Astm A370-22 PDF
Astm A370-22 PDF
Astm A370-22 PDF
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: A370- 22
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INTERNATIONAL
This standard is issued u nder the fixed designation A370; the num ber im mediately following the designation indicates the year of
orig inal a doption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) ind icates an e ditorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
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LONG!nJDINAl ROUND TENSION TEST
ISO/IEC 1 7025 General Requirements for the Competence
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lONG!nJDINAl
of Testing and Calibration Laboratories BCNDTEST
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0 A370-22
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Tangential Prolongation
�--'--'� Test
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Radial Test
(a) Shafts and Rotors
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Prolongation
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Longitudinal Test
Tangential Test
Tangential Test
(c) Disk Forgings
r::_ Prolongation
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Tangential Test
3.2.6 transition temperature, n-for specification purposes, 3 . 2 . 7 transverse test, n-unless specifically defined
the transition temperature is the temperature at which the otherwise, signifies that the lengthwise axis of the specimen is
designated material test value equals or exceeds a specified right angles to the direction of the greatest extension of the
minimum test value. steel during rolling or forging.
3 .2.6. 1 Discussion-Some of the many definitions of tran 3.2.7. 1 Discussion-The stress applied to a transverse ten
sition temperature currently being used are: ( 1) the lowest
sion test specimen is at right angles to the greatest extension,
temperature at which the specimen exhibits 1 00 % fibrous
and the axis of the fold of a transverse bend test specimen is
fracture, (2) the temperature where the fracture shows a 50 %
parallel to the greatest extension (see Fig. 1 ).
crystalline and a 50 % fibrous appearance, (3) the temperature
corresponding to the energy value 50 % of the difference
between values obtained at 1 00 and 0 % fibrous fracture, and
(4) the temperature corresponding to a specific energy value.
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0 A370-22
3 . 3 Definition of Terms Specific to the Procedure for Use inhomogeneity, anisotropic structure, natural aging of select
and Control of Heat-cycle Simulation (See Annex A9): alloys, further processing not included in the specification,
3 .3 . 1 master chart, n-a record of the heat treatment re sampling limitations, and measuring equipment calibration
ceived from a forging essentially identical to the production uncertainty. There is statistical variation in all aspects of
forgings that it will represent. mechanical testing and variations in test results from prior tests
3 . 3 . 1 . 1 Discussion-It is a chart of time and temperature are expected. An understanding of possible reasons for devia
showing the output from thermocouples imbedded in the tion from specified or expected test values should be applied in
forging at the designated test immersion and test location or interpretation of test results.
locations .
5. General Precautions
3 . 3 . 2 program chart, n-the metallized sheet used t o pro
5.1 Certain methods of fabrication, such as bending,
gram the simulator unit.
forming, and welding, or operations involving heating, may
3.3 .2. 1 Discussion-Time-temperature data from the master
affect the properties of the material under test. Therefore, the
chart are manually transferred to the program chart.
product specifications cover the stage of manufacture at which
3 . 3 . 3 simulator chart, n-a record of the heat treatment that mechanical testing is to be performed. The properties shown by
a test specimen had received in the simulator unit. testing prior to fabrication may not necessarily be representa
3 . 3 . 3 . 1 Discussion-It is a chart of time and temperature tive of the product after it has been completely fabricated.
and can be compared directly to the master chart for accuracy
5 . 2 Improperly machined specimens should be discarded
of duplication.
and other specimens substituted.
3 . 3 .4 simulator cycle, n-one continuous heat treatment of a
5 . 3 Flaws in the specimen may also affect results. If any test
set of specimens in the simulator unit.
specimen develops flaws, the retest provision of the applicable
3 . 3 .4 . 1 Discussion-The cycle includes heating from
product specification shall govern.
ambient, holding at temperature, and cooling. For example, a
simulated austenitize and quench of a set of specimens would 5 . 4 If any test specimen fails because of mechanical reasons
be one cycle; a simulated temper of the same specimens would such as failure of testing equipment or improper specimen
be another cycle. preparation, it may be discarded and another specimen taken.
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0 A370-22
NoTE 2-Many machines are equipped with stress-strain recorders for 9. Test Specimen Parameters
autographic plotting of stress-strain curves. It should be noted that some
recorders have a load measuring component entirely separate from the 9. 1 Selection-Test coupons shall be selected in accordance
load indicator of the testing machine. Such recorders are calibrated with the applicable product specifications.
separately. 9. 1 . 1 Wrought Steels-Wrought steel products are usually
8.3 Loading-It is the function of the gripping or holding tested in the longitudinal direction, but in some cases, where
size permits and the service justifies it, testing is in the
device of the testing machine to transmit the load from the
transverse, radial, or tangential directions (see Figs. 1 and 2) .
heads of the machine to the specimen under test. The essential
9. 1 .2 Forged Steels-For open die forgings, the metal for
requirement is that the load shall be transmitted axially. This
tension testing is usually provided by allowing extensions or
implies that the centers of the action of the grips shall be in
prolongations on one or both ends of the forgings, either on all
alignment, insofar as practicable, with the axis of the specimen
or a representative number as provided by the applicable
at the beginning and during the test and that bending or
product specifications. Test specimens are normally taken at
twisting be held to a minimum. For specimens with a reduced
mid-radius. Certain product specifications permit the use of a
section, gripping of the specimen shall be restricted to the grip
representative bar or the destruction of a production part for
section. In the case of certain sections tested in full size,
test purposes. For ring or disk-like forgings test metal is
nonaxial loading is unavoidable and in such cases shall be
provided by increasing the diameter, thickness, or length of the
permissible.
forging. Upset disk or ring forgings, which are worked or
8.4 Speed of Testing-The speed of testing shall not be extended by forging in a direction perpendicular to the axis of
greater than that at which load and strain readings can be made the forging, usually have their principal extension along
accurately. In production testing, speed of testing is commonly concentric circles and for such forgings tangential tension
expressed: (1) in terms of free running crosshead speed (rate of specimens are obtained from extra metal on the periphery or
movement of the crosshead of the testing machine when not end of the forging. For some forgings, such as rotors, radial
under load), (2) in terms of rate of separation of the two heads tension tests are required. In such cases the specimens are cut
of the testing machine under load, (3) in terms of rate of or trepanned from specified locations.
stressing the specimen, or (4) in terms of rate of straining the 9.2 Size and Tolerances-Test specimens shall be (1) the
specimen. The following limitations on the speed of testing are full cross section of material, or (2) machined to the form and
recommended as adequate for most steel products: dimensions shown in Figs. 3-6. The selection of size and type
of specimen is prescribed by the applicable product specifica
NoTE 3-Tension tests using closed-loop machines (with feedback
control of rate) should not be performed using load control, as this mode tion. Full cross section specimens shall be tested in 8-in.
of testing will result in acceleration of the crosshead upon yielding and (200 mm) gauge length unless otherwise specified in the
elevation of the measured yield strength. product specification.
8.4. 1 Any convenient speed of testing may be used up to 9.3 Procurement of Test Specimens- Specimens shall be
one half the specified yield point or yield strength. When this extracted by any convenient method taking care to remove all
point is reached, the free-running rate of separation of the distorted, cold-worked, or heat-affected areas from the edges of
crossheads shall be adj usted so as not to exceed V 1 6 in. per min the section used in evaluating the material. Specimens usually
per inch of reduced section, or the distance between the grips have a reduced cross section at mid-length to ensure uniform
for test specimens not having reduced sections. This speed distribution of the stress over the cross section and localize the
shall be maintained through the yield point or yield strength. In zone of fracture.
determining the tensile strength, the free-running rate of 9.4 Aging of Test Specimens-Unless otherwise specified, it
separation of the heads shall not exceed 1/2 in. per min per inch shall be permissible to age tension test specimens. The time
of reduced section, or the distance between the grips for test temperature cycle employed must be such that the effects of
specimens not having reduced sections. In any event, the previous processing will not be materially changed. It may be
minimum speed of testing shall not be less than 1/1 o the accomplished by aging at room temperature 24 to 48 h, or in
specified maximum rates for determining yield point or yield shorter time at moderately elevated temperatures by boiling in
strength and tensile strength. water, heating in oil or in an oven.
8.4.2 It shall be permissible to set the speed of the testing 9.5 Measurement of Dimensions of Test Specimens:
machine by adjusting the free running crosshead speed to the 9 . 5 . 1 Standard Rectangular Tension Test Specimens-These
above specified values, inasmuch as the rate of separation of forms of specimens are shown in Fig. 3 . To determine the
heads under load at these machine settings is less than the cross-sectional area, the center width dimension shall be
specified values of free running crosshead speed. measured to the nearest 0.005 in. (0. 1 3 mm) for the 8-in.
8.4.3 As an alternative, if the machine is equipped with a (200 mm) gauge length specimen and 0.00 1 in. (0.025 mm) for
device to indicate the rate of loading, the speed of the machine the 2-in. (50 mm) gauge length specimen in Fig. 3. The center
from half the specified yield point or yield strength through the thickness dimension shall be measured to the nearest 0.00 1 in.
yield point or yield strength may be adj usted so that the rate of for both specimens.
stressing does not exceed 1 00 000 psi (690 MPa)/min. 9 . 5 . 2 Standard Round Tension Test Specimens-These
However, the minimum rate of stressing shall not be less than forms of specimens are shown in Fig. 4 and Fig. 5 . To
1 0 000 psi (70 MPa)/min. determine the cross-sectional area, the diameter shall be
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0 A370-22
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DIMENSIONS
Standard Specimens Subsize Specimen
Plate-type,
1 '12-in. (40 mm) Wide
8-in. (200 mm) 2-in. (50 mm) Sheet-type, '12
v.-in. (6 mm) Wide
Gauge Length Gauge Length in. ( 1 2.5 mm) Wide
in. mm in. mm in. mm in. mm
G-Gauge length 8.00 ± 0.01 200 ± 0.25 2.000 ± 0.005 50.0 ± 0 . 1 0 2.000 ± 0.005 50.0 ± 0.1 0 1 .000 ± 0.003 25.0 ± 0.08
4
L-Overall length, min 18 450 8 200 8 200 4 1 00
1 1/
reduced section, min
B-Length of grip section, min 3 75 2 50 2 50 32
3/4
(Note 9)
C-Width of grip section, approxi- 2 50 2 50 20 3/a 10
NoTE 1-For the 11/2-in. (40 mm) wide specimens, punch marks for measuring elongation after fracture shall be made on the flat or on the edge of
the specimen and within the reduced section. For the 8-in. (200 mm) gauge length specimen, a set of nine or more punch marks 1 in. (25 mm) apart,
or one or more pairs of punch marks 8 in. (200 mm) apart may be used. For the 2-in. (50 mm) gauge length specimen, a set of three or more punch marks
1 in. (25 mm) apart, or one or more pairs of punch marks 2 in. (50 mm) apart may be used.
NoTE 2-For the 1/2-in. ( 1 2.5 mm) wide specimen, punch marks for measuring the elongation after fracture shall be made on the flat or on the edge
of the specimen and within the reduced section. Either a set of three or more punch marks 1 in. (25 mm) apart or one or more pairs of punch marks 2 in.
(50 mm) apart may be used.
NoTE 3-For the four sizes of specimens, the ends of the reduced section shall not differ in width by more than 0.004, 0.004, 0.002, or 0.001 in. (0. 1 0,
0. 1 0, 0.05, or 0.025 mm), respectively. Also, there may be a gradual decrease in width from the ends to the center, but the width at either end shall not
be more than 0.0 1 5 in., 0.0 1 5 in., 0.005 in., or 0.003 in. (0.40, 0.40, 0. 1 0, or 0.08 mm), respectively, larger than the width at the center.
NoTE 4-For each specimen type, the radii of all fillets shall be equal to each other with a tolerance of 0.05 in. ( 1 .25 mm), and the centers of curvature
of the two fillets at a particular end shall be located across from each other (on a line perpendicular to the centerline) within a tolerance of 0.10 in.
(2.5 mm).
NoTE 5-For each of the four sizes of specimens, narrower widths (W and C) may be used when necessary. In such cases, the width of the reduced
section should be as large as the width of the material being tested permits; however, unless stated specifically, the requirements for elongation in a product
specification shall not apply when these narrower specimens are used. If the width of the material is less than W, the sides may be parallel throughout
the length of the specimen.
NoTE 6-The specimen may be modified by making the sides parallel throughout the length of the specimen, the width and tolerances being the same
as those specified above. When necessary, a narrower specimen may be used, in which case the width should be as great as the width of the material being
tested permits. If the width is 11/2 in. (38 mm) or less, the sides may be parallel throughout the length of the specimen.
NoTE 7-The dimension Tis the thickness of the test specimen as provided for in the applicable product specification. Minimum nominal thickness
of 1 to 11/2-in. (40 mm) wide specimens shall be 3/16 in. (5 mm), except as permitted by the product specification. Maximum nominal thickness of 1/2-in.
( 1 2.5 mm) and lf•-in. (6 mm) wide specimens shall be I in. (25 mm) and If• in. (6 mm), respectively.
NOTE 8-To aid in obtaining axial loading during testing of 1/•-in. (6 mm) wide specimens, the overall length should be as large as the material will
permit.
NoTE 9-It is desirable, if possible, to make the length of the grip section large enough to allow the specimen to extend into the grips a distance equal
to two thirds or more of the length of the grips. If the thickness of 1/2-in. ( 1 3 mm) wide specimens is over 3/s in. ( 1 0 mm), longer grips and correspondingly
longer grip sections of the specimen may be necessary to prevent failure in the grip section.
NoTE 1 0-For standard sheet-type specimens and subsize specimens, the ends of the specimen shall be symmetrical with the center line of the reduced
section within 0.0 1 and 0.005 in. (0.25 and 0. 1 3 mm), respectively, except that for steel if the ends of the 1/2-in. ( 1 2.5 mm) wide specimen are symmetrical
within 0.05 in. ( 1 .0 mm), a specimen may be considered satisfactory for all but referee testing.
NoTE 1 1-For standard plate-type specimens, the ends of the specimen shall be symmetrical with the center line of the reduced section within 0.25 in.
(6.35 mm), except for referee testing in which case the ends of the specimen shall be symmetrical with the center line of the reduced section within 0.10 in.
(2.5 mm).
FIG. 3 Rectangular Tension Test Specimens
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0 A370-22
DIMENSIONS
Standard Specimen Small-size Specimens Proportional to Standard
Nominal Diameter in. mm in. mm in. mm in. mm in. mm
0.500 1 2.5 0.350 8.75 0.250 6.25 0. 1 60 4.00 0. 1 1 3 2.50
G-Gauge length 2.00± 50.0 ± 1 .400± 35.0 ± 1 .000± 25.0 ± 0.640± 1 6.0 ± 0.450± 1 0.0 ±
0.005 0. 1 0 0.005 0.1 0 0.005 0.10 0.005 0. 1 0 0.005 0. 1 0
D-Diameter (Note 1 ) 0.500± 1 2.5± 0.350± 8.75 ± 0.250± 6.25 ± 0 . 1 60± 4.00 ± 0. 1 1 3± 2.50 ±
'14
0.0 1 0 0.25 0.007 0.1 8 0.005 0.12 0.003 0.08 0.002 0.05
3/16 5!J2 3/3 2
5fs
R-Radius of fillet, min 3/s 10 6 5 4 2
A-Length of reduced section, min 2% 60 1% 45 1% 32 % 20 16
(Note 2)
NoTE ! -The reduced section may have a gradual taper from the ends toward the center, with the ends not more than I % larger in diameter than the
center (controlling dimension).
NoTE 2-If desired, the length of the reduced section may be increased to accommodate an extensometer of any convenient gauge length. Reference
marks for the measurement of elongation should, nevertheless, be spaced at the indicated gauge length.
NOTE 3-The gauge length and fillets shall be as shown, but the ends may be of any form to fit the holders of the testing machine in such a way that
the load shall be axial (see Fig. 9). If the ends are to be held in wedge grips it is desirable, if possible, to make the length of the grip section great enough
to allow the specimen to extend into the grips a distance equal to two thirds or more of the length of the grips.
NoTE 4-0n the round specimens in Fig. 5 and Fig. 6, the gauge lengths are equal to four times the nominal diameter. In some product specifications
other specimens may be provided for, but unless the 4-to- 1 ratio is maintained within dimensional tolerances, the elongation values may not be comparable
with those obtained from the standard test specimen.
NOTE 5-The use of specimens smaller than 0.250-in. (6.25 mm) diameter shall be restricted to cases when the material to be tested is of insufficient
size to obtain larger specimens or when all parties agree to their use for acceptance testing. Smaller specimens require suitable equipment and greater
skill in both machining and testing.
NoTE 6-Five sizes of specimens often used have diameters of approximately 0.505, 0.357, 0.252, 0. 160, and 0. 1 13 in., the reason being to permit easy
calculations of stress from loads, since the corresponding cross sectional areas are equal or close to 0.200, 0. 1 00, 0.0500, 0.0200, and 0.0100 in.2 ,
respectively. Thus, when the actual diameters agree with these values, the stresses (or strengths) may be computed using the simple multiplying factors
5, 10, 20, 50, and 1 00, respectively. (The metric equivalents of these fixed diameters do not result in correspondingly convenient cross sectional area and
multiplying factors.)
FIG. 4 Standard 0.500-in. (1 2.5 mm) Round Tension Test Specimen With 2-in. (50 mm) Gauge Length and Examples of Small-size Speci
mens Proportional to Standard Specimens
measured at the center of the gauge length to the nearest mm) gauge length specimen of Fig. 3 may be used for sheet and strip
0.001 in. (0.025 mm) (see Table 1 ). material.
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0 A370-22
DIMENSIONS
Specimen 1 Specimen 2 Specimen 3 Specimen 4 Specimen 5
in. mm in. mm in. mm in. mm in. mm
G-Gauge length 2.000± 50.0 ± 2.000± 50.0 ± 2.000± 50.0 ± 2.000± 50.0 ± 2.00± 50.0 ±
D--Diameter (Note 1 )
0.005 0.1 0 0.005 0.1 0 0.005 0.10 0.005 0. 1 0 0.005 0. 1 0
0.500 ± 1 2.5± 0.500 ± 1 2.5± 0.500 ± 1 2.5± 0.500 ± 1 2.5± 0.500± 1 2.5 ±
0.0 1 0 0.25 0.01 0 0.25 0.0 1 0 0.25 0.0 1 0 0.25 0.01 0 0.25
R-Radius of fillet, min % 10 % 10 V1e 2 % 10 % 10
A-Length of reduced 21/4, min 60, min 21/4 , min 60, min 4, ap- 1 00, ap- 2 1/4 , min 60, min 21/4 , min 60, min
section proxi- proxi-
mately mately
5 1/2 5 112 9 1/2
3f4 , ap-
L-Overall length, approximate 5 1 25
'12 , ap-
1 40 1 40 43!4 1 20 240
(Note 2 )
B-Grip section 1 % , ap- 35, ap- 1 , ap- 25, ap- 20, ap- 1 3, ap- 3, min 75, min
proxi- proxi- proxi- proxi- proxi- proxi- proxi- proxi-
mately mately mately mately mately mately mately mately
3f4 3f4 23!J2 3f4
% 3f4 %
G--Diameter of end section 20 20 18 7/s 22 20
E-Length of shoulder and 16 20 16
fillet section, approximate
F-Diameter of shoulder % 16 % 16 19/32 15
NoTE 1-The reduced section may have a gradual taper from the ends toward the center with the ends not more than 0.005 in. (0. 1 0 mm) larger i n
diameter than the center.
NoTE 2-0n Specimen 5 it is desirable, if possible, to make the length of the grip section great enough to allow the specimen to extend into the grips
a distance equal to two thirds or more of the length of the grips.
NoTE 3-The types of ends shown are applicable for the standard 0.500-in. round tension test specimen; similar types can be used for subsize
specimens. The use of UNF series of threads (% by 16, l/2 by 20, % by 24, and l/• by 28) is suggested for high-strength brittle materials to avoid fracture
in the thread portion.
FIG. 5 Suggested Types of Ends for Standard Round Tension Test Specimens
DIMENSIONS
Specimen 1 Specimen 2 Specimen 3
in. mm in. mm in. mm
G-Length of parallel Shall be equal to or greater than diameter 0
D--Diameter 0.500 ± 0.0 1 0 1 2.5± 0.25 0.750 ± 0.01 5 20.0 ± 0.40 1 .25 ± 0.025 30.0 ± 0.60
A-Radius of fillet, min 1 25 1 25 2 50
A-Length of reduced section, min 1 1/4 32 1 V2 38 2 1/4 60
L-Over-all length, min 33!4 95 4 1 00 6% 1 60
B-Grip section, approximate 1 25 1 25 1 3!4
3f4
45
G--Diameter of end section, approximate 20 1 Vs 30 F/s 48
% ± %4
E-Length of shou lder, min 1/4 6 1/4 6 5f1e 8
F-Diameter of shoulder 1 6.0 ± 0.40 15Ae ± 1fe4 24.0 ± 0.40 1 7116 ± %4 36.5 ± 0.40
NOTE 1-The reduced section and shoulders (dimensions A, D, E, F, G, and R) shall be shown, but the ends may be of any form to fit the holders of
the testing machine in such a way that the load shall be axial. Commonly the ends are threaded and have the dimensions B and C given above.
FIG. 6 Standard Tension Test Specimens for Cast Iron
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0 A370-22
TABLE 1 Multiplying Factors to Be Used for Various Diameters of Round Test Specimens
1 2.3 The type of specimen ends outside of the gauge length set must be approximately centered in the reduced section.
shall accommodate the shape of the product tested, and shall These same precautions shall be observed when the test
properly fit the holders or grips of the testing machine so that specimen is full section.
axial loads are applied with a minimum of load eccentricity and
slippage. Fig. 5 shows specimens with various types of ends 14. Determination of Tensile Properties
that have given satisfactory results. 1 4 . 1 Yield Point-Yield point is the first stress in a material,
less than the maximum obtainable stress, at which an increase
13. Gauge Marks
in strain occurs without an increase in stress. Yield point is
1 3 . 1 The specimens shown in Figs. 3-6 shall be gauge intended for application only for materials that may exhibit the
marked with a center punch, scribe marks, multiple device, or unique characteristic of showing an increase in strain without
drawn with ink. The purpose of these gauge marks is to an increase in stress. The stress-strain diagram is characterized
determine the percent elongation. Punch marks shall be light, by a sharp knee or discontinuity. Determine yield point by one
sharp, and accurately spaced. The localization of stress at the of the following methods:
marks makes a hard specimen susceptible to starting fracture at 1 4 . 1 . 1 Drop of Beam or Halt of Pointer Method-In this
the punch marks. The gauge marks for measuring elongation method, apply an increasing load to the specimen at a uniform
after fracture shall be made on the flat or on the edge of the flat rate. When a lever and poise machine is used, keep the beam in
tension test specimen and within the parallel section; for the balance by running out the poise at approximately a steady
8-in. gauge length specimen, Fig. 3 , one or more sets of 8-in. rate. When the yield point of the material is reached, the
gauge marks may be used, intermediate marks within the gauge increase of the load will stop, but run the poise a trifle beyond
length being optional. Rectangular 2-in. gauge length the balance position, and the beam of the machine will drop for
specimens, Fig. 3, and round specimens, Fig. 4, are gauge a brief but appreciable interval of time. When a machine
marked with a double-pointed center punch or scribe marks. equipped with a load-indicating dial is used there is a halt or
One or more sets of gauge marks may be used; however, one hesitation of the load-indicating pointer corresponding to the
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9
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0 A370-22
drop of the beam. Note the load at the "drop of the beam" or Yield strength ( 0.2 % offset) = 5 2 000 psi ( 360 MPa) (I)
the "halt of the pointer" and record the corresponding stress as
When the offset is 0.2 % or larger, the extensometer used
the yield point.
shall qualify as a Class B2 device over a strain range of 0.05 to
1 4 . 1 .2 Autographic Diagram Method-When a sharp-kneed
1 .0 %. If a smaller offset is specified, it may be necessary to
stress-strain diagram is obtained by an autographic recording
specify a more accurate device (that is, a Class B 1 device) or
device, take the stress corresponding to the top of the knee
reduce the lower limit of the strain range (for example, to
(Fig. 7), or the stress at which the curve drops as the yield
0.01 %) or both. See also Note 10 for automatic devices.
point.
1 4. 1 .3 Total Extension Under Load Method-When testing NoTE 9-For stress-strain diagrams not containing a distinct modulus,
material for yield point and the test specimens may not exhibit such as for some cold-worked materials, it is recommended that the
extension under load method be utilized. If the offset method is used for
a well-defined disproportionate deformation that characterizes
materials without a distinct modulus, a modulus value appropriate for the
a yield point as measured by the drop of the beam, halt of the material being tested should be used: 30 000 000 psi (207 000 MPa) for
pointer, or autographic diagram methods described in 1 4. 1 . 1 carbon steel; 29 000 000 psi (200 000 MPa) for ferritic stainless steel;
and 14. 1 .2, a value equivalent to the yield point in its practical 28 000 000 psi ( 1 93 000 MPa) for austenitic stainless steel. For special
significance may be determined by the following method and alloys, the producer should be contacted to discuss appropriate modulus
values.
may be recorded as yield point: Attach a Class C or better
extensometer (Notes 5 and 6) to the specimen. When the load 1 4.2.2 Extension Under Load Method-For tests to deter
producing a specified extension (Note 7) is reached record the mine the acceptance or rejection of material whose stress-strain
stress corresponding to the load as the yield point (Fig. 8). characteristics are well known from previous tests of similar
material in which stress-strain diagrams were plotted, the total
NOTE 5-Automatic devices are available that determine the load at the
strain corresponding to the stress at which the specified offset
specified total extension without plotting a stress-strain curve. Such
devices may be used if their accuracy has been demonstrated. Multiplying (see Notes 1 0 and 1 1 ) occurs will be known within satisfactory
calipers and other such devices are acceptable for use provided their limits. The stress on the specimen, when this total strain is
accuracy has been demonstrated as equivalent to a Class C extensometer. reached, is the value of the yield strength. In recording values
NoTE 6-Reference should be made to Practice E83. of yield strength obtained by this method, the value of
NOTE 7-For steel with a yield point specified not over 80 000 psi "extension" specified or used, or both, shall be stated in
(550 MPa), an appropriate value is 0.005 in./in. of gauge length. For
values above 80 000 psi, this method is not valid unless the limiting total parentheses after the term yield strength, for example:
extension is increased. Yield strength (0.5 % EUL) = 5 2 000 psi (360 MPa) (2)
NoTE 8-The shape of the initial portion of an autographically
determined stress-strain (or a load-elongation) curve may be influenced by The total strain can be obtained satisfactorily b y use of a
numerous factors such as the seating of the specimen in the grips, the Class B 1 extensometer (Note 5 , Note 6, and Note 8) .
straightening of a specimen bent due to residual stresses, and the rapid
loading permitted in 8 .4.1 . Generally, the aberrations in this portion of the NoTE 1 0-Automatic devices are available that determine offset yield
curve should be ignored when fitting a modulus line, such as that used to strength without plotting a stress-strain curve. Such devices may be used
determine the extension-under-load yield, to the curve. In practice, for a if their accuracy has been demonstrated.
number of reasons, the straight-line portion of the stress-strain curve may NoTE 1 1 -The appropriate magnitude of the extension under load will
not go through the origin of the stress-strain diagram. In these cases it is obviously vary with the strength range of the particular steel under test. In
not the origin of the stress-strain diagram, but rather where the straight general, the value of extension under load applicable to steel at any
line portion of the stress-strain curve, intersects the strain axis that is strength level may be determined from the sum of the proportional strain
pertinent. All offsets and extensions should be calculated from the and the plastic strain expected at the specified yield strength. The
intersection of the straight-line portion of the stress-strain curve with the following equation is used:
strain axis, and not necessarily from the origin of the stress-strain diagram.
See also Test Methods E8/E8M, Note 32. Extension under load, in./in. of gauge length = ( YSI E ) + r (3)
1 4. 2 Yield Strength-Yield strength is the stress at which a where:
material exhibits a specified limiting deviation from the pro YS specified yield strength, psi or MPa,
portionality of stress to strain . The deviation is expressed in E modulus of elasticity, psi or MPa, and
terms of strain, percent offset, total extension under load, and r limiting plastic strain, in./in.
so forth. Determine yield strength by one of the following
1 4 . 3 Tensile Strength-Calculate the tensile strength by
methods:
dividing the maximum load the specimen sustains during a
14.2. 1 Offset Method-To determine the yield strength by
tension test by the original cross-sectional area of the speci
the "offset method," it is necessary to secure data (autographic
men. If the upper yield strength is the maximum stress
or numerical) from which a stress-strain diagram with a distinct
recorded and if the stress-strain curve resembles that of Test
modulus characteristic of the material being tested may be
Methods E8/E8M-1 5a Fig. 25, the maximum stress after
drawn. Then on the stress-strain diagram (Fig. 9) lay off Om
discontinuous yielding shall be reported as the tensile strength
equal to the specified value of the offset, draw mn parallel to
unless otherwise stated by the purchaser.
OA, and thus locate r, the intersection of mn with the
stress-strain curve corresponding to load R, which is the 1 4 .4 Elongation:
yield-strength load. In recording values of yield strength 1 4 .4. 1 Fit the ends of the fractured specimen together
obtained by this method, the value of offset specified or used, carefully and measure the distance between the gauge marks to
or both, shall be stated in parentheses after the term yield the nearest 0 . 0 1 in. (0.25 mm) for gauge lengths of 2 in. and
strength, for example: under, and to the nearest 0.5 % of the gauge length for gauge
10
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0 A370-22
lengths over 2 in. A percentage scale reading to 0.5 % of the as a percentage of the original area is the reduction of area.
gauge length may be used. The elongation is the increase in
length of the gauge length, expressed as a percentage of the
original gauge length. In recording elongation values, give both
the percentage increase and the original gauge length.
1 4.4.2 If any part of the fracture takes place outside of the
middle half of the gauge length or in a punched or scribed mark
within the reduced section, the elongation value obtained may
not be representative of the material. If the elongation so
measured meets the minimum requirements specified, no
further testing is indicated, but if the elongation is less than the
minimum requirements, discard the test and retest.
1 4.4.3 Automated tensile testing methods using extensom
eters allow for the measurement of elongation in a method
described below. Elongation may be measured and reported
either this way, or as in the method described above, fitting the
broken ends together. Either result is valid.
1 4 .4.4 Elongation at fracture is defined as the elongation
measured just prior to the sudden decrease in force associated
with fracture. For many ductile materials not exhibiting a
sudden decrease in force, the elongation at fracture can be o m
taken as the strain measured just prior to when the force falls FIG. 7 Stress-strain Diagram Showing Yield Point Corresponding
below 1 0 % of the maximum force encountered during the test. With Top of Knee
1 4.4.4. 1 Elongation at fracture shall include elastic and
plastic elongation and may be determined with autographic or
automated methods using extensometers verified over the
strain range of interest. Use a class B2 or better extensometer n
for materials having less than 5 % elongation; a class C or
R -------------------------
better extensometer for materials having elongation greater
than or equal to 5 % but less than 50 %; and a class D or better
extensometer for materials having 50 % or greater elongation.
In all cases, the extensometer gauge length shall be the nominal
gauge length required for the specimen being tested. Due to the
lack of precision in fitting fractured ends together, the elonga
tion after fracture using the manual methods of the preceding
paragraphs may differ from the elongation at fracture deter
mined with extensometers.
1 4 .4.4.2 Percent elongation at fracture may be calculated
directly from elongation at fracture data and be reported
instead of percent elongation as calculated in 14.4. 1 . However,
these two parameters are not interchangeable. Use of the
elongation at fracture method generally provides more repeat Strain
o m
able results. �---------------------------�
14.5 Reduction of Area-Fit the ends of the fractured om = Specified Extension Under Load
specimen together and measure the mean diameter or the width FIG. 8 Stress-strain Diagram Showing Yield Point or Yield
and thickness at the smallest cross section to the same accuracy Strength by Extension Under Load Method
11
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0 A370-22
HBW = P![(nD!2) (D - �) ]
according to location and orientation of the test specimen and
(4)
the chemical composition, tensile properties, hardness, type,
and quality of the steel specified. Test Methods E 1 90 and E290 where:
may be consulted for methods of performing the test. HBW Brinell hardness number,
p applied load, kgf,
1 5 . 2 Unless otherwise specified, it shall be permissible to
D diameter of the tungsten carbide ball, mm, and
age bend test specimens. The time-temperature cycle employed
d average diameter of the indentation, mm.
must be such that the effects of previous processing will not be
NoTE 1 2-The Erin ell hardness number from a fixed-location testing
materially changed. It may be accomplished by aging at room machine is more conveniently secured from standard tables such as Table
temperature 24 to 48 h, or in shorter time at moderately 7, which show numbers corresponding to the various indentation
elevated temperatures by boiling in water or by heating in oil diameters, usually in increments of 0.05 mm.
or in an oven. NoTE 1 3-In Test Method E1 0 the values are stated in SI units, whereas
in this section kg/m units are used.
1 5 .3 Bend the test specimen at room temperature to an
inside diameter, as designated by the applicable product 1 7 . 1 .2 The standard Brinell hardness fixed-location testing
specific ations, to the extent specified. The speed of bending is machine using a 1 0 mm tungsten carbide ball employs a 3000
ordinarily not an important factor. kgf load for hard materials and a 1 500 or 500 kgf load for thin
sections or soft materials (see Annex A2 on Steel Tubular
HARDNESS TEST METHODS Products). Other loads and different size indenters may be used
when specified. In recording hardness values, the diameter of
16. General the ball and the load must be stated except when a 10 mm ball
1 6. 1 A hardness test is a means of determining resistance to and 3000 kgf load are used.
penetration and is occasionally employed to obtain a quick 17 . 1 .3 A range of hardness can properly be specified only
approximation of tensile strength. Tables 2-5 are for the for quenched and tempered or normalized and tempered
conversion of hardness measurements from one scale to material. For annealed material a maximum figure only should
12
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0 A370-22
TABLE 2 Approximate Hard ness Conversion Nu mbers for Nonaustenitic SteelsA (Rockwell C to Other Hard ness Numbers)
Rockwell C Rockwell A Rockwell Superficial Hardness
Brinell Knoop
Scale, 1 50 kgf Vickers Scale, 60 kgf 1 5N Scale, 1 5 30N Scale 30 45N Scale, 45 Approximate
Hardness Hardness,
Load, Hardness Load, kgf Load, kgf Load, kgf Load, Tensile
3000 kgf Load, 500 gf Load
Diamond Number Diamond Diamond Diamond Diamond Strength, ksi
10 mm Ball and Over
Penetrator Penetrator Penetrator Penetrator Penetrator ( MPa)
68 940 920 85.6 93.2 84.4 75.4
67 900 895 85.0 92.9 83.6 74.2
66 865 870 84.5 92.5 82.8 73.3
832 846 8 1 .9
BOO
65 739 83.9 92.2 72.0
64 722 822 83.4 91 .8 81.1 71 .0
63 772 706 799 82.8 91 .4 80. 1 69.9
62 746 688 776 82.3 91 . 1 79.3 68.8
61 720 670 754 81 .8 90.7 78.4 67.7
60 697 654 732 81 .2 90.2 77.5 66.6
59 674 634 71 0 80.7 89.8 76.6 65.5 351 (2420)
58 653 615 690 80. 1 89.3 75.7 64.3 338 (2330)
57 633 595 670 79.6 88.9 74.8 63.2 325 (2240)
56 613 577 650 79.0 88.3 73.9 62.0 31 3 (21 60)
55 595 560 630 78.5 87.9 73.0 60.9 301 (2070)
54 577 543 612 78.0 87.4 72.0 59.8 292 (2010)
53 560 525 594 77.4 86.9 7 1 .2 58.6 283 ( 1 950)
52 544 512 576 76.8 86.4 70.2 57.4 273 ( 1 880)
51 528 496 558 76.3 85.9 69.4 56.1 264 ( 1 820)
50 513 482 542 75.9 85.5 68.5 55.0 255 ( 1 760)
49 498 468 526 75.2 85.0 67.6 53.8 246 ( 1 700)
48 484 455 51 0 74.7 84.5 66.7 52.5 238 ( 1 640)
47 471 442 495 74.1 83.9 65.8 51 .4 229 ( 1 580)
46 458 432 480 73.6 83.5 64.8 50.3 221 ( 1 520)
45 446 421 466 73. 1 83.0 64.0 49.0 21 5 ( 1 480)
44 434 409 452 72.5 82.5 63. 1 47.8 208 ( 1 430)
43 423 400 438 72.0 82.0 62.2 46.7 201 ( 1 390)
42 412 390 426 71 .5 81 .5 6 1 .3 45.5 1 94 ( 1 340)
41 402 381 414 70.9 80.9 60.4 44.3 1 88 ( 1 300)
40 392 371 402 70.4 80.4 59.5 43.1 1 82 ( 1 250)
39 382 362 391 69.9 79.9 58.6 41 .9 1 77 ( 1 220)
38 372 353 380 69.4 79.4 57.7 40.8 1 71 ( 1 1 80)
37 363 344 370 68.9 78.8 56.8 39.6 1 66 ( 1 1 40)
36 354 336 360 68.4 78.3 55.9 38.4 1 61 ( 1 1 1 0)
35 345 327 351 67.9 77.7 55.0 37.2 1 56 ( 1 080)
34 336 319 342 67.4 77.2 54.2 36.1 1 52 ( 1 050)
33 327 311 334 66.8 76.6 53.3 34.9 1 49 ( 1 030)
32 318 301 326 66.3 76.1 52. 1 33.7 1 46 ( 1 01 0)
31 310 294 31 8 65.8 75.6 5 1 .3 32.5 1 41 (970)
30 302 286 311 65.3 75.0 50.4 31 .3 1 38 (950)
29 294 279 304 64.6 74.5 49.5 30.1 1 35 (930)
28 286 271 297 64.3 73.9 48.6 28.9 1 31 (900)
27 279 264 290 63.8 73.3 47.7 27.8 1 28 (880)
26 272 258 284 63.3 72.8 46.8 26.7 1 25 (860)
25 266 253 278 62.8 72.2 45.9 25.5 1 23 (850)
24 260 247 272 62.4 71 .6 45.0 24.3 1 1 9 (820)
23 254 243 266 62.0 71 .0 44.0 23.1 1 1 7 (81 0)
22 248 237 261 61 .5 70.5 43.2 22.0 1 1 5 (790)
21 243 231 256 61 .0 69.9 42.3 20.7 1 1 2 (770)
20 238 226 251 60.5 69.4 41 .5 1 9.6 1 1 0 (760)
A This table gives the approximate interrelationships of hardness numbers and approximate tensile strength of steels. It is possible that steels of various compositions and
processing histories will deviate in hardness-tensile strength relationship from the data presented in this table. The data in this table should not be used for austenitic
stainless steels, but have been shown to be applicable for ferritic and martensitic stainless steels. The data in this table should not be used to establish a relationship
between hardness numbers and tensile strength of hard drawn wire. The data in this table was developed using fixed-location hardness testing machines. Where more
precise conversions are required, they should be developed specially for each steel composition, heat treatment, and part. Caution should be exercised if conversions from
this table are used for the acceptance or rejection of product. The approximate interrelationships may affect acceptance or rejection.
be specified. For normalized material a minimum or a maxi 1 7 .2. 1 Testing Machine-A Brinell hardness fixed-location
mum hardness may be specified by agreement. In general, no testing machine is acceptable for use over a loading range
hardness requirements should be applied to untreated material. within which its load measuring device is accurate to :±: 1 %.
1 7. 1 .4 Brinell hardness may be required when tensile prop 17 .2.2 Measuring Microscope-The divisions of the mi
erties are not specified. crometer scale of the microscope or other measuring devices
1 7.2 Appa ratus-Equipment shall meet the following re used for the measurement of the diameter of the indentations
quirements:
13
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0 A370-22
TABLE 3 Approximate Hard ness Conversion Nu mbers for Nonaustenitic SteelsA (Rockwell B to Other Hard ness Numbers)
Rockwell Superficial Hardness
Rockwell B
Scale, 1 00 Brinell Knoop Rockwell A Rockwell F 1 5T Scale, 30T Scale, 45T Scale, Approximate
Vickers 15 kgf 30 kgf 45 kgf
kgf Load 1/16-
500 gf Load &
Hardness, 300 Hardness, Scale, 60 kgf Scale, 60 kgf Tensile
Hardness Load, 1/16- Load, 1/1 6- Load, 1/1 6-
in. kgf Load, 1 0 Load, Diamond Load, '116-in. Strength ksi
Number in. in. in.
(1 .588 mm) m m Ball Over Penetrator ( 1 .588 mm) Ball (M Pa)
Ball ( 1 .588 mm) ( 1 .588 mm) (1 .588 mm)
Ball Ball Ball
1 00 240 240 251 61 .5 93.1 83.1 72.9 116 (BOO)
99 234 234 246 60.9 92.8 82.5 71 .9 114 (785)
98 228 228 241 60.2 92.5 81 .8 70.9 1 09 (750)
97 222 222 236 59.5 92.1 81 . 1 69.9 1 04 (71 5)
96 216 216 231 58.9 91 .8 80.4 68.9 1 02 (705)
95 21 0 210 226 58.3 91 .5 79.8 67.9 1 00 (690)
94 205 205 221 57.6 91 .2 79.1 66.9 98 (675)
93 200 200 216 57.0 90.8 78.4 65.9 94 (650)
92 1 95 1 95 211 56.4 90.5 77.8 64.8 92 (635)
91 1 90 1 90 206 55.8 90.2 77.1 63.8 90 (620)
90 1 85 1 85 201 55.2 89.9 76.4 62.8 89 (61 5)
89 1 80 1 80 1 96 54.6 89.5 75.8 61 .8 88 (605)
88 1 76 1 76 1 92 54.0 89.2 75.1 60.8 86 (590)
87 1 72 1 72 1 88 53.4 88.9 74.4 59.8 84 (580)
86 1 69 1 69 1 84 52.8 88.6 73.8 58.8 83 (570)
85 1 65 1 65 1 80 52.3 88.2 73.1 57.8 82 (565)
84 1 62 1 62 1 76 51 . 7 87.9 72.4 56.8 81 (560)
83 1 59 1 59 1 73 51.1 87.6 71 .8 55.8 80 (550)
82 1 56 1 56 1 70 50.6 87.3 71 . 1 54.8 77 (530)
81 1 53 1 53 1 67 50.0 86.9 70.4 53.8 73 (505)
80 1 50 1 50 1 64 49.5 86.6 69.7 52.8 72 (495)
79 1 47 1 47 1 61 48.9 86.3 69.1 51 .8 70 (485)
78 1 44 1 44 1 58 48.4 86.0 68.4 50.8 69 (475)
77 141 141 1 55 47.9 85.6 67.7 49.8 68 (470)
76 1 39 1 39 1 52 47.3 85.3 67.1 48.8 67 (460)
75 1 37 1 37 1 50 46.8 99.6 85.0 66.4 47.8 66 (455)
74 1 35 1 35 1 47 46.3 99. 1 84.7 65.7 46.8 65 (450)
73 1 32 1 32 1 45 45.8 98.5 84.3 65.1 45.8 64 (440)
72 1 30 1 30 1 43 45.3 98.0 84.0 64.4 44.8 63 (435)
71 1 27 1 27 141 44.8 97.4 83.7 63.7 43.8 62 (425)
70 1 25 1 25 1 39 44.3 96.8 83.4 63.1 42.8 61 (420)
69 1 23 1 23 1 37 43.8 96.2 83.0 62.4 41 .8 60 (41 5)
68 121 121 1 35 43.3 95.6 82.7 61 .7 40.8 59 (405)
67 119 119 1 33 42.8 95. 1 82.4 61 .0 39.8 58 (400)
66 117 117 1 31 42.3 94.5 82.1 60.4 38.7 57 (395)
65 116 116 1 29 41 .8 93.9 81 .8 59.7 37.7 56 (385)
64 114 114 1 27 41 .4 93.4 81 .4 59.0 36.7
63 112 112 1 25 40.9 92.8 81 . 1 58.4 35.7
62 110 110 1 24 40.4 92.2 80.8 57.7 34.7
61 1 08 1 08 1 22 40.0 91 . 7 80.5 57.0 33.7
60 1 07 1 07 1 20 39.5 91 . 1 80.1 56.4 32.7
59 1 06 1 06 118 39.0 90.5 79.8 55.7 31 . 7
58 1 04 1 04 117 38.6 90.0 79.5 55.0 30.7
57 1 03 1 03 115 38.1 89.4 79.2 54.4 29.7
56 1 01 1 01 114 37.7 88.8 78.8 53.7 28.7
55 1 00 1 00 112 37.2 88.2 78.5 53.0 27.7
54 111 36.8 87.7 78.2 52.4 26.7
53 110 36.3 87. 1 77.9 51 . 7 25.7
52 1 09 35.9 86.5 77.5 51 .0 24.7
51 1 08 35.5 86.0 77.2 50.3 23.7
50 1 07 35.0 85.4 76.9 49.7 22.7
49 1 06 34.6 84.8 76.6 49.0 21 .7
48 1 05 34.1 84.3 76.2 48.3 20.7
47 1 04 33.7 83.7 75.9 47.7 1 9.7
46 1 03 33.3 83. 1 75.6 47.0 1 8.7
45 1 02 32.9 82.6 75.3 46.3 1 7.7
44 1 01 32.4 82.0 74.9 45.7 1 6.7
43 1 00 32.0 81 .4 74.6 45.0 1 5.7
42 99 3 1 .6 80.8 74.3 44.3 1 4.7
41 98 3 1 .2 80.3 74.0 43.7 1 3.6
40 97 30.7 79.7 73.6 43.0 1 2.6
39 96 30.3 79. 1 73.3 42.3 1 1 .6
38 95 29.9 78.6 73.0 41 .6 1 0.6
37 94 29.5 78.0 72.7 41 .0 9.6
36 93 29. 1 77.4 72.3 40.3 8.6
35 92 28.7 76.9 72.0 39.6 7.6
34 91 28.2 76.3 71 .7 39.0 6.6
33 90 27.8 75.7 71 .4 38.3 5.6
32 89 27.4 75.2 71 .0 37.6 4.6
Eqr{tkijv"d{"CUVO"Kpv)n..cm"tkijvu"tgugtxgft�"Vjw"Pqx"39"32<63<73" 1 OV"4244
14
Fqypnqcfgfl rtkpvgf"d{
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0 A370-22
TABLE 3 Continued
Rockwell Superficial Hardness
Rockwell B
Scale, 1 00 Brinell Knoop Rockwell A Rockwell F 1 5T Scale, 30T Scale, 45T Scale, Approximate
Vickers 15 kgf 30 kgf 45 kgf
kgf Load 1/16·
500 gf Load &
Hardness, 300 Hardness, Scale, 60 kgf Scale, 60 kgf Tensile
Hardness Load, 1/16· Load, 1/1 6· Load, 1/1 6·
in. kgf Load, 1 0 Load, Diamond Load, '116-in. Strength ksi
Number in. in. in.
(1 .588 mm) m m Ball Over Penetrator ( 1 .588 mm) Ball (M Pa)
Ball ( 1 .588 mm) ( 1 .588 mm) (1 .588 mm)
Ball Ball Ball
31 88 27.0 74.6 70.7 37.0 3.6
30 87 26.6 74.0 70.4 36.3 2.6
A This table gives the approximate interrelationships of hardness numbers and approximate tensile strength of steels. It is possible that steels of various compositions and
processing histories will deviate in hardness-tensile strength relationship from the data presented in this table. The data in this table should not be used for austenitic
stainless steels, but have been shown to be applicable for ferritic and martensitic stainless steels. The data in this table should not be used to establish a relationship
between hardness numbers and tensile strength of hard drawn wire. The data in this table was developed using fixed-location hardness testing machines. Where more
precise conversions are required, they should be developed specially for each steel composition, heat treatment, and part.
TABLE 4 Approximate Hardness Conversion Numbers for Austenitic Steels (Rockwell C to other Hardness Numbers)
shall be such as to permit the direct measurement of the 1 7 . 3 Test Specimen-Brinell hardness indentations are made
diameter to 0. 1 mm and the estimation of the diameter to on prepared areas and sufficient metal must be removed from
0.05 mm. the surface to eliminate decarburized metal and other surface
NOTE 1 4-This requirement applies to the construction of the micro irregularities. The thickness of the piece tested must be such
scope only and is not a requirement for measurement of the indentation, that no bulge or other marking showing the effect of the load
see 17 .4.4. appears on the side of the piece opposite the indentation.
1 7 .2.3 Standard Ball-The standard tungsten carbide ball
1 7 .4 Test Procedure:
for Brinell hardness fixed-location testing machine is 1 0 mm
1 7 .4. 1 Detailed Test Procedure-For detailed requirements
(0.3937 in.) in diameter with a deviation from this value of not
of the test procedure, reference shall be made to the latest
more than 0.005 mm (0.0002 in.) in any diameter. A tungsten
carbide ball suitable for use must not show a permanent change revision of Test Method E l O for fixed-location hardness testing
in diameter greater than 0.0 1 mm (0.0004 in.) when pressed machines.
with a force of 3000 kgf against the test specimen. Steel ball 1 7 .4.2 It is essential that the applicable product specifica
indenters are no longer permitted for use in Brinell hardness tions state clearly the position at which Brinell hardness
fixed-location testing machines in accordance with these test indentations are to be made and the number of such indenta
methods. tions required. The distance of the center of the indentation
15
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0 A370-22
TABLE 5 Approximate Hardness Conversion Numbers for Austenitic Steels (Rockwell B to other Hardness Numbers)
TABLE 6 Reporting Converted Hardness Numbers and Scales from Portable Hardness Tests
NOTE 1-Since the data in the hardness conversion tables in this standard were developed using fixed-location hardness testing machines, the use of
these tables to convert portable hardness testing numbers may have a larger approximation range than for converting fixed-location hardness testing
numbers.
Portable Hardness Test Method Portable Hardness Test Number and Converted Hardness Number and Reported Converted Hardness Num-
Scale Scale ber and Scale
A833 353 H BC/340 38 H RC 38 HRC (353 HBC/340)
A956/A956M 353 HB (HLD) 38 H RC 38 HRC (353 HB (HLD))
A 1 038 372 HV (UCI} 38 H RC 38 HRC {372 HV (UCI)}
E110 353 HBW/P 38 H RC 38 HRC (353 HBW/P)
from the edge of the specimen or edge of another indentation 1 7 .5. 1 .4 The only exception to the above requirement is for
must be at least two and one-half times the diameter of the the HBW 1 0/3000 scale when a 1 0 to 1 5 s dwell time is used.
indentation. Only in the case of this one Brinell hardness scale may the
1 7.4.3 Apply the load for 1 0 to 15 s . designation be reported simply as HBW.
1 7 .4.4 Measure diameters o f the indentation in accordance 1 7 . 5 . 1 .5 Examples: 220 HBW = Brinell hardness of 220
with Test Method E 1 0. determined with a ball of 1 0 mm diameter and with a test force
1 7 .4.5 The Brinell hardness fixed-location testing machine of 3000 kgf applied for 1 0 to 1 5 s; 350 HBW 511 500 = Brinell
is not recommended for materials above 650 HBW. hardness of 350 determined with a ball of 5 mm diameter and
1 7 .4.5 . 1 If a ball is used in a test of a specimen which shows with a test force of 1 500 kgf applied for 1 0 to 1 5 s.
a Brinell hardness number greater than the limit for the ball as
detailed in 1 7 .4.5, the ball shall be either discarded and 18. Rockwell Fixed-Location Hardness Testing
replaced with a new ball or remeasured to ensure conformance 1 8 . 1 Description:
with the requirements of Test Method E 1 0. 1 8 . 1 . 1 In this test a hardness number is obtained by deter
1 7.5 Reporting Brinell Hardness Numbers: mining the depth of penetration of a diamond point or a
1 7 . 5 . 1 Brinell hardness numbers shall not be reported by a tungsten carbide ball into the specimen using a fixed-location
number alone because it is necessary to indicate which indenter hardness testing machine. A minor load of 1 0 kgf is first
and force has been employed in making the test. Reported applied which causes an initial penetration, sets the penetrator
Brinell hardness numbers shall always be followed by the scale on the material and holds it in position. A major load which
symbol HBW, and be supplemented by an index indicating the depends on the scale being used is applied increasing the depth
test conditions in the following order: of indentation. The major load is removed and, with the minor
1 7. 5 . 1 . 1 Diameter of the ball, mm, load still acting, the Rockwell number, which is proportional to
1 7.5 . 1 .2 A value representing the applied load, kgf, and, the difference in penetration between the major and minor
1 7.5. 1 .3 The applied force dwell time, s, if other than 10 to loads is determined; this is usually done by the machine and
1 5 s. shows on a dial, digital display, printer, or other device. This is
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16
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0 A370-22
17
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0 A370-22
TABLE 7 Continued
Brinell Hardness Brinell Hardness Brinell Hardness Brinell Hardness
Number Diameter Number Diameter Number Diameter Number
Diameter
of of of
of Indenta 500- 1 500- 3000- 500- 1 500- 3000- 500- 1 500- 3000- 500- 1 500- 3000-
Indenta Indenta Indenta
tion, mm kgf kgf kgf kgf kgf kg! kgf kgf kg! kgf kgf kgf
tion, mm tion, mm tion, mm
Load Load Load Load Load Load Load Load Load Load Load Load
2.70 85.7 257 514 3.95 39. 1 117 235 5.20 21 .8 65.5 1 31 6.45 13.5 40.5 81.0
2.71 85.1 255 510 3.96 38.9 117 234 5.21 21 .7 65.2 1 30 6.46 13.4 40.4 80. 7
2.72 84.4 253 507 3.97 38.7 116 232 5.22 21 .6 64.9 1 30 6.47 13.4 40.2 80.4
2.73 83.8 251 503 3.98 38.5 116 231 5.23 21 .6 64.7 1 29 6.48 13.4 40. 1 80. 1
2.74 83.2 250 499 3.99 38.3 115 230 5.24 21 .5 64.4 1 29 6.49 13.3 39.9 79.8
2.75 82.6 248 495 4.00 38. 1 114 229 5.25 21 .4 64.1 1 28 6.50 13.3 39.8 79. 6
2.76 81 .9 246 492 4.01 37.9 114 228 5.26 21 .3 63.9 1 28 6.51 13.2 39.6 79.3
2.77 81 .3 244 488 4.02 37.7 113 226 5.27 21 .2 63.6 1 27 6.52 13.2 39.5 79. 0
2.78 80.8 242 485 4.03 37.5 113 225 5.28 21 . 1 63.3 1 27 6.53 13. 1 39.4 78. 7
2.79 80.2 240 481 4.04 37.3 112 224 5.29 21 .0 63. 1 1 26 6.54 13. 1 39.2 78.4
2.80 79.6 239 477 4.05 37. 1 111 223 5.30 20.9 62.8 1 26 6.55 13.0 39. 1 78.2
2.81 79.0 237 474 4.06 37.0 111 222 5.31 20.9 62.6 1 25 6.56 13.0 38.9 78. 0
2.82 78.4 235 471 4.07 36.8 110 221 5.32 20.8 62.3 1 25 6.57 12.9 38.8 77. 6
2.83 77.9 234 467 4.08 36.6 110 219 5.33 20.7 62. 1 1 24 6.58 12.9 38. 7 77.3
2.84 77.3 232 464 4.09 36.4 1 09 218 5.34 20.6 61 .8 1 24 6.59 12.8 38.5 77. 1
2.85 76.8 230 461 4.1 0 36.2 1 09 217 5.35 20.5 61 .5 1 23 6.60 12.8 38.4 76.8
2.86 76.2 229 457 4.11 36.0 1 08 216 5.36 20.4 61 .3 1 23 6.61 12.8 38.3 76.5
2.87 75.7 227 454 4.12 35.8 1 08 215 5.37 20.3 61 .0 1 22 6.62 12. 7 38. 1 76.2
2.88 75.1 225 451 4.1 3 35.7 1 07 214 5.38 20.3 60.8 1 22 6.63 12. 7 38.0 76. 0
2.89 74.6 224 448 4.14 35.5 1 06 213 5.39 20.2 60.6 121 6.64 12. 6 37.9 75. 7
2.90 74.1 222 444 4.1 5 35.3 1 06 212 5.40 20.1 60.3 121 6.65 12. 6 37. 7 75.4
2.91 73.6 221 441 4.16 35. 1 1 05 211 5.41 20.0 60. 1 1 20 6.66 12.5 37.6 75.2
2.92 73.0 219 438 4.1 7 34.9 1 05 210 5.42 1 9.9 59.8 1 20 6.67 12.5 37.5 74. 9
2.93 72.5 218 435 4.1 8 34.8 1 04 209 5.43 1 9.9 59.6 119 6.68 12.4 37.3 74. 7
2.94 72.0 216 432 4.1 9 34.6 1 04 208 5.44 1 9.8 59.3 119 6.69 12.4 37.2 74.4
2.95 71 .5 215 429 4.20 34.4 1 03 207 5.45 1 9.7 59. 1 118 6.70 12.4 37. 1 74. 1
2.96 71 .0 213 426 4.21 34.2 1 03 205 5.46 1 9.6 58.9 118 6.71 12.3 36.9 73.9
2.97 70.5 212 423 4.22 34. 1 1 02 204 5.47 1 9.5 58.6 117 6.72 12.3 36.8 73. 6
2.98 70.1 210 420 4.23 33.9 1 02 203 5.48 1 9.5 58.4 117 6.73 12.2 36. 7 73.4
2.99 69.6 209 417 4.24 33.7 1 01 202 5.49 1 9.4 58.2 116 6.74 12.2 36.6 73. 1
3.00 69.1 207 415 4.25 33.6 1 01 201 5.50 1 9.3 57.9 116 6.75 12. 1 36.4 72. 8
3.01 68.6 206 412 4.26 33.4 1 00 200 5.51 1 9.2 57.7 115 6.76 12. 1 36.3 72. 6
3.02 68.2 205 409 4.27 33.2 99.7 1 99 5.52 1 9.2 57.5 115 6.77 12. 1 36.2 72.3
3.03 67.7 203 406 4.28 33. 1 99.2 1 98 5.53 1 9. 1 57.2 114 6.78 12. 0 36.0 72. 1
3.04 67.3 202 404 4.29 32.9 98.8 1 98 5.54 1 9.0 57.0 114 6.79 12. 0 35. 9 71.8
3.05 66.8 200 401 4.30 32.8 98.3 1 97 5.55 1 8.9 56.8 114 6.80 1 1. 9 35.8 71.6
3.06 66.4 1 99 398 4.31 32.6 97.8 1 96 5.56 1 8.9 56.6 113 6.81 11.9 35. 7 71.3
3.07 65.9 1 98 395 4.32 32.4 97.3 1 95 5.57 1 8.8 56.3 113 6.82 11.8 35.5 71. 1
3.08 65.5 1 96 393 4.33 32.3 96.8 1 94 5.58 1 8.7 56. 1 112 6.83 1 1. 8 35.4 70.8
3.09 65.0 1 95 390 4.34 32. 1 96.4 1 93 5.59 1 8.6 55.9 112 6.84 11.8 35. 3 70. 6
3. 1 0 64.6 1 94 388 4.35 32.0 95.9 1 92 5.60 1 8.6 55.7 111 6.85 11.7 35.2 70.4
3. 1 1 64.2 1 93 385 4.36 31 .8 95.5 1 91 5.61 1 8.5 55.5 111 6.86 11.7 35. 1 70. 1
3. 1 2 63.8 191 383 4.37 31 .7 95.0 1 90 5.62 1 8.4 55.2 110 6.87 11.6 34.9 69.9
3. 1 3 63.3 1 90 380 4.38 31 . 5 94.5 1 89 5.63 1 8.3 55.0 110 6.88 11.6 34.8 69.6
3. 1 4 62.9 1 89 378 4.39 31 .4 94.1 1 88 5.64 1 8.3 54.8 110 6.89 11.6 34. 7 69.4
3. 1 5 62.5 1 88 375 4.40 31 .2 93.6 1 87 5.65 1 8.2 54.6 1 09 6.90 11.5 34.6 69.2
3. 1 6 62.1 1 86 373 4.41 31 . 1 93.2 1 86 5.66 1 8. 1 54.4 1 09 6.91 11.5 34.5 68.9
3. 1 7 61 .7 1 85 370 4.42 30.9 92.7 1 85 5.67 1 8. 1 54.2 1 08 6.92 1 1.4 34.3 68. 7
3. 1 8 61 .3 1 84 368 4.43 30.8 92.3 1 85 5.68 1 8.0 54.0 1 08 6.93 11.4 34.2 68.4
3. 1 9 60.9 1 83 366 4.44 30.6 91 .8 1 84 5.69 1 7.9 53.7 1 07 6.94 11.4 34. 1 68.2
3.20 60.5 1 82 363 4.45 30.5 91 .4 1 83 5.70 1 7.8 53.5 1 07 6.95 11.3 34.0 68.0
3.21 60.1 1 80 361 4.46 30.3 91 .0 1 82 5.71 1 7.8 53.3 1 07 6.96 11.3 33. 9 67.7
3.22 59.8 1 79 359 4.47 30.2 90.5 1 81 5.72 1 7.7 53. 1 1 06 6.97 11.3 33.8 67.5
3.23 59.4 1 78 356 4.48 30.0 90.1 1 80 5.73 1 7.6 52.9 1 06 6.98 1 1.2 33.6 67.3
3.24 59.0 1 77 354 4.49 29.9 89.7 1 79 5.74 1 7.6 52.7 1 05 6.99 1 1.2 33. 5 67.0
18
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0 A370-22
an arbitrary number which increases with increasing hardness. bar hardness to indicate that i t was determined b y a portable
The scales most frequently used are as follows : comparative hardness tester, as in the following example:
1 9 . 1 .2. 1 232 HBC/240, where 232 is the hardness test result
Penetrator
using the portable comparative test method (HBC) and 240 is
1/• s-in. tungsten carbide ball
the B rinell hardness of the comparative test bar.
B 1 00 10
c Diamond brale 1 50 10 1 9 . 1 .3 Test Method A956/A956M:
1 9 . 1 .3 . 1 The measured hardness number shall be reported in
1 8. 1 .2 Rockwell superficial fixed-location hardness testing
accordance with the standard methods and appended with a
machines are used for the testing of very thin steel or thin
Leeb impact device in parenthesis to indicate that it was
surface layers. Loads of 1 5 , 30, or 45 kgf are applied on a
determined by a portable hardness tester, as in the following
tungsten carbide (or a hardened steel) ball or diamond
example:
penetrator, to cover the same range of hardness values as for
( 1) 350 HLD where 350 is the hardness test result using the
the heavier loads. Use of a hardened steel ball i s permitted only
portable Leeb hardness test method with the HLD impact
for testing thin sheet tin mill products as found in Specifica
device.
tions A623 and A623M using HR 1 5T and HR30T scales with
1 9 . 1 .3.2 When hardness values converted from the Leeb
a diamond spot anvil. (Testing of this product using a tungsten
number are reported, the portable instrument used shall be
carbide indenter may give significantly different results as
reported in parentheses, for example:
compared to historical test data obtained using a hardened steel
(1) 350 HB (HLD) where the original hardness test was
ball.) The superficial hardness scales are as follows:
performed using the portable Leeb hardness test method with
Scale Major Minor
Symbol Penetrator Load. kgf Load. kgf
the HLD impact device and converted to the Brinell hardness
value (HB).
1 5T '/•s-in. tungsten carbide or steel ball 15 3 1 9 . 1 .4 Test Method A 1 038-The measured hardness number
30T 1/win. tungsten carbide or steel ball 30 3
45T '/•s-in. tungsten carbide ball 45 3 shall be reported in accordance with the standard methods and
1 5N Diamond brale 15 3 appended with UCI in parenthesis to indicate that it was
30N Diamond brale 30 3 determined by a portable hardness tester, as in the following
45N Diamond brale 45 3
example:
1 8.2 Reporting Rockwell Hardness Numbers: 1 9. 1 .4. 1 446 HV (UCI) 10 where 446 is the hardness test
1 8.2. 1 Rockwell hardness numbers shall not be reported by result using the portable UCI test method under a force of
a number alone because it is necessary to indicate which 1 0 kgf.
indenter and force has been employed in making the test. 1 9 . 1 .5 Test Method EllO-The measured hardness number
Reported Rockwell hardness numbers shall always be followed shall be reported in accordance with the standard methods and
by the scale symbol, for example: 96 HRBW, 40 HRC, 75 appended with a /P to indicate that it was determined by a
HR 1 5N, 56 HR30TS, or 77 HR30TW. The suffix W indicates portable hardness testing machine and shall reference Test
use of a tungsten carbide ball. The suffix S indicates use of a Method E l l O, as follows:
hardened steel ball as permitted in 1 8 . 1 .2. 1 9 . 1 .5 . 1 Rockwell Hardness Examples:
19
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0 A370-22
20.2 Testing temperatures other than room (ambient) tem Methods E23). The linear velocity at the point of impact should
perature often are specified in product or general requirement be in the range of 1 6 to 19 ft/s (4.9 to 5 . 8 m/s) .
specifications (hereinafter referred to as the specification). NoTE 1 5-An investigation o f striker radius effect i s available.6
Although the testing temperature is sometimes related to the 22.2 Temperature Media:
expected service temperature, the two temperatures need not be 22.2. 1 For testing at other than room temperature, it is
identical. necessary to condition the Charpy specimens in media at
controlled temperatures.
21. Significance and Use 22.2.2 Low temperature media usually are chilled fluids
2 1 . 1 Ductile Versus Brittle Behavior-Body-centered-cubic (such as water, ice plus water, dry ice plus organic solvents, or
or ferritic alloys exhibit a significant transition in behavior liquid nitrogen) or chilled gases.
when impact tested over a range of temperatures. At tempera 22.2.3 Elevated temperature media are usually heated liq
tures above transition, impact specimens fracture by a ductile uids such as mineral or silicone oils. Circulating air ovens may
(usually rnicrovoid coalescence) mechanism, absorbing rela be used.
tively large amounts of energy. At lower temperatures, they 22.3 Handling Equipment-Tongs, especially adapted to fit
fracture in a brittle (usually cleavage) manner absorbing the notch in the impact specimen, normally are used for
appreciably less energy. Within the transition range, the frac removing the specimens from the medium and placing them on
ture will generally be a mixture of areas of ductile fracture and the anvil (refer to Test Methods E23). In cases where the
brittle fracture. machine fixture does not provide for automatic centering of the
2 1 .2 The temperature range of the transition from one type test specimen, the tongs may be precision machined to provide
of behavior to the other varies according to the material being centering.
tested. This transition behavior may be defined in various ways
23. Sampling and Number of Specimens
for specification purposes.
2 1 .2. 1 The specification may require a minimum test result
8-mm rad (0.315")
for absorbed energy, fracture appearance, lateral expansion, or
a combination thereof, at a specified test temperature.
2 1 .2.2 The specification may require the determination of
the transition temperature at which either the absorbed energy
or fracture appearance attains a specified level when testing is
performed over a range of temperatures. Alternatively the
specification may require the determination of the fracture SPECIMEN
appearance transition temperature (FATTn) as the temperature
at which the required minimum percentage of shear fracture (n)
is obtained.
2 1 .3 Further information on the significance of impact
testing appears in Annex AS .
22. Apparatus
20
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0 A370-22
23. 1 . 1 Test location and orientation should be addressed by ( 1 ) Standard size specimens and subsize specimens may
the specifications. If not, for wrought products, the test location contain the original OD surface of the tubular product as shown
shall be the same as that for the tensile specimen and the in Fig. 1 2. All other dimensions shall comply with the
orientation shall be longitudinal with the notch perpendicular requirements of Fig. 1 1 .
to the major surface of the product being tested.
NOTE 1 6-For materials with toughness levels in excess of about
23 . 1 .2 Number of Specimens. 50 ft-lbs, specimens containing the original OD surface may yield values
23 . 1 .2 . 1 All specimens used for a Charpy impact test shall in excess of those resulting from the use of conventional Charpy
be taken from a single test coupon or test location. specimens.
23 . 1 .2.2 When the specification calls for a minimum aver 23.2.2.3 If a standard full-size specimen cannot be prepared,
age test result, three specimens shall be tested. the largest feasible standard subsize specimen shall be pre
23 . 1 .2.3 When the specification requires determination of a pared. The specimens shall be machined so that the specimen
transition temperature, eight to twelve specimens are usually does not include material nearer to the surface than 0.020 in.
needed. (0.5 mm).
23.2 Type and Size: 23.2.2.4 Tolerances for standard subsize specimens are
23.2. 1 Use a standard full size Charpy V-notch specimen as shown in Fig. 1 1 . Standard subsize test specimen sizes are:
shown in Fig. 1 1 , except as allowed in 23.2.2. 1 0 x 7 . 5 mm, 1 0 x 6.7 mm, 1 0 x 5 mm, 1 0 x 3 . 3 mm, and
23.2.2 Subsized Specimens. 1 0 x 2.5 mm.
23 .2.2 . 1 For flat material less than 7/16 in. ( 1 1 mm) thick, or 23.2.2.5 Notch the narrow face of the standard subsize
when the absorbed energy is expected to exceed 80 % of full specimens so that the notch is perpendicular to the 1 0 mm wide
scale, use standard subsize test specimens. face.
23.2.2.2 For tubular materials tested in the transverse 23.3 Notch Preparation-The machining (for example,
direction, where the relationship between diameter and wall milling, broaching, or grinding) of the notch is critical, as
thickness does not permit a standard full size specimen, use minor deviations in both notch radius and profile, or tool marks
standard subsize test specimens or standard size specimens at the bottom of the notch may result in variations in test data,
containing outer diameter (OD) curvature as follows: particularly in materials with low-impact energy absorption.
(see Annex AS) .
� mm
1-g
I '
o• 24. Calibration
I iii
0 2 mm
24. 1 Accuracy and Sensitivity-Calibrate and adjust Charpy
(0.079 in.) 0. 25
(0.010 in.) rad.
impact machines in accordance with the requirements of Test
I l I 10 mm
_ l..:..:J .f"(o.394 in.)
r1 "'[_
: Methods E23 .
h(2.165
55 mm _______]
(0.394mmin.)
l41o 45•
•
1n.)�
L 25. Conditioning-Temperature Control
NoTE ! -Permissible variations shall be as follows:
25 . 1 When a specific test temperature is required by the
go• ± 10 min
Notch length to edge 90 ±2°
specification or purchaser, control the temperature of the
Adjacent sides shall be at
Cross-section dimensions ±0.075 mm (±0.003 in.) heating or cooling medium within ::!::: 2 °F ( 1 °C).
Length of specimen (L) + 0, - 2.5 m m ( + 0, - 0 . 1 00 in.)
Centering of notch (U2) ±1 m m (±0.039 in.) NoTE 1 7-For some steels there may not be a need for this restricted
Angle of notch ±1 0 temperature, for example, austenitic steels.
Radius of notch ±0.025 mm (±0.001 in.) NoTE I S-Because the temperature of a testing laboratory often varies
Notch depth ±0.025 mm (±0.001 in.) from 60 to 90 °F ( 1 5 to 32 °C) a test conducted at "room temperature"
Finish requirements 2 �m (63 �in.) on notched surface and might be conducted at any temperature in this range.
opposite face; 4 �m ( 1 25 �in.) on other
two surfaces
(a) Standard Full Size Specimen 26. Procedure
y Tl q
\r�; � \:}} �5 \r � \rg.5 mm 26. 1 Temperature:
m mm
� \:.j-
mm
� �264 � .7 mm
�2 5 intl- 26. 1 . 1 Condition the specimens to be broken by holding
02 n [] [] D
. 9 3o 197 o 9
f L mm (0.079 in.)
specimens at the same temperature as the specimen so as not to
affect the temperature at the notch.
26.2 Positioning and Breaking Specimens:
NoTE 2-0n subsize specimens, all dimensions and tolerances of the 26.2. 1 Carefully center the test specimen in the anvil and
standard specimen remain constant with the exception of the width, which
varies as shown above and for which the tolerance shall be ± 1 %.
release the pendulum to break the specimen.
26.2.2 If the pendulum is not released within 5 s after
(b) Standard Subsize Specimens
removing the specimen from the conditioning medium, do not
break the specimen. Return the specimen to the conditioning
FIG. 11 Charpy (Simple Beam) Impact Test Specimens medium for the period required in 26. 1 . 1 .
21
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0 A370-22
26.3 Recovering Specimens-In the event that fracture ap 26.4.3 .2 Examine each specimen half to ascertain that the
pearance or lateral expansion must be determined, recover the protrusions have not been damaged by contacting the anvil,
matched pieces of each broken specimen before breaking the machine mounting surface, and so forth. Discard such samples
next specimen. since they may cause erroneous readings.
26.4 Individual Test Values: 26.4.3 . 3 Check the sides of the specimens perpendicular to
26.4. 1 Impact Energy-Record the impact energy absorbed the notch to ensure that no burrs were formed on the sides
to the nearest ft·lbf (J). during impact testing. If burrs exist, remove them carefully by
26.4.2 Fracture Appearance: rubbing on emery cloth or similar abrasive surface, making
26.4.2 . 1 Determine the percentage of shear fracture area by sure that the protrusions being measured are not rubbed during
any of the following methods: the removal of the burr.
( 1) Measure the length and width of the brittle portion of 26.4.3.4 Measure the amount of expansion on each side of
the fracture surface, as shown in Fig. 1 3 and determine the each half relative to the plane defined by the undeformed
percent shear area from either Table 8 or Table 9 depending on portion of the side of the specimen using a gauge similar to that
the units of measurement. shown in Figs. 1 6 and 1 7.
(2) Compare the appearance of the fracture of the specimen 26.4.3 . 5 Since the fracture path seldom bisects the point of
with a fracture appearance chart as shown in Fig. 1 4. maximum expansion on both sides of a specimen, the sum of
(3) Magnify the fracture surface and compare it to a the larger values measured for each side is the value of the test.
precalibrated overlay chart or measure the percent shear Arrange the halves of one specimen so that compression sides
fracture area by means of a planimeter. are facing each other. Using the gauge, measure the protrusion
(4) Photograph the fractured surface at a suitable magnifi on each half specimen, ensuring that the same side of the
cation and measure the percent shear fracture area by means of specimen is measured. Measure the two broken halves indi
a planimeter. vidually. Repeat the procedure to measure the protrusions on
26.4.2.2 Determine the individual fracture appearance val the opposite side of the specimen halves. The larger of the two
ues to the nearest 5 % shear fracture and record the value. values for each side is the expansion of that side of the
26.4.3 Lateral Expansion: specimen.
26.4.3 . 1 Lateral expansion is the increase in specimen 26.4.3.6 Measure the individual lateral expansion values to
width, measured in thousandths of an inch (mils), on the the nearest mil (0.025 mm) and record the values.
compression side, opposite the notch of the fractured Charpy 26.4.3.7 With the exception described as follows, any speci
V-notch specimen as shown in Fig. 1 5. men that does not separate into two pieces when struck by a
Notch
Cleavage Area
(shiny) ---i7:�����:};2J____:l
NoTE 1-Measure average dimensions A and B to the nearest 0.02 in. or 0.5 nun.
22
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0 A370-22
NOTE 1-Since this table is set up for finite measurements or dimensions A and 8, 1 00 % shear is to be reported when either A or 8 is zero.
Dimen- Dimension A, in.
8, in.
sion
0.05 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.30 0.32 0.34 0.36 0.38 0.40
0.05 98 96 95 94 94 93 92 91 90 90 89 88 87 86 85 85 84
0.1 0 96 92 90 89 87 85 84 82 81 79 77 76 74 73 71 69 68
0.12 95 90 88 86 85 83 81 79 77 75 73 71 69 67 65 63 61
0.14 94 89 86 84 82 80 77 75 73 71 68 66 64 62 59 57 55
0.1 6 94 87 85 82 79 77 74 72 69 67 64 61 59 56 53 51 48
0.1 8 93 85 83 80 77 74 72 68 65 62 59 56 54 51 48 45 42
0.20 92 84 81 77 74 72 68 65 61 58 55 52 48 45 42 39 36
0.22 91 82 79 75 72 68 65 61 57 54 50 47 43 40 36 33 29
0.24 90 81 77 73 69 65 61 57 54 50 46 42 38 34 30 27 23
0.26 90 79 75 71 67 62 58 54 50 46 41 37 33 29 25 20 16
0.28 89 77 73 68 64 59 55 50 46 41 37 32 28 23 18 14 10
0.30 88 76 71 66 61 56 52 47 42 37 32 27 23 18 13 9 3
0.31 88 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 18 10 5 0
NoTE 1 -Since this table is set up for finite measurements or dimensions A and 8, I 00 % shear is to be reported when either A or 8 is zero.
Dimen- Dimension A, mm
8, mm
sion
1 .0 1 .5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10
1 .0 99 98 98 97 96 96 95 94 94 93 92 92 91 91 90 89 89 88 88
1 .5 98 97 96 95 94 93 92 92 91 90 89 88 87 86 85 84 83 82 81
2.0 98 96 95 94 92 91 90 89 88 86 85 84 82 81 80 79 77 76 75
2.5 97 95 94 92 91 89 88 86 84 83 81 80 78 77 75 73 72 70 69
3.0 96 94 92 91 89 87 85 83 81 79 77 76 74 72 70 68 66 64 62
3.5 96 93 91 89 87 85 82 80 78 76 74 72 69 67 65 63 61 58 56
4.0 95 92 90 88 85 82 80 77 75 72 70 67 65 62 60 57 55 52 50
4.5 94 92 89 86 83 80 77 75 72 69 66 63 61 58 55 52 49 46 44
5.0 94 91 88 85 81 78 75 72 69 66 62 59 56 53 50 47 44 41 37
5.5 93 90 86 83 79 76 72 69 66 62 59 55 52 48 45 42 38 35 31
6.0 92 89 85 81 77 74 70 66 62 59 55 51 47 44 40 36 33 29 25
6.5 92 88 84 80 76 72 67 63 59 55 51 47 43 39 35 31 27 23 19
7.0 91 87 82 78 74 69 65 61 56 52 47 43 39 34 30 26 21 17 12
7.5 91 86 81 77 72 67 62 58 53 48 44 39 34 30 25 20 16 11 6
8.0 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
D D D EJ Ei Ei Ei Ei i:i
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
single blow shall be reported as unbroken. The lateral expan specimen can be separated by pushing the hinged halves
sion of an unbroken specimen can be reported as broken if the together once and then pulling them apart without further
23
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0 A370-22
A
FIG. 1 5 Halves of Broken Charpy V-notch Impact Specimen Joined for Measurement of Lateral Expansion, Dimension A
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24
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0 A370-22
� �M a-
BILL OF MATERIAL
so
MATERIAL AND SIZE
��o?Nl 4
�1-'-25 DESCRIPTION
! ----· I
SCR��m"ET
PAD
"11
I I
RUBBER
- -- --
4 2 1/4·20 X I" L.G.
SCRt%.0�ET
"11 STEEL
-�-L----·
PAD Q)
2 2
�� ��fi'""'
4
.31
.62
DETAIL B (ENLARGED)
NOTES:
fatiguing the specimen, and the lateral expansion measured for specimens shall be equal to or greater than the specified
the unbroken specimen (prior to bending) is equal to or greater minimum average value.
than that measured for the separated halves. In the case where
27.2 Test Specifying a Minimum Transition Temperature:
a specimen cannot be separated into two halves, the lateral
27 .2. 1 Determination of Transition Temperature:
expansion can be measured as long as the shear lips can be
27 . 2. 1 . 1 Break one specimen at each of a series of tempera
accessed without interference from the hinged ligament that
has been deformed during testing. tures above and below the anticipated transition temperature
using the procedures in Section 26. Record each test tempera
27. Interpretation of Test Result ture to the nearest 1 °F (0.5 °C).
27. 1 When the acceptance criterion of any impact test is 27.2. 1 .2 Plot the individual test results (ft·lbf or percent
specified to be a minimum average value at a given shear) as the ordinate versus the corresponding test temperature
temperature, the test result shall be the average (arithmetic as the abscissa and construct a best-fit curve through the plotted
mean rounded to the nearest ft-lbf (J)) of the individual test data points.
values of three specimens from one test location. 27 . 2. 1 .3 If transition temperature is specified as the tem
27 . 1 . 1 When a minimum average test result is specified: perature at which a test value is achieved, determine the
27 . 1 . 1 . 1 The test result is acceptable when all of the below temperature at which the plotted curve intersects the specified
are met: test value by graphical interpolation (extrapolation is not
( 1) The test result equals or exceeds the specified minimum permitted). Record this transition temperature to the nearest
average (given in the specification), 5 °F (3 °C). If the tabulated test results clearly indicate a
(2) The individual test value for not more than one speci transition temperature lower than specified, it is not necessary
men measures less than the specified minimum average, and to plot the data. Report the lowest test temperature for which
(3) The individual test value for any specimen measures test value exceeds the specified value.
not less than two-thirds of the specified minimum average. 27 . 2. 1 .4 Accept the test result if the determined transition
27 . 1 . 1 .2 If the acceptance requirements of 27 . 1 . 1 . 1 are not temperature is equal to or lower than the specified value.
met, perform one retest of three additional specimens from the 27 . 2. 1 .5 If the determined transition temperature is higher
same test location. Each individual test value of the retested than the specified value, but not more than 20 °F ( 1 2 °C) higher
25
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0 A370-22
than the specified value, test sufficient samples in accordance 2 8 . 1 . 6 Transition temperature and criterion for its
with Section 26 to plot two additional curves. Accept the test determination, including initial tests and retests.
results if the temperatures determined from both additional
tests are equal to or lower than the specified value. 29. Report
27.3 When subsize specimens are permitted or necessary, or 29. 1 The specification should designate the information to
both, modify the specified test requirement according to Table be reported.
TABLE 1 0 Charpy V-notch Test Acceptance Criteria for Various Sub-size Speci mensA,a, c
Full Size, 3/4 Size, % Size, 1/2 Size, 1/3 Size, 1/4 Size,
1 0 by 1 0 mm 1 0 by 7.5 m m 1 0 b y 6.7 mm 1 0 by 5 mm 10 by 3.3 mm 1 0 by 2.5 mm
ft-lbf [J l ft-lbf [J] ft·lbf [J ] ft·lbf [J ] ft·lbf [J ] ft-lbf [J ]
75 [1 02] 56 [76] 50 [68] 38 [52] 25 [34] 19 [26]
70 [95] 53 [72] 47 [64] 35 [48] 23 [31 ] 18 [24]
65 [88] 49 [67] 44 [60] 33 [45 ] 21 [29] 16 [22]
60 [82] 45 [61 ] 40 [54] 30 [41 ] 20 [27] 15 [20]
55 [75] 41 [56] 37 [50] 28 [38] 18 [24] 14 [ 1 9]
50 [68] 38 [52] 34 [46] 25 [34] 17 [23] 13 [ 1 8]
45 [61 ] 34 [46] 30 [41 ] 23 [31 ] 15 [20] 11 [ 1 5]
8 Limit based upon presentation by Kim Wallin, VTT, "Sub-sized CVN Specimen Conversion Methodology 4, Slide #1 0," which shows a common relationship for sub-sized
specimens up to 75 ft·lbf ( 1 02J ). (2)
c Analysis of Data from NIST Note 1 85 8 by J . A. Griffin, UAB, ASTM A01 . 1 3 Task Group meeting, San Antonio, TX 5 .4. 1 6. (1 )
10 or test temperature according to ASME Boiler and Pressure IZOD IMPACT TEST
Vessel Code, Table UG-84.2, or both. Greater energies or lower
30. Procedure
test temperatures may be agreed upon by purchaser and
supplier. 30. 1 Testing equipment and methods are given m Test
Methods E23 .
28. Records
31. Precision and Bias
28. 1 The test record should contain the following informa
3 1 . 1 The precision and bias of these test methods for
tion as appropriate: measuring mechanical properties are essentially as specified in
28. 1 . 1 Full description of material tested (that is, specifica Test Methods E8/E8M, A833, A956/A956M, A l 038, and E23 .
tion number, grade, class or type, size, heat number).
28. 1 .2 Specimen orientation with respect to the material 32. Keywords
axis. 3 2 . 1 bend test; Brinell hardness; Charpy impact test; elon
28. 1 .3 Specimen size. gation; FATT (Fracture Appearance Transition Temperature);
28. 1 .4 Test temperature and individual test value for each hardness test; Izod impact test; portable hardness; reduction of
specimen broken, including initial tests and retests. area; Rockwell hardness; tensile strength; tension test; yield
28. 1 .5 Test results. strength
26
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0 A370-22
ANNEXES
(Mandatory Information)
A l . l Scope tion for sizes of rounds, squares, hexagons, and octagons under
A l . l . l This annex contains testing requirements for Steel 1/2 in. ( 1 3 mm) in diameter or distance between parallel faces
2
Bar Products that are specific to the product. The requirements nor for other bar-size sections, other than flats, less than 1 in.
2
(645 mm ) in cross-sectional area.
contained in this annex are supplementary to those found in the
general section of this specification. In the case of conflict
A 1 .3.2 Alloy Steel Bars Alloy steel bars are usually not
-
27
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0 A370-22
TABLE A1 .1 Practices for Selecting Tension Test Specimens for Steel Bar Products
NOTE 1-For bar sections where it is difficult to determine the cross-sectional area by simple measurement, the area in square inches may be calculated
by dividing the weight per linear inch of specimen in pounds by 0.2833 (weight of I in ? of steel) or by dividing the weight per linear foot of specimen
by 3.4 (weight of steel 1 in. square and 1 ft long).
Thickness, in. (mm) Width, in. (mm) Hot-Rolled Bars Cold-Finished Bars
Flats
Under 5/s ( 1 6) Up to 1 1/2 (38), incl Full section by 8-in. (200 mm) gauge Mill reduced section to 2-in. (50 mm)
length ( Fig. 3) . gauge length and approximately 25 %
less than test specimen width.
Over 1 1/2 (38) F u l l section, or m i l l t o 1 1/2 i n . (38 mm) Mill reduced section to 2-in. gauge length
wide by 8-in. (200 mm) gauge length (Fig. and 1 '12 in. wide.
3) .
5/s to 1 1/2 (1 6 to 38), Up to 1 1/2 (38), incl Full section b y 8-in. gauge length or ma Mill reduced section to 2-in. (50 mm)
excl chine standard 1/2 by 2-in. (1 3 by 50 mm) gauge length and approximately 25 %
Over 1 1/2 (38) F u l l section, or m i l l 1 '12 in. (38 mm) width Mill reduced section to 2-in. gauge length
by 8-in. (200 mm) gauge length (Fig. 3) or and 1 V2 in. wide or machine standard 1/2
machine standard 112 by 2-in. gauge ( 1 3 by 2-in. gauge length specimen from mid
b y 5 0 m m ) gauge length specimen from way between edge and center of section
midway between edge and center of sec (Fig. 4).
tion ( Fig. 4) .
1 '12 (38) and over F u l l section b y 8-in. (200 m m ) gauge Machine standard V2 by 2-in. (13 by 50
length, or machine standard V2 by 2-in. mm) gauge length specimen from midway
(1 3 by 50 mm) gauge length specimen between surface and center (Fig. 4) .
from midway between surface and center
(Fig. 4).
Rounds, Squares, Hexagons, and Octagons
Diameter or Distance Between
Hot-Rolled Bars Cold-Finished Bars
Parallel Faces, in. (mm)
Under 5fs Full section by 8-in. (200 mm) gauge length or ma Machine t o sub-size specimen (Fig. 4).
chine to subsize specimen (Fig. 4) .
5fs to 1 '12 (1 6 to 38), excl Full section by 8-in. (200 mm) gauge length or ma Machine standard 112 in. by 2-in. gauge length specimen
chine standard '12 in. by 2-in. ( 1 3 by 50 mm) gauge from center of section ( Fig. 4) .
length specimen from center of section (Fig. 4).
1 '12 (38) and over Full section by 8-in. (200 mm) gauge length or ma Machine standard 1/2 in. b y 2-in. ( 1 3 b y 5 0 mm gauge length
chine standard 1/2 in. by 2-in. ( 1 3 by 50 mm) gauge specimen from midway between su rface and center of sec
length specimen from midway between su rface and tion (Fig. 4)).
center of section Fi . 4 .
Other Bar-size Sections
All sizes Full section by 8-in. (200 mm) gauge length or pre Mill reduced section to 2-in. (50 mm) gauge length and ap
pare test specimen 1 V2 in. (38 mm) wide (if possible) proximately 25 % less than test specimen width.
by 8-in. (200 mm) gauge length.
TABLE A1 .2 Recommended Practice for Selecting Bend Test Specimens for Steel Bar Products
NoTE 1-The length of all specimens is to be not less than 6 in. (1 50 mm).
NOTE 2-The edges of the specimen may be rounded to a radius not exceeding 1/1 6 in. ( 1 .6 mm).
Flats
Thickness, in. (mm) Width, in. (mm) Recommended Size
Up to V2 (1 3) , incl Up to 3f4 ( 1 9) , incl Full section.
Over '12 ( 1 3) All Full section or machine to 1 by 112 in. (25 by 1 3 mm)
specimen from midway between center and surface.
Rounds, Squares, Hexagons, and Octagons
Diameter or Distance Between Parallel Faces, in. (mm) Recommended Size
Up to 1 V2 (38), incl Full section.
Over 1 V2 (38) Machine to 1 by 1/2-in. (25 by 1 3 mm) specimen from midway between center
and surface.
28
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0 A370-22
@
NoTE A2.2-An exact formula for calculating the cross-sectional area
of specimens of the type shown in Fig. A2.3 taken from a circular tube is
a:Jt-------------------------;;
- - - - - - - - --
- - - - - - - -
� - - - - - - - -
= = = = = = = = �������-::�==== = = = =
NoTE 1 -The edges of the blank for the specimen shall be cut parallel
FIG. A2.1 Metal Plugs for Testing Tubular Specimens, Proper Lo to each other.
cation of Plugs in Specimen and of Specimen in Heads of Test FIG. A2.2 Location of Longitudinal Tension-Test Specimens i n
ing Machine Rings C u t From Tubular Products
29
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0 A370-22
El
-;r±A-v-- I _ + · +
Rad 1 1n. M1n
c
Gage
Length
DIMENSIONS
Dimensions, in.
8 c 0
Specimen No.
A
4'12 min
2 1 approximately 2 ± 0.005 21/4 min
4 ± 0.005
4112 min
3 1 ± 0.062 1 1/2 approximately 2 ± 0.005 21/4 min
4 ± 0.005
4112 min
4 1 112 ± . 1 25 2 approximately 2 ± 0.01 0 21/4 min
4 ± 0.01 5
8 ± 0.020 9 min
5 1/4 ± .002 3/a approximately 1 ± 0.003 1 1/4 min
given in Test Methods E8/E8M. or before separating it as in Fig. A2.4 (b), and may be done hot
A2.2.2.2 The width should be measured at each end of the or cold; but if the flattening is done cold, the specimen may
gauge length to determine parallelism and also at the center. subsequently be normalized. Specimens from tubes or pipe for
The thickness should be measured at the center and used with which heat treatment i s specified, after being flattened either
the center measurement of the width to determine the cross hot or cold, shall be given the same treatment as the tubes or
sectional area. The center width dimension should be recorded pipe. For tubes or pipe having a wall thickness of less than 3!4
to the nearest 0.005 in. (0. 1 27 mm), and the thickness in. ( 1 9 mm), the transverse test specimen shall be of the form
measurement to the nearest 0.001 in. and dimensions shown in Fig. A2.5 and either or both surfaces
A2.2.3 Transverse Strip Test Specimens: may be machined to secure uniform thickness. Specimens for
A2.2.3. 1 In general, transverse tension tests are not recom transverse tension tests on welded steel tubes or pipe to
mended for tubular products, in sizes smaller than 8 in. in determine strength of welds, shall be located perpendicular to
nominal diameter. When required, transverse tension test the welded seams with the weld at about the middle of their
specimens may be taken from rings cut from ends of tubes or length.
pipe as shown in Fig. A2.4. Flattening of the specimen may be A2.2.3.2 The width should be measured at each end of the
done either after separating it from the tube as in Fig. A2.4 (a), gauge length to determine parallelism and also at the center.
The thickness should be measured at the center and used with
the center measurement of the width to determine the cross
sectional area. The center width dimension should be recorded
to the nearest 0.005 in. (0. 127 mm), and the thickness
measurement to the nearest 0.00 1 in. (0.025 mm).
A
A2.2.4 Round Test Specimens:
FIG. A2.4 Location of Transverse Tension Test Specimens i n A2.2.4. 1 When provided for in the product specification, the
R i n g C u t from Tubular Products. round test specimen shown in Fig. 4 may be used.
Eqr{tkijv'd{"CUVO"Kpv)n"cm"tkijvu"tgugtxgft�"Vjw"Pqx"39"32<63<73" I OV"4244
30
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0 A370-22
Eqr{tkijv"d{"CUVO"Kpv)n""cm"tkijvu"tgugtxgft�"Vjw"Pqx"39"32<63<73" 1 OV"4244
31
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0 A370-22
32
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0 A370-22
A2.4.2 The standard 3000 kgf Brinell load may cause too subj ecting rings from the tube or pipe to a prescribed degree of
much deformation in a thin-walled tubular specimen. In this flattening between parallel plates (see Fig. A2.4). The severity
case the 500 kgf load shall be applied, or inside stiffening by of the flattening test is measured by the distance between the
means of an internal anvil should be used. Brinell fixed parallel plates and is varied according to the dimensions of the
location hardness testing machines shall not be applicable to tube or pipe. The flattening test specimen should not be less
tubular products less than 2 in. (5 1 mm) in outside diameter, or than 2 1/2 in. (63.5 mm) in length and should be flattened cold to
less than 0.200 in. (5 . 1 mm) in wall thickness. the extent required by the applicable material specifications.
A2.4.3 The Rockwell hardness tests are normally made on A2.5 . 1 .2 Reverse Flattening Test-The reverse flattening
the inside surface, a flat on the outside surface, or on the wall test is designed primarily for application to electric-welded
cross-section depending upon the product limitation. Rockwell tubing for the detection of lack of penetration or overlaps
hardness tests are not performed on tubes smaller than 5/1 6 in. resulting from flash removal in the weld. The specimen
(7.9 mm) in outside diameter, nor are they performed on the consists of a length of tubing approximately 4 in. ( 1 02 mm)
inside surface of tubes with less than IJ4 in. (6.4 mm) inside long which is split longitudinally 90° on each side of the weld.
diameter. Rockwell hardness tests are not performed on an The sample is then opened and flattened with the weld at the
nealed tubes with walls less than 0.065 in. ( 1 .65 mm) thick or point of maximum bend (see Fig. A2.9).
cold worked or heat treated tubes with walls less than 0.049 in. A2.5 . 1 .3 Crush Test-The crush test, sometimes referred to
( 1 .24 mm) thick. For tubes with wall thicknesses less than as an upsetting test, is usually made on boiler and other
those permitting the regular Rockwell hardness test, the Su pressure tubes, for evaluating ductility (see Fig. A2. 1 0). The
perficial Rockwell test is sometimes substituted. Transverse specimen is a ring cut from the tube, usually about 2 1J2 in.
Rockwell hardness readings can be made on tubes with a wall (63.5 mm) long. It is placed on end and crushed endwise by
thickness of 0. 1 87 in. (4.75 mm) or greater. The curvature and hammer or press to the distance prescribed by the applicable
the wall thickness of the specimen impose limitations on the material specifications.
Rockwell hardness test. When a comparison is made between A2.5. 1 .4 Flange Test-The flange test is intended to deter
Rockwell determinations made on the outside surface and mine the ductility of boiler tubes and their ability to withstand
determinations made on the inside surface, adj ustment of the the operation of bending into a tube sheet. The test is made on
readings will be required to compensate for the effect of a ring cut from a tube, usually not less than 4 in. ( 1 00 mm) long
curvature. The Rockwell B scale is used on all materials having and consists of having a flange turned over at right angles to the
an expected hardness range of BO to B 1 00. The Rockwell C body of the tube to the width required by the applicable
scale is used on material having an expected hardness range of material specifications. The flaring tool and die block shown in
C20 to C68. Fig. A2. 1 1 are recommended for use in making this test.
A2.5. 1 .5 Flaring Test-For certain types of pressure tubes,
A2.4.4 Superficial Rockwell hardness tests are normally an alternate to the flange test is made. This test consists of
performed on the outside surface whenever possible and driving a tapered mandrel having a slope of 1 in 10 as shown
whenever excessive spring back is not encountered. Otherwise, in Fig. A2. 1 2 (a) or a 60° included angle as shown in Fig.
the tests may be performed on the inside. Superficial Rockwell A2. 1 2 (b) into a section cut from the tube, approximately 4 in.
hardness tests shall not be performed on tubes with an inside ( 1 00 mm) in length, and thus expanding the specimen until the
diameter of less than 1/4 in. (6.4 mm). The wall thickness inside diameter has been increased to the extent required by the
limitations for the Superficial Rockwell hardness test are given applicable material specifications.
in Tables A2. 1 and A2.2.
A2.5. 1 .6 Bend Test-For pipe used for coiling in sizes 2 in.
A2.4.5 When the outside diameter, inside diameter, or wall and under a bend test is made to determine its ductility and the
thickness precludes the obtaining of accurate hardness values, soundness of weld. In this test a sufficient length of full-size
tubular products shall be specified to tensile properties and so pipe is bent cold through 90° around a cylindrical mandrel
tested. having a diameter 1 2 times the nominal diameter of the pipe.
For close coiling, the pipe is bent cold through 1 80° around a
A2.5 Manipulating Tests
mandrel having a diameter 8 times the nominal diameter of the
A2.5 . 1 The following tests are made to prove ductility of pipe.
certain tubular products: A2.5. 1 .7 Transverse Guided Bend Test of Welds-This bend
A2.5 . 1 . 1 Flattening Test-The flattening test as commonly test is used to determine the ductility of fusion welds. The
made on specimens cut from tubular products is conducted by specimens used are approximately l lJ2 in. (38 mm) wide, at
TABLE A2.1 Wall Thickness Limitations of Superficial Hardness Test on Annealed or Ductile Materials
for Steel Tu bular ProductsA
("T" Scale ('/1 5-in. Ball))
Wall Thickness, in. (mm) Load, kgf
Over 0.050 (1 .27) 45
Over 0.035 (0.89) 30
0.020 and over (0.51 ) 15
A The heaviest load recommended for a given wall thickness is generally used.
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33
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0 A370-22
TABLE A2.2 Wall Thickness Limitations of Superficial Hardness Test on Cold Worked or Heat Treated Material
for Steel Tu bular ProductsA
("N" Scale (Diamond Penetrator))
Wall Thickness, in. (mm) Load, kg!
Over 0.035 (0.89) 45
Over 0.025 (0.51 ) 30
0.01 5 and over (0.38) 15
A The heaviest load recommended for a given wall thickness is generally used .
least 6 in. ( 1 52 mm) in length with the weld at the center, and inside surface of the pipe against the plunger; a root bend test
are machined in accordance with Fig. A2. 1 3 for face and root requires bending with the outside surface of the pipe against
bend tests and in accordance with Fig. A2. 14 for side bend the plunger; and a side bend test requires bending so that one
tests. The dimensions of the plunger shall be as shown in Fig. of the side surfaces becomes the convex surface of the bend
A2. 1 5 and the other dimensions of the bending jig shall be specimen.
substantially as given in this same figure. A test shall consist of ( 1) Failure of the bend test depends upon the appearance of
a face bend specimen and a root bend specimen or two side cracks in the area of the bend, of the nature and extent
bend specimens. A face bend test requires bending with the described in the product specifications.
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34
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0 A370-22
11t f B C
8 4
�t. l"
4
1I lg �( II 1g [[
t---- 6" min -----1 Rad '18' max t---- 6" min Rad 'Is'' max
l¥t
,___
....
___ ...
____.
·-------------------------·�
'6:1
I \I
------------�J-----------J
lA
�i I \I I!Ii
Face Bend Specimen Root Bend Specimen
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0 A370-22
1"
> 1 112
T, IN.
t
EE NOTE
I• As required -----<�
;;;t
I L...---���-.....J
c
.E N
I � � I �� . I I
�3'1s' __j �
2.. �------- ] . .
Yoke
�--------- 9"
NOTE 1-Metric equivalent: l in. = 25.4 mm.
A B
3/4
Test Specimen Thickness, in. c D
'Ia
3/s 1 '12 23/s 1 311 6
t 41 21 61+ 3 1 + 1l1 s
Material
3/s 2'12 1 '14 33/s 1 1 '11 6 Materials with a specified minimum tensile strength of 95 ksi or
t 6% t 3'/3 I 8% t + 11s 4112 I + 111 6 greater.
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36
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0 A370-22
A3.1 Scope the bolt shall be again measured and shall show no permanent
elongation. A tolerance of ± 0.0005 in. (0.0 1 27 mm) shall be
A3 . 1 . 1 This annex contains testing requirements for Steel
allowed between the measurement made before loading and
Fasteners that are specific to the product. The requirements
that made after loading. Variables, such as straightness and
contained in this annex are supplementary to those found in the
thread alignment (plus measurement error), may result in
general section of this specification. In the case of conflict
apparent elongation of the fasteners when the proof load is
between requirements provided in this annex and those found
initially applied. In such cases, the fastener may be retested
in the general section of this specification, the requirements of
using a 3 % greater load, and may be considered satisfactory if
this annex shall prevail. In the case of conflict between
the length after this loading is the same as before this loading
requirements provided in this annex and requirements found in
(within the 0.0005-in. tolerance for measurement error).
product specifications, the requirements found in the product
A3.2. 1 .3 Proof Load-Time of Loading-The proof load is to
specification shall prevail.
be maintained for a period of 1 0 s before release of load, when
A3 . 1 .2 These tests are set up to facilitate production control using Method 1 .
testing and acceptance testing with certain more precise tests to ( 1 ) Method 2, Yield Strength-The bolt shall be assembled
be used for arbitration in case of disagreement over test results. in the testing equipment as outlined in A3.2 . 1 .4. As the load is
applied, the total elongation of the bolt or any part of the bolt
A3.2 Tension Tests which includes the exposed six threads shall be measured and
A3 . 2 . 1 It is preferred that bolts be tested full size, and it is recorded to produce a load-strain or a stress-strain diagram.
customary, when so testing bolts to specify a minimum The load or stress at an offset equal to 0.2 % of the length of
ultimate load in pounds, rather than a minimum ultimate bolt occupied by six full threads shall be determined by the
strength in pounds per square inch. Three times the bolt method described in 14.2. 1 of these methods, A370. This load
nominal diameter has been established as the minimum bolt or stress shall not be less than that prescribed in the product
length subject to the tests described in the remainder of this specification.
section. Subsections A3.2. 1 . 1 - A3.2. 1 .6 apply when testing A3.2. 1 .4 Axial Tension Testing of Full Size Bolts-B olts
bolts full size. Subsection A3.2. 1 .4 shall apply where the are to be tested in a holder with the load axially applied
individual product specifications permit the use of machined between the head and a nut or suitable fixture (see Fig. A3 . 1 ),
specimens. either of which shall have sufficient thread engagement to
develop the full strength of the bolt. The nut or fixture shall be
A3 .2. 1 . 1 Proof Load-Due to particular uses of certain
assembled on the bolt leaving six complete bolt threads
classes of bolts it is desirable to be able to stress them, while
unengaged between the grips, except for heavy hexagon
in use, to a specified value without obtaining any permanent
structural bolts which shall have four complete threads unen
set. To be certain of obtaining this quality the proof load is
gaged between the grips. To meet the requirements of this test,
specified. The proof load test consists of stressing the bolt with
there shall be a tensile failure in the body or threaded section
a specified load which the bolt must withstand without perma
nent set. An alternate test which determines yield strength of a
full size bolt is also allowed. Either of the following Methods,
1 or 2, may be used but Method 1 shall be the arbitration
method in case of any dispute as to acceptance of the bolts.
A3 .2. 1 .2 Proof Load Testing Long Bolts-When fasteners
are too long to test in the available equipment they may be cut
to 8 :± 0. 1 25 in. and tested using Method 1 . If there is a dispute
over results when testing the same part or lot of parts both full
size and cut to 8 in., the 8 in. test results shall be used to
determine acceptance.
(a) Method 1, Length Measurement-The overall length of
a straight bolt shall be measured at its true center line with an
instrument capable of measuring changes in length of
0.0001 in. (0.0025 mm) with an accuracy of 0.000 1 in. in any
0.001 -in. (0.025 mm) range. The preferred method of measur
ing the length shall be between conical centers machined on the
center line of the bolt, with mating centers on the measuring
anvils. The head or body of the bolt shall be marked so that it
can be placed in the same position for all measurements. The
bolt shall be assembled in the testing equipment as outlined in
A3.2. 1 .4, and the proof load specified in the product specifi
cation shall be applied. Upon release of this load the length of FIG. A3.1 Tension Testing Full-size Bolt
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37
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0 A370-22
with no failure at the junction of the body and head. When A3.2. 1 .5 Tension Testing of Full-size Bolts with a Wedge-
tensile testing externally threaded fasteners made of austenitic The purpose of this test is to obtain the tensile strength and
stainless steel and the test fastener's thread pulls out of the demonstrate the "head quality" and ductility of a bolt with a
internally threaded test fixture after the minimum tensile standard head by subjecting it to eccentric loading. The
strength requirement has been reached, the fasteners shall be ultimate load on the bolt shall be determined as described in
considered conforming to the tensile strength requirement and, A3.2 . 1 .4, except that a 1 0° wedge shall be placed under the
in addition to the tensile strength, the failure mode shall be same bolt previously tested for the proof load (see A3.2. 1 . 1 ).
reported to the purchaser. If it is necessary to record or report The bolt head shall be so placed that no corner of the hexagon
the tensile strength of bolts as psi values, the stress area shall or square takes a bearing load, that is, a flat of the head shall
be calculated from the mean of the mean root and pitch
be aligned with the direction of uniform thickness of the wedge
diameters of Class 3 external threads as follows:
(see Fig. A3.2). The wedge shall have an included angle
A, = 0.7854 [D - (0.9743/n)F ( A3 . 1 ) between its faces as shown in Table A3 . 1 and shall have a
where: thickness of one-half of the nominal bolt diameter at the short
As
2 side of the hole. The hole in the wedge shall have the following
stress area, in. ,
D nominal diameter, in., and clearance over the nominal size of the bolt, and its edges, top
n number of threads per in. and bottom, shall be rounded to the following radius:
lQO
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38
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0 A370-22
TABLE A3.1 Tension Test Wedge Angles A3.3 Hardness Tests for Externally Threaded Fasteners
Degrees
Nominal Product Size, in. Studs and Flange A3.3 . 1 When specified, externally threaded fasteners shall
Bolts
Bolts be hardness tested. Fasteners with hexagonal or square heads
'14 - 1 10 6 shall be Brinell or Rockwell hardness tested. For hexagonal
Over 1 6 4
and square head bolts, test shall be conducted on the wrench
flats, top of head, unthreaded shank, end of bolt or at the
arbitration location. For studs, products without parallel
wrench flats and for head styles other than hexagonal and
square, tests shall be conducted on the unthreaded shank, end
Clearance in Hole, Radius on Corners of
of the bolt or stud or at the arbitration location. Due to possible
'14 to 1/2
Nominal Bolt Size, in. in. (mm) Hole, in. (mm)
0.030 (0.76) 0.030 (0.76) distortion from the Brinell load, care should be taken that this
9/' • to 3/4 0.050 (1 .3) 0.060 (1 .5)
7/a to 1
test meets the requirements of Section 1 7 of these test methods
0.063 (1 .5) 0.060 (1 .5)
1'/a to 1'1• 0.063 (1 .5) 0. 1 25 (3.2) where the Brinell hardness test is impractical, the Rockwell
13/a to 1'12 0.094 (2.4) 0. 1 25 (3.2) hardness test shall be substituted. Rockwell hardness test
A3 .2. 1 .6 Wedge Testing of HT Bolts Threaded to Head-For procedures shall conform to Section 1 8 of these test methods.
heat-treated bolts that are threaded 1 diameter and closer to the A3 .3.2 In cases where a dispute exists between buyer and
underside of the head, the wedge angle shall be 6° for sizes 1/4 seller as to whether externally threaded fasteners meet or
through 3/4 in. (6.35 to 1 9.0 mm) and 4° for sizes over 3J4 in. exceed the hardness limit of the product specification, for
A3 .2. 1 .7 Tension Testing of Bolts Machined to Round Test purposes of arbitration, hardness may be taken on two trans
Specimens: verse sections through a representative sample fastener se
( 1) Bolts under 1 1J2 in. (38 mm) in nominal diameter lected at random. Hardness readings shall be taken at the
which require machined tests shall preferably use a standard locations shown in Fig. A3.6. All hardness values must
1/2-in., ( 1 3 mm) round 2-in. (50 mm) gauge length test
conform with the hardness limit of the product specification in
specimen (see Fig. 4); however, bolts of small cross-section order for the fasteners represented by the sample to be
that will not permit the taking of this standard test specimen considered in compliance. This provision for arbitration of a
shall use one of the small-size-specimens-proportional-to dispute shall not be used to accept clearly rejectable fasteners.
standard (see Fig. 4) and the specimen shall have a reduced
section as large as possible. In all cases, the longitudinal axis of A3.4 Testing of Nuts
the specimen shall be concentric with the axis of the bolt; the
A3.4. 1 Hardness Test-Rockwell hardness of nuts shall be
head and threaded section of the bolt may be left intact, as in
determined on the top or bottom face of the nut. Brinell
Fig. A3 .3 and Fig. A3.4, or shaped to fit the holders or grips of
hardness shall be determined on the side of the nuts. Either
the testing machine so that the load is applied axially. The
method may be used at the option of the manufacturer, taking
gauge length for measuring the elongation shall be four times
into account the size and grade of the nuts under test. When the
the diameter of the specimen.
standard Brinell hardness test results in deforming the nut it
(2) For bolts 1 1J2 in. and over in nominal diameter, a
will be necessary to use a minor load or substitute a Rockwell
standard IJ2-in. round 2-in. gauge length test specimen shall be
hardness test.
turned from the bolt, having its axis midway between the
center and outside surface of the body of the bolt as shown in A3.4.2 Cross Sectional Hardness Test-Nuts whose proof
Fig. A3 .5 . stress requires a load exceeding 1 60 000 lb shall, unless
(3) Machined specimens are to be tested in tension to otherwise specified in the purchase order, contract or product
determine the properties prescribed by the product specifica specification, be considered too large for full size proof load
tions. The methods of testing and determination of properties testing and shall be subjected to a cross sectional hardness test.
shall be in accordance with Section 1 4 of these test methods. Sample nuts shall be sectioned laterally at approximately one
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39
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0 A370-22
Gage Length
A .------ B
D
nom
Section B-B Section A-A
A
half (l/2) of the nut height. Such samples need not be threaded, treatment. All tests shall be conducted using Rockwell Hard
but shall be part of the manufacturing lot, including heat ness test scales. Two sets of three readings shall be taken in
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40
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0 A370-22
locations - 1 80° apart (see Fig. A3.7). All readings shall be reported when certification is required and shall meet the
hardness requirements listed in the product specification. The
Position 3 readings shall be taken across the section of the nut at the
Position 2 (core)
following positions:
Position 1
Position l-as close as practical to the major diameter (if
threaded) or hole side wall (if blank), but no closer than 2 '12
times the diameter of the indenter.
Position 2-at the core (halfway between the major diameter
(if threaded) or hole side wall, if blank) and a comer of the nut.
Position 3-as close as practical to the comer of the nut, but
FIG. A3.7 Hard ness Test Indentation Locations no closer than 2 '12 times the diameter of the indenter.
A4.1 Scope
A4.2 Apparatus
A4.2. 1 Gripping Devices-Grips of either the wedge or FIG. A4.2 Snubbing-type Gripping Device
41
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0 A370-22
machine and grips used, the minimum total length of specimen parallel sides by grinding before testing. The hardness test is
may vary from 1 4 to 24 in. (360 to 6 1 0 mm) for a 1 0-in. gauge not recommended for any diameter of hard drawn wire or
length specimen. heat-treated wire less than 0. 1 00 in. (2.54 mm) in diameter. For
A4. 3 .2 Any specimen breaking in the grips shall be dis round wire, the tensile strength test is greatly preferred over the
carded and a new specimen tested. hardness test.
A4.4. 1 In determining permanent elongation, the ends of the A4.7. 1 This test is used as a means for testing the ductility
fractured specimen shall be carefully fitted together and the of certain kinds of wire.
distance between the gauge marks measured to the nearest
0.01 in. (0.25 mm) with dividers and scale or other suitable A4.7.2 The test consists of coiling the wire in a closely
device. The elongation is the increase in length of the gauge spaced helix tightly against a mandrel of a specified diameter
length, expressed as a percentage of the original gauge length. for a required number of turns. (Unless other specified, the
In recording elongation values, both the percentage increase required number of turns shall be five.) The wrapping may be
and the original gauge length shall be given. done by hand or a power device. The wrapping rate may not
exceed 1 5 turns per min. The mandrel diameter shall be
A4.4.2 In determining total elongation (elastic plus plastic
specified in the relevant wire product specification.
extension) autographic or extensometer methods may be em
ployed. A4.7.3 The wire tested shall be considered to have failed if
A4.4.3 If fracture takes place outside of the middle third of the wire fractures or if any longitudinal or transverse cracks
the gauge length, the elongation value obtained may not be develop which can be seen by the unaided eye after the first
representative of the material. complete turn. Wire which fails in the first turn shall be
retested, as such fractures may be caused by bending the wire
A4.5 Reduction of Area
to a radius less than specified when the test starts.
A4.5 . 1 The ends of the fractured specimen shall be carefully
fitted together and the dimensions of the smallest cross section A4.8 Coiling Test
measured to the nearest 0.00 1 in. (0.025 mm) with a pointed A4. 8 . 1 This test is used to determine if imperfections are
micrometer. The difference between the area thus found and the present to the extent that they may cause cracking or splitting
area of the original cross section, expressed as a percentage of
during spring coiling and spring extension. A coil of specified
the original area, is the reduction of area.
length is closed wound on an arbor of a specified diameter. The
A4.5.2 The reduction of area test is not recommended in closed coil is then stretched to a specified permanent increase
wire diameters less than 0.092 in. (2.34 mm) due to the in length and examined for uniformity of pitch with no splits or
difficulties of measuring the reduced cross sections. fractures. The required arbor diameter, closed coil length, and
permanent coil extended length increase may vary with wire
A4.6 Rockwell Hardness Test
diameter, properties, and type.
A4 . 6 . 1 On heat-treated wire of diameter 0 . 1 00 in.
(2.54 mm) and larger, the specimen shall be flattened on two
AS.l Notch Behavior properties. If they are brittle in tension they will be brittle when
A5 . 1 . 1 The Charpy and Izod type tests bring out notch notched, while if they are ductile in tension, they will be ductile
behavior (brittleness versus ductility) by applying a single when notched, except for unusually sharp or deep notches
overload of stress. The energy values determined are quantita (much more severe than the standard Charpy or Izod speci
tive comparisons on a selected specimen but cannot be mens). Even low temperatures do not alter this characteristic of
converted into energy values that would serve for engineering these materials. In contrast, the behavior of the ferritic steels
design calculations. The notch behavior indicated in an indi under notch conditions cannot be predicted from their proper
vidual test applies only to the specimen size, notch geometry, ties as revealed by the tension test. For the study of these
and testing conditions involved and cannot be generalized to materials the Charpy and Izod type tests are accordingly very
other sizes of specimens and conditions. useful. Some metals that display normal ductility in the tension
A5 . 1 .2 The notch behavior of the face-centered cubic met test may nevertheless break in brittle fashion when tested or
als and alloys, a large group of nonferrous materials and the when used in the notched condition. Notched conditions
austenitic steels can be judged from their common tensile include restraints to deformation in directions perpendicular to
42
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0 A370-22
the major stress, or multiaxial stresses, and stress concentra shear stress exceeds the shear strength of the material and
tions. It is in this field that the Charpy and Izod tests prove deformation or plastic yielding sets in. This is the condition for
useful for determining the susceptibility of a steel to notch ductile failure.
brittle behavior though they cannot be directly used to appraise A5.2.4 This behavior, whether brittle or ductile, depends on
the serviceability of a structure. whether the normal stress exceeds the cohesive strength before
A5 . 1 .3 The testing machine itself must be sufficiently rigid the shear stress exceeds the shear strength. Several important
or tests on high-strength low-energy materials will result in facts of notch behavior follow from this. If the notch is made
excessive elastic energy losses either upward through the sharper or more drastic, the normal stress at the root of the
pendulum shaft or downward through the base of the machine. notch will be increased in relation to the shear stress and the
If the anvil supports, the pendulum striking edge, or the bar will be more prone to brittle fracture (see Table AS . 1 ). Also,
machine foundation bolts are not securely fastened, tests on as the speed of deformation increases, the shear strength
ductile materials in the range of 80 ft·lbf ( 1 08 J) may actually increases and the likelihood of brittle fracture increases. On the
indicate values in excess of 90 to 1 00 ft·lbf ( 1 22 to 1 36 J). other hand, by raising the temperature, leaving the notch and
the speed of deformation the same, the shear strength is
A5.2 Notch Effect lowered and ductile behavior is promoted, leading to shear
A5 . 2 . 1 The notch results in a combination of multiaxial failure.
stresses associated with restraints to deformation in directions A5.2.5 Variations in notch dimensions will seriously affect
perpendicular to the major stress, and a stress concentration at the results of the tests. Tests on E4340 steel specimens7 have
the base of the notch. A severely notched condition is generally shown the effect of dimensional variations on Charpy results
not desirable, and it becomes of real concern in those cases in (see Table A5 . 1 ).
which it initiates a sudden and complete failure of the brittle
type. Some metals can be deformed in a ductile manner even A 5 . 3 Size Effect
down to the low temperatures of liquid air, while others may A5.3. 1 Increasing either the width or the depth of the
crack. This difference in behavior can be best understood by specimen tends to increase the volume of metal subject to
considering the cohesive strength of a material (or the property distortion, and by this factor tends to increase the energy
that holds it together) and its relation to the yield point. In cases absorption when breaking the specimen. However, any in
of brittle fracture, the cohesive strength is exceeded before crease in size, particularly in width, also tends to increase the
significant plastic deformation occurs and the fracture appears degree of restraint and by tending to induce brittle fracture,
crystalline. In cases of the ductile or shear type of failure, may decrease the amount of energy absorbed. Where a
considerable deformation precedes the final fracture and the standard-size specimen is on the verge of brittle fracture, this is
broken surface appears fibrous instead of crystalline. In inter particularly true, and a double-width specimen may actually
mediate cases the fracture comes after a moderate amount of require less energy for rupture than one of standard width.
deformation and is part crystalline and part fibrous in appear
ance. A5.3.2 In studies of such effects where the size of the
material precludes the use of the standard specimen, as for
A5.2.2 When a notched bar is loaded, there is a normal example when the material is 1/4-in. plate, subsize specimens
stress across the base of the notch which tends to initiate are necessarily used. Such specimens (see Fig. 6 of Test
fracture. The property that keeps it from cleaving, or holds it Methods E23) are based on the Type A specimen of Fig. 4 of
together, is the "cohesive strength." The bar fractures when the Test Methods E23 .
normal stress exceeds the cohesive strength. When this occurs
without the bar deforming it is the condition for brittle fracture. A5.3.3 General correlation between the energy values ob
tained with specimens of different size or shape is not feasible,
A5 .2.3 In testing, though not in service because of side but limited correlations may be established for specification
effects, it happens more commonly that plastic deformation
precedes fracture. In addition to the normal stress, the applied
load also sets up shear stresses which are about 45° to the 7 Fahey. N. H., "Effects of Variables in Charpy Impact Testing," Materials
normal stress. The elastic behavior terminates as soon as the Research & Standards, Vol I , No. I I . November, 1 96 1 . p. 872.
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43
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0 A370-22
purposes on the basis of special studies of particular materials anvils. Some low-energy high-strength steel specimens leave
and particular specimens. On the other hand, in a study of the impact machines at speeds in excess of 50 ft ( 1 5.3 m)/s
relative effect of process variations, evaluation by use of some although they were struck by a pendulum traveling at speeds
arbitrarily selected specimen with some chosen notch will in approximately 1 7 ft (5.2 m)/s. If the force exerted on the
most instances place the methods in their proper order. pendulum by the broken specimens is sufficient, the pendulum
will slow down and erroneously high energy values will be
A5.4 Effects of Testing Conditions recorded. This problem accounts for many of the inconsisten
A5 .4. 1 The testing conditions also affect the notch behavior. cies in Charpy results reported by various investigators within
So pronounced is the effect of temperature on the behavior of the 1 0 to 25-ft·lbf ( 1 4 to 34 J) range. The Apparatus section
steel when notched that comparisons are frequently made by (subsection regarding specimen clearance) of Test Methods
examining specimen fractures and by plotting energy value and E23 discusses the two basic machine designs and a modifica
fracture appearance versus temperature from tests of notched tion found to be satisfactory in minimizing jamming.
bars at a series of temperatures. When the test temperature has
AS.S Velocity of Straining
been carried low enough to start cleavage fracture, there may
A5 . 5 . 1 Velocity of straining is likewise a variable that
be an extremely sharp drop in impact value or there may be a
affects the notch behavior of steel. The impact test shows
relatively gradual falling off toward the lower temperatures.
somewhat higher energy absorption values than the static tests
This drop in energy value starts when a specimen begins to
above the transition temperature and yet, in some instances, the
exhibit some crystalline appearance in the fracture. The tran
reverse is true below the transition temperature.
sition temperature at which this embrittling effect takes place
varies considerably with the size of the part or test specimen A5.6 Correlation With Service
and with the notch geometry.
A5 .6. 1 While Charpy or Izod tests may not directly predict
A5 .4.2 A problem peculiar to Charpy-type tests occurs the ductile or brittle behavior of steel as commonly used in
when high-strength, low-energy specimens are tested at low large masses or as components of large structures, these tests
temperatures. These specimens may not leave the machine in can be used as acceptance tests of identity for different lots of
the direction of the pendulum swing but rather in a sidewise the same steel or in choosing between different steels, when
direction. To ensure that the broken halves of the specimens do correlation with reliable service behavior has been established.
not rebound off some component of the machine and contact It may be necessary to make the tests at properly chosen
the pendulum before it completes its swing, modifications may temperatures other than room temperature. In this, the service
be necessary in older model machines. These modifications temperature or the transition temperature of full-scale speci
differ with machine design. Nevertheless the basic problem is mens does not give the desired transition temperatures for
the same in that provisions must be made to prevent rebound Charpy or lzod tests since the size and notch geometry may be
ing of the fractured specimens into any part of the swinging so different. Chemical analysis, tension, and hardness tests may
pendulum. Where design permits, the broken specimens may not indicate the influence of some of the important processing
be deflected out of the sides of the machine and yet in other factors that affect susceptibility to brittle fracture nor do they
designs it may be necessary to contain the broken specimens comprehend the effect of low temperatures in inducing brittle
within a certain area until the pendulum passes through the behavior.
A6. PROCEDURE FOR CONVERTING PERCENTAGE ELONGATION OF STANDARD ROUND TENSION TEST SPECIMEN
TO EQUIVALENT PERCENTAGE ELONGATION OF STANDARD FLAT SPECIMEN
A6.1 Scope diameter by 2.0-in. test specimen and other standard specimens
A6. 1 . 1 This method specifies a procedure for converting can be calculated as follows:
percentage elongation after fracture obtained in a standard
e = eo [ 4.47 ( y!A)n]" (A6. I )
0.500-in. ( 1 2.7 mm) diameter by 2-in. (5 1 mm) gauge length
test specimen to standard flat test specimens lf2 by 2 in. and l 1/2 where:
by 8 in. (38 . 1 by 203 mm). e0 = percentage elongation after fracture on a standard test
specimen having a 2-in. gauge length and 0.500-in.
A6.2 Basic Equation
diameter,
A6.2. 1 The conversion data in this method are based on an
equation by Bertella, 8 and used by Oliver9 and others. The
relationship between elongations in the standard 0.500-in.
44
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0 A370-22
A6.3 . 1 In applying the above equation the constant a is 0.025 0.574 0.800 0.822
0.030 0.596 0.850 0.832
characteristic of the test material. The value a = 0.4 has been 0.035 0.614 0.900 0.841
found to give satisfactory conversions for carbon, carbon 0.040 0.631 0.950 0.850
manganese, molybdenum, and chromium-molybdenum steels 0.045 0.646 1 .000 0.859
0.050 0.660 1 . 1 25 0.880
within the tensile strength range of 40 000 to 85 000 psi (275 0.055 0.672 1 .250 0.898
to 585 MPa) and in the hot-rolled, in the hot-rolled and 0.060 0.684 1 .375 0.9 1 6
normalized, or in the annealed condition, with or without 0.065 0.695 1 .500 0.932
0.070 0.706 1 .625 0.947
tempering. Note that the cold reduced and quenched and 0.075 0.71 5 1 .750 0.961
tempered states are excluded. For annealed austenitic stainless 0.080 0.725 1 .875 0.974
0.085 0.733 2.000 0.987
steels, the value a = 0. 1 27 has been found to give satisfactory
0.090 0.742 0.531 2.1 25 0.999
conversions. 0 . 1 00 0.758 0.542 2.250 1 .0 1 0
0.1 1 0 0.772 0.553 2.375 1 .021
A6.3.2 Table A6. 1 has been calculated taking a = 0.4, with 0 . 1 20 0.786 0.562 2.500 1 .032
the standard 0.500-in. ( 1 2.7 mm) diameter by 2-in. (5 1 mm) 0 . 1 30 0.799 0.571 2.625 1 .042
gauge length test specimen as the reference specimen. In the 0 . 1 40 0.81 0 0.580 2.750 1 .052
0 . 1 50 0.821 0.588 2.875 1 .061
case of the subsize specimens 0.350 in. (8.89 mm) in diameter 0 . 1 60 0.832 0.596 3.000 1 .070
by 1 .4-in. (35.6 mrn) gauge length, and 0.250-in. (6.35 mm) 0 . 1 70 0.843 0.603 3 . 1 25 1 .079
diameter by 1 .0-in. (25 .4 mm) gauge length the factor in the 0 . 1 80 0.852 0.61 0 3.250 1 .088
0 . 1 90 0.862 0.61 6 3.375 1 .096
equation is 4.5 1 instead of 4.47. The small error introduced by 0.200 0.870 0.623 3.500 1 . 1 04
using Table A6. 1 for the subsized specimens may be neglected. 0.225 0.891 0.638 3.625 1.112
Table A6.2 for annealed austenitic steels has been calculated 0.250 0.91 0 0.651 3.750 1.119
0.275 0.928 0.664 3.875 1 . 1 27
taking a = 0. 1 27, with the standard 0.500-in. diameter by 2-in. 0.300 0.944 0.675 4.000 1 . 1 34
gauge length test specimen as the reference specimen. 0.325 0.959 0.686
0.350 0.973 0.696
A6.3.3 Elongation given for a standard 0.500-in. diameter 0.375 0.987 0.706
by 2-in. gauge length specimen may be converted to elongation 0.400 1 .000 0.71 5
0.425 1 .0 1 2 0.724
for 1/2 by 2 in. or l 1/2 by 8 in. (38. 1 by 203 mm) flat specimens 0.450 1 .024 0.732
by multiplying by the indicated factor in Table A6. 1 and Table 0.475 1 .035 0.740
A6.2. 0.500 1 .045 0.748
0.525 1 .056 0.755
A6.3.4 These elongation conversions shall not be used 0.550 1 .066 0.762
0.575 1 .075 0.770
where the width to thickness ratio of the test piece exceeds 20,
0.600 1 .084 0.776
as in sheet specimens under 0.025 in. (0.635 mm) in thickness. 0.625 1 .093 0.782
0.650 1 . 1 01 0.788
A6.3.5 While the conversions are considered to be reliable 0.675 1.110
within the stated limitations and may generally be used in 0.700 1.118 0.800
0.725 1 . 1 26
specification writing where it is desirable to show equivalent
0.750 1 . 1 34 0.81 1
elongation requirements for the several standard ASTM tension
specimens covered in Test Methods A370, consideration must
be given to the metallurgical effects dependent on the thickness
of the material as processed.
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0 A370-22
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0 A370-22
This annex has been replaced by Test Methods A1061/A 1061M, and procedures for the tension testing of multi-wire
strand for prestressed concrete have been integrated into the relevant product specifications.
A8.2 Method
A8.2.5 When rounding requirements are neither stated in
the product specification nor listed in Table A8. 1 , an observed
A8.2. 1 Values shall be rounded in accordance with the rules or calculated value shall be rounded to the nearest unit in the
of Practice E29 unless otherwise stated herein.
last right hand digit used in expressing the specification
A8.2.2 In the special case of rounding the number "5" when requirement.
no additional numbers other than "0" follow the "5," rounding
shall be in accordance with Practice E29 except where this
would result in rejection of the product.
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0 A370-22
The testing requirements for steel reinforcing bars contained in this annex have been integrated into the relevant prod
uct specifications.
48
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0 A370-22
A l 0.4.2 Reproducibility of Heat Treatment Parameters on the quench cycle. (2) The tempering temperature of the
Production Forgings: production forgings shall not fall below the actual tempering
A 1 0.4.2. 1 All information pertammg to the quench and temperature of the master forging. (3) At least one contact
temper of the master forging shall be recorded on an appro surface thermocouple shall be placed on each forging in a
priate permanent record, similar to the one shown in Table production load. Temperature shall be recorded for all surface
A l O. l . thermocouples on a Time Temperature Recorder and such
A l 0.4.2.2 All information pertaining to the quench and records shall be retained as permanent documentation.
temper of the production forgings shall be appropriately
A 1 0.4.3 Heat-cycle Simulation:
recorded, preferably on a form similar to that used in
A l 0.4.2 . 1 . Quench records of production forgings shall be A 1 0.4.3 . 1 Program charts shall be made from the data
retained for future reference. The quench and temper record of recorded on the master chart. All test specimens shall be given
the master forging shall be retained as a permanent record. the same heating rate above, the AC l , the same holding time
A 1 0.4.2.3 A copy of the master forging record shall be and the same cooling rate as the production forgings.
stored with the heat treatment record of the production forging. A l 0.4.3.2 The heating cycle above the AC l , a portion of the
A 1 0.4.2.4 The essential variables, as set forth on the heat holding cycle, and the cooling portion of the master chart shall
treat record, shall be controlled within the given parameters on be duplicated and the allowable limits on temperature and time,
the production forging. as specified in (a) through (c), shall be established for
A l 0.4.2.5 The temperature of the quenching medium prior verification of the adequacy of the simulated heat treatment.
to quenching each production forging shall be equal to or lower (a) Heat Cycle Simulation of Test Coupon Heat Treatment
than the temperature of the quenching medium prior to for Quenched and Tempered Forgings and Bars-If cooling
quenching the master forging. rate data for the forgings and bars and cooling rate control
A l 0.4.2.6 The time elapsed from opening the furnace door devices for the test specimens are available, the test specimens
to quench for the production forging shall not exceed that may be heat-treated in the device.
elapsed for the master forging. (b) The test coupons shall be heated to substantially the
A 1 0.4.2.7 If the time parameter is exceeded in opening the same maximum temperature as the forgings or bars. The test
furnace door to beginning of quench, the forging shall be coupons shall be cooled at a rate similar to and no faster than
placed back into the furnace and brought back up to equaliza the cooling rate representative of the test locations and shall be
tion temperature. within 25 op ( 1 4 oq and 20 s at all temperatures after cooling
A l 0.4.2.8 All forgings represented by the same master begins. The test coupons shall be subsequently heat treated in
forging shall be quenched with like orientation to the surface of accordance with the thermal treatments below the critical
the quench bath. temperature including tempering and simulated post weld heat
A l 0.4.2.9 All production forgings shall be quenched in the treatment.
same quench tank, with the same agitation as the master (c) Simulated Post Weld Heat Treatment of Test Specimens
forging. (for ferritic steel forgings and bars)-Except for carbon steel (P
A l 0.4.2 . 1 0 Uniformity of Heat Treat Parameters-(]) The Number 1 , Section IX of the Code) forgings and bars with a
difference in actual heat treating temperature between produc nominal thickness or diameter of 2 in. (51 mm) or less, the test
tion forgings and the master forging used to establish the specimens shall be given a heat treatment to simulate any
simulator cycle for them shall not exceed ± 25 op ( ± 1 4 oq for thermal treatments below the critical temperature that the
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49
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AOT�) A370 22
cJ1iHff -
forgings and bars may receive during fabrication. The simu- A l 0.4.4 Reheat Treatment and Retesting:
lated heat treatment shall utilize temperatures, times, and A l 0.4.4. 1 In the event of a test failure, retesting shall be
cooling rates as specified on the order. The total time at handled in accordance with rules set forth by the material
temperature(s) for the test material shall be at least 80 % of the specification.
total time at temperature(s) to which the forgings and bars are A 1 0.4.4.2 If retesting is permissible, a new test specimen
subjected during postweld heat treatment. The total time at shall be heat treated the same as previously. The production
temperature(s) for the test specimens may be performed in a forging that it represents will have received the same heat
single cycle. treatment. If the test passes, the forging shall be acceptable. If
A1 0.4.3 .3 Prior to heat treatment in the simulator unit, test it fails, the forging shall be rejected or shall be subject to reheat
specimens shall be machined to standard sizes that have been treatment if permissible.
determined to allow adequately for subsequent removal of
A 1 0.4.4.3 If reheat treatment is permissible, proceed as
decarb and oxidation.
follows: ( 1) Reheat treatment same as original heat treatment
A 1 0.4.3 .4 At least one thermocouple per specimen shall be
(time, temperature, cooling rate). Using new test specimens
used for continuous recording of temperature on an indepen-
from an area as close as possible to the original specimens,
dent external temperature-monitoring source. Due to the sen-
repeat the austenitize and quench cycles twice, followed by the
sitivity and design peculiarities of the heating chamber of
tempering cycle (double quench and temper). The production
certain equipment, it is mandatory that the hot j unctions of
forging shall be given the identical double quench and temper
control and monitoring thermocouples always be placed in the
as its test specimens above. (2) Reheat treatment using a new
same relative position with respect to the heating source
heat treatment practice. Any change in time, temperature, or
(generally infrared lamps).
cooling rate shall constitute a new heat treatment practice. A
A l 0.4.3.5 Each individual specimen shall be identified, and
new master curve shall be produced and the simulation and
such identification shall be clearly shown on the simulator
testing shall proceed as originally set forth.
chart and simulator cycle record.
A 1 0.4.4.4 In summation, each test specimen and its corre-
A 1 0.4.3 .6 The simulator chart shall be compared to the
sponding forging shall receive identical heat treatment or heat
master chart for accurate reproduction of simulated quench in
treatment; otherwise the testing shall be invalid.
accordance with A1 0.4.3.2(a). If any one specimen is not heat
treated within the acceptable limits of temperature and time, A l 0.4.5 Storage, Recall, and Documentation of Heat-cycle
such specimen shall be discarded and replaced by a newly Simulation Data-All records pertaining to heat-cycle simula
machined specimen. Documentation of such action and reasons tion shall be maintained and held for a period of ten years or as
for deviation from the master chart shall be shown on the designed by the customer. Information shall be so organized
simulator chart, and on the corresponding nonconformance that all practices can be verified by adequate documented
report. records.
REFERENCES
(1) Griffin, J. A., "Analysis of Data From NIST Technical Note 1 858," (4) Lucan, E., McCowan, C. N., and Santoyo, R. L. "Impact Character
ASTM A01 . 13 Task Group Meeting, San Antonio, TX, 5.4. 16, https:// ization of 4340 and T200 Steels by Means of Standard, Sub-size and
www.sfsa.org. Miniaturized Charpy Specimens," NIST Technical Note 1858, http://
(2) Wallin, K., Powerpoint presentation "Sub-sized Cvn Specimen Con nvlpubs.nist.gov.
version Methodology" ASTM AOJ.13 Task Group Meeting, Tampa, (5) Lucan, E., McCowan, C. N., Santoyo, R. L. "Impact Characterization
FL, 1 1 . 1 8 . 1 5, https://www.sfsa.org. of Line Pipe Steels by Means of Standard, Sub-size and Miniaturized
(3) Griffin, J. A., "A Literature Review to Assess the Reliability of the Charpy Specimens," NIST Technical Note 1865, http://
Conversion Factors for Sub-size Specimens Shown in ASTM A370 nvlpubs.nist.gov.
Table 9," https://www.sfsa.org.
so
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0 A370-22
SUMMARY OF CHANGES
Committee AO l has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (A370 - 2 1 )
that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved Oct. 1 , 2022.)
(1) Added definitions for fixed-location hardness testing ma (3) Changed "hardness value" to "hardness number" through
chine and portable hardness testing machine and related out.
references where applicable. (4) Added Table 6.
(2) Harmonized hardness testing value reporting for Rockwell,
Brinell, and Portable hardness testing machines.
ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned
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of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.
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