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Tranmission Length

This document discusses prestressed concrete design. It describes: 1) The loss of prestress that occurs at transfer, which is generally around 10%, due to the contraction of concrete during bonding. 2) The transmission length, which is the length over which prestress gradually transfers from the steel tendon to the concrete. It depends on factors like tendon diameter and concrete strength. 3) An example calculation of transmission length for a given set of parameters, showing a transmission length of 1276 mm.

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Wole Labiran
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340 views4 pages

Tranmission Length

This document discusses prestressed concrete design. It describes: 1) The loss of prestress that occurs at transfer, which is generally around 10%, due to the contraction of concrete during bonding. 2) The transmission length, which is the length over which prestress gradually transfers from the steel tendon to the concrete. It depends on factors like tendon diameter and concrete strength. 3) An example calculation of transmission length for a given set of parameters, showing a transmission length of 1276 mm.

Uploaded by

Wole Labiran
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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12 Prestressed Concrete Design

2.2.3 Loss of Prestress at Transfer

It is worth noting that if the total force in the prestressing cables when they are
stressed between the abutments is Pjack, when they are released from the abutments
and allowed to grip the concrete, thus transferring the force from the abutments to
the concrete specimen, the specimen contracts. Because of the full bond between
concrete and steel, steel also suffers the same contraction, leading to a certain loss
of stress from the stress at the time of jacking. This is known as loss of prestress at
transfer and is generally of the order of 10%. Thus
Ptransfer ≈ 0.9 Pjack
Where Ptransfer = Total force in the cable after initial loss of stress due to
compression of concrete,
Pjack = total force used at the time of jacking.

2.2.4 Transmission Length

The transfer of force between concrete and steel takes place gradually. The force
transfer takes place due to
• Bond: It is very important therefore to ensure that the ‘cable’ is clean and free
from loose rust and the concrete is well compacted.
• Friction and wedging action: The cable is stretched and therefore has a
reduced diameter due to the Poisson effect. However, when the force is
released, the wire regains its original diameter. As shown in Fig. 2.9, this
creates a certain amount of wedging action and frictional forces also come in to
play. This is known as the Hoyer effect.

Fig. 2.9 Hoyer effect


Technology of prestressing 13

Force
Gradual development of
force

Transmission Full force


length

Distance along the beam

Fig. 2.10 Transmission length

As shown in Fig. 2.10, because the end of the cable is free from force, the force
is zero at the ends of the cable and gradually builds up to its full value over a
certain length when the bond and friction effects are sufficient to prevent the cable
from slipping from concrete. The length over which the force finally builds up
from zero to full value is known as the transmission length, ℓpt. If the effective
depth is d, generally after a distance of ℓdisp = √ (ℓpt2 + d2), the stress distribution
can be assumed to be linear. The transmission length ℓp varies depending on the
surface characteristics of the cables, the diameter of the cable and the strength of
concrete. It is generally of the order of about 50 diameters for 7-wire strand. The
upper bound of the transmission length is given by ℓpt2 = 1.2ℓpt, where
σ pm0
l pt = α1 α 2 φ (2.1)
f bpt

where
α1 = 1.0 for gradual release and 1.25 for sudden release
α2 = 0.25 for tendons with circular cross section and 0.19 for 3- and 7-wire tendons
φ = nominal diameter of tendon
σpm0 = tendon stress just after release
fbpt = bond stress = ηp1 η1 fctd (t)
ηp1 = 2.7 for indented wires and 3.2 for 3 and 7-wire tendons
η1 = 0.7 normally, but if a good bond conditions can be ensured then η1 = 1.0
From equation (3.3)in chapter 3, f ctd = 0.467 f ctm (2.2)
14 Prestressed Concrete Design

f ctm = 0.3 f ck0.667 ≤ C 50 / 60


(2.3)
= 2.12 ln(1.8 + 0.1 f ck ) > C 50 / 60

28 0.5 α
f ctd ( t ) = (exp{s[1 − ( ) ]}) f ctd (2.4)
t
where s = depends on the type of cement and varies from 0.20 to 0.38.
α = 1 for t < 28 days and 0.67 for t ≥ 28 days.

2.2.4.1 Example of Calculation of Transmission Length

Calculate the transmission length for the given data:


fck = C40/60, 15.2 mm diameter 7-wire tendon,
time of release of tendons, t = 7 days; s = 0.2 for class R cement. From equations
(2.3) and (2.4),

f ctm = 0.3 × 400.667 = 3.5MPa


f ctd = 0.467 × 3.5 = 1.64MPa

Using s = 0.2, t = 7 days, α = 1


28 0.5 1
f ctd ( t ) = (exp{0.2[1 − ( ) ]}) × 1.64 = e − 0.2 × 1.64 = 1.34 MPa
7
fbpt = bond stress = ηp1 η1 fctd (t)
ηp1 = 3.2 for 7-wire tendons, η1 = 0.7 normally, but if a good bond conditions can
be ensured then η1 = 1.0. From equation (2.5),
fbpt = 3.2 × 0.7 × 1.34 = 3.0 MPa
From equation (2.1),
σ pm0
l pt = α1 α 2 φ
f bpt

α1 = 1.0 for gradual release, α2 = 0.19 for 7-wire tendons


Φ = nominal diameter of tendon = 15.2 mm
Taking fpk for prestressing steel = 1860 MPa, fp0.1k = 0.88 fpk, k2 = 0.9,
Technology of prestressing 15

Fig. 2.11 Transmission length vs. fck

stress in tendons at jacking = 0.9 fp0.1k = 0.9 ×0.88 × 1860 = 1473 MPa
Assuming 10% loss at release, σpm0 = 0.9 × 1473 = 1326 MPa
σ pm0 1326
l pt = α1 α 2 φ = 1.0 × 0.19 × φ × = 84 φ = 1276 mm
f bpt 3.0

Fig. 2.11 shows the variation of transmission length for 7-wire tendons as a
multiple of bar diameter with compressive strength. The assumptions made are:
stress at transfer = 1326 MPa, time at transfer t = 28 days,
good bond conditions η1 = 1.0, gradual release α1 = 1.0
If η1 = 0.7, increase the transmission length by a factor of 1.4.
If time of release is other than 28 days, multiply the given transmission length by
the reciprocal of (exp{s[1 − ( 28 ) 0.5 ]}) α .
t

2.3 POST-TENSIONING

One of the limitations of the pre-tensioning system is that the cables need to remain
straight because the cable is pre-tensioned. This limitation can be overcome if
ducts fixed to reinforcement are laid to any desired profile and the cable is placed
inside the ducts. After this, concrete is cast and once it reaches the desired
strength, the cable is tensioned and anchored using external anchors rather than
relying on the bond between steel and concrete as in the case of pre-tensioning.
This is the basic idea of post-tensioning. It consists of three stages, as shown in
Fig. 2.12.

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