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Gec 04

This document discusses various definitions and conceptions of globalization from different experts and fields. It provides definitions from political scientists, economists, and culture/communication scholars. Globalization is defined as the expansion and intensification of social relations and consciousness across world-time and world-space. It can be viewed as a process, condition, or ideology. While views differ, the document settles on Steger's definition as the most comprehensive working definition.

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Lhian Saludes
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105 views2 pages

Gec 04

This document discusses various definitions and conceptions of globalization from different experts and fields. It provides definitions from political scientists, economists, and culture/communication scholars. Globalization is defined as the expansion and intensification of social relations and consciousness across world-time and world-space. It can be viewed as a process, condition, or ideology. While views differ, the document settles on Steger's definition as the most comprehensive working definition.

Uploaded by

Lhian Saludes
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CONCEPTS OF GLOBALIZATION • According to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, globalization refers

to "fundamental changes in the spatial and temporal contours of social


This introduces the learners to the concepts and various definitions of existence, according to which the significance of space or territory
globalization as a process, condition, and ideology. It also exposes the undergoes shifts in the face of a no less dramatic acceleration in the
learners to the academic and non-biased definition of globalization based temporal structure of crucial forms of human activity." In simple terms,
on political scientists, economists, and culture and communication experts. globalization is a societal phenomenon wherein social barriers no longer
exist and the only thing that separates people from each other is time and
OBJECTIVES: not geographical restrictions. Human interactions will no longer be confined
At the end of this module, the learners are expected to: by territorial means because people will coexist as inhabitants of a single
1. Define and explain the meaning of globalization; community with the aid of technology and other innovations in
2. Examine the various conceptions of globalization: communication, transportation, etc. • Freeden (2003) theorizes that
3. Distinguish the different definitions of globalization from experts; and globalization denotes a range of processes nesting under one rather difficult
4. Adopt a working definition of globalization description. Partly, its conceptual difficulty to handle or control arises from
the fact that global flows occur in different physical and mental dimensions.
One thing is sure, globalization is a phenomenon.
• Arjun Appadurai (1996) proposes that different kinds of globalization
Since the early 19th century, globalization has been a "buzzword" occur on multiple and intersecting dimensions of integration that he calls
throughout the world, though the term itself has been popularized only "scapes". These five scapes are;
through former Harvard Business School Professor Theodore Levitt's article
entitled "The Globalization of Markets." (Levitt, 1983) Globalization refers to  Ethnoscape- refers to the global movement of the people
the existence of free exchange goods, services, culture, and even people,  Mediascape- flow of culture
between and among countries. Under the banner of globalization, countries  Technoscape- refers to the circulation of mechanical goods and
have discarded taxes on imported goods (tariffs) and opened their doors to software
highly skilled workers and professionals. Through globalization people  Financescape- denotes the global circulation of money
became more interested to travel, learn new languages, and immerse  Ideoscape- the realm where political ideas move around
themselves into new cultures and lifestyles.

On the first decade of the 21st century, some scholars argued that
globalization is a process. However, on the other it is a condition and for o For the Political Scientists, globalization refers to challenges to the
some, it is described as an ideology. nation-state, strength of regional blocs, and development of global
political standards.
Central to the study of the contemporary world is the concept of o For the Economists, globalization occurs through increasing free
globalization. The following are the underlying definitions of globalization: trade, speed of trade (milliseconds to trade shares), and the
presence of global economic organizations.
o Free Trade - is a policy followed by some international markets in which somebody on one side of the world can interact to mutual benefit
which countries' governments do not restrict imports from, or with somebody the other side of the world. (Larsson, 2001).
exports to, other countries
o For the scholar of culture and communication, globalization is the Some scholars consider Globalization as a process, a condition, or an
creation of global village due to technological revolutions, ideology. Experts from different fields of social sciences also define
communications technology as shrinking our world, and cultural globalization based on their expertise. But a working definition has to
imperialism. encompass all definitions of and notions about globalization. Steger's
• Manfred Steger - "Globalization is the expansion and intensification of definition, for the purpose of this module, is the most unbiased working
social relations and consciousness across world-time and world-space." definition.

o Expansion - refers to "both the creation of new social networks and the
multiplication of existing connections that cut across traditional political,
economic, cultural and geographic boundaries.
o Intensification - refers to the expansion, stretching, and acceleration of
these networks.

 universalism - values that hugs all humanity.


 Globality - globalization as a condition (Steger, 2002)

Competing Conceptions of Globalization

There are manifold concepts, perspectives, and ideas about globalization.


Many scholars gave and tried to formulate the definition of globalization.
This resulted in different, sometimes contradicting, views about the
concept.

•Manfred Steger remarks that since its earliest appearance in the 1960s,
the term 'globalization' has been used in both popular and academic
literature to describe a process, a condition, a system, a force, and an age.
(Steger, 2003)

• Thomas Larsson, a Swedish journalist saw globalization as positive


phenomenon and define it as "the process of world shrinkage, of distances
getting shorter, things moving closer. It pertains to the increasing ease with

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