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 
General Physics 1
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 3: Kinematics: Motion in 2-Dimensions and 3-Dimensions
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education, Division of Palawan

Schools Division Superintendent:
Natividad P. Bayubay, CESO VI
Assistant Schools Division Superintendents:
Loida Palay-Adornado, PhD
Felix M. Famaran

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Biyan H. Omar
Editors: Fe Kenneth Gadiano-Aban
Illustrator: Christian Charles D. Doblados
Management Team: Aurelia B. Marquez,
Rodgie S. Demalinao
Rosalyn C. Gadiano

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ii
 Senior High School

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 

iii
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the General Physics 1 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM)

Kinematics: Motion in 2-Dimensions and 3-Dimensions!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by

educators both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or
facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum
while overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and
independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also
aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into
consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that will help
you in guiding the learners.
This Biology 1 for Quarter 1 is all about Kinematics:
Motion in 2-Dimensions and 3-Dimensions! With this we are
trying to allow our learners to work independently in
discovering through simple and enjoyable activities/
experimentation that are aligned to the competencies that
they should learn.

As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist
the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

iv
For the learner:

Welcome to the General Physics 1 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM)

Kinematics: Motion in 2-Dimensions and 3-Dimensions!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You
will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active
learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

This will give you an idea of the skills or

What I Need to Know
competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.
This part includes an activity that aims to
What I Know
check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.
This is a brief drill or review to help you link
What’s In
the current lesson with the previous one.

In this portion, the new lesson will be

What’s New
introduced to you in various ways; a story, a
song, a poem, a problem opener, an activity
or a situation.
This section provides a brief discussion of the
What is It
lesson. This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.
This comprises activities for independent
What’s More
practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the answers
to the exercises using the Answer Key at the
end of the module.
This includes questions or blank
What I Have Learned
sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process
what you learned from the lesson.
This section provides an activity which will
What I Can Do
help you transfer your new knowledge or skill
into real life situations or concerns.
This is a task which aims to evaluate your
Assessment
level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.

v
 In this portion, another activity will be given
Additional Activities
to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the
lesson learned.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in

developing this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are not
alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

vi
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the nature of Physics. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many
different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary
level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the
course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with
the textbook you are now using.

The module is divided into three lessons, namely:

• Lesson 1 – Projectile motion
• Lesson 2 – Circular motion
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. describe motion using the concept of relative velocities in 1D and 2D;
2. deduce the consequences of the independence of vertical and horizontal
components of projectile motion;
3. calculate range, time of flight, and maximum heights of projectiles;
4. infer quantities associated with circular motion such as tangential velocity,
centripetal acceleration, tangential acceleration, radius of curvature; and
5. solve problems involving two-dimensional motion in context such as, but not
limited to ledge jumping, movie stunts, basketball, safe locations during
firework displays and Ferris wheel.

vii
 What I Know

Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. The following statements are true about projectile motion EXCEPT

a. At the highest point of a projectile, the acceleration is zero.
b. The horizontal motion of a projectile is a motion with constant velocity.
c. The vertical motion of a projectile is a motion with constant acceleration.
d. The range of the projectile is maximum at 45 0.

2. What do we call the path followed by a projectile?

a. Range b. Trajectory c. Frequency d. Period

3. Which of the following angles will give a projectile the maximum horizontal
distance if we neglect air resistance?
a. 300 b. 450 c. 600 d. 900

4. Which of the following is NOT an example of projectile?

a. A batted baseball
b. A package dropped from an airplane
c. A bullet shot from a rifle
d. A ball vertically thrown upward

5. What do we call to a body that is given an initial speed and then follows a path
determined entirely by the effects of gravitational acceleration?
a. Free fall c. Torque
b. Projectile d. Vector
For numbers 6 – 9, use the figure below:

6. What is value of the vertical component of velocity at the highest point of the
projectile?
a. 9.8 m/s b. 0 m/s c. 1 m/s d. 4.9 m/s

7. What is the initial horizontal component of velocity (v 0x) of the projectile?

a. 17.32 m/s b. 10 m/s c. 9.8 m/s d. 20 m/s

8. What is the initial vertical component of velocity (v 0y) of the projectile?

a. 10 m/s b. 17.32 m/s c. 9.8 m/s d. 20 m/s

1
9. What is the time of the projectile when it reaches the highest point?
a. 1.02 s b. 2.04 s c. 2.0 s d. 0.98 s

10. The horizontal distance of the projectile is also known as

a. Trajectory c. Time of flight
b. Range d. Displacement

11. Which of the following is TRUE about uniform circular motion?

a. The acceleration in uniform circular motion is always directed toward the
center of the circle.
b. The magnitude of arad of the instantaneous acceleration is equal to the speed
divided by the radius of the circle.
c. The particle in uniform circular motion moves with different speeds.
d. The magnitude of the velocity is directly proportional to the period.

12. Which of the following is NOT TRUE about relative velocity?

a. When two observers measure the velocity of a moving body, they get different
results if one observer is moving relative to the other.
b. When two observers measure the velocity of a moving body, they get the same
results if one observer is moving relative to the other.
c. If A and B are frames of reference or any two points, v A/B-x = - vB/A-x
d. Relative velocity is the velocity seen by a particular observer.

13. Which of the following is TRUE about the tangential component of acceleration
in a nonuniform circular motion?
I. The tangential component is in the same direction as the velocity if the
particle is speeding up
II. The tangential component is in the same direction if a particle is slowing
down
III. The tangential component is zero if the speed is constant.
IV. The tangential component is in the opposite direction if the particle is
slowing down.
a. I, II, III b. I, II c. I, III, III d. I, III, IV

14. A “moving sidewalk” in an airport terminal building moves at 1.0 m/s and
35.0mlong. if a woman steps on at one end and walks at 1.5 m/s relative to the
moving sidewalk, how much time does she require to reach the opposite end if
she walks in the same direction the sidewalk is moving?
a. 14 s b. 2.5 s c. 10 s d. 5
15.How long does it take for particle to return to its original level in the figure
below?

a. 1.02 s b. 2.04 s c. 1.25 s d. 3.2 s

2
 Lesson

1 Projectile motion

What determines where a batted baseball land? How do you describe the
motion of a roller coaster car along a curved track or the flight of a circling hawk?
Which hits the ground first: a baseball that you simply drop or one that you throw
horizontally?

We can’t answer these kinds of questions using techniques in straight-line

motion. Instead, we need to extend our descriptions of motion to two- and three-
dimensional situations. We’ll still use the vector quantities, displacement, velocity,
and acceleration, but now these quantities will no longer lie along a single line. We’ll
find that several important kinds of motion take place in two dimensions only---that
is, in a plane.

What’s In

Activity No. 1

Directions: Identify what type of motion are the following:

1. A batted baseball _________________________________________________________
2. A rock falling freely from the edge of a cliff _________________________________
3. A car accelerating in a highway ____________________________________________
4. A coin tossed directly upward _____________________________________________
5. A motorcycle slowing down in a level road _________________________________
6. A thrown basketball _______________________________________________________

Activity No. 2

1. What are the four equations for straight line motion with constant
acceleration?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

2. What are the four equations for free falling motion?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

3
 What’s New

Crossword Puzzle
Vertical:
1. Any one of the very small parts of matter
3. A track that is made by people or animals walking over the ground, or a track that
is specially made for people to walk or ride on
Horizontal:
2. The rate at which the speed of a moving object changes over time
4. The rate of change of position along a straight line with respect to time

1 3

Using the words in the crossword puzzle, complete the definition below.
Projectile is any ______________________ or body that is given an initial
____________________ and then follows a _________________ that is determined entirely
by the effects of gravitational ___________________________.

4
 What is It

Projectile is anybody that is given an initial velocity and then follows a path
determined entirely by the effects of gravitational acceleration. A battled baseball, a
thrown basketball, a thrown football, a package dropped from an airplane, and a
bullet shot from a rifle are all projectiles. The path followed by a projectile is called
its trajectory.

Projectile motion is always confined to a vertical plane determined by the

direction of the initial velocity. This is because the acceleration due to gravity is
purely vertical; gravity can’t accelerate the projectile sideways. Thus, projectile
motion is two-dimensional. We will call the plane of motion the xy-coordinate plane,
with the x-axis horizontal and y-axis vertically upward. Projectile motion is a
combination of its horizontal motion and vertical motion. Horizontal motion is a
motion with constant velocity (acceleration is zero), and vertical motion with
constant acceleration (acceleration is equal to 9.8 m/s2).

Let v0 be the initial velocity of a projectile and α0 be the angle above the
horizontal, we can now derive the equations of the projectile shown in figure below.

The key to analyzing projectile motion is that we can treat the x- and y-coordinates
separately. The x-component of acceleration is zero, and the y-component is constant
and equal to -g. The components of are ax = 0 and ay = -g.
The components of v0 is given by:
v0x = v0cosα0 and v0y = v0sinα0

HORIZONTAL MOTION
There are only two equations of projectile in the horizontal, and these are:
1. v0x = vx
or
v0cosα0 = v1cosα or just v0 = v, since α0 = α

5
 2. x = v0xt or x = vxt
or
x = v0 cosα0t
where v0x - initial velocity component of the projectile along x
vx – final velocity component of the projectile along x
t – time of flight of the projectile
x – the horizontal distance of the projectile
v0 - initial speed
α0 – angle between v0 and the horizontal
The horizontal distance of the projectile is also known as the Range.

VERTICAL MOTION
There are four equations of projectile in the vertical, and these are:
1. vy = v0y – gt
or
vcos α0 = v0cos α0 - gt
𝑣0𝑦 𝑡+𝑣𝑦 𝑡
2. y =
2
or
𝑣0 cosα0 𝑡+𝑣 cosα0 𝑡
y=
2
𝑔𝑡 2
3. y = v0yt –
2
or
𝑔𝑡 2
y = v0cos α0 t –
2
4. vy2 = v0y2 – 2gy
or
(vcos α0)2 = (v0cos α0)2 – 2gy
where v0y – initial velocity component of the projectile along y
vy – final velocity component of the projectile along y
g – acceleration due to gravity on Earth (9.8 m/s2)
t – time of flight of the projectile
y – vertical distance of the projectile
v0 – initial speed
v – final speed
α0 – angle between v0 and the horizontal

At any time, the distance r of the projectile from the origin (the magnitude of the
position vector r) is given by
r = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
The projectile’s speed (magnitude of its velocity) at any time is
v = √𝑣𝑥 2 + 𝑣𝑦 2
The direction of the velocity, in terms of the angle α0 it makes with the positive x –
direction is given by
𝑣𝑦
tan α0 =
𝑣𝑥

6
Example 1: A batter hits a baseball so that it leaves the bat at speed v 0 = 30.0 m/s
at an angle α0 = 300. (a) Find the position of the ball and its velocity (magnitude and
direction) at t = 2.0 s. (b) Find the time when the ball reaches the highest point of its
flight, and height h at this time. (c) Find the horizontal range R - that is, the horizontal
distance from the starting point to where the ball hits the ground. Neglect air
resistance.

Given:
v0 = 30.0m/s
α0 = 300

Solution:
We’ll ignore air resistance and use the projectile -motion equations to describe the
motion. The ball leaves the bat at t = 0 a meter or so above the ground level, but we’ll
neglect this distance and assume that it starts at ground level (y 0 = 0).
(a) Our target variables are x, y, vx, and vy at t = 2.0 s. The initial velocity of the
ball has components
V0x = v0cos α0 = (30.0 m/s) cos300 = 25.98 m/s
V0y = v0sin α0 = (30.0 m/s) sin300 = 15.0 m/s

From equations above, we can now solve x, y, vx, & vy

x = v0xt = (25.98 m/s) (2.0s) = 51.96 m
𝑚
𝑔𝑡 2 (9.8 2 )(2.0𝑠 2 )
y = v0yt - = (15.0 m/s) (2.0s) – 𝑠
= 30 m – 19.6 m = 10.4 m
2 2
vx = v0x = 25.98 m/s
vy = v0y – gt = 15.0 m/s – (9.8m/s2)(2.0s) = 15.0 m/s – 19.6 m/s = – 4.6 m/s

The y-component of velocity is negative at t = 2.0 s, so the ball is moving

downward already. The magnitude and direction of the velocity are
v = √𝑣𝑥 2 + 𝑣𝑦 2 = √(25.98𝑚/𝑠)2 + (−4.6𝑚/𝑠)2 = √674.9604𝑚/𝑠 + 21.16𝑚/𝑠

𝑚2
= √696.1204 = 26.38 m/s
𝑠2
𝑣𝑦 −4.6𝑚/𝑠
α0 = arctan ( ) = arctan ( )= - 10.04, the direction of the velocity is 10.040
𝑣𝑥 25.98 𝑚/𝑠
below the horizontal.
(b) Our target variables are t1 (time at the highest point) and h (height of the
baseball at the highest point). At the highest point, the vertical velocity v y is
zero. Let this time when this happens t1; then
v1y = v0y – gt1 = 0

7
 𝑚
𝑣0𝑦 15.0 𝑠
t1 = = 𝑚 = 1.53 s
𝑔 9.8 2
𝑠
t1 = 1.53 s
The height h at the highest point is the value of y at time t1 (replace y by h):
𝑔𝑡1 2 1
h = v0yt1 – = (15.0 m/s) (1.53s) – (9.8m/s2) (1.53 s)2 = 22.95 m – 11.47041
2 2
m
= 11.47959 m
(c) 1st Solution:
Our target variable is R or x, which is given by the equation x = v 0xt. Our t is
the time from the initial point to the final point (that is total time of flight of
flight), represent this total time of flight by T, we have
T = 2t = 2(1.53 s) = 3.06 s
Substitute this to x = v0xt
x = (25.98 m/s)(3.06 s) = 79.4988 m
2nd Solution:
𝑔𝑡 2
Use equation y = v0yt – to solve for t (this t is the total time of flight-form the
2
initial point to the final point), we know that y = 0, since we know that the
baseball is in the ground level.
𝑔𝑡 2
y = v0yt –
2
1
0 = (15 m/s) t – (9.8m/s2) t2
2
Rearranging the equation, we have
(4.9 m/s2) t2 – (15 m/s) t – 0 = 0
This is a quadratic equation for t. It has two roots:
(4.9 m/s2) t2 = (15 m/s) t
𝑚 𝑚
4.9 2 𝑡 2 15 𝑠 𝑡
𝑠
𝑚 = 𝑚
4.9 2 𝑡 4.9 2 𝑡
𝑠 𝑠

t = 3.06 s
We can now solve for R,
R = x = v0xt = (25.98 m/s) (3.06s)
R = 79.4988 m

Example 2: A motorcycle stunt rider rides off the edge of a cliff. Just at the edge his
velocity is horizontal, with magnitude 10.0 m/s. Find the motorcycle’s position,
distance from the edge of the cliff, and velocity 0.80 s after it leaves the edge of the
cliff.

Given:
v0x = vx = 10.0 m/s
v0y = 0
t = 0.80 s

8
Solution:
The motorcycle stunt rider is in projectile motion as soon as he leaves the edge of the
cliff, which we choose to be the origin. His initial velocity at the edge of the cliff is
horizontal (that is, α0 = 00). So,
v0x = v0cos α0 = 10.0 m/s and v0y = v0sin α0 = 0.
The motorcycle’s x- and y-coordinates at t = 0.80 s are
x = v0xt = (10.0 m/s) (0.8 s) = 8.0 m
𝑔𝑡 2
y = v0yt – = 0 – (9.8 m/s2) (0.8s)2 = – 6.272 m
2

The negative value of y shows that the motorcycle is below its starting point.

The motorcycle’s distance from the origin at t = 0.80 s is

r = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = √(8.0 𝑚)2 + (– 6.272 m)2 = √64𝑚2 + 39.337984𝑚2 = √103.337984 𝑚2

r = 10.17 m
The velocity components at t = 0.8 s are

vx = v0x = 10 .0 m/s
vy = v0y – gt = 0 – (9.8 m/s2) (0.8 s)
vy = – 7.84 m/s

The velocity vector at t = 0.80 s is

= = (10.0m/s) + (– 7.84 m/s)

The speed (magnitude of the velocity) at t = 0.80 s

𝑚 2 m 𝑚 2 𝑚 2 2
v = √𝑣𝑥 2 + 𝑣𝑦 2 = √(10.0 ) + (– 7.84 ) = √100 2 + 61.4656 2
𝑠 s 𝑠 𝑠

v = √161.4656𝑚2 /𝑠2
v = 12.71 m/s

The angle α of the velocity vector is

𝑣𝑦 (−7.84 𝑚/𝑠)
α = arctan = arctan ( = - 38.10
𝑣𝑥 10 𝑚/𝑠

The velocity is 38.10 below the horizontal

Example 3: You throw a ball from your window 10.0 m above the ground. When the
ball leaves your hand, it is moving at 12.0 m/s at an angle of 150 below the horizontal.
How far horizontally from your window will the ball hit the ground? Ignore air
resistance.

9
Given:
v0 = 12.0 m/s
α0 = – 15.00
y = -10.0 m
The velocity components are
v0x = v0 cosα0 = (12.0 m/s) cos (-150) = 11.59 m/s
v0y = v0 sinα0 = (12.0 m/s) sin (-150) = – 3.11 m/s

Solution:
Our target variable is x, use equation x = v0xt. Since t is unknown, we need to find t
first by using the equation
𝑔𝑡 2
y = v0yt –
2
𝑚
9.8 2 𝑡 2
–10.0 m = (– 3.11 m/s) t – 𝑠
2
Rearranging the equation will give
𝑚 2 𝑚
(4.9 )t + (3.11 ) t – 10.0 m = 0
𝑠2 𝑠

This is a quadratic equation with a = 4.9, b = 3.11, and c = -10.0. Use quadratic
formula to solve for t
− 𝑏 ±√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐
t=
2𝑎

− 3.11 ± √(3.11)2 − 4(4.9)(−10) − 3.11 ± √9.6721+196 − 3.11 ± √205.6721 − 3.11 ±1`4.34

t= = = =
2(4.9) 9.8 9.8 9.8

− 3.11+14.34 11.23
t= =
9.8 9.8

t = 1.15 s

or

− 3.11− 14.34 − 17.45

t= =
9.8 9.8

t = − 1.78 s

We disregard the negative root, since it refers to the time before the ball left your left
your hand. The positive root tells us that the ball reaches the ground at t = 1.15 s.
The ball’s x-coordinate at that time is
x = v0xt = (v0cosα0) t = (12m/s) [cos (-15)] (1.15 s)
x = 13.33 m

The ball hits the ground a horizontal distance of 13.33 m from your window.

10
 What’s More

Answer the problems below.

1. A book slides off a horizontal tabletop with a speed of 1.10 m/s. It strikes the
floor in 0.350 s. Ignore air resistance.
(a) What is the height of the tabletop above the floor?
(b) What is the horizontal distance from the edge of the table to the point
where the book strikes the floor?
(c) What is the horizontal and vertical components of the book’s velocity, and
the magnitude and direction of its velocity, just before the book reaches the
floor?
2. A grasshopper leaps into the air from the edge of a vertical cliff, as shown in
the figure below. Use the information from the figure to find (a) the initial
speed of the grasshopper and (b) the height of the cliff.

3. In a carnival booth, you win a stuffed giraffe if you tossed a coin into a small
dish. The dish is on the shelf above the point where the quarter leaves your
hand and is a horizontal distance of 2.1 m from this point. If you toss the coin
with a velocity of 6.4m/s at an angle of 600 above the horizontal, the coin
lands in the dish. You can ignore air resistance.

(a) What is the height of the shelf above the point where the coin leaves your
hand?
(b) What is the vertical component of the velocity of the coin just before it lands
in the dish?

4. A test rocket is launched by accelerating it along a 200.0 m incline at 1.25

m/s2 starting from rest at point A (Fig. P3.47). The incline rises at 35.00 above

11
 the horizontal, and at the instant the rocket leaves it, its engine turn off and
it is subject to only to gravity (air resistance can be ignored). Find (a) the
maximum height above the ground that the rocket reaches, and (b) the
greatest horizontal range of the rocket beyond point A.

5. A physics professor did daredevil stunts in is spare time. His last stunt was
an attempt to jump across a river on a motorcycle (Fig. P3.67). The takeoff
ramp was incline at 53.00, the river was 40.0 m wide, and the far bank was
15.0 m lower than the top of the ramp. The river itself was 100 m below the
ramp. You can ignore air resistance. (a) What should his speed have been at
the top of the ramp to have just made it to the edge of the far bank?

What I Have Learned

Projectile motion is a combination of vertical motion and horizontal motion.

(1) ______________________ is a motion with constant acceleration while (2)
______________________ is a motion with constant speed. The path followed by the
projectile is called (3) _____________________.

12
 What I Can Do

The Longest Home Run

According to the Guinness Book of World Records the longest home run ever
measured was hit by Roy “Dizzy” Carlyle in a minor league game. The ball travelled
188 m (618 ft) before landing on the ground outside the ballpark. (a) Assuming the
ball’s initial velocity was in the direction of 450 above the horizontal and ignoring
resistance, what did the initial speed of the ball need to be to produce such a home
run if the ball was hit in a point 0.9 m above ground level? Assume that the ground
was perfectly flat. (b) How far would the ball be above a fence 3.0 m high the fence
was 116 m from home plate?

Assessment

Directions: Read the following sentence carefully and choose the letter of the
correct answer.

1. Which of the following is TRUE about the horizontal motion of a projectile?

a. It is a motion with constant velocity
b. It is a motion with constant acceleration
c. It is a motion with zero acceleration
d. It is a motion with constant acceleration and constant velocity

For numbers 2 – 3, use the problem below:

A snowball rolls off a barn roof that slopes downward at an angle of 40 0. The
edge of the roof is 14.0 m above the ground, and the snowball has a speed of 7.0 m/s
as it rolls off the roof. Ignore air resistance.

13
2. How far from the edge of the barn does the snowball strike the ground if it
doesn’t strike anything else while falling?
a. 1.29 m b. 6.91 m c. 0.746 m d. 6.1 m

3. A man 1.9 m tall is standing 4.0 m from the edge of the barn. Will he be hit by
the snowball?
a. No, the snowball passes above the man and doesn’t hit him
b. Yes, the snowball hits the man.
c. No, the snowball doesn’t pass the man
d. Yes, the snowball hits the man after 0.746 s

For numbers 4 – 6:
A daring 510-N swimmer dives off a cliff with a running horizontal leap as
shown in the figure.

4. What is the initial vertical component (v0y) of the projectile?

a. 0 m/s b. 1.75 m/s c. 1.36 m/s d.1.29 m/s

5. What is the time of fall of the swimmer?

a. 1.29 s b. 1.75 s c. 0 s d. 1.36 s

6. What must her minimum speed be just as she leaves the top of the cliff so that
she will miss the ledge at the bottom, which is 1.75 m wide and 9.0 m below the
top of the cliff?
a. 1.75 m/s b. 0 m/s c. 1.36 m/s d. 1.29 m/s

For numbers 7 -10, use the problem below.

A rookie quarterback throws a football with an initial upward velocity
component of 12.0 m/s and a horizontal velocity component of 20.0 m/s. Ignore air
resistance.
7. How much time is required for the football to reach the highest point of the
trajectory?
a. 7.35 s b. 1.224 s c. 2.448 s d. 49.0 s

8. How high is the maximum point reach by the projectile?

a. 7.35 m b. 1.224 m c. 49.0 m d. 6.35m

9. How much time (after it is thrown) is required for the football to return to its
original level?
a. 4.55 s b. 2.448 s c. 4.9 s d. 7.35 s

14
10. How far has the football traveled horizontally when it returns to its original
level?
a. 28.9 m b. 54.9 m c. 49.0 m d. 38.0 m
𝑣0𝑦 𝑡+ 𝑣𝑦 𝑡
11. Using the equation y = , what is the correct equation for t?
2
𝑣0𝑦 + 𝑣𝑦 2𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
a. t = b. t = c. t = d. t = 2( )
2𝑦 𝑣0𝑦 + 𝑣𝑦 𝑣0𝑦 + 𝑣𝑦 𝑣0𝑦 + 𝑣𝑦

For numbers 12 – 15, use the problem below.

On level ground a shell is fired with an initial velocity of 50.0 m/s at 600 above
the horizontal and feels no appreciable air resistance.
12. What is the horizontal and vertical components of the shell’s initial velocity?
a. v0x = 43.3 m/s; v0y = 25.0 m/s
b. v0x = 25.0 m/s; v0y = 23.50 m/s
c. v0x = 13.3 m/s; v0y = 15.0 m/s
d. v0x = 25.0 m/s; v0y = 43.3 m/s

13. How long does it take the shell to reach its highest point?
a. 4.42 s b. 9.57 s c. 2.21 s d. 2.5 s

14. What is the maximum height reach by the shell?

a. 221 m b. 95.7 m c. 44.2 m d. 433 m
15. How far from its firing point does the shell land?
a. 95.7 m b. 442.0 m c. 221.0 m d. 433.0 m

Additional Activities

Challenge Problem

A 70.0 kg boulder is rolling horizontally at the top of a vertical cliff that is 20

m above the surface of the lake, as shown in Fig. P3.71. The top of the vertical face
of a dam is located 100 m from the foot of the cliff, with the top of the dam level with
the surface of the water in the lake. A level plain is 25 m below the top of the dam.
(a) What must be the minimum speed of the rock just as it leaves the cliff so it will
travel to the plain without striking the dam? (b) How far from the foot of the dam
does the rock hit the plain?

15
 Lesson

2 Circular motion

What’s In

Answer the following:

1. Enumerate the four equations of the vertical motion of a projectile.

2. Enumerate the two equations of the horizontal motion of a projectile.
3. What do we call to the horizontal distance of the projectile?
4. What is the difference bbetween vertical motion and horizontal motion of a
projectile?

What’s New

Answer the following:

1. When a particle moves in a circle with constant speed, does it mean that the
acceleration of the particle is zero? Why do you say so?

2. When do we say that a motion in a circle a uniform circular motion and

nonuniform circular motion?

What is It

Motion in a circle
When a particle moves along a curve path, the direction of its velocity at
every point on the path changes. This means that even if the particle moves with
constant speed, the acceleration is not zero because it changes direction at every

16
point. The particle has a component of acceleration perpendicular to the path even
if its speed is constant.

Uniform Circular Motion

When a particle moves in a circle with constant speed, the motion is called uniform
circular motion. A satellite moving in a circular orbit, a car rounding a curve with
constant radius at constant speed, an ice skater skating in a circle with constant are
all examples of uniform circular motion. There is no component of acceleration
parallel (tangent) to the path; otherwise, the speed would change. The acceleration
vector is perpendicular (normal) to the path and hence directed inward (never
outward!) toward the center of the circular path. This causes the direction of the
velocity to change without changing its speed.

We can find a simple expression for the magnitude

of the acceleration in uniform circular motion. We
begin with the figure on the side which shows a
particle moving with constant speed in a circular
path with radius R center at O. The particle moves
from P1 to P2 in a time Δt. The vector changes in
velocity Δv during this time shown in (b).

The angles labeled Δφ in (a) and (b) are the same

because v1 is perpendicular to the line OP1 and v2 is
perpendicular to the line OP2. Hence the triangles in
(a) and (b) are similar. The ratios of corresponding
sides of similar triangles are equal, so

The magnitude aav of the average acceleration during Δt is therefore

The magnitude a of the instantaneous acceleration at point P1 is the limit of

this expression as we take point P2 closer and closer to point P1:

17
 If the time interval Δt is short, Δs is the distance the particle moves along the
along its curved path. So the limit of Δs/ Δt is the speed v1 at point P1. Also, P1 can
be any point on the path, so we can drop the subscript and let v represent the speed
at any point. Then
𝒗𝟐
arad =
𝑹

We have added the subscript “rad” as a reminder that the direction of the
instantaneous acceleration at each point is always along a radius of a circle (toward
the center of the circle; see Figs 3.27c and 3.28c). So, we have found out that in
uniform circular motion, the magnitude arad of the instantaneous acceleration is equal
to the square of the speed v divided by the radius R of the circle. Its direction is
perpendicular to v and inward along the radius.

Because the acceleration in uniform circular motion is always directed toward the
center of the circle, it is sometimes called centripetal acceleration. The word
“centripetal” is derived from two Greek words meaning “seeking the center.”

The figure below shows the direction of the velocity and acceleration vectors at several
points for a particle moving with uniform circular motion.

We can also express the magnitude of the acceleration in uniform circular

motion in terms in terms of the period T of the motion, the time for one revolution
(one complete trip around the circle). In a time T the particle travels a distance
equals to the circumference 2πR of the circle, so its speed is
2πR
v=
𝑇

18
 2πR
When we substitute the equation v = to arad, we can obtain an alternative
𝑇
expression
4π2 𝑅
arad =
𝑇2

Example 1. An Aston Martin Vantage sports car has a “lateral acceleration” of 0.96g
= (0.9)(9.8 m/s2) = 9.4 m/s2. This is the maximum centripetal acceleration the car
can sustain without out of a curved path. If the car is traveling at a constant 40 m/s
on level ground, what is the radius R of the tightest unbanked curve it can negotiate?

Given:
arad = 9.4 m/s2
v = 40 m/s
R =?

Solution: The car is in uniform circular motion because it is moving with constant
𝒗𝟐
speed along a curve that is part of a circle. We can use the equation arad = to solve
𝑹
for R. Solving for R, we have
𝑣2 (40 𝑚/𝑠)2
R= = = 170 m
𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑑 9.4 𝑚/𝑠 2

The minimum radius for the car to avoid skidding is 170 m.

Example 2. Passengers on a carnival ride move at constant speed in a horizontal

circle of radius 5.0 m, making a complete circle in 4.0 s. What is their acceleration?

Given:
R = 5.0 m
T = 4.0 s
arad = ?

Solution: The passengers on a carnival ride is in uniform circular motion since they
are moving with constant speed in a horizontal circle. Since it involves period T, use
4π2 𝑅
equation arad = to solve for arad.
𝑇2
4π2 𝑅 (4)(5.0 𝑚)(3.14)2
arad = = = 12 m/s2
𝑇2 (4.0 𝑠)2

Example 3. A Ferris wheel with radius 14.0 m is turning

about a horizontal axis through its center. The linear
speed of a passenger on the rim is constant and equal to
7.0 m/s. What is the magnitude and direction of the
passenger’s acceleration as she passes through (a) the
lowest point in her circular motion? (b) The highest point
in her circular motion? (c) how much time does it take
the Ferris wheel to make one revolution?

19
Given:
R = 14.0 m
v = 7.0 m/s

Solution: The magnitude of the velocity is constant; therefore, the passenger of the
Ferris wheel is in uniform circular motion. At each point in the motion the radial
component of the acceleration is directed toward the center of the circular path and
its magnitude is given by v2/R.
𝑣2 (7.0 𝑚/𝑠)2
a. arad = = = 3.50 m/s2
𝑅 14.0 𝑚
The magnitude of the acceleration is 3.50 m/s 2 and is directed upward.
𝑣2 (7.0 𝑚/𝑠)2
b. arad = = = 3.50 m/s2
𝑅 14.0 𝑚
The magnitude of the acceleration is 3.50 m/s2 and is directed downward.
2πR
c. The time to make one rotation is T. Use v = and solve for T
𝑇
2𝜋𝑅 (2𝜋)(14.0𝑚)
T= = = 12.6 s
𝑣 7.0 𝑚/𝑠

NONUNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION

If the speed of a particle moving in a circle varies, we call the motion
nonuniform circular motion. In nonuniform circular motion, the radial acceleration
arad is always perpendicular to the instantaneous velocity and directed toward the
center of the circle. But since the speed v has different values at different points in
the motion, the value of arad is not constant. The radial (centripetal) acceleration is
greatest at the point in the circle where the speed is greatest.

In nonuniform circular motion there is also a component of acceleration that

is parallel to the instantaneous velocity and we call this component atan to emphasize
that it is tangent to the circle. The tangential component of acceleration atan is equal
to the rate of change of speed. Thus
𝑣2
arad = and
𝑅

The tangential component is in the same direction as the velocity if the particle
is speeding up, and in the opposite direction if the particle is slowing down. If the
particle’s speed is constant, atan = 0.

RELATIVE VELOCITY
When two observers measure the velocity of a moving body, they get different
results if one observer is moving relative to the other. The velocity seen by a particular
observer is called the velocity relative to that observer, or simply relative velocity.

RELATIVE VELOCITY IN ONE DIMENSION

A passenger walks with a velocity of 1.0 m/s along the aisle of a grain that is
moving with a velocity of 3.0 m/s (figure below). What is the passenger’s velocity?
There is no single answer to this question. As seen by a second passenger sitting in
the train, she is moving at 1.0 m/s. A person on a bicycle standing beside the train
sees the walking passenger moving at 1.0 m/s + 3.0 m/s = 4.0 m/s. An observer in
another train going in the opposite direction would give still another answer. We have

20
to specify which observer we mean, and we speak of the velocity relative to a
particular observer. Each observer, equipped in principle with meterstick and a
stopwatch, forms what we call a frame of reference. Thus, a frame of reference is a
coordinate system and a time scale.

Let’s use the symbol A for the cyclist’s frame of reference (at rest with respect
to the ground) and the symbol B for the frame of reference of the moving train. In
straight-line motion the position of a point P relative to frame A is given by xP/A (the
position of P with respect to A), and the position of P relative to frame B is given by
xP/B (figure below). The position of the origin of B with respect to the origin of A is
xB/A. Fig 3.32b shows that xP/A = xP/B + xB/A

In words, the coordinate of P relative to A equals the coordinate of P relative

to B plus the coordinate of B relative to A.

The x-velocity of P relative to frame A, is denoted by vP/A-x is the derivative of

xP/A with respect to time. The other velocities are similarly obtained. So the time
derivative gives us a relationship among the various velocities:
𝑑𝑥𝑃/𝐴 𝑑𝑥𝑃/𝐵 𝑑𝑥𝐵/𝐴
= + or
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

vP/A-x = vP/B-x + vB/A-x

Getting back to the passenger on the train, we see that A is the cyclist’s frame of
reference, B is the frame of refence of the train, and point P represents the passenger.
Using the above notation, we have
vP/B-x = + 1.0 m/s, vB/A-x = + 3.0 m/s

The passenger’s velocity vP/A relative to the cyclist is

vP/A-x = + 1.0 m/s + 3.0 m/s = 4.0 m/s

21
RELATIVE VELOCITY IN TWO DIMENSIONS
Suppose that the passenger in the previous scenario is walking not down the
aisle of the railroad car but from one side of the car to the other, with a speed of 1.0
m/s (figure shown below). We can again describe the passenger’s position P in two
different frames of refence: A for the stationary ground observer and B for the
moving train. But instead of coordinate x, we use position vector because the problem
is now two-dimensional. Then as the second figure below shows,

Just as we did before, we take the time derivative of this equation to

get a relationship among the various velocities; the velocity of P relative to A
is and so on for the other velocities. We get

The equation is known as the Galilean velocity transformation.

What’s More

Problem 2.1
A model of a helicopter rotor has four blades, each 3.40 m long from the
central shaft to the blade tip. The model is rotated in a wind tunnel at a 550 rev/min.
(a) what is the linear speed of the blade tip, in m/s? (b) What is the radial acceleration
of the blade tip expressed as a multiple of the acceleration of gravity, g?

Problem 2.2
A railroad flatcar is traveling to the right at a speed of 13.0 m/s relative to an
observer standing on the ground. Someone is riding a motor scooter on the flat car
(Fig E3.32). What is the velocity (magnitude and direction) of the motor scooter
relative to the flatcar if its velocity relative to the observer on the ground is (a) 18.0
m/s to the right? (b) 3.0 m/s to the left? (c) zero

22
Problem 2.3
An athlete starts at point A and runs at a constant speed of 6.0 m/s around a circular
track 100 m in diameter, as shown in Fig P3.40. Find the x and y-components of this
runners’ average velocity and average acceleration between points (a) A and B

Problem 2.4
It is common to see birds of prey rising upward on thermals. The paths they take
may be spiral-like. You can model the spiral motion as uniform circular motion
combined with a constant upward velocity. Assume a bird completes a circle of radius
6.0 m every 5.0 s and rises vertically at a constant rate of 3.0 m/s. Determine: (a)
the speed of the bird relative to the ground (b) the bird’s acceleration (magnitude and
direction)

What I Have Learned

1. When a particle moves in a circle with constant speed, the motion is called (a)
____________________________. In uniform circular motion, the acceleration is
always directed to the center of the circle, and it is sometimes called (b)
___________________________. The word “centripetal” is derived from two Greek
words meaning (c) _______________________.

2. If the speed of the particle moving in a circle varies, we call the motion
____________________________________.

23
 What I Can Do

Balancing Yourself
Our balance is maintained, at least in part, by the endolymph fluid in the
inner ear. Spinning displaces this fluid, causing dizziness. Suppose a dancer (or a
skater) is spinning at a very fast 3.0 revolutions per second about a vertical axis
through the center of his head. Although the distance varies from person to person,
the inner ear is approximately 7.0 cm from the axis of spin. What is the radial
acceleration in (in m/s2) of the endolymph fluid?

Assessment

Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.
4π2 𝑅
1. Using arad = , what is the correct equation for T?
𝑇2
𝑅 4𝑅
a. T = 2π √𝑎 c. T = 4π √
𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑎 𝑟𝑎𝑑

2𝑅 𝑅
b. T = 4π √ d. T = π √
𝑎 𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑎
𝑟𝑎𝑑

2. The Earth has a radius of 6380 km and turns around in its axis every 24 hours.
What is the radial acceleration of an object at the earth’s equator?
a. 0.034 m/s2 c. 1.4 m/s2
b. 3.4 x 10-3 m/s2 d. 0.34 m/s2

3. The Earth has a radius of 6380 km and turns around in its axis every 24 hours.
If arad in the equator is greater than g, objects will fly off the earth’s surface into
the space. What would the period of the earth’s rotation have to be for this to
occur?
a. 1.4 h b. 0.34 h c. 3.4 h d. 0.034 h

4. What do we call to the time required for an object to make one complete
revolution?
a. Frequency c. Time of flight
b. Period d. Range

24
5. What is referred to as the number of revolutions completed by an object in a
given time?
a. Period c. Torque
b. Time of flight d. Frequency

6. This is a type of motion in a circle where the speed is not constant.

a. Uniform circular motion c. Relative motion
b. Nonuniform circular motion d. Rotational motion

7. A type of motion of an object in a circle at constant speed is referred to as

a. Rotational motion c. Relative motion
b. Nonuniform circular motion d. Uniform circular motion

8. What do we call a coordinate system that has a time scale?

a. Velocity c. Frame of reference
b. Displacement d. Range
2𝜋𝑅
9. Using v = , what is the derived equation for R?
𝑇
2π
a. R =
𝑣𝑇
c. R = π/vT
𝑣𝑇 2𝑣𝑇
b. R = d. R =
2π π
For numbers 10 – 11:
The radius of the earth’s orbit around the sun (assumed to be circular) is 1.50
x 108 km, and the earth travels around this orbit in 365 days.

10. What is the magnitude of the orbital velocity of the earth in m/s?
a. 7.60 x 106 m/s c. 2.98 x 104 m/s
b. 5.91x 106 m/s d. 3.16 x 107 m/s

11. What is the radial acceleration of the earth toward the sun in m/s2?
a. 7.60 x 10-6 m/s2 c. 2.98 x 10-4 m/s2
b. 5.91x 10-3 m/s2 d. 3.16 x 10-7 m/s2

12. A canoe has a velocity of 0.40 m/s southeast relative the earth. The canoe is on
a river that is flowing 0.50 m/s east relative to the earth. What is the velocity
(magnitude and direction) of the canoe relative to the river?
a. 0.50 m/s, 55.20 south of west
b. 0.36 m/s, 52.50 south of west
c. 1.50 m/s, 56.20 south of west
d. 0.90 m/s, 54.20 south of west

For numbers 13 – 15, use the problem below.

At Ames Research Center, NASA uses its large “20-G” centrifuge to test the
effects of very large accelerations (“hypergravity”) on test pilots and astronauts. In
this device, an arm 8.84 m long rotates about one end in a horizontal plane, and
the astronaut is strapped in at the other end. Suppose that he is aligned along the

25
arm with his head at the outermost end. The maximum sustained acceleration to
which humans are subjected in this machine is typically 12.5 g.

13. How fast must the astronaut’s head be moving to experience this maximum
acceleration?
a. 27.7 m/s b. 32.9 m/s c. 35.5 m/s d. 34.7 m/s

14. What is the difference between the acceleration of his head and the feet if the
astronaut is 2.0 m tall?
a. 27.7 m/s2 b. 29.3 m/s2 c. 53.5 m/s2 d. 43.7 m/s2

15. How fast in rpm (rev/min) is the arm turning to produce the maximum
sustained acceleration?
a. 77.2 rpm b. 32.9 rpm c. 45.6 rpm d. 35.5 rpm

Additional Activities

Challengee Problem
Two crickets, Chirpy and Milada, jump from the top of a vertical cliff. Chirpy
just drops and reaches the ground in 3.50 s, while Milada jumps horizontally with
an initial speed 95.0 cm/s. How far from the base of the cliff will Milada hit the
ground?

26
 27
determined entirely by the effects of gravitational acceleration.
Projectile is any particle or body that is given an initial velocity and then follows a path that is
Y T I C O L E V 4
L
C
I
H T
T R
N O I T A R E L E C C A 2
P 3
P 1
What’s New
What’s In What's In What I know
Activity #2 Activity #1 1. A 15. B
2. B
1. v = v0+ at 1. A projectile 3. B
𝑣 𝑡 + 𝑣𝑡
2. x= 0 2. A free fall 4. D
2
1 3. A straight line 5. B
3. x = v0t + at2
2 motion 6. B
4. v2 = v02 + 2ax 4. A free fall
B. 7. A
5. A straight line
8. A
motion
1. v = v0 - gt 9. A
𝑣 𝑡 + 𝑣𝑡
6. A projectile
2. y= 0 10. B
2 11. A
1
3. y = v0t - gt2 12. B
2
4. v2 = v02 – 2gy 13. D
14. A
Lesson 1
Answer Key
 28
Additional activities Assessment What I can do
a. V0 = 49.5 m/s 1. A 11. B a. v0 = 42.8 m/s
b. x = 150 m b. y = 44.1 m
2. B 12. D
3. A 13. A
4. A 14. B
5. D 15. C
6. A
7. B
8. A
9. B
10. C
What I have learned What’s more What’s more
A. 1. Vertical motion 3. a. y = 1.5 m 1.
b. vy = - 0.89 m/s a. y = - 0.600m
2. Horizontal 4. a. y = 123 m b. x = 0.385 m
motion c. vx = 1.10 m/s
3. Trajectory b. x = 280 m vy = -3.43 m/s
v = 3.60 m/s,
5. a. v0 = 12.2 m/s θ = 72.2 below
horizontal
2.
a. v0 = 1.50 m/s
b. y = - 4.66 m (below
the horizontal)
 29
Additional activities
1. x = 3.32 m
Assessment What I Have learned
What I can Do
1. A 11. B 1. a. uniform circular
2. A 12. B 1. arad = 25 m/s2 motion
3. A 13. B b. centripetal
4. B 14. A acceleration
5. D 15. D c. seeking the center
6. B 2. nonuniform circular
7. D motion
8. C
9. B
10. C
What’s more What’s new What’s In
1. 1. Vertical
The answer varies
a. v = 196 m/s
b. arad =1.13x104 m/s2
a. vy = v0y - gt
𝑣0𝑦 𝑡 + 𝑣𝑦 𝑡
= 1.15x105 g b. y =
2. 2
1
a. 5.0 m/s to the right c. y = v0yt - 2gt2
b. 16.0 m/s to the left
c. 13.0 m/s to the left d. vy2 = v0y2 – 2gy
3. (vx)av = 3.8 m/s 2. Horizontal
(vy)av = 3.8 m/s a. x = v0xt = vxt
(ax)av = 0.46 m/s2
b. v0x = vx
(ay)av = - 0.46 m/s2
4. a. v = 8.11 m/s
b. arad = 9.48 m/s2
Lesson 2
References
Navaza, D. & Valdes B. (1996). Physics Textbook

Young, H. & Freedman, R. (2012). University Physics with Modern Physics

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