CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDING AT LUBHOO, NEPAL 2022-23

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
The basics need of human existences are food, clothing’s & shelter. From times
immemorial man has been making efforts in improving their standard of living. The point of his
efforts has been to provide an economic and efficient shelter. The possession of shelter besides
being a basic, used, gives a feeling of security, responsibility and shown the social status of man.
Every human being has an inherent liking for a peaceful environment needed for his pleasant
living, this object is achieved by having a place of living situated at the safe and convenient
location, such a place for comfortable and pleasant living requires considered and kept in view.
• A Peaceful environment.
• Safety from all-natural source & climate conditions
• General facilities for community of his residential area.
The engineer has to keep in mind the municipal conditions, building bye laws, environment,
financial capacity, water supply, sewage arrangement, provision of future, aeration, ventilation
etc., in suggestion a particular type of plan to any client.

1.1 Civil Engineering Industry- An overview

Civil Engineering industry primarily covers activities of engineering discipline from

planning, designing and construction of buildings to development of water supplying structures.
Civil engineering industry also encompasses areas like soil and rock mechanics, surveying,
material science and environmental science. Beside designing, planning or construction of
buildings, some other major application fields of civil engineering industry are management of
residential and commercial buildings, transportation system, fields regarding water supplying
activities, and environmental fields, which is basically studied for the maintenance and
enhancement of quality of life. Civil engineering industry specifically deals with the activities of
designing and construction of structures like bridges, dams, harbors, canals, roads, tunnels,
structures like power plants, aircraft, water-treatment plants etc. Civil engineering industry has
the potentiality to build a strong economy. With the development of society and because of
technological advancement, demand of civil engineering activities is increasing requiring
innovative and sustainable ways of meeting the demands.

Dept. of Civil Engineering, BTI, Bengaluru-35 Page 1

CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDING AT LUBHOO, NEPAL 2022-23

1.2 Explanation of building

Buildings come in a wide amount of shapes and functions and have been adapted throughout
history for a wide number of factors, from buildings materials available, to weather conditions,
history for a wide number of factors, from building materials available, to weather condition to
land prices, ground conditions, specific uses and aesthetic reasons. A Multi-Stored is a building
that has multiple floors above ground in the building. Multi-storey buildings aim to increase the
floor area of the building without increasing the area of the land the building is built on, hence
saving land and, in most cases, money (depending on material used and land prices in the area).
The design process of multi-stored building requires not only imagination and conceptual
thinking but also sound knowledge of science of structural engineering besides the knowledge of
practical aspects, such as recent design codes, bye laws, backed up by ample experience,
intuition and judgment. The purpose of standards is to ensure and enhance the safety, keeping
careful balance between economy and safety.

The purpose of standards is to ensure and enhance the safety, keeping careful balance between
economy and safety. In the present study building designed (Slabs, Beams, Columns and
Footings) using Auto CAD software. In order to design them, it is important to first obtain the
plan of the particular building that is, positioning of the particular rooms (Drawing room, bed
room, kitchen toilet etc.) such that they serve their respective purpose and also suiting to the
requirement and comfort of the inhabitants. Thereby depending on the suitability; plan layout of
beams and the position of columns are fixed. Thereafter, the loads are calculated namely the
dead loads, which depend on the unit weight of the materials used (concrete, brick) and the live
loads, which according to the code IS:456-2000 and HYSD BARS FE 415 as per IS:1786-1985.
Safe bearing capacity of soil is adopted at a desired depth of certain feets and same soil should
extent 1.5 times the width of footing below the base of footing. Footings are designed based on
the safe bearing capacity of soil. For designing of columns and beams, it is necessary to know
the moments they are subjected to. For this purpose, frame analysis is done by limit state
method. Designing of slabs depends upon whether it is a one - way or a two-way slab, the end
conditions and the loading.

Dept. of Civil Engineering, BTI, Bengaluru-35 Page 2

CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDING AT LUBHOO, NEPAL 2022-23

CHAPTER 2

COMPANY PROFILE

About Administrative Staff

Established:18/01/2016

Name: Dsquare Developers pvt .ltd.

Project Manager: Mr. Dipesh Shrestha

Senior Engineer: Er. Deependra Shrestha

Engineer: 1 nos

Sub Engineer: 2 Nos

Supervisiors: 3 Nos

Registered Address: Lubhoo, Mahalaxmi Municipality-8, Nepal

Dept. of Civil Engineering, BTI, Bengaluru-35 Page 3

CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDING AT LUBHOO, NEPAL 2022-23

CHAPTER 3
ABOUT THE COMPANY
Dsquare Developers pvt.ltd. is in lalitpur District, a part of Bagmati province in Nepal. It was
estalished in the year 2016 with an motive to provide safe, secure and professional services to
the people living near the company as well as across the whole country.

Company Values:

 To provide our commercial, institutional and industrial clients with superior

professional services, in a timely and economical fashion, throughout the
construction process.
 To conduct all business activities with integrity, honesty and dedication at all times.
 To put safety and environmental issues at the forefront of all our business activities,
and continuously seek ways to improve on the standards.
 To respect, contribute to, and enhance the local community by creating employment
opportunities and maintaining a high standard of excellence to which all employees
are held.

Dept. of Civil Engineering, BTI, Bengaluru-35 Page 4

CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDING AT LUBHOO, NEPAL 2022-23

CHAPTER 4

ABOUT THE SITE

The site on which I worked as a intern is located in lubhoo, lalitpur. It is located near Mahalaxmi
school. The location is open withmany residential and commercial houses around it. A total of
one month Intern is to be performed at the site.

Dept. of Civil Engineering, BTI, Bengaluru-35 Page 5

CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDING AT LUBHOO, NEPAL 2022-23

Fig 4.1 Location of site

CHAPTER 5

OVERALL EXPERIENCE

In this section I tried to list the overall work what I had seen in my company, the process of
getting the company, the section that I perform my task, work flow of the section and the detail
expression of the site work.

Dept. of Civil Engineering, BTI, Bengaluru-35 Page 6

CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDING AT LUBHOO, NEPAL 2022-23

5.1 How I get in to the company

After I finished the 3rd and half year courses and completed the holistic exam, I was invited to
take the internship program. Before I was employed to I delivered the letter which was given
for me from my College. And the company accepts my request letter and they gave their
accepted letter for me. After this I submitted the necessary documents to the company.

My supervisor gave me an orientation about the whole activities which will be done during my
intern time. In addition to this he told more about the organizational structure of the
construction company, the management level of the organization and the raw materials used or
their resource and other related information’s in the first week of the internship time.

Moreover, he advised me what I have to see and what shall I do in one month internship
period. Then I was investigating the construction site and saw what types of works were done
in the site. When I was investigating the site, my supervisor told me new terms used by workers
in the site.

5.2 The workflow in the section

In the project engineer work section there are three main working sectors and other assistance
working sectors that play a great role in the success of the project. This is because in any
construction project one section of work is highly dependent on another working section. To
have a good quality in any kinds of construction each member of the working section must
cooperate and work together.

The workflow is:

Dept. of Civil Engineering, BTI, Bengaluru-35 Page 7

CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDING AT LUBHOO, NEPAL 2022-23

5.3 Site work

In this section of my report, I will try to describe activities and practices that were done in my
hosting company during my internship time. During my internship time I was able to see the
practical works starting from excavation to some superstructure working. I used observation
method as well as participate in all activities that have done in the site to achieve my task and
to find out the practical knowledge. I will try to describe the activities in my intern time in to
two parts:

 Substructure working and

 Superstructure working

5.3.1 Substructure works

Sub structure is a part of the building located below the ground level. By the time I arrived at
the site, the setting out had already been completed. Different parts carried out, these and
other works include in this sub topic.

Preparation of the project site

This is the first stage in construction work. At this stage the site is prepared as follows :

 Clearing the site

 Dewatering if any water exist etc.

Dept. of Civil Engineering, BTI, Bengaluru-35 Page 8

CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDING AT LUBHOO, NEPAL 2022-23

Centerline drawing
A Gridline drawing represents the grids marked in numbers and alphabets whose measurements
are shown for site marking out reference. These grid lines are so aligned that the line falls on the
excavation and footing.

Before excavation gridline drawings were drawn. The center point was marked with the help of a
thread and plumb bob as per the grid drawing. With respect to this center point, all the other
points of columns were decided and marked.

Excavation

Excavation is the preliminary activity of the construction project. Excavation was carried out
both manually as well as mechanically. Normally 1-2 earth excavators (JCB’s) were used for
excavating the soil. Further required depth is carried out manually by workers. Adequate
precautions were taken to see that the excavation operations do not damage the adjoining
structures. Excavation is carried out providing adequate side slopes and dressing of excavation
bottom. The soil present beneath the surface was too clayey so it was dumped and was not used
for back filling. Depth of excavation was 1.6 meter from Ground Level.

Dept. of Civil Engineering, BTI, Bengaluru-35 Page 9

CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDING AT LUBHOO, NEPAL 2022-23

Fig: Excavation

Laying of foundation

A foundation is the element of a structure which connects it to the ground, and transfers loads
from the structure to the ground. Foundations are generally considered either shallow or deep
Foundation engineering is the application of soil mechanics and rock mechanics (Geotechnical
engineering) in the design of foundation elements of structures. When considering settlement,
total settlement and differential settlement is normally considered. Differential settlement is
when one part of a foundation settles more than another part. This can cause problems to the
structure which the foundation is supporting. Expansive clay soils can also cause problems.

Shallow foundations, often called footings, are usually embedded about a meter or so into soil.
One common type is the spread footing which consists of strips or pads of concrete (or other
materials) which extend below the frost line and transfer the weight from walls and columns to
the soil or bedrock.

A deep foundation is used to transfer the load of a structure down through the upper weak layer
of topsoil to the stronger layer of subsoil below. There are different types of deep footings

Dept. of Civil Engineering, BTI, Bengaluru-35 Page 10

CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDING AT LUBHOO, NEPAL 2022-23

including impact driven piles, drilled shafts, caissons, helical piles, geo-piers and earth stabilized
columns.

Fig: Foundation Laying

Water storage tank

After finishing of the foundation, we make proper and detailed enquiry about the number of
residents that are going to live in the building and calculate the rough amount of water that will
be required by them. As per the client demand we make the required water storage tank.

All the sides of the water storage tank are designed is such a way that no leakage will be possible
from any of the four sides. Chicken mesh is provided to provide better bonding. Brickwork is
done for all the sides.

Fig: Water storage tank

Dept. of Civil Engineering, BTI, Bengaluru-35 Page 11

CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDING AT LUBHOO, NEPAL 2022-23

Steel reinforcements
Steel reinforcement is steel bars that are provided in combination with plain cement concrete to
make it reinforced concrete. Hence these structures form steel reinforced cement concrete
structure (R.C.C). Steel reinforcement is commonly called as ‘rebars’.

Steel rebar is most commonly used as a tensioning devise to reinforce concrete to help hold the
concrete in a compressed state. Concrete is a material that is very strong in compression, but
virtually without strength in tension

Fig: Reinforcements

Steel rebars are the time proven match for reinforcing concrete structures. RC structures are
designed on the principle that steel and concrete act together to withstand induced forces. The
aim of the reinforced concrete designer is to combine the reinforcement with the concrete in such
a manner that sufficient of the relatively expensive reinforcement is incorporated to resist tensile
and shear forces, whilst utilizing the comparatively inexpensive concrete to resist the
compressive forces

Dept. of Civil Engineering, BTI, Bengaluru-35 Page 12

CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDING AT LUBHOO, NEPAL 2022-23

Formworks

Formwork (shuttering) in concrete construction is used as a mould for a structure in which fresh
concrete is poured only to harden subsequently. It can also be named based on the type of
structural member construction such as slab formwork for use in slab, beam formwork, column
formwork for use in beams and columns respectively etc. The construction of formwork takes
time and involves expenditure upto 20 to 25% of the cost of the structure or even more. Designs
of these temporary structures are made to economic expenditure. The operation of removing the
formwork is known as stripping. Stripped formwork can be reused. Reusable forms are known as
panel forms and non-usable are called stationary forms.
Timber is the most common material used for formwork. The disadvantage with timber
formwork is that it will warp, swell and shrink. Now steel formwork and plywood formwork is
used.
A good formwork should satisfy the following requirements:

 It should be strong enough to withstand all types of dead and live loads.
 It should be rigidly constructed and efficiently propped and braced both horizontally and
vertically, so as to retain its shape.
 The joints in the formwork should be tight against leakage of cement grout.
 Construction of formwork should permit removal of various parts in desired sequences
without damage to the concrete.
 The material of the formwork should be cheap, easily available and should be suitable for
reuse.
 The formwork should be set accurately to the desired line and levels should have plane
surface.
 It should be as light as possible.
 The material of the formwork should not warp or get distorted when exposed to the
elements.
 It should rest on firm base.

Dept. of Civil Engineering, BTI, Bengaluru-35 Page 13

CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDING AT LUBHOO, NEPAL 2022-23

Concreting
Mixing of concrete

Mixing concrete is simply defined as the "complete blending of the materials which are required
for the production of a homogeneous concrete". This can vary from hand to machine mixing,
with machine mixing being the most common.

Methods of Mixing of Concrete

Mixing concrete is done either of following methods:

 Mixing concrete by hand

 Mixing Concrete by Machine

Mixing concrete by hand

This is as yet the most common method applied for common construction. In this method, a
water-tight platform is made from bricks, steel or wood at a convenient distance from the actual
place of Construction. The cement and aggregates are first placed in predetermined proportions
on this platform. Then, they are mixed thoroughly in the dry state using shovels.
After this, water, also in predetermined quantity is added gradually while mixing is kept
continuous. This process is continued till concrete mix of designed consistency is obtained.

Only such volumes of ingredients are mixed in a batch so that the prepared concrete is used
within 30 minutes after adding water.

Mixing concrete by machine

Sometimes, for major jobs concrete mixer machine is used to mix the concrete. For major
construction jobs with concrete, machine mixing is an absolutely essential method.

 A concrete mixer is a device that homogeneously mix cement, aggregates, and water to
form concrete.

Dept. of Civil Engineering, BTI, Bengaluru-35 Page 14

CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDING AT LUBHOO, NEPAL 2022-23

 A typical concrete mixer uses a revolving drum to mix the components.

 Concrete mixers of several designs and capacities are available.

For smaller volume works, portable concrete mixers are often used so that the concrete can be
made at the construction site, giving the workers much time to use the concrete before it hardens.

A simple concrete mixer essentially consists of a central drum which can be rotated about an
axis. It may be of tilting or non-tilting design. It is invariably power driven. For achieving
thorough mixing, the mixer drum is provided with steel blades fixed at various angles.

Concrete mixers are of two general designs: 

 In the batch mixer, only a small quantity of concrete is prepared at a time.
 In the continuous mixer, predetermined proportions of ingredients are continuously fed
from the top and volumes of concrete ready for use are available regularly.

Fig: Mixing of Concrete

Pouring of concrete
After the concrete is casted the next step is casting or pouring the concrete in to the required
place. Before commencing the casting, process supervision is made for the bars, spacers,

Dept. of Civil Engineering, BTI, Bengaluru-35 Page 15

CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDING AT LUBHOO, NEPAL 2022-23

different installations and the formwork if it was in the expected quality for casting. The
equipment used for pouring is bucket to carry the concrete, tower crane and vibrator for
compaction of the fresh concrete.

Concrete Consolidation

Once the concrete has been placed in the form, it must be consolidated. Consolidation is the
process of compacting concrete to ensure that it has no voids and air pockets.

 Entrapped air can be removed by hand rodding-jamming a rebar or tamping rod into the
concrete or using a flat-nosed spade. This is effective for small placements (like
cylinders) or with higher slump concrete, but it’s not possible with a wall or column.
Mechanical consolidation relies on vibration.

 For most cast-in-place concrete placed in forms, consolidation is accomplished with an

internal vibrator—a vibrating head on the end of a shaft—usually a flexible shaft. The
operator controls the power unit and a spinning cable rotates an eccentric weight in the
head to create the vibration.

 The important thing to know about a vibrator is its radius of influence—the distance to
where it can no longer effectively consolidate concrete. This is a characteristic of the
vibrator but is also influenced by the concrete mix. Select a vibrator with a radius of
influence that will consolidate all of the concrete.

 The two things the operator needs to know are how far apart to insert the vibrator and
how deep to go. The center-to-center insertion spacing should be 1.5 times the radius of
influence. To minimize lift lines, the total insertion depth is the depth of the lift being
vibrated plus 6 inches into the previous lift.

 The vibrator should be allowed to sink under its own weight to the proper depth then be
moved up and down for five to 15 seconds. It is then pulled out slowly, about 15 seconds

Dept. of Civil Engineering, BTI, Bengaluru-35 Page 16

CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDING AT LUBHOO, NEPAL 2022-23

for every 2 feet. When in doubt, vibrate more-with well-proportioned concrete mixes you
are not likely to segregate the aggregate.

Staircase Reinforcement
Stairs consist of steps arranged in a series for purpose of giving access to different floors of a
building. Since a stair is often the only means of communication between the various floors of
a building, the location of the stair requires good and careful consideration.

The height of the riser and tread should be calculated properly such that there are no cases of
accidents due to little landing or tread distance.

Fig: Staircase reinforcement

Dept. of Civil Engineering, BTI, Bengaluru-35 Page 17

CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDING AT LUBHOO, NEPAL 2022-23

CHAPTER 6

REFLECTION NOTES
I have done my internship at “Dsquare Developers pvt.ltd.”, Lubhoo, Mahalaxmi-8, Nepal. I
had a good experience in this company. It was a great knowledge based and excellent training
program. All the staff members of the company were co-operative and friendly in their approach,
whenever I visited to the functional department. In every department, weather it is lower or
higher level the concerned staff has given me all the necessary information whatever I required
to learn. Overall it has been a good experience. By the guidance of Mr. Shrestha, I learned so
many things in the company.

During my work experience, I was fortunate enough to have experienced firsthand and
learned many different sides of what goes into a project, the general process of how a project is
initially planned, developed and completed; as well as how much work and detail goes into every
stage. Another valuable lesson I learned during these one month, were the many different types
of work an Engineer must perform, which turn, have provided me with more insight into
different types of roles and responsibilities that I could perform, as a Civil Engineer.

Through experience and observation, another valuable lesson that I learned while working
At “Dsquare Developers pvt.ltd” was that in projects, especially when working in primary stages
of certain project, things can change very quickly and dramatically. Another lesson I learned
through this was that if there are any uncertainties, from whether a survey was off by a few
millimeters, to if materials chosen for a certain aspect of a project were unsuitable, it always has
to be checked numerous times and from senior level sources before any conclusions can be
made, especially if they are to be presented to a client.

Dept. of Civil Engineering, BTI, Bengaluru-35 Page 18

CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDING AT LUBHOO, NEPAL 2022-23

CHAPTER 7

CONCLUSION

During our internship program we have got a lot of knowledge in terms of improving our
practical skill. The various types of orientation programs, tasks and trainings that we have been
undertaking during this past one months on the site enhanced our knowledge in building
construction. We are very glad to see that what we have learnt in the university can be a repeated
in the working world. We were able to apply our theoretical knowledge of designing and
construction works in the real life situation.

This program played an important role to break the conventional thought that field works can be
only implemented by students who hold a degree or people who have an experience in building
construction. We were able to acquire a high level of confidence to deal with problems that arise
in a building construction.

During these past one months, we have been able to see the different theoretical aspects,
methodologies. We have been fulfilling our curiosity in learning practically building construction
well in this internship program.

Generally, the internship program laid sound foundation for us to start our career. We are proud
to be able to contribute towards nation building during the country's extremely critical period of
the history. We will be definitely sensible to scale this practice up and to replicate it in other
disciplines as well.

Dept. of Civil Engineering, BTI, Bengaluru-35 Page 19