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ENV/ADMN/MTREQ/003

MATERIAl REQUEST
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Abu Ol1abl Dlstribotion

EARTHING I LIGHTNING
Earthing/Grounding Systems

STANDARD TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR ELECTRIC WORKS

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EARTHING I LIGHTNING

(SPECIFICATION)

EARTHING/GROUNDING SYSTEMS

ADWEA/ADDC/AADC STANDARD: S-AAA-EARTH-GROUND


(REV.0-2011)

S-AAA-EARTH-GROUND (R v.0-20II).doc Pag.: I of 23


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EARTIDNG I LIGHTNING
Earthing/Grounding Systems

CONTENTS

1 GENERAL ....................................................................................................................... 4
1.l Drawings ........................................................................................................................... 4
1.2 Equipment Identification and Color Codes ....................................................................... 5
2 . .................................................................................. 6
TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION ...
2.1 General .............................................................................................................................. 6
2.2 Earthing/Grounding System Planning and Design ............................................................ 8
2.2.1 General .............................................................................................................................. 8
2.2.2 Design Requirements ........................................................................................................ 9
2.2.3 Applicable Apparent Soil Resistance Measurement Method ............................................ 9
2.2.4 Calculation of Step and Touch Voltages ......................................................................... J 0
2.3 Potential Equalizing ........................................................................................................ II
2.4 Equipment and Materials Requirements ......................................................................... II
2.4.1 Mobile Earthing/Grounding Eq uipment.......................................................................... II
2.4.2 Earthing/Grounding Terminal Lugs ................................................................................ II
2.4.3 Earthing/Grounding Flexible Copper Braids................................................................... II
2.4.4 Ea11hing/Grounding Cables............................................................................................. II
2.4.5 Risers............................................................................................................................... 12
2.4.6 Grounding Rods .............................................................................................................. 12
2.4.7 Grounding Electrodes...................................................................................................... 12
2.4.8 Low Resistance Shield Conductors ................................................................................. 12
2.4.9 Ground Continuity Conductors ....................................................................................... 12
2.5 Earthing/Grounding Connections.................................................................................... 13
2.6 Earthing Conductor Connections .................................................................................... 13
2.6.1 General ............................................................................................................................ 13
2.6.2 Exothermic Welding Materials (if Exothermic Process is Required) ............................. 13
2.7 Deep Bore Grounding ..................................................................................................... 14
2.8 Eat1hing /Grounding Applications .................................................................................. 14
2.8.1 Overhead Tower .............................................................................................................. 14
2.8.2 Power Transformer and Reactor...................................................................................... 16
2.8.3 Single-Core Power Cables............................................................................................... 16
2.8.4 GIS .................................................................................................................................. 18
2.8.5 Fixed Earthing/Grounding Switches, etc...........................................·.............................. 19
2.8.6 Lightning Arrestors ......................................................................................................... 19
2.8.7 OHL Wooden Poles......................................................................................................... 19
2.8.8 Light Poles....................................................................................................................... 19
2.8.9 Panels, Cubicles............................................................................................................... 20
2.8.10 DC Distribution Equipment............................................................................................. 20
2.8.11 AC Distribution Equipment............................................................................................. 20
2.8.12 Steel Structure ................................................................................................................. 20
2.8.1 3 Operating Areas............................................................................................................... 20
2.8.I4 Operating Handles and Switch Shafts ............................................................................. 21
2.8.15 Fences and Service Areas outside of Fences ................................................................... 21
2.8.16 Others .............................................................................................................................. 21

S·AAA-EARTH-GROUND (Rv.0-2011 ).doc Page 2 of 23


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EARTHING I LIGHTNING
Earthing/Grounding Systems

3 TESTING AND INSPECTION.................................................................................... 21


3.1 General ............................................................................................................................ 21
3.2 Factory Tests ................................................................................................................... 21
3.2.1 Type Tests ....................................................................................................................... 21
3.2.2 Sample Tests.................................................................................................................... 22
3.2.3 Routine Tests................................................................................................................... 22
3.3 Site Test........................................................................................................................... 23

S-AAA-EARTH-GROUND (Rev.0-2011 ).doc Page 3 of 23


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EARTHING I LIGHTNING
Earthing/Grounding Systems

EARTHING/GROUNDING SYSTEMS

1 GENERAL
This Specification shall cover:
,-------··-·--··---·----· ---------------·--·-------..--. --------------------·---1
J ).> Design
!

1
_ /;> Man,ufacturing ____..
,.,,., ..
·-·---------
[ ..,. Factory Testing (as far as applicable)
I J;. Marking and Packing
r;----------
-1
!
Shipping
1
i
Transportation to Site
r
------ -------------------------------------

, ..,. Installation -----------------


1";>
! _..
Site Testing and Commissioning
of Earthing/Grounding System Equipment for LV, MV Substations and any combination of
-----·----·- ---------· ---1
them.
Further details and specific data are contained in the technical data sheets, drawings, and other
documents that form part of this Specification.
The Earthing/Grounding Systems to be offered shall be complete in all respects necessary for its
effective and trouble free operation.
For applicable technical standards, tests, reference shall be made to:
Ir S-AAA-EARTH-LIGHTNING-GEN Gen_e_ral_R_e_q_uiremen_t_s 1-1 _,
I j j (Applicable Technical Standards, Tests, etc.)

1.1 Drawings
Typical Drawings for Earthing/Grounding System are provided in the Drawings Section as
follows:
! Drawing No. Title
I- -·----·--·---·----·-- ----- ....- - - .. .. __ _ _, __ __
DWG AAA EARTH 01 01 Earthing/Grounding System-1 (Sample 1)
1 DWG AAA EARTH 01 02
r--------------..·------..---..--........_.._..
! DWG AAA EARTH 01 03
.. ...... r __ _.. .
jEarthing/Grounding System-1 (Sample 2)
Detail of Earthing/Grounding System
._ _
! ot------
I DWG AAA EARTH 0104 Standard Copper Wire Junctions for Earthing/Grounding
I
!
-
Systems

S-AAA-EARTH-GROUND (Rcv.0-20II).doc Page 4 of 23


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EARTHING I LIGHTNING
Earthing/Grounding Systems

r DWG AAA EARTH 01 05 i Pote iialEqualising Grid in ConcreteFloo1: ]


--·-·-··--·--·-···----··--· -----···-----·-----------·-···----·- -···--'
fj DWG AAA EARTH 01 06 1 Typical Earthing Anangement for Power Transformers I

1 Reactors

DWG AAA EARTH 01 07 ro_e_tai_l _o-f:-Cros-si_n_g_o_f _an_E-x-pa_n_sio_n_J_oin-t· ----

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-- ·-----·-----·----········-···-····--············-·.. -----·-···
-·-····-········- , ......
, , , ,
DWG AAA EARTH 01 08-1 1 Grounding Pits and Covers (Type 1) J

1 DWG AAA EARTH 01 08-2 Grounding Pits and Covers (Type 2) ------
j DWG AAA EARTH 01 09 ! Earthing Method of Panels Installed on Raised Floors
· ---
rowG-AAA-EART'I1-o1'io··-----j"E:arthing Princ-ipi"e"Till&lis ct' FToo-·sy-Siem-·.··--·--·----·
rnwG AAA EARTH 01 11 r Earthing Principle for Cable Tray s
I DWG AAA EARTH 0112 . , Details of Wooden Pole Earthing j
r- ··--·-·----·--.,---t--·-------·-..,--,.------·--,.----·----------••••-•n•------·-·-·---"''-'''"'_,_
••-··--•-•••••••--··-·-·---· ,, _
1 DWG AAA EARTH 01 13 I Details of Pole-Mounted 1110.4kV Transformer Substation !
1 1 Grounding j

::
jDwG AAA EARTH 01 16
:: H:: : ::rthig -----
TEarthing Clamping Bolt M16 & S-Bolt
,
J DWG AAA EARTH 01 21 I Measuring Technique for Apparent Specific Soil
J I Resistance (Wenner Method)
r·DwfTAAA EARTH o"i--22·---rMeas ring Tech iqe fo Specific,Soil...Resi'stance
l Calculation
AAA EARTH 01 23 Earthing Methods of Cable Metallic Sheaths, Screens and
Armouring
AAAEARTtfo12·4--TEarthg Anangem nt: MV Equipment I Substations--

1.2 Equipment Identification and Color Codes


Concerning Earthing/Grounding System identification, reference shall be made to Standard
Technical Specification, Part:

l--.-AAAGEN- I--.- Lc. :, ts Mar-- ·-··-···-----·-----------·-----..1

S-AAA-EARTH-GROUND (Rev.0-20II).doc Page 5 of 23


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EARTHING I LIGHTNING
Earthing/Grounding Systems

2 TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION

2.1 General
This specification covers the technical requirements for Earthing/Grounding Systems in
substations and/or switchyards, to protect people, equipment and to allow safe service and
maintenance of the electrical installations.
The Earthing/Grounding System, even when designed with a very low resistance, cannot be
considered as an equal-voltage surface. Substantial system voltage differences may occur and
may directly influence through a number of factors such as system resistance, system geometry
and distribution of ground currents, ground resistivity, and frequency of the transient.
The Earthing/Grounding System shall include earthing grid, raisers, grounding rods and all
required earthing/grounding connections.
The Bidder/Contractor shall design and install a high quality Earthing/Grounding System by
application of materials that meet the requirements of this specification.
The Bidder/Contractor shall bear full responsibility for the Earthing/Grounding System materials
by ensuring that the proposed Earthing/Grounding Systems are designed, manufactured and
installed in line with all internationally recognised codes and standards.
Earthing/Grounding Systems shall perform satisfactorily for the whole life time (50 years) of the
substation and/or switching yard without deterioration due to corrosion. It should continually
maintain a low resistance to the ground, satisfy thermal stability, and be capable of carrying
maximum anticipated full fault currents without deterioration.
The Earthing/Grounding System conductor size shall be designed to satisfy the flow of full fault
currents as specified in the Technical Data Sheets.
The Bidder/Contractor shall carry out ground resistivity and aggressiveness of soil measurements
of the whole Substation plot. If a plot will be filled with a soil layer > 1 m to raise the level, two
soil resistivity measurements- one before and one after the filling- shall be carried out. Based
on the results of these measurements and taking into account the system parameters, the
appropriate calculation and design shall then be worked out. The calculation shall indicate areas
where impermissible touch and step voltage exists. This shall include any place within the
substation premises and the area surrounding around the substation and/or switchyard
boundary/fence (approximately 3 m outside the boundary), where people/vehicles are likely to
pass by.
Prior to any Earthing/Grounding System calculation, the Bidder/Contractor shall agree with
ADWEA/ADDC/AADC what type of computer programme shall be applied for the
Earthing/Grounding System calculation.
If the finally agreed calculation programme is already available with ADWEA/ADDC/AADC it
should be updated (if it is not the latest version) otherwise the applied software shall be supplied
to ADWEA/ADDC/AADC and a software training shall be included in the Contract price.

S-AAA-EARTH-GROUND ( Rev.0-2011).doc Page 6 of 23


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EARTHING I LIGHTNING
Earthing/Grounding Systems

The calculation results and the Earthing/Grounding System design shall be submitted for
ADWEN ADDC/AADC approval.
The Earthing/Grounding System installation shall be closely co-ordinated with the relevant pruts
of the civil works and have to be checked with the detailed civil engineering drawings related to
all structures, incl. foundations.
The design of Earthing/Grounding System, the methods of earthing/grounding, and the shielding
of control circuits shall not affect the control equipment.
Upon approving the calculation and respectively the Earthing/Grounding design the
Bidder/Contractor shall commence the implementation of the Earthing/Grounding System
accordingly.
The Bidder/Contractor shall carry out verification checks (by experienced personnel) during and
after installation to ensure that the applied Earthing/Grounding System is in accordance with the
design and that permissible step and touch voltage will/has not been exceeded.
All documents including limitations and justifications shall be forwarded to
ADWEN ADDC/AADC for approval.
Earthing/grounding and shielding methods shall be as follows:
a) Number of earthing/grounding rods shall be defined according to earthing/grounding
calculation.
b) In electrical rooms like GIS, LVAC/DC rooms, basements, etc galvanised iron potential
equalising meshes as specified in the Technical Data Sheets shall be provided. It shall be
connected to the earthing grid via potential equalization bars at four locations. The
potential equalisation bars shall meet requirements as specified in the Technical Data
Sheets and shall be approved by ADWEN ADDC/AADC. The potential equalisation bars
shall be protected by a stainless steel cover.
c) Steel fences within and around substation and/or switchyard areas shall be connected to the
Earthing/Grounding System at different intervals. Touch and step potentials on both sides
of the fences must be within the specified limits.
d) At least, one potential control ring as specified in the Technical Data Sheets shall be
installed around each building inside of the substation and/or switchyard.
e) An earthing mesh as specified in the Technical Data Sheets shall be installed underneath of
each power transformer.
f) When a Substation is located adjacent to either another substation or to a power station, the
existing Earthing/Grounding Systems and (the new one) of the subject project shall be
inter-connected as specified in the Technical Data Sheets.
g) Minimum one earthing/grounding rod shall be installed, one at each comer of a building
and of a substation and/or switchyard plot.
h) Secondary of current transformer shall be connected to ground at only one point.

S-AAA-EARTH-GROUND (Rev.0-2011 ).doc Page 7 of 23


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EARTHING I LIGHTNING
Earthing/Grounding Systems

Earthing/Grounding System shall compose of copper-claded steel electrodes, tinned stranded


copper conductors I copper tapes, PVC covered stranded copper conductors, etc.

2.2 Earthing/Grounding System Planning and Design

2.2.1 General
The function of an Earthing/Grounding System for an electrical installation shall be threefold:
i. To maintain the potential of any part of the installation at a definite value with respect to
the ground.
u. To allow current to flow in the event of a fault to ground, so that the protective equipment
will operate and the faulty circuit thus become isolated.
iii. To ensure that in the event of a fault, equipment normally 'dead' (un-energised) does not
attain a dangerous potential above or below ground.
Measurement of:
a) Soil resistivity
b) Aggressiveness of the soil (such as redex potential, moisture content, pH value, presence of
dissolved salts/organic acids, etc.)
for sizing of the Earthing/Grounding Grid shall be executed.
For the effect of corrosion, an allowance, which should not be less than 10% of the calculated
Earthing/Grounding grid size can be considered.
Calculations as above specified shall be made to establish an Earthing/Grounding System by
assuming ideal conditions. However, it is important to make allowances for possible variations.
Likewise, when measuring the ground resistance variations should be kept in mind considering
the accuracy of the measurement required.
It is normally the best policy to plan an Earthing/Grounding System with information gained
from a resistivity survey, plus using system design formula. The true soil resistance is likely to
be nearer the design value, if environmental and ground conditions changes have been taken into
account. The measured value tends to be lower than the true value with techniques used today.
The conductivity of the ground has a considerable influence on the effectiveness of an
Earthing/Grounding System. It shall be one of the factors governing a grounding electrode's
resistance.
The resistivity of the soil shall be taken as:
p =Q X
2
m Im =nX m
This represents the resistance between opposite faces of a metre cube of ground.

S-AAA-EARTH-GROUND (Rev.0-20II).doc Page 8 of 23


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EARTHING I LIGHTNING
Earthing/Grounding Systems

Various conditions of the ground cause different resistivities and the differences found between
them are quite considerable, as the table above illustrates.
The amount of water held in the soil is governed by the weather conditions, time of the year,
nature of the soil, etc. To a certain degree the temperature of the soil has an effect upon
resistivity, lower temperatures causing higher resistivities, therefore, climatic changes have a
bearing on the planning of Earthing/Grounding Systems.

2.2.2 Design Requirements


Design calculations shall be carried out according to IEEE Std.80, latest Version.
For details of design calculation requirements refer to Standard Technical Specification, Patt:
1' ; -ANNEx 1- fi------r--=--TEarthiriinesigil·-caiclifatioil.sallipies-·--·---· -------·---

1
_
, -··- - --·---·····-----------·..·-·----······- ..······--------··--·-·-------·-·---------- ------- ------·-------·- ··-- ·

The ruling criteria in the design of the earthing/grounding system shall be the safety of personnel
and the proper operation of the electrical equipment during normal operation and during transient
disturbances such as short circuits in the electric power system and during lightning discharges.
The design of the earthing/grounding system shall be such that the maximum permissible step
and touch voltages are not exceeded, (refer to Guide IEEE Std. 80, 2000 Edition).
For turnkey projects, if the actually measured resistance of the installed ground system is higher
than specified, the Bidder/Contractor shall install, at no extra cost, additional earthing/grounding
rods, mats, etc., until the field-measured resistance is equal to or less than the specified value.
The ground system shall be composed of a system of tinned copper conductors buried
approximately 60 ern. beneath the surface of the ground, excluding crushed rock surfacing. The
grid system shall cover the entire fenced substation area and shall extend one meter outside of
the substation fence.
In case of smaller plot areas or substations housed in buildings, the grounding mesh shall be
installed below the basement floor. At each comer a ground rod shall be provided.
Driven ground rods shall be installed at regular intervals and connected to the earthing/grounding
conductor at grid nodes. Four of the ground rods, at least, must be installed (one at each comer of
the ground grid). The Bidder/Contractor shall determine the spacing of ground grid conductors
and the total number and location of ground rods and their lengths (single or two or more
coupled sections).

2.2.3 Applicable Apparent Soil Resistance Measurement Method


Typical Drawings for Apparent Soil Resistance Measurement provided in the Drawings Section
are as follows:
-· ·- ·-----··--· - -·----·-···----· - -r·-··-··--·-····--··------ ·------ ·-·--·- --·-·- ·····
---- - ··-·--·· ···-··
···-- -·--·---
··
---- - -------·
1 Drawing No. Title 1
L--·-····· -----·-·-- ··-···- ---·----------1 ----·---------------·-------------------------- ---·--···· -·---·---- - ·-·-'
S-AAA-EARTH-GROU ND (Rev.O-:!Oll).doc Page 9 of 23
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EARTHING I LIGHTNING
Earthing/Grounding Systems

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DWG AAA EARTH 01 21 Measuring Technique for Apparent Specific Soil Resistance

...
_,,,., _,,,,_,
-·-·....- .·.-····-·--····-·
,_,_,_,_,_,_,

Calculation (Wenner Method)


..... ._, ,
, ._

The measuring technique to be followed for apparent soil resistance measurement shall be the
one developed Dr. F. Wenner of the US Bureau of Standards, which is described in a paper:
report No. 255 Bulletin of Bureau Standards, volume 12 No. 3, 11th October 1915, and titled 'A
Method of Measuring Earth Resistivity'. The basis of this principle is given below:
The method is sometimes known as the 'four electrodes method' because four electrodes (spikes)
are inserted into the ground and connected to the terminals of the earth tester.
The four spikes are equally spaced in a straight line and driven into the ground such that the
depth of insertion is <113 of the distance "a" between the spikes.
The spikes are connected to the ea1th resistance tester by multi-core cables.
Cunent is passed through the ground via the two outer spikes, which are connected to the current
terminals of the tester. The voltage appearing between the inner spikes connected to the potential
terminals of the tester as a result of the current flowing is measured.
The formula for calculating the specific apparent soil resistance at a certain depth of b is:
I

Where = the measured soil resistance in Q


the distance between the spikes in m
= the depth of spikes
the apparent soil resistivity at a depth of 'b' in Q x m.
If measured soil resistance values are very high and leading to difficulties in designing the earth
system within the specified limits, ground (soil resistivity) improvement materials shall be
applied. Prior to application of the ground improvement materials, ADWEA/ADDC/AADC's
approval has to be obtained.
If the specific apparent soil resistance (obtained by calculations) is decreasing with increasing
earth depth, the installation of a deep emthing system is required and if the soil impedance is low
at a small earth depth an emthing net can be considered.

2.2.4 Calculation of Step and Touch Voltages


Step and touch voltages measurements have to be performed according to IEEE Std 80-2000
recommendation for 50 kg body weight criterion. For the calculation full fault culTents as
specified and future extensions and modifications of the substation layout shall be considered.
Reductions of specified fault levels shall not be considered.
S-AAA-EA RTH-GROUND (Rev.0-20 II ).doc Page 1 0 of 23
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EARTHING I LIGHTNING
Earthing/Grounding Systems

For crushed rock covered areas a maximum specific electric resistance as specified in the
Technical Data Sheets or the actual measured resistance of the used material and size shall be
considered.

2.3 Potential Equalizing


For potential equalizing of the building an Earthing/Grounding System a galvanised iron mesh
shall be cast into the surface concrete of all building floors as specified in the Technical Data
Sheets.
At the potential equalisation bus bars connections to the main earthing/grounding system and
reinforcement shall be provided.
The locations of the potential equivalation bus bars shall be proposed to ADWEA/ADDC/AADC
for approval.

2.4 Equipment and Materials Requirements

2.4.1 Mobile Earthing/Grounding Equipment


To meet the safety regulations before any maintenance or repair . works are started on the
EHV/HV/LV/MV equipment, the disconnected "live" parts of the equipment shall be grounded
by means of permanent earthing/grounding switches and/or portable or mobile grounding sets.
The portable or mobile earthing/grounding sets (Substation Earthing/Grounding Sets) shall be
supplied by the Bidder/Contractor. The current-carrying components of the earthing/grounding
set shall have a fault current rating (magnitude and duration) as specified in the respective
technical data sheets.

2.4.2 Earthing/Grounding Terminal Lugs


Terminal lugs shall be of one hole, socket type, rounded edge lug, cast of high strength corrosion
Resistance copper alloy.
Machine screws, nuts, and washers used with the lugs shall be of Bronze.

2.4.3 Earthing/Grounding Flexible Copper Braids


All flexible copper braids shall be made of flat, extra-flexible copper braid. Both ends shall be
encased in a seamless copper ferrule drilled in accordance with NEMA Standard or equivalent.
Ferrules shall be formed under high pressure ensuring dependable contact.

2.4.4 Earthing/Grounding Cables


Earthing/Grounding conductors shall be of tinned copper or bare copper (where applicable) soft
drawn concentric strands manufactured in accordance with the latest revision of ASTM B3 and
ASTM Specification B8 (class B).

S-AA A-EARTH-GROUND (Rev.0-20 II ).doc Page II of 23


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EARTHING I LIGHTNING
Earthing/Grounding Systems

2.4.5 ltisers
Risers shall meet requirements as specified in the Technical Data Sheets.

2.4.6 Grounding Rods


The Earthing/grounding rods are required to be installed at a required depth in ground in order to
overcome change in resistivity due to seasonable variations. These rods are required in sufficient
numbers based upon calculation.
Grounding Rods shall meet the requirements as specified in Technical Data Sheets.

2.4.7 Grounding Electrodes


Earthing/Grounding System usually takes the form of an electrode (metal rod, pipe, plate or
mesh) or electrodes embedded in the ground and connected to the electrical equipment or
network. The resistance of a grounding electrode is not constant but varies with the amount of
moisture in the ground. As weather conditions change throughout the year, grounding electrode
resistance will change. It is therefore required that the Bidder/Contractor shall carry out
verification checks on the resistance to ground of all grounding electrodes.
Overhead Ground Wire/Optical Ground Wire (OPGW)
For the technical details of the Overhead Ground Wires and OPGW reference shall be made to
Standard Technical Specification, Part:
F S-AAA-OHL-<iPGW--1 -r._o__p_ri_ca_l_G_r_ou_n_d_W_ ir_e_s ,

2.4.8 Low Resistance Shield Conductors


Since it is impractical to completely eliminate system voltage differences, their effect must be
neutralised. Neutralisation shall be accomplished by a low resistance shield conductor parallel to,
and in proximity of the affected control circuit. Such a conductor may be the shielded control
cable, unused conductors of an unshielded control cable, or a separate shield conductor.
In trench systems, shield conductors, connected to the substation Earthing/Grounding System,
shall be attached to the sides tops of the trench. This results in placing the shield conductors
between the transient source and the control cables. These shield conductors should have
sufficient conductivity to carTy fault currents without damage.

2.4.9 Ground Continuity Conductors


According to IEEE STD 575, single-point bonded HV and EHV cable installation shall be
provided with a parallel insulated ground continuity conductor that is grounded at both end of the
route.

S-AAA-EARTH-GROUND (Rev.0-20II).doc Page 12 of 2


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EARTHING I LIGHTNING
Earthing/Grounding Systems

2.5 Earthing/Grounding Connections


For all EHV, HV, MV, LV fault current carrying components, two conductors each sized for the
full fault current as specified in the Technical Data Sheets shall be provided.
Overhead transmission line earth wires and substation Earthing/Grounding Systems shall be
electrically connected.
Each metallic device within the substation boundary must be equipped with an
earthing/grounding bolt/screw of sufficient diameter to connect the Earthing/Grounding System.
All metallic construction parts and auxiliaries, especially gantries, auxiliary structures, supports,
apparatus, fences (all posts), control/protection cubicles shall be connected to the
Earthing/Grounding System.
For fences with plastic covered screen wires and with plastic covered posts, earthing/grounding
is not required. The gates of the fence shall be earthed and a gateway area potential control has to
be considered.
The Earthing/Grounding System of buildings shall be connected:
• with the outside of the building installed earthing-potential-control-ring as specif ied in the
Technical Data Sheets
• Or to an existing Earthing/Grounding System of the substation. If an existing
Earthing/Grounding System is ending at the front of a substation building, the
Earthing/Grounding network shall be extended.

2.6 Earthing Conductor Connections

2.6.1 General
For copper bar to copper bar connections the following connection methods are applicable:

a) Brazing, using zinc-free brazing material with a melting point of at least 600° C
b) Bolting (min. two 8 mm bolts each with two washers, one spring washers and a nut)
c) Exothermic welding (according to ANSIIUL 467)
d) Cold pressure welding

Bolted connections might be used only at locations inside the buildings.


Bolted connections to the Earthing/Grounding System shall be electrically tested (voltage drop
test) at locations to be agreed with ADWENADDC/AADC.

2.6.2 Exothermic Welding Materials (if Exothermic Process is Required)


The Bidder/Contractor shall supply exothermic welding materials for wire-to-wire, copper
conductor-to-ground rod and copper conductor-to-steel structure Earthing/grounding
connections. These materials shall be cad-weld, or approved equal and shall meet ANSIIUL 467

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recommendations. If the Bidder/Contractor proposes to supply an exothermic process other than


cad-weld, detailed information describing the proposed process shall be included with his
proposal.
The exothermic welding materials shall include removable clamp type moulds, handle flint gun,
exothermic powder cartridges, metal discs and other devices required to complete the
Earthing/grounding connection.
The exothermic powder cartridges shall be designed to provide an installed connection having a
current capacity equal to conductor being welded. The ignition powder shall be packed in the
bottom of the cartridge to permit the ignition powder to fall on top of the welding powder when
dumped into the old. The powder cartridges shall be complemented with metal discs.
The moulds shall be designed to withstand the high temperature associated with the welding
operation and shall provide a minimum of 50 acceptable connections without maintenance or
replacement.

2.7 Deep Bore Grounding


At locations with high surface resistance, the Bidder/Contractor shall install deep bore
grounding.
A hole shall be drilled into the ground, to a depth reaching permanently moist soil layers. The
depth required shall be determined by ADWEA/ADDC/AADC on the basis of the soil
investigation results.
The grounding electrode shall be lowered into the hole and must safely reach its bottom.
Connection to the tower steel is outlined above.
Deep bore Earthing/grounding shall be installed only after approval of by
ADWEAl ADDC/AADC, and shall be remunerated against the respective price item in the Price
Tabulation Sheet.

2.8 Earthing /Grounding Applications

2.8.1 Overhead Tower

2.8.1.1 General
For Overhead Tower Earthing/Grounding Details, reference shall be made to Standard Technical
Specification, Part

[_:' S- A o:_ l LHV.M


!V Tow rs - attic:_ el Desig--- --..--- --- -----'
and Drawings:

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S-AAA-EARTH-GROUND (Rev.0-20II).doc Page 14 of 23
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Earthing/Grounding Systems

- -·-· --Deui"ils0f'f>01e-Mounteci1ilo-4k
jbwG AAA EART}foil-3- v Tras-forrner"sli"b"tation 1
1 Grounding j
·----------..-- ."·--·-..·- ··"·--r--- . -·--"-"·-- ----------- ---------------
DWG AAA EARTH 01 14 I Details of Steel Pole Earthing
l
J

!?WG AAA "EARTH oT15_ f :Octailsof'Metallic Tower Earthing _

The connection of ground conductor/electrodes to the Stub-angle shall be made with


compression lugs, fixed to the Stub-angles by 2 bolts of the size M16. To accommodate
additional grounding, every Stub-angle shall have a pair of holes for establishing the required
earthing/grounding connection.
Inside the foundation concrete, the grounding electrodes of the basic system shall be embedded
in suitable plastic hoses. Any additional ground electrodes shall be routed 0.5 m underground to
the respective foundation. They shall be brought up along the foundation cap, through a
protective pipe, to be suitable fixed to the cap facing the tower centre.
All contact surfaces on the tower stubs, connectors, rods, strips, wire leads etc. shall be
thoroughly cleaned prior to assembly. Finished connections shall be protected with a liberal
coating of an appropriate compound, e.g. "Denso". Great care shall be taken for protecting the
Earthing/grounding against corrosion from aggressive soil.
All wire leads shall be properly fixed to the connectors and all bolts shall be firmly tightened to
ensure that a good electrical connection is achieved.
All wires and strips shall be handled and installed in the best possible manner, free of kinks and
damage of any kind. Backfill for strip trenches shall be sieved material and thoroughly
compacted in layers.
After installation of the basic Earthing/Grounding System, the Bidder/Contractor shall measure
the earth resistance at each tower structure and submit the results to ADWENADDCIAADC, for
approval. All supporting structures having a resistance to earth, exceeding 20 Ohms for towers
and/or 10 Ohms for poles, shall be furnished with deep bore earthing/grounding at tower
locations, as will be defined by ADWENADDC/AADC, also deep bore earthing/grounding
and/or earth grading rings shall be installed as far as needed. After application of additional
grounding, the Bidder/Contractor shall repeat the resistance measurement in all concerned
locations. The stringing of the earth wire may commence only after final approval of the
resistance values by ADWENADDC/AADC.

2.8.1.2 Basic System


The Bidder/Contractor shall provide furnish each tower with a basic Earthing/Grounding
System, on two diagonally opposite legs.
For pile foundations, the basic Earthing/Grounding System shall consist of coiled ground
conductor, placed under the bottom of the pile.

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EARTHING I LIGHTNING
Earthing/Grounding Systems

The earthing/grounding rods shall be driven into undisturbed earth at the outermost corner at the
bottom of the foundation.

2.8.1.3 Grading Rings


At tower locations subject to special requirements of safety of public, a closed
earthing/grounding ring has to be buried around the tower leg at a depth of 30 to 60 em and at a
distance of 1 m to the tower steelworks.
The ring is to be connected to counterpoise tower legs. If deemed necessary, a second grading
ring shall be installed at a depth of 80 em distant by 1 m from the first grading ring.
For all tower locations, where the Bidder/Contractor is advised by ADWENADDC/AADC to
install such an earthing/grounding ring, calculations shall be performed to prove the safety limits
of step and touch voltages. These calcul ations shall be carried out in accordance with approved
standards and shall be subject to approval by ADWENADDC/AADC.
Connection to the tower steel is as outlined above.
Grading rings shall be installed only after approval of ADWENADDC/AADC, and shall be
remunerated against the respective price item in the Price Tabulation Sheet.

2.8.2 Power Transformer and Reactor


Typical Drawing for power transformer/reactor earthing/grounding arrangement provided in the
Drawings Section are as follows:
jJkawing No. Title
rnwG AAA EARTH 01 06 -Typical Earthing Arrangement fo Power Transfor mers/ReactorS]
L: . . . .... --·--····-····- -·-····· · __ l
The transformer and shunt reactor tank shall be connected to the Earthing/Grounding System
following the same principles as for steel structures.
Directly grounded power transformer/reactor neutrals shall be connected by two copper
conductors (isolated from the transformer tank) to two separate grounding rods. The grounding
rods shall be connected to the Earthing/Grounding System.
The copper conductors shall be properly clamped to a supporting steel structure.

2.8.3 Single-Core Power Cables

2.8.3.1 General
Fundamentally the screen of a power cable can be treated in the following way:
• Sheath bonded at one side only
• Sheath bonded at both sides

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The practical implications of the choice of a specific earthing system are manifold and must be
taken into account when a power cable system is designed. The following aspects are influenced
when the earthing concept of a power cable system:
• Current rating of a power cable circuit
• Overvoltage in the power cable screen
• Magnitude of the zero and positive sequence impedance
• Appearance of stray current in the earth
• Earthing impedance of (remote) substations.

2.8.3.2 Both sides Bonding


If the screen of a power cable is bonded at both sides, the following effects will appear:
• Due to the magnetic field of the main power cable and the closed loop of the power cable
screen, a circulating current is flowing in the screen. This circulating current is causing
additional losses. The losses are increasing strongly with increasing spacing between
power cables.
• The ampacity of the power cable system is changed due to these extra losses in the
screen. The best ampacities are reached with a touching trefoil formation as this
arrangements gives the lowest losses in the power cable screen
• Ther is no induced voltage appearing in the power cable screen (as it is compensated by
the circulating current) nevertheless of the length of the section (as section, the power
cable circuit between two earthing points is understood).
• The earthing impedance of (remote) substations can be improved by the screen of the
cable.
• The zero-sequence impedance has normally lower value than with one side bonding and
can be calculated more accurate!y.

2.8.3.3 One side Bonding


If the power cable screen is bonded at one side only, the following effects are appearing:
• As the screen is open, there are no circulating currents, but there is an induced voltage
appearing at the open power cable screen, where sheath voltage limiters must be installed
in order to protect the power cable outer sheath against transient overvoltages.
• The ampacity is higher compared with both side bonding, as there are practically no
losses in the screen.
• The length of one section is limited as the magnitude of the induced voltage is increasing
with length.

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EARTHING I LIGHTNING
Earthing/Grounding Systems

• The zero-sequence impedance is bigger than for both sides bonding. This is due to the
fact, that the mean return distance of the current in earth, which depends on the
conductivity of the ground, is normally in the range lOOOQm, which gives high value for
the inductivity of the zero-sequence impedance. Practical measurements showed, that the
effective zero-sequence impedance differs a lot from theoretical value, as the ground is
normally disturbed by additional conductors like water and drainage pipes, gas pipelines
etc. Hence if single side bonding is used, the zero-sequence impedance needs to be
measured for each cable system in order to have accurate values.
• Stray currents in the ground from earth faults can cause disturbances to neighbouring low
voltage and data/signal cables.
In order to improve zero-sequence impedance and the general earthing situation it is
recommendable to install a parallel conductor along the power cable route. The losses in this
additional can be prevented by transposing if along the power cable route.

2.8.3.4 Recommendations
Earthing concept in or near a substation, where an earthing grid is in the ground
• Single side bonding in order to reduce the losses in the power cable screen.
Earthing concept outside of a substation
• For short cable length, where less than three sections of power cables are needed, single-
side bonding together with an additional earth conductor to improve the zero-sequence
and the earthing impedance.
• For long power cable lengths, consisting at least of three cable sections, implementing a
both sides bonding system as it increases the ampacity and improves the zero-sequence
impedance.
• For power cable circuits, where the number of cable sections is unequal to three or
unequal to multiple of th ;ee, both above described methods can be adopted.
If for any reason both side bonding is applicable, the spacing between the power cables shall be
minimised and trefoil formation shall be chosen in order to reduce the losses in the screen and to
maximise the ampacity of the power cable.

2.8.4 GIS
GIS Earthing/Grounding shall meet requirements as specified in IEEE Std 80-2000.
For high-frequency earthing, CIGRE (Group 23.10, Publ. Earthing of GIS - An application
Guide) shall be considered.
The GIS manufacturer shall evaluate:
a) Induced enclosure currents

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EARTHING I LIGHTNING
Earthing/Grounding Systems

b) Metal to metal touch voltage during internal and external GIS faults
c) Justify that specified touch voltage criteria are met and submission of special precautions for
ADWEA/ADDC/AADC's approval.

2.8.5 Fixed Earthing/Grounding Switches, etc.


Connections between any type of earthing/grounding device, e.g. earthing/grounding switch, and
risers from the Earthing/Grounding System shall be arranged through two 300 mm2 copper
conductors connected between the ground contact of the earthing/grounding device and a riser.
These conductors shall be properly clamped to the steel structure.

2.8.6 Lightning Arrestors


Lightning arrestor grounding terminal shall be connected by two 300 mm 2 copper conductors to
separate grounding rods. Arrester ground connections shall meet requirements as specified in
IEEE Std 80-2000. The copper conductors shall be properly clamped to the lightning arrester
supporting steel structure. The grounding rods shall be connected to the Earthing/Grounding
System.

2.8.7 OHL Wooden Poles


• Steel work in wood poles shall be earthed at all section "H"poles and other "H"poles
which are fitted with transformers, Switchgear, cable boxes or other apparatus. At such
"H"poles all steel work shall be bonded and earthed. Earthing and bonding wire of
70/35mm2 should be stapled to poles at intervals < 30cm.

• At distribution transformer location, two Earthing points are to be provided. One


Earthing point for LV System LV Cut out and LV Cables, The other point should be for
HV system separated by a distance of not less than 5 meters. Transfotmer body and all
Steel Works, Lightning Arrester on the pole should be connected to main HV Earthing
point. It should be taking care that no connection between these two points exists.

• Earthing should be done by boring and installing earth rods to reach the required
resistance value (less than 10 .0). It should be taking care to add any approved suitable
environmental friendly matetial to enhance the resistance value.

• If necessary it may be advised for more earthing points (similar to the said point) and
connect them together by suitable Conductor to achieve the minimum acceptable earth
resistance.

2.8.8 Light Poles


Poles for lighting within the substation area shall be connected to the Earthing/Grounding
System via 50 mm2 copper cables, one connection for each pole.

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EARTHING I LIGHTNING
Earthing/Grounding Systems

2.8.9 Panels, Cubicles


Control/Protection Panels, Marshalling Cubicles, Transformer Control Panels shall be connected
2
to the Earthing/Grounding System via two 50 mm wires, irrespective of whether the cubicles are
mounted on an earthed steel structure or not.

2.8.10 DC Distribution Equipment


Battery Chargers and DC Distribution Panels shall be connected to the Earthing/Grounding
System via two 95 rnm2 wires, irrespective of whether the equipment are mounted on an earthed
steel structure or not.

2.8.11 AC Distribution Equipment


AC Distribution Panels shall be connected to the Earthing/Grounding System via two 240 mm 2
wires, irrespective of whether the equipment are mounted on an earthed steel structure or not.

2.8.12 Steel Structure


Each steel structure that carries electrical apparatuses shall be connected to the
Earthing/Grounding System. To ensure a contact even if a connection fails or a cable is cut off,
each structure must be connected via two different risers to two. different locations of the
Earthing/Grounding System.
Steel structures underneath conductors shall be properly connected to the Earthing/Grounding
System to sustain the full fault current.
Steel structures constructed as one unit (all parts are welded) can be utilised for
earthing/grounding of electrical parts installed on it, if the steel structures are earthed according
to DIN VDE 0141, i.e. as follows:
• For gantries, Earthing/Grounding System shall be connected at two points
• Sufficient conductive cross-sections of the gantry supporting structure
• Electrical conductive connections at the gantry structure shall be bolted or welded.

2.8.13 Operating Areas


For outdoor operated equipment an earthing/grounding mat shall be installed beneath the
operator's standing place for the protection of the operators. This mat should consist of 50 mm 2
tinned copper wire arranged in a spiral of about 1 m diameter with maximum 0.2 m distance
between spiral wires, and with one end connected to the operating mechanism. The mat shall be
above the normal earthing/grounding system and shall be connected to the main earthing grid.

S-AAA
·EARTH GROUND (Rev.0-20II).doc Page 20 of 23
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AbuDhabi Oistnbuhon

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Earthing/Grounding Systems

2.8.14 Operating Handles and Switch Shafts


Operating handles and Switch Shaft groundings shall meet requirements as specified in IEEE Std
80-2000.

2.8.15 Fences and Service Areas outside of Fences


Fences and Service Areas outside of Fences groundings shall meet requirements as specified in
IEEE Std 80-2000.

2.8.16 Others
Communication Circuits, Control Cable Sheaths, Rails, LV Neutral Wires, Portable Equipment
and Tools supplied from Substation, Piping, and Auxiliary Buildings shall be connected to the
Earthing/Grounding System as specified in IEEE Std 80-2000.

3 TESTING AND INSPECTION


3.1 General
All Earthing/Grounding elements/devices shall be tested in the Manufacturer's work as far as
applicable. The Bidder/Contractor may be required to carry out any one or all of the tests stated
in this Specification under witness of ADWEA/ADDC/AADC or his representatives.
Testing of the Earthing/Grounding Systems shall be performed in line with this specification and
in accordance with the relevant IEC Standards (as minimum requirement) and other Standards as
may be approved by ADWEAlADDC/AADC.
Acceptance by ADWEA/ADDC/AADC's representative of any equipment shall not relieve the
manufacturer from any of his performance guarantees or from any other obligations.
ADWEAlADDC/AADC reserves the right to perform checks during manufacturing process at
any time or all the times. It shall be at the discretion of ADWEA/ADDC/AADC to witness tests
on 100%, or any percentage quantity of each lot for routine tests, apart from the type tests,
wherever called for.
Tests of Earthing/Grounding Systems shall comprise factory and site tests.

3.2 Factory Tests


3.2.1 Type Tests
Cables, hardware and materials shall be subjected to the type tests in accordance with the
applicable ASTM or equivalent IEC standards.
Evidence shall be given that the proposed Earthing/Grounding Systems under this Specification
have been subject to all type tests at an internationally recognised testing station, like KEMA or

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equivalent. If deemed necessary, ADWEA/ADDC/AADC will decide whether additional tests


are necessary to be performed by the Bidder/Contractor.
An internationally recognised laboratory shall certify the type test repmts.
The Bidder/Contractor shall submit certified copies of type test certificates covering the
proposed earthing/grounding components.
Type tests certificates/reports shall be considered acceptable if they are in compliance with the
relevant Standards and the following:
1. Type Tests conducted at an internationally recognised laboratory acceptable to
ADWEAl ADDC/AADC.
2. Type Tests conducted at the manufacturer's laboratory and witnessed by representatives
from an internationally recognised laboratory acceptable to ADWEA/ADDC/AADC.
If the presented type test reports are not in accordance with the above requirements,
ADWEA/ADDC/AADC may decide to ask for the type tests to be carried out in the
manufacturer's premises or other places subject to the approval of ADWEA/ADDC/AADC and
at no additional cost. These tests shall be performed in the presence of an internationally
recognised laboratory, which should issue the relevant type test certificates upon successf ul test.

3.2.2 Sample Tests


The sample tests shall be performed in accordance with ASTM B153 and the manufacturer
standard.
Sample Tests shall be performed, by selecting the samples from each lot of earthing/grounding
components/material. Sampling shall be as per the ISO.
The tests shall comprise as a minimum the following tests:
• Visual checks and measurements of dimensions
• Earthing/Grounding components labeling as per this specification.

3.2.3 Routine Tests


Earthing/Grounding Systems shall be subjected to routine tests as per the relevant IEC
recommendations or other recommendations might be approved by ADWEA/ADDC/AADC
such as ASTM.
Routine test certificates shall be submitted for ADWEA/ADDC/AADC's review and approval
before shipment of the Earthing/grounding components.
The visual inspection of the Earthing/Grounding Systems, in order to ensure that all components
are mechanically assembled and fixed properly and that there are no imperfections shall be
performed.

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Earthing/Grounding Systems

The tests on Earthing/Grounding Cables shall be performed in accordance with ASTM B3 and
ASTM B8 and B153 and shall include, but not limited to the following:
General inspection:
a) Tensile strength tests
b) Elongation tests
c) Conductor resistivity tests
d) Dimension measurement
e) Surface finish inspection
f) Weight of conductor
i) General inspection
j) Measurement of dimensions.

3.3 Site Test


Details of Site Acceptance Tests are specified in Standard Technical Specification, Part 21 (Site
Test s a fter Installation (SATs))
. . . .._. ...... ..--.. . . .. . r .. .. . _.. _ ,
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