LP-4 Crankshaft Balance Done

LESSON PLAN
Week: 04 Taught By: Engr. Kashif Usman
Subject: Problem in Internal Combustion Engine Class: 2nd Year

Mechanical Department Time: 70 minutes
Topic: Factors that effect crankshaft performance
Objective(s): Students will be able to:
 Understand number and arrangement of cylinder
 Understand reciprocating masses
 Understand torsional vibration
 Understand static and dynamic balance
Skill focused on: Identify Different cylinder problems
Resources:
White Board, Marker, PowerPoint Presentations,
Methodology:
Crankshaft changes the reciprocating (up and down) motion of the piston and rod into useful
rotary (spinning) motion. As it revolves at high speed, complete balance - dynamically as well as
statically - is absolutely essential. Balance in conjunction with other considerations affects the
disposal of the bearings and firing sequence of the cylinders. Friction is reduced to in minimum,
main and big end bearings consisting of anti- friction metal supplied with adequate lubricant.
Crankshaft:
The crankshaft — changing reciprocating (up and down) motion of piston and connection rod into
useful rotary (spinning) motion, it harness the tremendous force produced by the downward
thrust of the pistons.
The crankshaft fits into the bottom of the engines block.
Engine crankshafts are usually made of cast iron or forged steel. Forged steel are needed for
heavy duty applications, such as turbo charged or diesel engines. A steel crankshaft is stiffer and
stronger than a cast iron crankshaft. It will withstand greater forces without flexing, twisting or
breaking.
Oil passages leading to rod and main bearings are either cast or drilled in the crankshaft.
Oil enters the crankshaft at the main bearings, and passes through holes in the bearing journals. It
then flows through passages in the crank and out to the connecting rod bearings.
With an in-line engine, only one connecting rod fastens to each rod journal. With a V type engine
two connecting rods bolt to each crankshaft journal.
The amount of rod journal offset controls the stroke of the piston. The journal surfaces are
precision machined arid polished to very accurate tolerances.
The crankshaft main journals are the surfaces that are precisely machined and polished to fit into
the block main bearings.
The crankshaft- rod journals are also machined and polished surfaces. But they are offset from
the main journals. The connecting rods boll to the rod journals with the engine running, the rod
journals circle around the centerline of the crank.
Counter weights are formed on the crankshaft — to prevent vibration. The weight counter- acts
the weight of the connecting rods, pistons, rings and rod journals off set. The crankshaft-snout
sticks through the front of the block. It provides a mounting place for the crankshaft — drive
mechanism, front dampers and fan belt pulleys.
A flange for holding the flywheel is the hack of the crankshaft. The flywheel bolts this flange. The
center of the flange has a pilot-hole or bushing for the transmission torque converter or input-
shaft.
Automobile engines normally have 4, 6, or 8 cylinders. The crankshaft — rod journals are
arranged to that there is always at least one cylinder on power stroke. Then, force is always being
transmitted to the crankshaft to smooth engine operation.
It is made very stiff, since it is subjected to sever and varying twisting stresses due to the
explosion pressure and also to the ‘inertia’ effects of reciprocating pans, the later effects are the
forces due to the acceleration and deceleration of the piston and connecting rod in their strokes.
The twisting or turning action on the crankshaft, which is generally spoken of as the torque, is
constantly changing: this fact necessitates a stronger shaft than for a steady motion. The firing
stroke gives the greatest torque. In order to reduce this great variation of torque, which puts
severe stress on the driving and driver members of the automobile, it is usual to employ a
number of smaller cylinders so that maximum values of the torque are correspondingly lower,
and occur more frequently. The greater the number of cylinders the smoother becomes the
torque distribution.
The Shape of the Crankshaft:

The shape of the crankshaft depends upon the number of cylinders in an engine. The firing order
of an engine depends on the shape of the crankshaft. Not all four, six, eight or twelve cylinder
engines fire the same sequence respectively, the disposition of the cranks on the crankshaft, in
certain cars, being different for engines of the same number of cylinders. In other cases, although
the disposal of cranks may be the same, the disposal of the cams may alter the firing sequence.
Crankshaft Oil Seals Crankshaft oil seals keep oil leaking out the front and rear of the engine. The
oil pump forces oil into the main and connecting rod bearings. This causes oil to spray out of the
bearings. Seals are placed around the front and rear of the crank to contain the oil.
Crankshaft Balance:
Harmonic Balancers (Vibration dampers)
The effect of lack of balance of a crankshaft multiplies considerably with increase of speed. The
static balance of a crankshaft does not ensure dynamic balance, but one can be sure that if the
crankshaft it out of static balance any engine is designed to be, the more it will suffer from any
lack of balance introduced by renewed of parts which are not equal in weight to those replaced.
Harmonic vibration is a higher frequency movement resulting from twisting and untwisting of the
crankshaft. Each piston and rod assembly can exert over a ton of downward force on its journal.
This can actually flex (bend) the crank throw in relation to each other.
If harmonic vibration is not controlled the crankshaft could vibrate like musician’s tuning fork or a
string type musical instrument. Serious engine damage (usually crankshaft breakage) could result.
A harmonic balancer, also called a vibration damper, is a heavy wheal mounted in rubber to
control harmonic vibration.
The balancer in keyed to the crankshaft snout. This makes the damper spin with the crankshaft.
The figure illustrates the basic construction of a typical harmonic balance. Note how a rubber ring
separates the outer inertia ring and the inner sleeve.
The inertia and rubber rings set up a damping action on the crankshaft as it tries to twist and
untwist. This deadens vibrating action.
An in the alone figure the crankshaft pulley in often part of the harmonic balance.
Activity– 1:Discussion on scoring by Group-1

Activity– 2:Discussion on scuffing by Group-2
Success Criteria:
C.W: Nil
H.W:
HoD Sign: ______________ Date: __________________

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LESSON PLAN

Week: 04 Taught By: Engr. Kashif Usman

Subject: Problem in Internal Combustion Engine Class: 2nd Year

The Shape of the Crankshaft:

Activity– 1:Discussion on scoring by Group-1

HoD Sign: Date: ____

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