ECI 2016 Bertuzzi
ECI 2016 Bertuzzi
ECI 2016 Bertuzzi
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4 authors, including:
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All content following this page was uploaded by Giacomo Bertuzzi on 18 May 2016.
Agenda Background
Experimental
Set-Up
Validation
• Background: Nodularity
• Graphite Particles: some basic definitions
Mechanical
• Graphite Particles classification
Properties
• Nodularity: different definitions Statistical
• Nodularity vs. Mechanical Properties Analysis
• Experimental Set-Up: Conclusion
• Castings
• Tensile and microstructure specimens
• Graphite Particle classification using Open Source Image Analysis Software
• Graphite Particles Classification: Visual Analysis and Image Analysis in reference images
• Experiment
• Graphite particles classification in current production
• «Nodularities» measurment and comparison
• Mechanical Properties vs. Microstructure Features (Pearlite and Nodularity)
• Mechanical Properties vs. Microstructure Statistical Analysis
• Conclusions & Suggestions
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Agenda
Nodularity
Mechanical
Properties
Statistical
Analysis
Conclusion
Caliper diameter (Feret diameter): Normal distance between two parallel tangent planes
touching the particle surface (in 3D) or two parallel tangents touching the particle outline
(in 2D)
W. Pabst / E. Gregorová, «Characterization of particles and particle systems»
Roundness: Ratio between the object area (A) and the area of the circle (Acir2) having
the Maximum Feret diameter as diameter.
A. Velichko, «Quantitative 3D Characterization of Graphite Morphologies in
Cast Iron using FIB Microstructure Tomography»
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Agenda
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Agenda
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Agenda
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Agenda
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Microstructure Evaluation: some open Agenda
Background
points Dr. I. Steller, BDG, «Determination of Nodularity» Experimental
Set-Up
Nodularity
o Quality assurance, mechanical properties to be safeguarded
Mechanical
o Best properties (S.G. Iron) with Forms V+VI (generally) Properties
o Graphite shape deviations (extreme: spiky) anticipates lower tensile strength and fatigue Statistical
Analysis
limit (stated by R&D)
Conclusion
BUT
Properties are not only determined by graphite shape, but also by:
Nodularity
Mechanical
• Investigate if image analysis software can classify different graphite particles Properties
according to ISO 945-1 classes both in reference images and current production Statistical
Analysis
samples;
Conclusion
• Evaluate “nodularity” according to different standards and compare the results;
• Correlate microstructure features like pearlite content and nodularity with
mechanical properties in heavy section ductile iron;
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Experimental setup: the Agenda
Background
castings Experiment
al Set-Up
Validation
Nodularity
Mechanical
Properties
Statistical
Investigation based on different items from Analysis
different suppliers Conclusion
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Experimental setup: the tensile Agenda
Background
specimens Experiment
al Set-Up
Validation
Nodularity
Mechanical
Properties
Statistical
From each items a core drilled specimen has Analysis
been trepaned. Conclusion
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Experimental setup: the tensile Agenda
analysis Validation
Nodularity
Each tensile specimen has been tested Mechanical
according to ISO 6892-1:2009 using a Properties
N/mm2
Statistical
Zwick/Roell Z250 Analysis
Conclusion
One half of the broken specimen has been
cut along the axis and polished.
Elongation %
The microstructure analyses performed in
400 mm2 according to ISO\TR 945-2 using a
“mosaic” technicque. Analyses performed on
the not-etched metallographic specimen
(graphite nodules), and Nital 2% etched
(pearlite content).
Microscope: Leica DM 6000 M
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Experimental setup: the image Agenda
Background
Experiment
analysis al Set-Up
Validation
Nodularity
Images imported into the open source software for Image Analysis Fiji Mechanical
to be processed: Properties
Statistical
Analysis
1 Binarization 2 Cleaning 3 Particles Analysis Conclusion
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Experimental setup: the Agenda
Background
Experiment
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Agenda
Validation of the Image Analysis Background
Method
Experimental
Set-Up
Validation
Nodularity
Mechanical
Properties
Statistical
Analysis
Conclusion
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Agenda
Validation of the Image Analysis Background
Method
Experimental
Set-Up
Validation
Nodularity
Mechanical
Properties
Statistical
Analysis
Conclusion
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Agenda
Background
Comparison of different nodularity definitions Experimental
Set-Up
Validation
Nodularity
Mechanical
Properties
Statistical
Analysis
Conclusion
Background
Graphite particles classification in current production
Experimental
Set-Up
Validation
Nodularity
Mechanical
Properties
Statistical
Analysis
Conclusion
168 specimens:
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Agenda
Nodularity
Mean Mechanical
Properties
Nodularity % according to ISO 1083 Statistical
Analysis
Conclusion
Number of elements
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Agenda
Nodularity
Mechanical
Properties
Statistical
Analysis
Conclusion
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Error estimation between Agenda
nodularity Validation
Nodularity
Reference Nodularity as “described” in ISO 1083 Mechanical
Properties
Statistical
Each specimen collected in a “Nodularity Range” Analysis
Conclusion
For each specimen we evaluate the nodularity
according to all the other methods and we calculated
the difference compared to the reference
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Error estimation between Agenda
nodularity Validation
Nodularity
Mechanical
Properties
Statistical
Analysis
Conclusion
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Agenda
Summary of the mechanical Background
properties
Experimental
Set-Up
Validation
Nodularity
Mean
Mechanical
Properties
Statistical
Analysis
Conclusion
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Agenda
Nodularity
Mechanical
Properties
Statistical
Analysis
Conclusion
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Agenda
Nodularity
Mechanical
Properties
Statistical
Analysis
Conclusion
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Agenda
Nodularity
Mechanical
Properties
Statistical
Analysis
Conclusion
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Agenda
Nodularity
Mechanical
Properties
Statistical
Analysis
Conclusion
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Agenda
Nodularity
Mechanical
Properties
Statistical
Analysis
Conclusion
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Statistical analysis of the influence of Agenda
Background
microstructure features on mechanical Experimental
Set-Up
properties Validation
Nodularity
Factors Influence
Mechanical
on Rm
Properties
Statistical
Analysis
Conclusion
Factors Influence
on A%
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Agenda
Conclusions Background
Experimental
Set-Up
Validation
• Classification of particles using only Roundness is satisfying as a first approach, but Nodularity
Suggestion
Does it make sense to define one “Nodularity” or is “Nodularity” related to the
performance the designer needs ?
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Thanks for your attention.
Questions ?
Contatto:
Giacomo Bertuzzi
giacomo.bertuzzi@sacmi.it
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