28Þ
¼ 360 þ 180 ¼ $2:80 þ $1:40
¼ 540 ¼ $4:20

2 Now find 15% of each amount.

a 120 b $840 c 260 d $202
e $50 f 72 g $180 h 400
i $1600 j $22 k 6000 l $350
To find 2 12 % of a number, first find 5%, then halve it.
3 Study each example.
1 1
a 2 2 % 3 600 b 2 2 % 3 $820
10% 3 600 ¼ 60 10% 3 $820 ¼ $82
5% 3 600 ¼ 1 3 60 ¼ 30 5% 3 $820 ¼ 1 3 82 ¼ $41
2 2
2 % 3 600 ¼ 1 3 30 ¼ 15
1 2 % 3 $820 ¼ 1 3 $41 ¼ $20:50
1
2 2 2 2

4 Now find 2 12 % of each amount.

a 400 b 6640 c $2000 d $880
e 1500 f $232 g 5400 h $904
To find 25% of a number, halve the number twice as 25% ¼ 1.
4
5 Study each example.
a 25% 3 700 b 25% 3 $86
50% 3 700 ¼ 1 3 700 ¼ 350 50% 3 $86 ¼ 1 3 $86 ¼ $43
2 2
25% 3 700 ¼ 1 3 350 ¼ 175 ) 25% 3 $86 ¼ 1 3 $43 ¼ $21:50
2 2

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Surface area and volume

6 Now find 25% of each of each amount.

a 2000 b $80 c 18 d $25
e $324 f $140 g 66 h 298
i $780 j $1700 k $126 l 1160
To find 12 12 % of a number, find 25% first, then halve it. In other words, halve three
times because 12 12 % ¼ 1.
8
7 Study each example.
1 1
a 12 2 % 3 400 b 12 % 3 $144
2
1
50% 3 400 ¼ 3 400 ¼ 200 50% 3 $144 ¼ 1 3 $144 ¼ $72
2 2
1
25% 3 400 ¼ 3 200 ¼ 100 25% 3 $144 ¼ 1 3 $72 ¼ $36
2 2
12 1 % 3 400 ¼ 1 3 100 ¼ 50 12 1 % 3 $144 ¼ 1 3 $36 ¼ $18
2 2 2 2
8 Now find 12 12 % of each amount.
a 1280 b $12 c 60 d $260
e $540 f $250 g 304 h 1360

Power plus

1 A spiral is formed from four semicircles as shown. The diameter

of the smallest semicircle is 10 cm, and the semicircles are
10
10 cm apart. Find the total length of the spiral:
a correct to two decimal places b in terms of p.
10

2 For this pattern, all lengths are in metres. Calculate,

correct to two decimal places:
a its perimeter b its area 4 4 4 4 4 4

3 ABCD is a rhombus. If AC ¼ 24 cm and BD ¼ 18 cm, D C

find the perimeter of the rhombus.

A B
40 m arc
4 To qualify for the next round of the discus
trials, Bronte must throw the discus beyond
qualify ing area

1m 45°
the 40 m arc. Find, correct to the nearest m2,
the shaded disqualifying area of the sector, disqualifying
given that the small circle has a radius area
of 1 m. 40 m

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5 For each composite shape calculate, correct to one decimal place:
i its area ii its perimeter.
All measurements are in centimetres.
15
a b c
8
12
8 6
9
6 The three faces of a rectangular prism have areas as
shown. Calculate the volume of the prism. 40 cm2

20 cm2 32 cm2

7 A cube opened at one end has an external surface area of 1125 cm2. Find its volume.
8 A 10 m flat square roof drains into a cylindrical 10 m
rainwater tank with a diameter of 4 m. If 5 mm
of rain falls on the roof, by how much (to the
nearest mm) does the level of water in the 10 m
tank rise?

2m

4m

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 Chapter 10 review

n Language of maths
Puzzle sheet
arc length base capacity circumference
Surface area and
volume crossword
cross-section curved surface diagonal diameter
MAT09MGPS10118 giga- kilobyte limits of accuracy mega-
megabyte micro- (m) net perimeter
Quiz
perpendicular height pi (p) prefix radius/radii
Measurement

MAT09MGQZ00003
rectangular prism sector surface area triangular prism
1 Draw a circle and label on it:
a a sector b a diameter c an arc length
2 In the formula V ¼ Ah, explain what V, A and h stand for.
3 Which metric prefix means ‘one-millionth’?
4 Write the definition of a prism using the word cross-section.
5 How do you find the surface area of a solid?
6 Name a solid that has a curved surface.

n Topic overview
• Write 10 questions (with solutions) that could be used in a test for this chapter. Include some
questions that you have found difficult to answer.
• Swap your questions with another student and check their solutions against yours.
• List the sections of work in this chapter that you did not understand. Follow up this work with
your friend or teacher.

Worksheet Copy and complete this mind map of the topic, adding detail to its branches and using pictures,
Mind map: Surface
symbols and colour where needed. Ask your teacher to check your work.
area and volume
Limits of accuracy of
MAT09MGWK10119
measuring instruments
Metric units Perimeters and areas
of composite shapes

Volumes of prisms SURFACE AREA

and cylinders AND VOLUME
Areas of quadrilaterals

Surface areas of prisms Circumferences and areas

and cylinders of circular shapes

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 Chapter 10 revision

1 Convert: See Exercise 10-01

a 8 km to m b 15 min to s c 0.7 m to mm
d 250 000 g to kg e 8.4 GB to MB f 9.5 t to kg
g 300 min to h h 34 000 B to kB I 125 kL to L
j 2500 cm to km k 17 000 000 kg to t l 8900 GB to TB
m 10 500 ms to s n 9.1 millennia to years o 2.6 Mm to m
p 3 ly to km q 0.000 000 4 s to ms r 75 000 000 mm to m
2 For each measuring instrument, state: See Exercise 10-02

i the size of one unit on the scale ii its limits of accuracy.

a

c d
Shutterstock.com/Sergey Melnikov

3 Calculate the perimeter of each shape. See Exercise 10-03

18 mm 24 cm
a 13 m b c d
18 mm
7m

25 m
13 m

17 cm

9 cm
12 mm

18 cm

7m 15 cm

4 Calculate the area of each shape. See Exercise 10-03

a 18 mm b 17 m c d
18 mm

75 mm

15 m
12 cm
15 m

17 m

8m 20 cm

34 mm
12 mm

18 mm

16 cm
80 mm

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 Chapter 10 revision

See Exercise 10-04 5 Calculate the area of each quadrilateral.

b c 9m
a 12 mm 9 mm
10.3 m
4 cm 40 mm

3 cm 10 cm 9 mm
5.7 m

d e f
8 mm P Q

5m
12 mm 12 m PR = 20 cm
12 m SQ = 26 cm
5m
9 mm 16 mm S R

See Exercise 10-05 6 For each shape calculate, correct to one decimal place:
i its perimeter ii its area.

a b c

20 cm 16 m
24 mm

48 mm
12 m

d e f
60°
14 m 120° 1.6 m 6 cm
1.2 m
60° 60°

2.5 m

See Exercise 10-05 7 Calculate, correct to two decimal places, the area of each shape.

a b c
20 mm
6m
11 cm
9 mm
15 cm
11 mm

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8 Calculate the surface area of each prism. See Exercise 10-06

a closed cube b open rectangular prism

4m

3.2 m 5.5 m

8m

c d

15 m
24 m
16 m
30 m
8m
14 m

9 Calculate, correct to two decimal places, the surface area of each cylinder. Stage 5.2
15 mm
a b c See Exercise 10-07
23 mm

2.7 cm
21 m

Cylinder, 4.8 cm
open at
35 m one end

10 Calculate the volume of each prism in question 8. See Exercise 10-08

11 Calculate, correct to two decimal places, the volume of each cylinder in question 9. See Exercise 10-08

12 A rectangular fish tank is 75 cm long by 55 cm wide by 35 cm deep and is filled to 5 cm from See Exercise 10-08
the top. How many litres of water is in the tank?
13 Calculate the volume of this prism. Measurements 35 See Exercise 10-08
are in centimetres.

20
15 12
40
10

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