Solid Mechanics

REGENT EDUCATION & RESEARCH
FOUNDATION,GROUP OF INSTITUTION
PRESENTED BY : ARGHYA MODAK

ROLL NO : 26300721045
DEPARTMENT: MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
SUBJECT & SUBJECT CODE: SOLID MECHANICS , PC-ME 502
TOPIC NAME: INTRODUCTION OF ELASTICITY
SEMESTER: 5th
YEAR: 3rd
INTRODUCTION OF ELASTICITY
When solids are subjected to an external force,

atomic or molecules got displaced from their
equilibrium position resulting a change in inter
atomic distances. In this process a restoring force
is developed inside solids which is equal and
opposite to the external force, this can be
reasoned by Newton’s third law.
STRESS & STRAIN
Stress:- The restoring force per unit area is known as
stress.
If F is the force applied and A is the area of cross
section of the
body.
Stress = F/A
The SI unit of stress is N/m2
Strain:- It is defined as change in dimensions per unit

original
dimensions.
Strain= change in dimensions/original dimensions
Strain has no unit.
Tensile and compressive stress.
This stress due to external force results
change in longitudinal design or length.
TWO FORCES ACT IN SAME DIRECTION TO

CAUSE STREACHING OR COMPRESSION
Ratio of change of length to original length is

called strain.
There are 3 types of strain:-
1) Tensile or Longitudinal Strain:-
The change in the length per unit original
length of the body is known as
longitudinal strain.
Longitudinal strain = l/L
2) Volume stress :-
The change in the volume per unit original
length of the body is known as
volume strain.
Volume Strain = dV/V
3) Shear stress :-
The ratio of relative displacement
of any layer to its perpendicular
distance from fixed surface
is known as shear strain.
Shear Strain = X/L
HOOKE’S LAW
HOOKE’S LAW:-
Statement:- “Within elastic limit, stress is
directly proportional to strain.” Thus,
stress ∝ strain
stress = M × strain
where M = proportionality constant called
as modulus of elasticity.
Therefore,
M= Stress/strain
There are 3 types of elastic constants:-
1) Young’s Modulus (Y)
2) Bulk Modulus (K)
3) Modulus of Rigidity(η)
1) Young’s Modulus (Y):-
It is the ratio of longitudinal stress to the longitudinal
strain.
Y = Longitudinal stress /Longitudinal strain
= (Mg/∏r2)
(l/L)
= MgL
∏r2 l
S.I unit of Y is N/m2
Dimensions are [L-1 M1 T-2]
2) Bulk Modulus(K):-
It is the ratio of volume stress to the volume strain.
K = volume stress
volume strain
= dP
(dV/V)
= V.dP
dV
S.I unit of Y is N/m2
Dimensions are [L-1 M1 T-2]
Determination of Young’s Modulus of the
Material of a wire
Modulus of Rigidity(η):-
It is the ratio of shearing stress to the shearing strain.
η = shearing stress/shearing strain.
= (F/A)/θ
= F/A θ
Poisson’s Ratio(σ):
“It is defined as the ratio of lateral strain to the longitudinal strain.”
σ = lateral strain/longitudinal strain
but, lateral strain= Change in dimension/original dimension
and longitudinal strain = Change in length/original length
.’. σ = (-dW/W)
(l/L)
= dW.L
Wl
Negative sign indicates that increase in length is accompanied by decrease in
its
transverse dimensions.
FACTOR OF SAFETY
• To avoid permanent elastic limit with a working stress.
• Factor of safety deformation is due to maximum stress above which a
material looses, the engineering tools are to be used within the factor of
safety
• Factor of safety = Breaking stress / Working stress.
ELASTIC DEFORMATION
• proportional limit: it is the point up to which hooks law is applicable i.e.,
stress is directly proportional to strain.
• Elastic limit: there is always the limiting value of load up to which strain
totally disappear on removal of load
• material possesses elastic nature and properties till elastic limit.
• up to this point material obtains its original configuration on
removing load.
• Yield point: The stress beyond which material becomes plastic.
• Load at which permanent deformation of material starts.
The material will have change in their elastic property because of the
following factors.
a) Effect of stress: For large number of cycles of stresses, it loses its

elastic property even within the elastic limit. Therefore, the working stress on
the material should be kept lower than the ultimate tensile strength and the
safety factor.
b) Effect of Annealing: Annealing is made to a material it results in the

formation of large crystal grains, which ultimately reduces the elastic
property of the material.
c) Effect of temperature: Normally the elasticity increases with the

decrease in temperature and vice-versa.

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REGENT EDUCATION & RESEARCH

PRESENTED BY : ARGHYA MODAK

When solids are subjected to an external force,

Strain:- It is defined as change in dimensions per unit

TWO FORCES ACT IN SAME DIRECTION TO

Ratio of change of length to original length is

a) Effect of stress: For large number of cycles of stresses, it loses its

b) Effect of Annealing: Annealing is made to a material it results in the

c) Effect of temperature: Normally the elasticity increases with the

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