Mohanlal Sukhadia University,

Udaipur

Mrs. Arpita
Jain Mam

Avish Bikaneria
CONTENT:
 OSI
 LAYERS OF OSI
 TCP/IP
 LAYERS OF TCP/IP
 NETWORK
 PROTOCOL
 CONNECTION ORIENTED & CONNECTION LESS SERIVES
 WHAT ARE PACKETS , FRAMES , AND DATAGRAM
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN OSI AND TCP\IP
 UDP
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN UDP AND TCP\IP
Topic:-
OSI (Open
Systems
Interconnection)
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) is a set of internationally
recognized, non-proprietary standards for networking and
for operating system involved in networking functions.

An open system is a set of protocols that allow two

different systems to communicate regardless of their
underlying architecture
OSI reference model is a concept that describe the
steps to be followed for data communication to
take place.

Creating a guideline for network data

transmission between computer and components
that have different hardware vendors, software,
operating systems and protocols
Layers of OSI model
 Layers of OSI model

• Application Layer (Layer-7): This is where the user application sits that
needs to transfer data between or among hosts. For example: HTTP, file
transfer application (FTP) and electronic mail etc.

• Presentation Layer (Layer-6): This layer helps to understand data

representation in one form on a host to other host in their built-in
representation. Data from the sender is converted to on-the-wire data
(general standard format) and at the receiver’s end it is converted to the
built-in representation of the receiver.
 Layers of OSI model

• Session Layer (Layer-5): This layer provides session management

capabilities between hosts. For example, if some host needs a password
verification for access and if credentials are provided then for that session
password verification does not happen again. This layer can assist in
synchronization, dialog control and critical operation management (e.g.,
online bank transaction).

• Transport Layer (Layer-4): This layer provides end to end data delivery
among hosts. This layer takes data from the above layer and breaks it
smaller units called Segments and then gives it to the Network layer for
transmission.
 Layers of OSI model

 Network Layer (Layer-3): This layer helps to uniquely identify host and defines
the path which the packets will follow or be routed to reach the destination.

• Data Link Layer (Layer-2): This layer takes the raw transmission data (signal,
pulses etc.) from the Physical Layer and makes Data Frames, and sends that to
the upper layer and vice versa. This layer also checks any transmission errors
and sorts it out accordingly.
 Layers of OSI model

 Physical Layer (Layer-1): This layer deals with hardware

technology and actual communication mechanism such as
signaling, voltage etc.
Topic:-
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
 TCP/IP

TCP is one of the main protocols in TCP/IP networks.

Whereas the IP protocol deals only with packets, whereas TCP
enables two hosts to establish a connection and exchange of
data. TCP guarantees delivery of data and also guarantees
that packets will be delivered in the same order in which they
were sent.
 TCP/IP

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

Software that breaks messages into packets, hands
them off to the IP software for delivery, and then
orders and reassembles the packets at their
destination

Internet Protocol (IP)

Software that deals with the routing of packets
through the maze of interconnected networks to their
final destination
 TCP/IP Model Layers

 Each layer of the TCP/IP has a particular function to perform and each layer is completely
separate from the layer(s) next to it. The communication process that takes place, at its simplest
between two computers, is that the data moves from layer 4 to 3 to 2 then to 1 and the
information sent arrives at the second system and moves from 1 to 2 to 3 and then finally to
layer 4.

 Application Layer

 The application layer is concerned with providing network services to applications. There are
many application network processes and protocols that work at this layer, including HyperText
Transfer Protocol (HTTP), Simple Mail Transport Protocol (SMTP) and File Transfer Protocol
(FTP).
 At this layer sockets and port numbers are used to differentiate the path and sessions which
applications operate. Most application layer protocols, especially on the server side, have
specially allocated port numbers, e.g. HTTP = 80 and SMTP = 25, and FTP = 20 (Control), 21
(Data).
 Transport Layer
 This layer is concerned with the transmission of the data. The two main protocols that operate
at this layer are Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP). TCP
is regarded as being the reliable transmission protocol and it guarantees that the proper data
transfer will take place. UDP is not as complex as TCP and as such is not designed to be
reliable or guarantee data delivery. UDP is generally thought of as being a best effort data
delivery, i.e. once the data is sent, UDP will not carry out any checks to see that it has safely
arrived.
 The Internet Layer
 This is the layer that contains the packet construct that will be transmitted. This takes the form
of the Internet Protocol (IP) which describes a packet that contains a source IP Address,
destination IP Address and the actual data to be delivered.
 Network Access Layer
 This is the lowest level of the TCP/IP protocol stack and functions carried out here include
encapsulation of IP packets into frames for transmission, mapping IP addresses to physical
hardware addresses (MAC Addresses) and the use of protocols for the physical transmission of
data.
Topic:-
Network
 NETWORK

A computer network can be as simple as two PCs

connected together via a single copper cable or it
can be grown up to the extreme level where every
computer in this world are connected to each
other, called The Internet.
A network also includes data exchange.
Topic:-

PROTOCOL
A uniform set of rules that enable two devices
to connect and transmit data to one another
protocols determine how data are transmitted
between computing devices and over networks
. They defines issues such as error control and
data compression methods.
Topic:-
CONNECTION ORIENTED & CONNECTIONLESS
SERVICES
CONNECTION –ORIENTED
Connection-oriented communication includes the steps of
setting up a call from one computer to another,
transmitting/receiving data, and then releasing the call,
like a voice phone call. However, the network connecting
the computers is a packet switched network, unlike the
phone system's circuit switched network. Connection-
oriented communication is done in one of two ways over
packet switched network: with and without virtual circuits
 Connectionless:
Connectionless communication is just packet switching
where no call establishment and release occur. A
is broken into packets, and each packet is transferred
separately. Moreover, the packets can travel different
route to the destination since there is no connection.
Connectionless service is typically provided by the UDP
(User Datagram Protocol), which we will examine
later. The packets transferred using UDP are also
called datagrams.

Feature Connectionless Connection-oriented

How is data sent? one packet at a time as continuous stream of packets

Topic:-
WHAT ARE PACKETS ,
FRAMES AND
DATAGRAM
Packet: This term is considered by many to
most correctly refer to a message sent by
protocols operating at the network layer of
the OSI Reference Model. So, you will
commonly see people refer to “IP packets”.
However, this term is commonly also used to
refer generically to any type of message, as I
mentioned at the start of this topic
Datagram: This term is basically synonymous with “packet” and is
also used to refer to network layer technologies. It is also often
used to refer to a message that is sent at a higher level of the OSI
Reference Model (more often than “packet” is).

Frame: This term is most commonly associated with messages

that travel at low levels of the OSI Reference Model. In particular,
it is most commonly seen used in reference to data link
layer messages.

A packet is a group of bits of data. A frame is a place to put a

packet.
Topic:-
DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN OSI AND
TCP\IP
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN OSI AND TCP\IP

OSI TCP\IP
1. The OSI model is a reference model 1. The TCP|IP model is an
2. In OSI model , the protocols came implementation of the OSI model.
after the model was described . 2. In TCP|IP model , the protocols came
3. The OSI model has 7 layers. first , and the model was really just a
description of the existing protocols.
4. The OSI model support both
connection and connection – 3. The TCP\IP model has only 4 layer .
oriented communication in the 4. The TCP\IP model supports both
network layer , but only connection connectionless and connection-
– oriented communication in oriented communication in the
transport . transport layer , giving user the
choice.
5. Follows horizontal approach . 5. Follows vertical approach.
6. OSI model has a separate 6. TCP|IP does not have a
presentation layer. separate presentation layer.
7. OSI is a general model. 7. TCP\IP model cannot be used
8. Protocols are hidden in OSI in any other application.
model and are easily replaced as 8. In TCP\IP replacing protocol is
the technology changes. not easy.
9. OSI model defines services , 9. In TCP\IP is not clearly
interface and protocols very separate its services , interface
clearly and make clear and protocols.
distinction between them.
Topic:-

UDP (USER DATAGRM

PROTOCOL )
 UDP(USER DATAGRAM PROTOCOL

 UDP is a one – to - one or one – to – many

connectionless and unreliable transport protocol.

 UDP packets are called as user datagram's.

 User datagram's consist of 8-bytes header

and data.
Continue……

UDP is suitable for applications that need fast, efficient

transmission such as games .

UDP’s stateless nature is also responsible for servers that

answer small queries from huge number of client.

UDP is faster because there is no error checking

for packets.
 Used for the transmission of small
amount of data.
 Accuracy is not of prime concern.

 Also used for multimedia

transmission.
 Faster compared to TCP.
• There is no guarantee that the message or
packets sent would reach at all.
• Udp does not have an option for flow
control.

• UDP header size is 8 bytes.

UDP DATAGRAM FORMAT

Header
(8 bytes)
Data

Source Port Destination Port

(16 bits) (16 bits)

Message Length Checksum

(16 bits) (16 bits)
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN UDP & TCP\IP

TCP\IP UDP
 TCP us a connection-oriented protocol  UDP is connectionless protocol.
 As a message makes its way across the INTERNET from  UDP is also a protocol used in message transport
one computer to another. This is connection based. or transfer . This is not connection based which
means that one program can send a load of
 TCP rearranges DATA packets in the order specified
packets to another and that would be the end of
 TCP is suited for applications that require high reliability, the relationship
and transmission time is relatively less critical
 UDP is suitable for application that need fast ,
 The speed for TCP is slower than UDP efficient transmission , such as games . UDP’s
 There is absolute guarantee that the data transferred stateless nature is also useful for servers that
remains intact and arrives in the same order in which it answer small quires from huge numbers of clients
was sent.  UDP has no inherent order as all packets are
 TCP header size is 20 bytes independent of each other . If ordering is required ,
it has to be managed by the application layer.