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    Biodiversity

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    kanak
    The document discusses various threats to biodiversity such as monoculture plantations, introduction of exotic species, poaching, over-exploitation, pollution, hybridization, and loss of habitat. Specific examples are provided for each threat. It also describes endemic species found only in certain regions, biological hotspots that have high biodiversity but are also highly threatened, and methods of in situ and ex situ conservation of threatened species and habitats.

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    Biodiversity

    Uploaded by

    kanak
    35 views7 pages
    The document discusses various threats to biodiversity such as monoculture plantations, introduction of exotic species, poaching, over-exploitation, pollution, hybridization, and loss of habitat. Specific examples are provided for each threat. It also describes endemic species found only in certain regions, biological hotspots that have high biodiversity but are also highly threatened, and methods of in situ and ex situ conservation of threatened species and habitats.

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    The document discusses various threats to biodiversity such as monoculture plantations, introduction of exotic species, poaching, over-exploitation, pollution, hybridization, and loss of habitat. Specific examples are provided for each threat. It also describes endemic species found only in certain regions, biological hotspots that have high biodiversity but are also highly threatened, and methods of in situ and ex situ conservation of threatened species and habitats.

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    35 views7 pages

    Biodiversity

    Uploaded by

    kanak
    The document discusses various threats to biodiversity such as monoculture plantations, introduction of exotic species, poaching, over-exploitation, pollution, hybridization, and loss of habitat. Specific examples are provided for each threat. It also describes endemic species found only in certain regions, biological hotspots that have high biodiversity but are also highly threatened, and methods of in situ and ex situ conservation of threatened species and habitats.

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    THREAT TO BIODIVERSITY

     Wetland convention Iran


     Monoculture plantation- growing of a single type of plant
     1960-80 policy, State govt started cutting trees to generate revenue, lead to mass
    deforestation of sal teak, their market value is high because used for building, they
    are durable, so this lead to monoculture, only growing sal and teak, lead to
    biodiversity loss, single wildlife conflict
     1980 Forest protection act, no state govt can promote monoculture, or go ahead
    with mass deforestation, permission from central govt required
    Silk worm single type of plant needed,
    In case of Monoculture, microorganisms and animals won’t survive cause of specific food
    habits , insect population dead

    - Exotic species
    Alien species/Foreign species- species from different space introduced in another
    environment, Introduced in new ecosystem

    Eg tiger more in jim corbett, moved to another national park so he will be exotic
    species there

    When number of exotic species increases rapidly, local species declines so exotic
    species is called INVASIVE SPECIES
     Eg kaziranga national park - Rhinoceros, Jim corbett - tigers
    o Rhino ko jim corbet mai dal diya, rhino is exotic species in jim corbett, now if
    rhino rapdly increases its population, local variety/species declines, killed, so
    rhino becomes INVASIVE SPECIES.

     Congress Grass, biodiversity loss , insect jo Indian grass pe feed karte the survive ni
    kar paye.
    o Congress grass- invasive species

     Lantana- flowering plant, exotic species, rapidly spreads, little biodiversity loss, bird
    population decreases

     Mallard bird- it was introduced in North America, introduced botanical garden, zoos,
    duck + mallard = new species; more similar to Mallard,

    o mallard no. increased rapidly, no. of ducks decreased, MALLARD hence became
    INVASIVE SPECIES.

     Pathogen ho sakta hai, possibility exists, when one specie is introduced in


    another ecosystem if it carries pathogen then it will spread.

    - Poaching
    Tiger, Rhinocerous, Elephant
     Tiger- skin, teeth, bones
    Ornamental use, Bones used to treat paralysis esp in China & Vietnam, Teeth also
    demand high for ornamental use- brings good luck
     Rhinocerous- horn
    Ornamental use, China Vietnam high demand: to treat cancer
     Elephant- tusk , canine, incisors

    - Over-exploitation
    Population increasing day by day
    EG cancer treatment, microorg plants researched, plant ___n________ treats ,
    plantation increased to meet demand

    - Pollution
    Chemical contaminants, pesticides, fertilizers, microorg biodiversity decreasing

    - Hybridisation
    Loss of biodiversity
    Breeding possible, sexually compatible
    Green rev, acchi variety ko hi cultivate kara
     Eg. Rice new variety
    Two diff variety ko cross karke new varity create kara, new variety more food grains,
    more cultivation, the original two varieties were forgotten, loss of biodiversity
     Eg, mallard bird, male introduced in North America, Duck female, First generation
    more like Mallard, Mallard population increased, indigenous specie duck decreased,
    almost instinct
     Lion Tiger hybrid – liger
     Eg. Dog variety
    ENDEMIC SPECIES
    Only found in one particular area, country
    Eg. Kiwi- New Zealand, Kangaroos- Australia
    India- Lion tailed macaque, found in Western Ghats, Goa maha tamil nadu
    Kerala specifically
    Nil Giri Langur – Tamil Nadu, WG
    Niligiri Tahr – Tamil Nadu, WG
    Kashmir Stga , Hangul – Kashmir endemic specie
    WG
    Andaman Nicobar
    NE region
    Himalayan region

    Q. difference btw exotic species, endemic species


    Amphibians – land and water pe survive kar sakte hai

    BIOLOGICAL HOTSPOT
    Biological diversity hai, but threat to biodiversity is also high

    Biologicla hotspots are rich in endemic species. Endemic species in threatened


    condition.

    Eg lion tailed macaque in Western Ghats, Kerala to be specific.


    Total Hotspots in the world- 34 (2 added in 2021)
    4 hotspots in India
    1. Western Ghats, Goa, Maharashtra, TN, Sri Lanka
    2. Sundaland – Andaman and Nicobar, Thailand- Singapore extends till there, rich in
    biodiversity
    3. Eastern Himalaya
    4. Indo-Burma- Myanmar mai extend karte hai

    Threatened Species
    1. Critically Endangered Species
    2. Endangered Species
    3. Vulnerable species

    Criteria
    - Population reduction rate
    - Geographical range
    - Population size
    - Probability of extinction

    In situ Conservation
    On site
    Entire environment of the specie is protected
    5 names remember each

    - Sanctuary 553
    Small in size, entire forest protection, bird then only bird,
    Okhla Bird Sanctuary, Delhi
    Wildlife sanctuary, Mount Abu Wildlife Sanctuary
    Ghariyal Sanctuary
    Musk Deer (perfume in navel- reason for illegal poaching) Musk Deer Sanctuary
    Sanctuary is specie specific, hence small in size, more in nuber
    - National Park 101
    Bigger than sanctuary, not specie specifc, but every NP is famous for one specific
    specie.
    Eg Jim Corbett, Kanha famous for tigers, Kaziranga NP- One horned rhino,
    Ranthambore National Park- Rajasthan, Sunderban National Park- Bengal tiger,
    Manas NP, ASSAM- Elephant, Silent Valley NP – Lion tailed macaque, Kerala.
    Three zones
    Transition/ Tourism zone
    Buffer sone, can go with permission
    Core zone, prohibited zone cause wildlife threat to life
    - Biosphere Reserve18
    Govt cant declare BR, a particular organisation declares according to a specific
    criteria, minimum 3,000km max 11-12,000 km
    Considered a complete ecosystem
    Area covered huge, hence number less

    Ex Situ Conversation
    - Tissue culture
    Lab condition maintaining survival

    - Seed Bank
    Angiosperm
    IARI Indian Agriculture Research Institute

    - Sperm/Ovum Bank
    Preserve
    Future mai utilise

    Nil giri biosphere reserve Tamil Nadu, Karnataka , Kerala


    Endangered species- Nil giri thar, langur TN
    Nand Devi BR, NP- UK
    Sunderbans NP, BR , West Bengal
    Rann of Kutch- Hot desert, Gujarat
    Ladakh BR, Cold Desert, HP

    Sanctuary
    Specie specific
    Chillika Lake Bird Sanctuary, different migratory birds
    Wetland, soil is saturated with water, water logging always, unique variety plants and
    animals.
    Wetland- Agricultural Land, LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY, Convention
    Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary , Goa
    Okhla Bird Sanctuary
    Sultanpur Bird Sanctuary
    Mount Abu Bird Sanctuary
    Ken Ghariyal Sanctuary MP, Ghariyal

    Extinct in the Wild


    In no forest, BR,S,NP
    Maybe off site, ex situ conservation, not in forest

    Extinct, completely disappeared off earth


    Eg dinosaurs

    Project Tiger

    Project Elephant , Year only, baaki not important


    Launched in year 1992

    Crocodile conservation

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