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Module 4 MMW

Measures of central tendency describe the center or typical value of a dataset. There are three main measures: mean, median, and mode. [1] The mean is the average value found by dividing the total of all values by the number of values. [2] The median is the middle number in a dataset that has been sorted in numerical order. [3] The mode is the value that occurs most frequently. These measures can be used to summarize both ungrouped and grouped data.

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62 views26 pages

Module 4 MMW

Measures of central tendency describe the center or typical value of a dataset. There are three main measures: mean, median, and mode. [1] The mean is the average value found by dividing the total of all values by the number of values. [2] The median is the middle number in a dataset that has been sorted in numerical order. [3] The mode is the value that occurs most frequently. These measures can be used to summarize both ungrouped and grouped data.

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Measures

of
Central Tendency
Central Tendency
• In general terms, central tendency is a
statistical measure that determines a single
value that accurately describes the center of the
distribution and represents the entire
distribution of scores.
• The goal of central tendency is to identify the
single value that is the best representative for
the entire set of data.
Types of data
Ungrouped data is the data you first gather from an
experiment or study. The data is raw — that is, it's
not sorted into categories, classified, or otherwise
grouped.

Grouped data is a statistical term used in data


analysis. Raw data can be organized by grouping
together similar measurements in a table. This
frequency table is also called grouped data.
Ungrouped Data
Central Tendency
Mean – arithmetic average of a set of given numbers.

Median – the middle score in a set of given numbers.

n = number of data.
Mode – is the most frequently occurring score in a
set of given numbers.
Example 1:

26, 20, 12, 30, 15, 10, 26, 21, 6, 18, 16, 29, 26, 19, 26

Solve for the mean:


= 20

Interpretation:
The average score of the 15 students in their
quiz in MMW is 20.
Example 1:

26, 20, 12, 30, 15, 10, 26, 21, 6, 18, 16, 29, 26, 19, 26

Solve for the median:


First create an array of the given data.
6, 10, 12, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 26, 26, 26, 26, 29, 30

=8 = 8th position
Interpretation:
7 out of 15 students got a score below 20 in the MMW quiz.
Example 1:

26, 20, 12, 30, 15, 10, 26, 21, 6, 18, 16, 29, 26, 19, 26

Solve for the mode:


Based on the previous arrayed data.
6, 10, 12, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 26, 26, 26, 26, 29, 30
We can see that there are a total of four 26 in the array.
Interpretation:
Most of the students got a score of 26 in their quiz in MMW.
Example 2:

65, 52, 67, 70, 56, 42, 55, 72, 65, 55, 71, 50, 55, 65

Solve for the mean:


= 60

Interpretation:
The average weight of the 14 respondents is 60 kgs.
Example 2:

65, 52, 67, 70, 56, 42, 55, 72, 65, 55, 71, 50, 55, 65
Solve for the median:
First create an array of the given data.
42, 50, 52, 55, 55, 55, 56, 65, 65, 65, 67, 70, 71, 72
= 7.5 = 7th + 0.5(8th – 7th)
= 56 + 0.5(65 – 56)
Interpretation:
= 56 + 0.5(9)
50% among the respondents = 56 + 4.5
weigh below 60.5 kgs. = 60.5
Example 2:

65, 52, 67, 70, 56, 42, 55, 72, 65, 55, 71, 50, 55, 65

Solve for the mode:


Based on the previous arrayed data.
42, 50, 52, 55, 55, 55, 56, 65, 65, 65, 67, 70, 71, 72

We can see that there are 2 most frequent data.


Interpretation:
Most of the respondents weigh 55 and 65 kilograms.
Using the Mean to interpret the result.
• Although the mean is the most commonly used
measure of central tendency, there are situations
where the mean does not provide a good,
representative value, and there are situations where
you cannot compute a mean at all.
• When a distribution contains a few extreme scores
(or is very skewed), the mean will be pulled toward
the extremes (displaced toward the tail). In this case,
the mean will not provide a "central" value.
Using the Mean to interpret the result.
• With data from a nominal scale it is impossible to
compute a mean, and when data are measured on
an ordinal scale (ranks), it is usually inappropriate
to compute a mean.
• Thus, the mean does not always work as a measure
of central tendency and it is necessary to have
alternative procedures available.
Using the Median to interpret the
result.
• If the scores in a distribution are listed in order from
smallest to largest, the median is defined as the
midpoint of the list.
• The median divides the scores so that 50% of the
scores in the distribution have values that are equal to
or less than the median.
• Computation of the median requires scores that can
be placed in rank order (smallest to largest) and are
measured on an ordinal, interval, or ratio scale.
Using the Median to interpret the
result.
• Usually, the median can be found by a simple
counting procedure:
1. With an odd number of scores, list the values in
order, and the median is the middle score in the list.
2. With an even number of scores, list the values
in order, and the median is half-way between the
middle two scores.
Using the Median to interpret the
result.
• One advantage of the median is that it is relatively
unaffected by extreme scores.
• Thus, the median tends to stay in the "center" of the
distribution even when there are a few extreme
scores or when the distribution is very skewed. In
these situations, the median serves as a good
alternative to the mean.
Using the Mode to interpret the result.
• The mode is defined as the most frequently occurring
category or score in the distribution.
• In a frequency distribution graph, the mode is the
category or score corresponding to the peak or high
point of the distribution.
• The mode can be determined for data measured on
any scale of measurement: nominal, ordinal, interval,
or ratio.
Using the Mode to interpret the result.
• The primary value of the mode is that it is the only
measure of central tendency that can be used for data
measured on a nominal scale. In addition, the mode
often is used as a supplemental measure of central
tendency that is reported along with the mean or the
median.
Using the Mode to interpret the result.
• It is possible for a distribution to have more than one
mode. Such a distribution is called bimodal. (Note
that a distribution can have only one mean and only
one median.)
• In addition, the term "mode" is often used to describe
a peak in a distribution that is not really the highest
point. Thus, a distribution may have a major mode at
the highest peak and a minor mode at a secondary
peak in a different location.
Grouped Data
Central Tendency
Formula for Grouped data

Mean
Central Tendency
Formula for Grouped data

Median
Central Tendency
Formula for Grouped data

Mode
Example 3:
Ratings of 500 CPA board examinees from DHVSU in the
year 2020. Solve for the mean, median, and the mode.
Ratings f x fx
65 – 69 56 67 3752
70 – 74 78 72 5616
75 – 79 92 77 7084
80 – 84 156 82 12792
85 – 89 86 87 7482
90 – 94 32 92 2944
Interpretation:
The average rating of the 500 CPA board examinees
from DHVSU in the year 2020 is 79.34 approximately.
Example 3:
Ratings of 500 CPA board examinees from DHVSU in the
year 2020. Solve for the mean, median, and the mode.
Ratings f <cf
65 – 69 56 56
70 – 74 78 134
75 – 79 92 226
80 – 84 156 382
85 – 89 86 468
90 – 94 32 500

Determining the median class:


Interpretation:
50% of the
= CPA board
= examinees from
DHVSU in the year 202o got a rating below 80.27 approximately.
Example 3:
Ratings of 500 CPA board examinees from DHVSU in the
year 2020. Solve for the mean, median, and the mode.
Ratings f
65 – 69 56
70 – 74 78
75 – 79 92
80 – 84 156
85 – 89 86
90 – 94 32
Interpretation:
Most of the 500 CPA board examinees
From DHVSU in the year 2020 got a
rating of approximately 81.89.

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