June 2022 Pak Studies P1 O Level Marking Scheme

Cambridge IGCSE™
PAKISTAN STUDIES 0448/01

Paper 1 The History and Culture of Pakistan May/June 2022
MARK SCHEME
Maximum Mark: 75
Published
This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the
examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the
details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have
considered the acceptability of alternative answers.
Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for
Teachers.
Cambridge International will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes.
Cambridge International is publishing the mark schemes for the May/June 2022 series for most
Cambridge IGCSE, Cambridge International A and AS Level and Cambridge Pre-U components, and some
Cambridge O Level components.
This document consists of 14 printed pages.
© UCLES 2022 [Turn over

0448/01 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme May/June 2022
PUBLISHED
Generic Marking Principles
These general marking principles must be applied by all examiners when marking candidate answers.
They should be applied alongside the specific content of the mark scheme or generic level descriptors
for a question. Each question paper and mark scheme will also comply with these marking principles.
GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 1:
Marks must be awarded in line with:
 the specific content of the mark scheme or the generic level descriptors for the question
 the specific skills defined in the mark scheme or in the generic level descriptors for the question
 the standard of response required by a candidate as exemplified by the standardisation scripts.
Marks awarded are always whole marks (not half marks, or other fractions).
Marks must be awarded positively:
 marks are awarded for correct/valid answers, as defined in the mark scheme. However, credit
is given for valid answers which go beyond the scope of the syllabus and mark scheme,
referring to your Team Leader as appropriate
 marks are awarded when candidates clearly demonstrate what they know and can do
 marks are not deducted for errors
 marks are not deducted for omissions
 answers should only be judged on the quality of spelling, punctuation and grammar when these
features are specifically assessed by the question as indicated by the mark scheme. The
meaning, however, should be unambiguous.
Rules must be applied consistently, e.g. in situations where candidates have not followed
instructions or in the application of generic level descriptors.
Marks should be awarded using the full range of marks defined in the mark scheme for the question
(however; the use of the full mark range may be limited according to the quality of the candidate
responses seen).
Marks awarded are based solely on the requirements as defined in the mark scheme. Marks should
not be awarded with grade thresholds or grade descriptors in mind.
© UCLES 2022 Page 2 of 14

PUBLISHED
Generic levels of response marking grids
Table 1
The table should be used to mark the part (c) question in Section A and part (b) questions in Section
B.
Target: Demonstrates knowledge and understanding of the past through historical

Marks
explanation (AO1, AO2)
Level 3 Explanation 5–7
 one explanation [5]

 two explanations or one developed explanation [6]
 additional explanation(s) and/or developed explanation(s) [7]
Supported by relevant and accurate contextual knowledge
Level 2 Identification/description 2–4
Identifies and/or describes using relevant and accurate contextual

knowledge (1 mark per identification/description)
Level 1 General answer 1
Valid general comment lacking specific knowledge
Level 0 No creditable response 0

PUBLISHED
Table 2
The table should be used to mark the part (c) questions in Section B.
Target: Demonstrates knowledge and understanding of the past through historical

Marks
explanation and an ability to analyse and evaluate historical events (AO1, AO2)
Level 5 Explanation with evaluation/judgement 13–14
 explanation at the top of Level 4 with an evaluation/judgement

supported by relevant and accurate contextual knowledge [13]
 explanation at the top of Level 4 with a developed evaluation/
judgement supported by relevant and accurate contextual knowledge
[14]
Level 4 Explanation of both sides of the issue 10–12
 one explanation of each side of the issue [10]

 two explanations or one developed explanation of one side of the
issue and an explanation of the other side of the issue [11]
 additional explanation(s) and/or developed explanation(s) from
either side of the issue [12]
Level 3 Explanation of one side of the issue 7–9

Level 2 Identification/description of the issue 3–6
Identifies and/or describes the issue using relevant and accurate contextual
Level 1 General answer 1–2
Valid general comment(s) lacking specific subject knowledge (1 mark per

general comment)
Level 0 No creditable response 0

PUBLISHED
Question Answer Marks
1(a) According to Source A, what examples of ‘enormous progress’ (line 1) 3

had the Muslim League made?
Target: AO4
 it had ‘become a strong institution’

 it would be ‘capable of having a long-term influence’
 ‘the League was a great success’
 the British ‘were taking the Muslim League seriously’ [1] ‘and thought of
them as a major power’ [1]
 ‘Muslim India was now politically ‘conscious and awake’’
 ‘the Muslim League would be a permanent feature of Indian politics’
One mark for each relevant statement correctly identified from the source.
Note: candidates may paraphrase but content must be derived from

the bullet point statements above.
1(b) What can we learn from Source B about the tensions that existed 5
over the future of the subcontinent?
Target: AO1, AO4
Level 3 (4–5 marks) Supported valid inference(s)

 one valid inference supported by a surface feature from source B [4]
 additional valid inference(s) supported by surface feature(s) from
source B or one valid inference supported by a surface feature from
source B and contextual knowledge [5]
Level 2 (2–3 marks) Unsupported valid inference(s)

 one unsupported valid inference [2]
 additional unsupported valid inference(s) [3]
Level 1 (1 mark) Identifies a surface feature

Any correct surface feature taken from source B [1]
Level 0 (0 marks) No creditable response
Note: an unsupported valid inference can only be credited if it can be inferred

directly from the source.
Note: In Levels 1–3 a response that does not use source B cannot be
credited.

PUBLISHED
1(b) Indicative content
Surface feature
 two elephants are clashing/facing/charging/fighting each other
 the elephant on the left is labelled Hindu India
 the elephant on the right is labelled Muslim India
 the lion/monkey/man is labelled Attlee
 there is a lion/monkey/man in between the two elephants/in the middle
 the lion/monkey/man is wearing bandages
 the lion/monkey/man is saying ‘no more of that I’m leaving’/I’m leaving
Valid inference
 it was between two powerful sides/two sides who were
determined/wanted different things
 it damaged Britain
 both sides were attacking Britain
 it shows the British are failing/lost control/struggling for control
 it shows the Muslims and Hindus rejected British rule
 it shows the British were under pressure
 it shows there was tension between the Muslims and Hindus
 neither side/community look prepared to ‘give in’/concede ground
 tensions between the three figures were longstanding
 it shows that Britain had a role as negotiator
 efforts by the British to intervene have been unsuccessful and damaging
to Britain
Contextual knowledge
 the Cabinet Mission Plan, 1946
 threat of civil war after Direct Action Day in August 1946
 formation of an interim government in September 1946 (led by Nehru)
 the 3 June Plan, 1947
 ‘Hindu India’ wanted a united India and ‘Muslim India’ wanted an
independent state of Pakistan
 Britain wanted to leave India, but would only do so once Mountbatten’s plan
had been implemented
Other relevant responses should also be credited.
1(c) Explain why the Cripps Mission had limited success in 1942. 7
Target: AO1, AO2

Mark according to the level of response descriptors in Table 1.
Indicative content
 Congress rejected it
 the Muslim League opposed it
 Britain was concentrating on the War
 this combined rejection demonstrated the weakness of the proposals
made

PUBLISHED
1(d) ‘Disagreement over the future role of central government in the 10

subcontinent was the main reason for the breakdown of the Gandhi–
Jinnah talks in 1944.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain
your answer.
Target: AO1, AO2
Level 5 (10 marks) Explains with evaluation/judgement

Explanation at the top of Level 4 with an evaluation/judgement supported by
relevant and accurate contextual knowledge
Level 4 (7–9 marks) Explanation of both sides of the issue

 one explanation of each side of the issue [7]
 two explanations or one developed explanation of one side of the issue
and an explanation of the other side of the issue [8]
 additional explanation(s) and/or developed explanation(s) from either side
of the issue [9]
Level 3 (4–6 marks) Explanation of one side of the issue

Level 2 (2–3 marks) Identification/description of the issue

Identifies and/or describes the issue using relevant and accurate contextual
Level 1 (1 mark) General answer

Valid general comment lacking specific subject knowledge
Level 0 (0 marks) No creditable response

PUBLISHED
1(d) Indicative content
May agree that the disagreement over the future role of central government in
the subcontinent was the main reason for the breakdown of the Gandhi–
Jinnah talks in 1944:
 Gandhi wanted central government to have control over defence and
foreign policy
 Jinnah thought such matters should be in the hands of local government
and/or provinces
counter-arguments might include:

 Gandhi felt that partition should not be discussed until after the British
left India. Jinnah wanted partition before the British left as Congress
were unlikely to agree to it once the British had gone.
 Gandhi considered himself to be speaking for all of India. Jinnah
reminded him that, as a Hindu, Gandhi was only the spokesman of
Congress.
 Gandhi and Jinnah disagreed over the ‘Two-Nation’ Theory which had
become official Muslim League policy.
2(a) Describe what happened at the battle of Balakot. 4
Target: AO1
One mark for each relevant point. Additional mark for supporting detail.
Indicative content
 it took place in 1831

 Syed Ahmad Barelvi was killed [1] along with Shah Ismail, his commander
[1]
 Syed Ahmad had hoped to liberate Kashmir and Hazara
 Balakot was thought to be safe [1] as it was protected on three sides by
mountains [1]
 Syed Ahmad was betrayed by local leaders [1] who told the Sikhs a way
through the mountains to Balakot [1]
 the Sikhs led by Ranjit Singh [1] launched a surprise attack [1] who
outnumbered Syed Ahmad’s forces [1]
 600 of Syed Ahmad’s forces were killed

PUBLISHED
2(b) Explain why Haji Shariatullah was an important figure in the revival 7
of Islam during the eighteenth century.
Target: AO1, AO2

Indicative content
 he founded the Faraizi Movement

 he felt that the Muslim community were treated badly by Hindu groups
 he felt that the Muslim community were demoralised
2(c) To what extent were military factors the main cause of the War of 14
Independence in 1857? Explain your answer.
Target: AO1, AO2

Indicative content
May agree that the main cause of the War of Independence of 1857 was
military factors.
 the British introduced a new cartridge, which was thought to be coated in
grease made from pig and cow fat
 the sepoys’ religious beliefs were offended as they had to handle the new
cartridge which was coated with cow and pig fat
 the sepoys started a revolt as they refused to handle the new cartridges
 most of the soldiers in the East India Company’s army were Indian but
virtually all the officers were British which created discontent
 the Indian soldiers and particularly the Hindu soldiers were unhappy at
being sent to fight abroad in Afghanistan

 Christianity was taught to Indian children
 English became the language in which education was given
 Indian people had to send their children to co-educational schools
 cultural traditions were abolished/ignored
 high taxation was imposed by the British
 the ‘Doctrine of Lapse’ was introduced in 1852
 the East India Company banned the export of cotton goods from India in
1800
 poverty increased amongst Indian people

PUBLISHED
3(a) Describe the purpose of the Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College. 4
Target: AO1
Indicative content
 to replicate the pattern of the English public school/university system

 to form the basis of a Muslim university
 to offer western [1], Islamic [1] and Indian education [1] and modern
scientific developments [1]
 to offer the Muslim community an education [1] comparable to that of
Hindus [1] because Hindus were advancing/give Muslims the
opportunities of/ in society/status [1] and employment [1] to improve their
relations with the British [1]
 to become a symbol of Muslim unity
 to educate future leaders of Pakistan [1] e.g. Liaquat Ali Khan/
Muhammad Ayub Khan [1]
3(b) Explain why Muhammad Ali Jinnah produced his 14 Points in 1929. 7
Target: AO1, AO2

Indicative content
 as a counter to the Nehru Report

 Jinnah’s proposed changes to the Nehru Report were rejected
 the Muslim community wanted a separate homeland
 Jinnah’s 14 Points aimed to benefit the Muslim community
 to unite Muslim groups behind Jinnah’s leadership/philosophy

PUBLISHED
3(c) To what extent was the need for a political party to represent the Muslim 14
community the main reason for the establishment of the All-India Muslim
League in 1906? Explain your answer.
Target: AO1, AO2

Indicative content
May agree that the need for a political party to represent the Muslim
community was the main reason for the establishment of the All-India Muslim
League in 1906:
 Muslim community could not rely on Congress to further their interests
e.g. education and economic well-being
 to take advantage of the support given by the British Liberal government
to the Muslim community
 to promote the political rights and identity of the Muslim community
 Simla Deputation achieved the promise of separate electorates propelling
the Muslim community towards the formation of the All-India Muslim League
 the promise of other political reforms created a ‘window of Muslim
opportunity’ to establish its own political party

 the partition of Bengal was a problem for Congress
 there had been a growth in Hindu activism
 Hindi-Urdu controversy/‘Two-Nation’ Theory
4(a) Describe the terms of the Rowlatt Act. 4
Target: AO1
Indicative content
 people could be tried in private [1] by 3 High Court Judges [1]

 there was no right of appeal
 people could be ordered where to live
 people were stopped from holding meetings
 detention without bail
 people could be arrested without warrant [1] and kept in prison without trial
[1]
 it was enacted in 1919

PUBLISHED
4(b) Explain why Pakistan becoming a nuclear power was significant. 7
Target: AO1, AO2

Indicative content
 a response to India developing nuclear weapons

 recognition of the military threat posed by India
 political will to modernise Pakistan, encourage industrial development and
develop nuclear energy
 to project Pakistan on the world stage
 it enhanced national pride
 it affected Pakistan’s relationship with the USA with a subsequent impact
on the economy
 it encouraged co-operation between Pakistan and India in the 1990s over
the nuclear threat
 some people feared it may make the region/world less stable
4(c) Assess the effectiveness of the domestic policies introduced by Zulfikar 14

Ali Bhutto between 1971 and 1977. Explain your answer.
Target: AO1, AO2

May agree that Zulfikar Ali Bhutto’s domestic policies between 1971 and1977
were effective:
 the new constitution in 1973 safeguarded minority interests
 health policy aimed to improve infant mortality and life expectancy rates
 education policy introduced free primary education for all children
 profits from nationalised companies were used to improve public services
such as hospitals and schools
 industrial reform led to inflation falling from 25% (1972) to 6% (1976)
 introduction of security of tenure for agricultural tenants and a ceiling on
land ownership

 the new constitution placed all political power with Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
 the reform of the armed forces was opposed
 health policy inadvertently led to chemists’ profits falling
 education reforms led to overcrowding in schools
 many of these policies would take decades to become fully effective
 the newly nationalised industries became overly bureaucratic
 landowners were often able to circumvent the land reforms

PUBLISHED
5(a) Describe the provisions of the 1956 Constitution. 4
Target: AO1
Indicative content
 it gave the title Islamic Republic of Pakistan

 the President had to be 40 [1], could choose the Prime Minister [1], declare
a state of emergency [1] and select the judges in the Supreme Court [1]
 it appointed a President [1] who had to be a Muslim [1], from the National
Assembly [1], over 40 [1], had emergency powers [1] and could dissolve
the National Assembly [1]
 there was a cabinet (advisory only) [1] and a National and Provincial
Assembly [1 each]
5(b) Explain the circumstances that brought General Pervez Musharraf 7

into power in 1999.
Target: AO1, AO2

Indicative content
 the government was severely weakened by economic, social and political

problems
 Nawaz Sharif lost the support of the army because of his treatment of
Jehangir Karamat
 the government lost the support of the army because of events in Kashmir
 on General Pervez Musharraf’s return from a visit to Sri Lanka he
announced that the army was taking control of the government of Pakistan

PUBLISHED
5(c) ‘Pakistan has built good relations with Bangladesh since 1971.’ How 14
far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer.
Target: AO1, AO2

Indicative content
May agree that Pakistan has built good relations with Bangladesh since 1971:
 Pakistan officially recognised Bangladesh in 1974
 Zulfikar Ali Bhutto visited Bangladesh in 1974
 cooperation on trade, tourism and the media were negotiated
 the two countries exchanged ambassadors
 trade between the two countries increased in the 1980s
 Pakistan provided humanitarian aid to Bangladesh on several occasions in
response to natural disasters
 strong ties exist between the two countries as fellow Muslim nations

 relations were strained in 1971, but improved over time
 resettlement issues in 1971 over the return of people in each country
 there was a problem of reallocating assets
 continuing resettlement issues of the non-Bengali population in
Bangladesh
 Pakistan withdrew from the Commonwealth in 1972 in protest at British
recognition of Bangladesh

June 2022 Pak Studies P1 O Level Marking Scheme

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Cambridge IGCSE™

PAKISTAN STUDIES 0448/01

This document consists of 14 printed pages.

© UCLES 2022 [Turn over

Generic Marking Principles

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 1:

Marks must be awarded in line with:

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 2:

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 3:

Marks must be awarded positively:

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 4:

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 5:

GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 6:

© UCLES 2022 Page 2 of 14

Generic levels of response marking grids

Target: Demonstrates knowledge and understanding of the past through historical

Level 3 Explanation 5–7

 one explanation [5]

Supported by relevant and accurate contextual knowledge

Level 2 Identification/description 2–4

Identifies and/or describes using relevant and accurate contextual

Level 1 General answer 1

Valid general comment lacking specific knowledge

Level 0 No creditable response 0

© UCLES 2022 Page 3 of 14

Target: Demonstrates knowledge and understanding of the past through historical

Level 5 Explanation with evaluation/judgement 13–14

 explanation at the top of Level 4 with an evaluation/judgement

Level 4 Explanation of both sides of the issue 10–12

 one explanation of each side of the issue [10]

Supported by relevant and accurate contextual knowledge

Level 3 Explanation of one side of the issue 7–9

 one explanation [7]

Supported by relevant and accurate contextual knowledge

Level 2 Identification/description of the issue 3–6

Level 1 General answer 1–2

Valid general comment(s) lacking specific subject knowledge (1 mark per

Level 0 No creditable response 0

© UCLES 2022 Page 4 of 14

Question Answer Marks

1(a) According to Source A, what examples of ‘enormous progress’ (line 1) 3

 it had ‘become a strong institution’

Note: candidates may paraphrase but content must be derived from

Target: AO1, AO4

Level 3 (4–5 marks) Supported valid inference(s)

Level 2 (2–3 marks) Unsupported valid inference(s)

Level 1 (1 mark) Identifies a surface feature

Level 0 (0 marks) No creditable response

Note: an unsupported valid inference can only be credited if it can be inferred

© UCLES 2022 Page 5 of 14

Question Answer Marks

1(b) Indicative content

Other relevant responses should also be credited.

Target: AO1, AO2

Other relevant responses should also be credited.

© UCLES 2022 Page 6 of 14

Question Answer Marks

1(d) ‘Disagreement over the future role of central government in the 10

Target: AO1, AO2

Level 5 (10 marks) Explains with evaluation/judgement