----------MPI MINI PROJECT----------

Implementation of Piano (8 keys) (when a key is pressed, the

corresponding frequency will be played) by using 8051
Microcontroller.
A Project Report
Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
In
Computer Science & Engineering
By

K.S.S.Keerti
1602-17-733-043
A.V.L.Likhita
1602-17-733-058
Under the guidance of

Mrs. B.Syamala
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

Department of Computer Science & Engineering

Vasavi College of Engineering.
(Affiliated to Osmania University)
Ibrahimbagh, Hyderabad.

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 CONTENTS PAGE NO.
Acknowledgement 3
List of Figures 4
Introduction to 8051 Microcontroller 5
Description of the project 8
Software Requirement 9
Simulation using Proteus 8 Professional 10
Implementation 12
Outputs 19
Conclusion and Future work 23
References 24

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express our heartfelt gratitude to Mrs. B.Syamala, our project guide, for
his valuable guidance and constant support, along with his capable instruction and
persistent encouragement.

I am grateful to our Head of Department, Dr. T. Adilakshmi, for her steady support and the
provision of every resource required for the completion of this project.

I would like to take this opportunity to thank our Principal, Dr. S. V. RAMANA, as well
as the management of the institute, for having designed an excellent learning atmosphere.

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 LIST OF FIGURES:

Figure 1: Layout of 8051 Microcontroller

Figure 2: Pin Diagram of 8051 Microcontroller
Figure 3: Proteus 8 Simulation
Figure 4: Hex code generation in Keil
Figure 5: Output (key 1)
Figure 6: Output (key 2)
Figure 7: Output (key 3)
Figure 8: Output (key 4)
Figure 9: Output (key 5)
Figure 10: Output (key 6)
Figure 11: Output (key 7)
Figure 12: Output (key 8)

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 INTRODUCTION TO 8051 MICROCONTROLLER
8051 is an 8-bit family of microcontroller developed by Intel in the year 1981. This is one
of the most popular family of microcontroller being used all across the world. This
microcontroller was also referred as “system on a chip” because it has 128 bytes of RAM,
4Kbytes of ROM, 2 Timers, 1 Serial port, and four ports on a single chip. The CPU can
work for only 8bits of data at a time because 8051 is an 8-bit processor. In case the data is
larger than 8 bits then it has to be broken into parts so that the CPU can process
conveniently. Most manufacturers have put 4Kbytes of ROM even though the quantity of
ROM can be exceeded up to 64 K bytes. The 8051 has been in use in a wide number of
devices, mainly because it is easy to integrate into a project or build a device around.
Since the basic layout of a microcontroller includes a CPU, ROM, RAM, etc. the 8051
microcontroller also has a similar layout. The following image shows a brief layout of a
typical 8051 Microcontroller. It is a CISC based Microcontroller with Harvard Architecture
(separate program and data memory).
8051 Internal Architecture

• 8 – bit CPU with two Registers A (Accumulator) and B.

• Internal ROM of 8K Bytes – It is a flash memory that supports in – system
programming.
• Internal RAM of 256 Bytes – The first 128 Bytes of the RAM i.e. 00H to 7FH is
again divided in to 4 banks with 8 registers (R0 – R7) in each bank, 16 bit addressable
registers and 80 general purpose registers. The higher 128 Bytes of the RAM i.e. 80H
to FFH consists of SFRs or Special Function Registers. Using SFRs we can control
different peripherals like Timers, Serial Port, all I/O Ports, etc.

• 32 I/O Pins (Input / Output Pins) – Arranged as 4 Ports: P0, P1, P2 and P3.
• 8- bit Stack Pointer (SP) and Processor Status Word (PSW).
• 16 – bit Program Counter (PC) and Data Pointer (DPTR).
• Two 16 – bit Timers / Counters – T0 and T1.
• Control Registers – SCON, PCON, TCON, TMOD, IP and IE.
• Serial Data Transmitter and Receiver for Full – Duplex Operation – SBUF.
• Interrupts: Two External and Three Internal.
• Oscillator and Clock Circuit.

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 Figure 1
Pin Description of 8051 Microcontroller
• Pins 1 to 8 − These pins are known as Port 1. This port doesn’t serve any other
functions. It is internally pulled up, bi-directional I/O port.
• Pin 9 − It is a RESET pin, which is used to reset the microcontroller to its initial
values.
• Pins 10 to 17 − These pins are known as Port 3. This port serves some functions
like interrupts, timer input, control signals, serial communication signals RxD and
TxD, etc.
• Pins 18 & 19 − These pins are used for interfacing an external crystal to get the
system clock.
• Pin 20 − This pin provides the power supply to the circuit.
• Pins 21 to 28 − These pins are known as Port 2. It serves as I/O port. Higher order
address bus signals are also multiplexed using this port.

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• Pin 29 − This is PSEN pin which stands for Program Store Enable. It is used to read
a signal from the external program memory.
• Pin 30 − This is EA pin which stands for External Access input. It is used to
enable/disable the external memory interfacing.
• Pin 31 − This is ALE pin which stands for Address Latch Enable. It is used to
demultiplex the address-data signal of port.
• Pins 32 to 39 − These pins are known as Port 0. It serves as I/O port. Lower order
address and data bus signals are multiplexed using this port.
• Pin 40 − This pin is used to provide power supply to the circuit.

Figure 2

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 DESCRIPTION
The piano is a musical instrument played mainly by means of a keyboard. It is one of the
most popular instruments in the world.
The rhythmic organization is based on rhythmic patterns called Taal. The melodic
foundations are called ragas. One possible classification of ragas is into “melodic modes”
or “parent scales”, known as Thaats, under which most ragas can be classified based on the
notes they use.
Thaats may consist of up to seven scale degrees, or swara. Hindustani musicians name
these pitches using a system called Sargam, the equivalent of Western movable do
solfege:
Sa (Shadaj) = Do
Re (Rishab) = Re
Ga (Gandhar) = Mi
Ma (Madhyam) = Fa
Pa (Pancham) = So
Dha (Dhaivat) = La
Ni (Nishad) = Ti
Sa (Shadaj) = Do
Both systems repeat at the octave. The difference between sargam and solfege is that re,
ga, ma, dha, and ni can refer to either “Natural” (Shuddha) or altered “Flat” (Komal) or
“Sharp” (Tivra) versions of their respective scale degrees. As with movable do solfege, the
notes are heard relative to an arbitrary tonic that varies from performance to performance,
rather than to fixed frequencies, as on a xylophone.
In this project we are generating the same friquencies whch are excately same as sa re ga
ma pa dha ni sa by using the controller.

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 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT
For this project, we have used Keil MicroVision 3 as the software development
environment. Keil MDK is the complete software development environment for a wide
range of Arm Cortex-M based microcontroller devices. MDK includes the µVision
IDE and debugger, Arm C/C++ compiler, and essential middleware components.
And for simulation, we have used Proteus 8 Professional (Schematic Capture). It allows us
to develop hardware implementation of the project by providing a wide range of
components to build circuits in workspace and thereby allows us to attach “hex” code to
the simulation and run the simulation at real-time.
Features of Device:
Windows 10
64-bit Operating System
8 GB RAM

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 SIMULATION USING PROTEUS 8 :
The microcontroller used for this simulation is AT89C51 (ATMEL) microcontroller.

COMPONENTS:
1. AT89C51 Microcontroller - 8051 microcontroller – 4 KB Code, 33 MHz,
2 X 16-bit timers, UART
This is the main component of the project, to the 8 pins belonging to
Port 1 i.e. P1.0, P1.1, P1.2, P1.3, P1.4, P1.5, P1.6 and P1.7, we
connect the 8 buttons. Upon the press of any button accordingly
frequencies are generated, depending on the program written in the
Keil software development tool.
2. Button – SPST Push button
8 buttons are used to simulate 8 different keys of the Piano.
3. Speaker – Generic Load Speaker
The speaker acts as the audio output.
4. Oscilloscope
The oscilloscope is used to display and analyse the waveform of
electric signals. To identify and differentiate different frequencies
produced by the speaker on different press of buttons.
5. Terminals – Ground
The other ends of buttons are connected to the ground terminal.
6. Wires
Wires have been used to connect all the components.

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 Figure 3

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 IMPLEMENTATION
#include<reg51.h>
sbit bu=P2^0;
void delay1on()
{
TMOD=0X01;
TH0=0Xf8;
TL0=0X80;
TR0=1;
while(TF0==0);
TR0=0;
TF0=0;
}
void delay2on()
{
TMOD=0X01;
TH0=0Xf9;
TL0=0X55;
TR0=1;
while(TF0==0);
TR0=0;
TF0=0;
}
void delay3on()
{
TMOD=0X01;
TH0=0Xfa;
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TL0=0X00;
TR0=1;
while(TF0==0);
TR0=0;
TF0=0;
}
void delay4on()
{
TMOD=0X01;
TH0=0Xfa;
TL0=0Xab;
TR0=1;
while(TF0==0);
TR0=0;
TF0=0;
}
void delay5on()
{
TMOD=0X01;
TH0=0XFB;
TL0=0X00;
TR0=1;
while(TF0==0);
TR0=0;
TF0=0;
}
void delay6on()

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{
TMOD=0X01;
TH0=0XFB;
TL0=0X80;
TR0=1;
while(TF0==0);
TR0=0;
TF0=0;
}
void delay7on()
{
TMOD=0X01;
TH0=0XFC;
TL0=0X00;
TR0=1;
while(TF0==0);
TR0=0;
TF0=0;
}
void delay8on()
{
TMOD=0X01;
TH0=0XFC;
TL0=0X40;
TR0=1;
while(TF0==0);
TR0=0;

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TF0=0;
}

void main()
{
P2=0X00;
while(1)
{
if(P1==0xFE)
{
bu=~bu;
delay1on();
}
else if(P1==0xFD)
{
bu=~bu;
delay2on();
}
else if(P1==0XFB)
{
bu=~bu;
delay3on();
}
else if(P1==0XF7)
{
bu=~bu;
delay4on();

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}
else if(P1==0XEF)
{
bu=~bu;
delay5on();
}
else if(P1==0XDF)
{
bu=~bu;
delay6on();
}
else if(P1==0XBF)
{
bu=~bu;
delay7on();
}
else if(P1==0X7F)
{
bu=~bu;
delay8on();
}
}
}

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 Figure 4

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Creation of hex file for the piano.c
program
According to the buttons pressed, corresponding frequencies are produced. The frequencies
are generated in the oscilloscope and can be viewed for further examination of the
frequency pulses. And, also before running the simulation the values of frequencies must
be same for both the keil project code written as well as proteus simulation. Hence, in the
keil target1 that has been generated for current project we need to set “Target-XTAL”:
11.0592 MHZ and “Use on chip ROM” are to be selected. Along with this in the “Output”
window we need to enable the generate “hex” file check box so that we can add the
resultant hex file produced into the Proteus simulation. In the Proteus, after the construction
of circuit using the components mentioned, we need to double click on the Atmel
microcontroller, and in the window browse the hex file that was generated previously. And
donot forget to set up the frequency same as that of in Keil project i.e. 11.0592 MHz.

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 OUTPUTS in OSCILLOSCOPE:
Different output wave forms produced by the oscilloscope on key press of piano.

Figure 5 (key 1)

Figure 6 (key 2)

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Figure 7 (key 3)

Figure 8 (key 4)

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Figure 9 (key 5)

Figure 10 (key 6)

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Figure 11 (key 7)

Figure 12 (key 8)

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 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK:
Finally, with the guidance of our faculty and under the supervision of our respectable
H.O.D we are done with our project and I am happy that it is running successfully and I
hope that our solution will be useful for all others. Finally, at the end of the day we are
done with our project.
I would like to thank our faculty and the department of CSE for giving me this opportunity
to learn a lot of things from Keil and Proteus, using which I have developed my project.The
project works well as an 8 key piano that produces different frequencies of sound on button
press.

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 REFERENCES:

1. http://www.keil.com/ - KEIL MICROVISION

2. https://electronicswork.wordpress.com/2012/10/19/microcontroller-8051-
piano-in-keil-and-proteus-simulator/
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oWr37z8LIrg
4. https://www.electronicshub.org/8051-microcontroller-introduction/
5. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UfTTas8HjVE
6. https://www.labcenter.com/ - PROTEUS

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