PrepInsta Handbook For Quantitative Ability

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PrepInsta Handbook for Quantitative Ability

For Placement Preparation
PrepInsta Technologies Pvt Ltd

1
Preface:
This mathematics book is a great guide for those who want to take the placement tests. For the above exams, the market is filled
with various forms of guide books. You will see different books containing a small section of mathematics problems with
answers, but no instructions about how to obtain these answers are given.
The variations of questions posed in different exams have been found on a memory basis in this book, which includes an
accumulation of objective style questions with Example solutions by shortcut form.
It is hoped that the subject matter will instill trust in the applicants, and that the book will assist them in finding an ideal teacher.
Disclaimer: This book is made and published under the complete knowledge and expertise of the Author, however if there will be
any error then it will be taken care of in the next Revised edition. Constructive suggestions and feedback are most welcome by
our esteemed readers.
First Edition
2
May 2021 frontend or backend of the book is not

Edition: 1 (2021) acceptable.
Address of the Publisher:

Published on GSM Paper with PrepInsta WaterMark
K-3, Director Vidyamandir Shastri Nagar, Meerut, UP,
Publisher Address: K-3, Director Vidyamandir Shastri 250004
Nagar, Meerut, UP, 250004
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Price- Rs.600/-
3
Contents
Chapter 1- Averages 5
Chapter 2. Arithmetic Progression 12
Chapter 3: Geometric Progression 22
Chapter 4: Harmonic Progression 24
Chapter 5- Profit and Loss 26
Chapter 6- Boats and streams 32
Chapter 7- Speed Time and Distance 37
Chapter 8: Ratio and Proportion 42
Chapter 9: Linear Equation 51
Chapter 10: Quadratic Equation 60
Chapter 11: Coordinate Geometry 67
Chapter 12: LCM and HCF 73
Chapter 13. Percentages 75
Chapter 14. Probability 77
Chapter 15. Compound Interest 79
Chapter 16. Perimeter, Area and Volume 81
Chapter 17: Pipes and Cisterns 85
Chapter 18: Permutation and Combination 86
Chapter 19: Work and Time 89
Chapter 20. Problems on Ages 97
Chapter 21. Algebra 101
Chapter 22. Calendar 104
Chapter 23. Clock 107
Chapter 24. Number System 112
Chapter 25. Heights and Distance 116
Chapter 26. Surds and Indices 120
Chapter 27. Logarithms 127
Chapter 28. Divisibility 129

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Chapter 29. Set Theory 132
Chapter 30. Venn Diagrams 133
Chapter 31. Discounts 134
Chapter 32. Inverse 135
Chapter 33. Mixture and Allegations 137
Chapter 34: Simple Interest 140
Chapter 35: Decimals and Fractions 143
Chapter 36. Statistics 146

5
Chapter 1- Averages
The word "average" appears regularly in a number of ways.
In statistics, the average is often used to minimize the
amount of measurements needed to find the average when
the data is high. We'll see how to use the expected mean to
answer certain aptitude problems that are dependent on
averages and weighted averages. The average is determined
by dividing the total number of observations by the sum of
the observations. The average is often referred to as the
baseline. In our daily lives, we use the definition of
average.
“Definition: An average is defined as the sum of n

different units divided by n numbers of the units.”
SOLVED EXAMPLE:
Example:- What will be the average weight of three

bikes, whose respective weights are 46,54,52 ?
Solution: (sum of numbers/ total numbers)
= (46+54+53 )/3
Basic Average Formulae:
It is defined mathematically as the ratio of the sum of all = 153/3
the numbers to the number of units in the sequence.
= 51
Example: Three years ago, the average age of the wife,

husband, and their child was 28 years. When the
General formulae: average age of the mother and child is calculated 5
years ago, it was 22 years. Find out the present ager of
the husband.
Sol: Total of the present ages of the family = (28 x 3+ 3 x

3)
= 93 years.
Total of the present ages of the mother and the child = (22
x 2 + 5 x 2)
= 54 years
Therefore, the present age of the husband = (93 - 54) = 39
years.
Example: The average age of children in a play is 15

years. The group is soon accompanied with another
group of 20 children with an average age of 15 years.
The new average of the collective group now becomes
15.5 years. What is the number of children who initially
went for the picnic?
6
6th number = 294 + 312 – 550 = 56

Sol: Let the initial number of people going to the picnic be
P Example: The average of 10 numbers is 23. If each
Also, 16P + 20 x 15 = 15.5 (P + 20) number is increased by 4, what will the new average be?
Thus, P= 20
Sol: Sum of the 10 numbers = 230
Example: 15 students in a class have an average of 15 If each number is increased by 4, the total increase =
years. Among these, 14 years is the average age for 5 4 * 10 = 40
students. The other nine students had an average age of The new sum = 230 + 40 = 270 The new average = 270/10
16 years. How old is the fifteenth student? = 27.
Sol: The age of the 15 th student can be calculated as

= [15 * 15 - (14 * 5 + 16 * 9)]
= 11 years. “AVERAGES FORMULA”
Example: For 10 innings, the average runs of a Average formula is broadly divided into two category i.e
cricketer were 32. Find the number of runs that he must “Average Speed and Velocity formula and Formula of
score in the next innings to raise his average by 4. Averages Related to Numbers”
Sol: Average = 32 1.1 Average Speed

Total runs = average of the runs x no. of innings
= 32 x 10 = 320 Average Speed = Total Distance / Total Time
Increasing the average by 4 = 32 + 4 = 36
Total runs = new average x no of innings CASE 1 : While driving at pace "a" for half of the time and
= 36 x 11 "b" for the other half. The mathematical mean of the two
= 396 speeds is then used to measure average speed.
Therefore, the runs scored at the end of the 11th inning
= 396 – 320 = 76.
Example: Find out the average of three tenths and four Average speed =
thousand.
Sol: Three tenths = 0.3 CASE II. When one travels at speed "a" for half the
Four thousandths=0.004 distance and "b" for the remaining distance. The harmonic
The average is (0.3 + 0.004)/2 mean of the two speeds is then used to calculate average
= 0.152 speed.
Example: If the average of 25 numbers is 0. Among

these numbers, how many Maximum possible Numbers
are non-zero?
Average speed =
Sol: Average = 0
Case III: When traveling at speed a for one-third of the
Sum = (0 x 25) = 0.
distance, speed b for the remaining one-third of the
It can be possible that 24 among them can hold positive
distance, and speed c for the remaining one-third of the
values.
distance
Also, if a is their sum, then their 25th number is (-a).
Therefore, none of them are greater than zero.
Average speed =
Example: The average of 11 results is 50, if the average
of the first six results is 49 and that of the last six is 52. Case IV: Absolute displacement separated by total time
Find the sixth result? can be used to quantify it.
Average Velocity = Displacement/ Total Time
Sol: 1 to 11 = 11 * 50 = 550
1 to 6 = 6 * 49 = 294
1.2 Formula of Averages Related to Numbers
6 to 11 = 6 * 52 = 312
7
Case I : Average of ‘n’ consecutive Natural Numbers: Answer :

Here , Total Distance = (28 + 35)km
= 63 km
Total Time = (2 + 3)hrs
= 5 hrs
Case II: Average of the square of consecutive n natural Therefore, Average Speed = (63 / 5 ) km/hrs
numbers : = 12.6 km/hrs
Example: A travelled initial distance of 50km at a rate
of 40kmph, then it travelled 20 km at uniform speed of
60 kmph and finally covered the remaining 40 km at a
speed of 30kmph. Find the average time it will take to
Case III: Average of cubes of consecutive n natural complete the journey.
numbers :
Sol: Average Time= T1+T2+T3/3
T1=50/40=4/5
T2=20/60=1/3
T3=40/30=4/3
Case IV: Average of n consecutive even numbers = (n+1) Average Time=37/15=2.5 hours (approx.)
Case V: Average of consecutive even numbers till n= Example: A vehicle travelling from Kolkata to
Bangalore averages 50 kilometres per hour. It takes 20
hours to travel. It travels from Bangalore to Kolkata at
a speed of 10 km/hr on the same route. What was the
car's average speed on the round trip?
Case VI: Average of n consecutive odd numbers = n
Sol: Distance =
Case VII: Average of consecutive odd numbers till n =
Average speed throughout the journey =
Case VIII: Sum of 1st n even consecutive natural numbers

is n(n + 1)
Case IX: Sum of 1st n odd consecutive natural numbers is

CASE 1 : While driving at pace "a" for half of the time and
"b" for the other half. The mathematical mean of the two
speeds is then used to measure average speed.
How to solve Quickly:

Average speed =
1.1 Average Speed
Average Speed: It is the total distance traveled by a body

over a given period of time. Formula to calculate speed is
Example: An express train takes 4 hours to complete its
mentioned below:
journey. Find the average speed of the train if it
travelled with a speed of 60km/hr during the first half
Average Speed = Total Distance / Total Time
of the duration and covered the second half with 76
km/hr.
Example: A cyclist covered a distance of 28km in 2 hrs
and 35km in 3 hrs . Find the average speed of the
Answer :
cyclist.
According to the above formula ,
8
a = 60 km/hr = 2pq/p+q km per hour

b = 76 km/hr =2*45*30 / 45+30
Therefore, = 30 km per hour
Average speed =
= 68 km/hr Case III: When traveling at speed a for one-third of the
distance, speed b for the remaining one-third of the
Example: A boat runs at a speed of 90 km/h on the first distance, and speed c for the remaining one-third of the
half of its running time and at 50 km/h during the other distance
half , then the average speed of the boat during the
whole journey.
Sol: a= 90 km/hr , b= 50 km/hr
Thus, average speed =
Average speed =
Example: An express train takes 3 hours to complete its

journey. Find the average speed of the train if it
travelled with a speed of 30km/hr during the first hour
of the duration and covered the second hour with 45
CASE II. When one travels at speed "a" for half the km/hr and the remaining with 75 km/hr.
distance and "b" for the remaining distance. The harmonic
mean of the two speeds is then used to calculate average Answer :
speed. Here, according to the above problem,
a = 30 km/hr
b = 45 km/hr
c = 75 km/hr
Therefore,
Average Speed =
Average speed =
Example: A gym instructor travels at a speed of 6km/hr = 43.55 km/hr

from his home to the gym and returns back home at a
speed of 4km/hr . Find the average speed for the whole Example: A car travels 3 hours to complete its journey.
journey . Find the average speed of the car if it travelled with a
speed of 60km/hr during the first hour of the duration
Answer : and covered the second hour with 30 km/hr and the
Here, according to the above formula , remaining with 55 km/hr.
a = 6 km/hr
b = 4 km/hr Sol: Here, according to the above problem,
Therefore, a = 60 km/hr
b = 30 km/hr
c = 55 km/hr
Average Speed = Therefore,
= 4.8 km/hr Average Speed =
Example: Ajay travels from Delhi to Jaipur by a bus = 44 km/hr

with an average speed of 45 km per hour. He travels
from Jaipur to Delhi with an average speed of 30 km
per hour. Find out the average speed in the complete Case IV: Absolute displacement separated by total time
journey. can be used to quantify it.
Sol: The formula to calculate average speed Average Velocity = Displacement/ Total Time
9
Example: A driver for 10km towards east in 2hrs and Ans: Let the numbers be x,x+1,x+2,x+3,x+4
then 2 km towards west in 1hr . Find the average (x+x+1+x+2+x+3+x+4)/5 = 45
velocity of the driver . 5x+10 = 75
x=13
Answer : If x=13 then largest number is x+4 = 13 +4
Here, Displacement = (10 - 2) km The answer is 17.
Total Time = (2 + 1) hrs
Therefore, Example: The average of six numbers in a row is 25.
Find the smallest among them.
Sol: Let the numbers be x,x+1,x+2,x+3,x+4,x+5
Average Velocity = (x+x+1+x+2+x+3+x+4+x+5)/6 = 25
= 2.67 km/hr 6x+15 = 150
x= 22.5
Example: In the same direction, a woman travels 13 The smallest among them = 22.5
kilometres in 8 hours and 5 kilometres in 2 hours. What
was the man's average velocity during the journey? Example: What will be the average of 9 consecutive
natural numbers.
Sol: Average velocity =
Sol: n=9
Average =
Example: A girl walks 6 km East in 3 hours and then 2
km West in 1 hour. Find the average velocity.
Case II: Average of the square of consecutive n natural
Sol: Average velocity = numbers :
Example: Find the average of the square of consecutive

1.2 Formula of Averages Related to Numbers
35 natural numbers.
Case I : Average of ‘n’ consecutive Natural Numbers: Answer :

Here, n = 35
Therefore, applying the formula ,
Example: Find the average of the first 35 consecutive Average =

natural numbers. = 426
Answer :
Here, n = 35 Example: Find out the number which is non zero and
Therefore, applying the formula, its average with its square is 10 times the number.
Answer: Let us assume the number to be ‘P’
Average =
= 18
Example: When the average of 5 consecutive numbers is
calculated, we get 15. Find out the largest among the P= 19
five numbers.
10
Example:Which number is non zero whose average

along with its square is 8 times from the number itself? Example: Find the average of 46 consecutive even
numbers.
Sol: Let the number be ‘n’
n*n/2 = 8n Sol: Here, n = 46
n2 = 16n Therefore, applying the formula,
n = 16 Average = 46 + 1
= 47
Case III: Average of cubes of consecutive n natural Case V: Average of consecutive even numbers till n=
numbers :
Example: Find the average of consecutive even numbers

till 34 .
Example: Find the average of the cubes of consecutive
35 natural numbers. Answer :
Here, n = 34
Answer : Therefore, applying the formula,
Here, n = 35
Average =
= 18
Average =
= 11340 Example: Find the average of consecutive even numbers
till 90.
Example: What will be the average of the cubes of 29 Sol: Here, n = 90

natural numbers in a row. Therefore, applying the formula,
Sol:
Here, n = 29
Therefore, applying the formula , = 45+1 = 46
Average = Case VI: Average of n consecutive odd numbers = n
=
Example: Find the average of 35 consecutive odd
Case IV: Average of n consecutive even numbers = (n+1) numbers.
Answer :
Here, n = 35
Therefore, applying the formula,
Example: Find the average of 34 consecutive even
Average = 35
numbers.
Example: 61 is the average of five successive odd

Answer :
numbers. What is the result of the subtraction of the
Here, n = 34
highest and the lowest number?
Average = 34 + 1
= 35
11
Answer: Let us assume the numbers are x, x+2, x+4, x+6,

and x+8.
[x + (x + 2) + (x + 4) + (x + 6) + (x + 8)] / 5 = 61 Case IX: Sum of 1st n odd consecutive natural numbers is
Or, 5x + 20 = 305
x= 57
Subtracting the two numbers, Example: Find the sum of the first 35 odd consecutive
= (57 + 8) – 57 natural numbers.
=8
Answer :
Case VII: Average of consecutive odd numbers till n = Here, n = 35
Average =
= 1125
Example: Find the average of consecutive odd numbers
till 35. Example: Find the sum of the first 15 odd consecutive
natural numbers.
Answer : Sol: Here, n = 15
Here, n = 35 Therefore, applying the formula,
Therefore, applying the formula , Average = (15)^{2}
= 225
Average = 1.3 Tips and shortcuts to solve Averages:

= 18
Tip 1: If the value of each unit in a class is increased by
Example: Find the average of consecutive odd numbers some value x, then the average of the class also increases
till 17. by x.
Sol: Here, n = 17
Therefore, applying the formula , For example, if the marks obtained by Raj and Rohit
increases by 20 marks each, the average of the total marks
of both also increases by 20.
Average = Tip 2: If the value of each unit in a class decreases by
some value x, then the average of the class also
decreases by x.
=
For example, if the score of Raj and Rohit in a match is
Case VIII: Sum of 1st n even consecutive natural numbers decreased by 20 individually, the average score of both also
is n(n + 1) decreases by 20.
Example: Find the sum of the first 34 even consecutive

natural numbers .
Tip 3: The average of any number series or group is
Answer : always between its smallest and the largest value.
Here, n = 34
Therefore, applying the formula , For example- If the average test score of four children is
Average = 6,9,10,11 then the average of all four names respectively is
= 1190 9.
Example: Find the sum of the first 100 even consecutive Tip 4: When a person leaves the group, and
natural numbers . replacement is made of that person then:
Sol: Here, n = 100
Therefore, applying the formula , If the average age increases,
Average = 100(100 + 1)
=
12
Age of new person = Age of separated person + (increase denoted by . Sum of the first n elements denoted by
in the average × total number of persons).
If the average age decreases,
Age of new person = Age of separated person – (decrease

in the average × total number of persons).
Tip 5: When a person joins the group,
When the average age is increased

Age of new person = Previous average + (increase in
average × total members including new member).
When the average age is decreased

Age of new person = Previous average – (decrease in
average × total members including new member).
Exercise: An AP is represented in the form a, (a + d), (a + 2d), (a

1.When a player weighing 45 kg is replaced by another + 3d), …
player in a team of 20 players, the average increases by
2.5 kg, find the weight of the new player? where a = the first term, and d = the common difference.
2. A batsman makes a score of 64 runs in the 16th General form,

innings and thus increases his average by 3. Find his
average after the 16th inning? Basic concept of Arithmetic Progression:
3.Five numbers averaged to 31. If one number is General form of an AP : a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d ………
discarded, the average becomes 29. The discarded
number is First Term : a
4.The average salary of a person for the months of Common Difference : d

January, February, March and April is Rs.8000 and
that for the months February, March, April and May is Example: The given sequence or series is 2, 4, 6, 8, 10,…
Rs.8500. If his salary for the month of May is Rs.6500,
find his salary for the month of January? Here, a = 2 and d = 2
5.The average age of a group of 10 persons was

Finite or Infinite Arithmetic Progressions
decreased by 3 years when one person, whose age was
42 years, was replaced by a new person. Find the age of
● Finite Arithmetic Progression
the new person?
When there are a limited number of terms in the sequence
then it is known as Finite Arithmetic Progression.
Chapter 2. Arithmetic
For example: 10, 20, 30, 40, 50
Progression
● Infinite Arithmetic Progression
An arithmetic progression or arithmetic sequence is a When there are an unlimited number of terms in the
number such that the difference of any two successive sequence then it is known as Infinite Arithmetic
members is a constant.Where common difference is Progression.
denoted by d.n-th term of an arithmetic progression
For example: 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, ..…….
13
2.1 Properties of Arithmetic Progression OR
● If a fixed number is added or subtracted from

each term of an AP, then the resulting sequence is
also an AP and it has the same common
difference as that of the original AP.
Case IV: Arithmetic Mean
● If each term in an AP is divided or multiplied
with a constant non-zero number, then the
If a, b, c are in AP, then the Arithmetic mean a and c is
resulting sequence is also in an AP.
b i.e.
● If nth is in linear expression then the sequence is
in AP.
● If a1, a2, a3, …, anand b1, b2, b3, …, bn, are in AP.
then a1+b1, a2+b2, a3+b3, ……, an+bn and a1–b1,
a2–b2, a3–b3, ……, an–bn will also be in AP.
● If nth term of a series is Tn = An + B, then the Case V: Sum of first n natural numbers
series is in AP
● Three terms of the A.P whose sum or product is We derive the formula to find the sum of first n natural
given should be assumed as a-d, a, a+d. numbers
● Four terms of the A.P. whose sum or product is
given should be assumed as a-3d, a-d, a+d, a+3d.
There are main four types of Arithmetic Progression:
● Find nth term of series Case VI: Sum of squares of first n natural numbers
● Find number of terms in the series
● Find sum of first ‘n’ terms of the series ● Formula to find the sum of squares of first n
● Find the arithmetic mean of the series. natural numbers of an AP is
2.2 Formulae of Arithmetic Progression
Case I: nth term of an AP

Case VII: Sum of first n odd numbers
Formula to find the nth term of an AP is
● Formula to find the nth term of an AP is the
Tn = a + (n – 1) d
square of the number of terms
Case II: Number of terms in an AP S =n2
● Formula to find the numbers of term of an AP

Case VIII: Sum of first n even numbers
is
● Formula to find the sum of of an AP is
S = n(n+1)
2.2How to solve Quickly:

Case III: Sum of first n terms in an AP
Case I: nth term of an AP
● Formula to find the sum of first n terms of an
AP is Formula to find the nth term of an AP is
Tn = a + (n – 1) d
where tn = nth term,

14
a= the first term ,

or,36 = a + (17) * (-3) =
d= common difference, a + (17) * (-3) + (17) * (-3)
n = number of terms in the sequence. ) * (-3) -3)

or,36 = a – 51
or,a = 51+36
Example: Find the 13th term of an arithmetic
or,a = 87
progression whose first term is 4 and the common
difference is 5.
Question 4:
Answer: a = 4, n = 13, d = 5
If , then the
nth term of A.P = a + (n-1)*d
first term is?
= 4 + (13 - 1)*5
= 4 + 60 = 64 Answer:
We know that,
Question 1:
Find the 13th term of an arithmetic progression whose or,
or, 54= a + (43) * (-7)
first term is 4 and the common difference is 5.
or, 54= a – 301
Answer: or,a = 54+301
a = 4, n = 13, d = 5 or,a = 355
nth term of A.P = a + (n-1)*d
Case II: Number of terms in an AP
= 4 + (13 - 1)*5
= 4 + 60 = 64 ● Formula to find the numbers of term of an AP
is
Question 2:
Find the last number of the series where, a = 4, d = 7,
and number of terms are 95 .
Answer :
According to the question,
a = 4, d = 7, n = 95 where
Therefore ,
last term = a+(n-1)d n = number of terms,
or , last term= 4+(95-1)*7
or,last term=662 a= the first term,
Question 3: l = last term,
If , then the d= common difference.

first term is ?
Example: How many terms are there in A.P 3, 6, 9, 12,
Answer :
… , 384?
Here ,
Answer: a = 3, l = 384, d = 3
Therefore,
n=
or, =129
15
Question 1:
How many terms are there in A.P 3, 6, 9, 12, … , 384?

Answer: a = 3, l = 384, d = 3 Or,
= 1 + 10 × 2.5
n= = 1 + 25
=(384-3)/3 + 1 = 26
=128 + 1
=129
Question 2:
Question 5 : Find the 41st term of the arithmetic
Find the 17th term of the series 2,5,8… progression 3, 11, 19……….180
Answer : Answer:
In the given series a = 2, d = 3 n =14 Here, d = 11 - 3
Therefore, =8
and, n = 41 , a =3
or, Therefore ,
or,
or,
or,
or,
= 3 + 40 × 8
Question 3: Find the last number of the series where, a = 3+320
= 323
= 6, d = 9, and number of terms are 72 .
Answer:
According to the question, Case III: Sum of first n terms in an AP
a = 6, d = 9, n = 72
Therefore, ● Formula to find the sum of first n terms of an
AP is
or,
or,l=653
Question 4: Find the 11th term of the arithmetic OR

progression 2, 4.5, 7, 9.5,11
Answer:
Here, d = 4.5 - 2
= 2.5 where,
and, n = 11 , a is the first term 11th term a = the first term,

Therefore ,
16
d= common difference, Question 3: John begins to start saving from 1st
th
January. He saves 1$ on 1st of January, 2$ on 2nd
l = tn = n term = a + (n-1)d
January and 3$ on 3rd of January. In a similar
Example: Find the sum of the following series consecutive fashion, find his savings by the end of an
4 + 7 + 10 + 13 …… to 26 terms ordinary year.
Answer: a = 4, d = 3, n = 26
Answer :
According to the question, the series formed is
So, Sn = 1,2,3,4,5,……365
Thus, a = 1 and d = 1
Therefore,
=13[8+75]
=1079
or,
Question 2: Find the sum of the series 100 + 94 + 88
Now,
…….. + 24
Answer :
In the given series , $ $
Question 4: Suppose the sum of 6 successive digits is 100

, then find the first number.
or, Answer :
d = 1 because there are 6 consecutive numbers
or,
and, n = 6 ,
or, Let the first digit in the progression be a

Therefore,
Now , sum of the series ,
or,
or,
or,
or,
or,
or,
or,
17
or, Question 2: Calculate the arithmetic mean of series 4, 8,

12….100 .
Answer :
Question 5: Suppose the sum of 8 successive digits is 140
We know that ,
then find the first number.
Answer: Arithmetic mean =

d = 1 because there are 8 consecutive numbers
and, n = 8 ,
Let the first digit in the progression be a

Therefore,
Question 3: Calculate the arithmetic mean of series 6, 9,

12….240
Answer :
or, We know that ,
Arithmetic mean =
or,
or,
or, Question 4: Find the arithmetic mean of series 8, 10, 12 ,

14….250.
Answer :
Case IV: Arithmetic Mean
We know that ,
If a, b, c are in AP, then the Arithmetic mean a and c is
b i.e.
Arithmetic mean =
=129
Example: Find the arithmetic mean of the first 7 prime
numbers
Answer: First 7 prime numbers : 2,3,5,7,11,13,17 Question 5: Find the arithmetic mean of the first five
Sum = 58 odd numbers.
Mean = 58/7 = 8.28

Answer :
We know that,
First five odd natural number : 1 , 3, 5, 7, 9
Therefore,
18
We know that the sum of first n terms ,
Arithmetic Mean=
=5
Here , n = 65
Therefore ,
Case V: Sum of first n natural numbers The sum of first 65 terms:
We derive the formula to find the sum of first n natural

numbers
=2145
where
Question : Find the average of the first 35 consecutive
S = Sum of first n natural numbers natural numbers.
n = number of natural numbers Answer :

Here, n = 35
Example: Find the sum of the first 21 natural numbers Therefore, applying the formula,
Average =
Answer: = 18
n = 21
S = 210
Question: Find the sum of first 250 terms,
Answer : Answer:
We know that the sum of first n terms , We know that the sum of first n terms ,
Here , n = 200 Here , n = 250

Therefore , Therefore ,
The sum of first 200 terms: The sum of first 200 terms:
=20100 =31375

Answer:
Case VI: Sum of squares of first n natural numbers
19
● Formula to find the sum of squares of first n Answer:

natural numbers of an AP is We know that ,
Here, n=100
Therefore,
where
S = Sum of first n natural numbers
n = number of natural numbers.
Example: Find the sum of square of first 15 natural or,

numbers
Question : Find the sum of the squares of the first 50

natural numbers.
Answer:
Answer:
We know that ,
n=15
S= 1240
Question : Find the average of the square of consecutive

35 natural numbers. Here, n=50
Therefore,
Answer :
Here, n = 35
We know that ,
or,
Question :Find the sum of the squares of the first 20

natural numbers.
Answer:
Average = We know that ,
= 426
Question : Find the sum of the squares of the first 100

Here, n=20
natural numbers.
Therefore,
20
or,
or,
or,S=2870 or,
Question :Find out the sum of the odd numbers between

Case VII: Sum of first n odd numbers
21 to 50 .
● Formula to find the nth term of an AP is the

square of the number of terms Answer:
S =n2
or,
where
S = Sum of first n natural numbers or,
n = number of natural numbers

or,
Question :Find the sum of 35 consecutive odd numbers

Example: Find the sum of first 12 odd numbers .
Answer :
Answer: Here, n=35
n=12 We know that ,
S=144
Therefore ,
Question: Find the sum of first 50 odd numbers
Answer:
or,
Here, n=50
We know that ,
Case VIII: Sum of first n even numbers
Therefore , ● Formula to find the sum of of an AP is
S = n(n+1)
or,S=2500
where
S = Sum of first n natural numbers

Question :Find out the sum of the odd numbers between
n = number of natural numbers
11 to 60 .
Answer: Example: Find the sum of first 10 even numbers

Answer: S=n(n+1)
n=10
S=110
21
Question : Find the sum of the first 35 even numbers. Question 3. An elastic toy bounces (3/4)th of its height
after touching to the base from which it has fallen over.
Answer: Calculate the full distance that it travels before coming
Here , n=35 to rest, if it is mildly fallen from a top of 360 metres.
We know ,
Question 4. Anupam joined a company Pidilite

or,S=35(35+1)
or,S=1260 industries in January 2018 and he got his first pay of Rs
2000. After that he got an increment every month of Rs
Question: Find the sum of the first 100 even numbers. 1500. Calculate his total pay after the end of 5 years of
Answer: his job.
Here , n=100
We know ,
S=n(n+1) Question 5. If the 8th term of an Arithmetic Progression
or,S=100(100+1) is zero, then the ratio of its 28th and 18th term will
or,S=10100 be?
Question :Find the sum of the first 50 even numbers.

Answer:
Here , n=50
We know ,
S=n(n+1)
or,S=50(50+1)
or,S=2550
Question: The sum of the even numbers between 1 and

n is 79*80, where n is an odd number, then find the
value of n .
Answer:
We know that sum of first n consecutive even numbers ,
According to the question ,

S=n(n+1)
or,79*80=n(n+1)
or,79(79+1)=n(n+1)
Comparing both sides, we get ,

n=79.
Exercise:
Question 1. A figure 24 is distributed into three parts
which are in Arithmetic Progression and the total of
their squares is 208. Find the largest number.
Question 2. In the given arithmetic progression, ’33’

would be a term in it. 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22………52.
22
Geometric Progression
“Definition - A geometric progression (G.P) is a series of
terms in which each succeeding term is formed by
multiplying each preceding term by a constant value,
whereas the constant value is referred to as the common
ratio. For instance, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64,... is a GP with a
common ratio of 2.”
3.1 - Formulae for Geometric Progression (G.P)
● Common Ratio:
The amount which we multiply each time in a geometric
sequence is known as the common ratio of the sequence.
The formula to find common ratio in a G.P is as follows:
Where a2 and a1 are two consecutive terms on the G.P
Chapter 3: Geometric ● Nth term of the series:

The nth term of the sequence is basically the last term of
Progression the series. The formula to find the same is given as:
Where an is the last term or the the term which has been
In this chapter, we will go into the in-depth definition of asked to find for example: 3rd term or 10th term of the
Geometric Progression, as well as some main formulas for given sequence.
answering questions about it. a is the first term
We will also go through some pointers that will help to r is the common ratio
simplify the solution and clarify them with the help of some n is the number of terms
sample instances.
● Sum of the first n terms in a G.P
This formula is used to find the total sum of the definite
number of terms given of a particular G.P. The formula is
as follows.
Where r ≠ 1
23
n = No. of terms present in G.P Questions below are example of how to find the nth term of
r = Common Ratio a Geometric Progression using the formula
a = First term of the sequence
● Sum of the infinite G.P

Type 2: Number of terms in a G.P
If the number of terms in a GP is not finite, the GP is
In this type you are showed how to find the total number of
referred to as infinite GP. The formula for computing the
terms in a geometric progression using the formula
sum to infinity of a given GP is:
Type 3: Sum of the “n” number of terms in a G.P

In this particular type you will be able to learn how to find
the sum of the total number of terms present in the form of
geometric progression by using the formula
Here,
S∞ = Sum of infinite geometric progression
Where r ≠ 1
a = First term
r = Common ratio
Type 4: Geometric Mean of the given series
n = Number of terms
In this type you will be able to find the geometric mean of
the given geometric progression which will be in the form
● Geometric Mean of G.P
of
The geometric mean is a mean or average that uses the
GM = (ab)1/2
product of two numbers to determine the central trend or
When two non-zero numbers a and b are in GP, and
normal value of a series of numbers. The formula for
GM = (abc)1/3
finding out geometric mean is as follows:
When two non-zero numbers a, b and c are in GP
If two non-zero numbers a and b are in GP, then there GM
is
GM = (ab)1/2 Exercise:
If three non-zero numbers a,b and c are in GP, then there Question 1: The eighth term of geometric progression is
GM is 128 and the common ratio is 2. The product of the first five
GM = (abc)1/3 terms is?
Question 2: A ball is thrown from a height of 5000 meter

3.2 - Properties of Geometric Progression on a ground the ball is bounced 4/5 times of its every last
bounce then calculate the total distance covered by the ball
● If ‘a’ is the first term, r is the common ratio of a
till it stopped?
finite G.P. consisting of m terms, then the nth
term from the end will be = arm-n.
Question 3: The 7thterm of G.P is 8 times the 4thterm.
● The nth term from the end of the G.P. with the last
What will be the 1stterm if its 5thterm is 48?
term ‘l’ and common ratio r is l / (r(n-1)).
● Reciprocal of all the terms in G.P are also
Question 4: The sum of n terms of series is 0.8 + 0.88 +
considered in the form of G.P.
0.888 + 0.8888 + …… is?
● When all terms are GP raised to the same power,
the new series of geometric progression is
Question 5: In a geometric progression the common ratio
formed.
is half of the first term. If the 4th term of G.P is 32, then the
value of the 15th term is?
3.3 - How to Solve Geometric Progression Problems
and its related Tips and Tricks.
Type 1: nth Term of G.P

24
A kind of numerical average is the harmonic mean. It is

Chapter 4: Harmonic computed by dividing the total number of observations by
the inverse of each number in the sequence. As a result, the
Progression harmonic mean is the inverse of the arithmetic mean of
reciprocals. If a, b are in HP, then there HM is
In this chapter, we will go into the in-depth definition of
Harmonic Progression, as well as some main formulas for
answering questions about it.
We will also go through some pointers that will help to
simplify the solution and clarify them with the help of some
sample instances.
Where, n = Total number of numbers or terms, a1,

a2,…..an = Individual terms or individual values.
4.2 - Properties related to Harmonic Progression
● For two numbers, if A, G and H are respectively

the arithmetic, geometric and harmonic means,
then
A≥ G ≥ H
● Relationship between arithmetic, geometric, and
harmonic means AM * HM = GM2
● Unless a = 1 and n = 1, the sum of a harmonic
series will never be an integer. This is because at
least one denominator of the progression is
Harmonic Progression: divisible by a prime number that does not divide
“Definition - A Harmonic Progression (HP) is a real- any other denominator.
number series calculated by taking the reciprocals of ● Three consecutive numbers of a HP are: 1/(a–d),
the arithmetic progression that does not contain 0. Any 1/a, 1/(a+d)
concept in the series is known to be the harmonic mean ● Four consecutive numbers of a HP are: 1/(a–3d),
of its two neighbors in harmonic progression. The series 1/(a–d), 1/(a+d), 1/(a+3d).
a, b, c, d,..., for example, is called an arithmetic
progression; the harmonic progression can be written 4.3 - How to solve problems involving Harmonic
as 1/a, 1/b, 1/c, 1/d,...” Progression
Type 1: Find the nth term of the series

4.1 - Formulae to solve Harmonic Progression related Questions below are example of how to find the nth term of
Problems a Geometric Progression using the formula
● Nth term of H.P

The nth term as you all know discussed in the chapter of
Geometric progression is known as the last term of a
progression or series. The formula to find the nth term of Example: If the sum of reciprocals of the first 11 terms
H.P is given as: of an HP series is 110, find the 6th term.
Sol: Reciprocals of first 11 terms will be AP
Therefore, Sn = n /2 [2a + (n − 1) d]
S11=110
where tn = nth term, n =11
a= the first term , 110 = 11/2[2a + (11 − 1) d]
d= common difference, 110 = 11/2 * [2a + 10d]
n = number of terms in the sequence 220 = 22a + 110d
22a + 110d = 220
● Harmonic Mean (H.M) of H.P
25
a + 5d = 10
which is the 6th term of the AP series. Chapter 5- Profit and Loss
Therefore, the 6th term in HP = 1/10
Type 2: Harmonic mean of the series.

In this type you will be able to find the harmonic mean of
the given harmonic progression which will be in the form
of
Example: Arti walked first one-fourth of the distance at

a speed of 2 km/hr. The next one-fourth of the distance
was covered by running at the speed of 3km/hr. The last
one-fourth of the distance was covered by cycling at the
speed of 6 km/hr. Find the average speed for the whole
journey covered by Arti?
Sol: According to the question, the distance covered is the What is Profit :- Ex.If a shopkeeper brings a cloth for
same in all the three cases. Rs.100 and sells it for Rs.120, then he has made a profit of
Therefore the average speed = HM of 2, 3, and 6 Rs.20/-.
Average speed = 4 / (1/2 + 1/3 + 1/6)
Average speed = 4 / 1 = 4 km/hr What is Loss:- If a salesperson has bought a textile
material for Rs.300 and he has to sell it for Rs.250/-, then
Exercise: he has gone through a loss of Rs.50/-.
Question - 1: In HP the sum of the first two terms is 17/70

There are two main factors use to solve Profit and Loss:
the sum of next two terms is 5/4 the sum of the following
two terms is - 7/10 the sum of the following two terms will
Cost Price – The price at which a commodity or object is
be?
bought at known as Cost Price or CP
Question - 2: In HP 2nd term of an HP is 40 / 9 and the 5th

Selling Price – The price at which the commodity is sold is
term is 20/3. Find the maximum possible number of terms
known as Selling Price or SP.
in HP?
Or in simple language
Question - 3: If a b c are in HP then a / (b + c), b/ (c + a), c
/ (a + b) are in?
1. Cost Price – It is basically the price at which a
commodity or object is bought at. e.g. Shopkeeper buying
Question - 4: If a1, a2, a3, ….., an are in H.P then, the sum
Sugar from Farmer to sell in his grocery store. In its short
of a1a2 + a2a3 + …. + an-1an will be?
form it is denoted as C.P.
Question - 5: The sum of the reciprocals of the three

2. Selling Price – The price at which the commodity is sold
numbers in AP is 12 and the product of the number is 1/48
at. e.g. Shopkeeper selling sugar to his customers. In its
find the second number?
short form it is denoted as S.P.
3. Gain or Profit – If the Cost Price is lesser than Selling

Price, gain is made.
4. Loss – If Cost price is greater than the Selling price,

Loss is incurred.
26
12. Successive discounts:- If d1% , d2% d3%are

successive discounts on marked price, selling
5.1 Formulas for Profit and Loss
price=marked price
Mentioned below all the formulas used in Profit and Loss
to solve the questions:
1. Profit or Gain: SP – CP
2. Loss = CP – SP
Profit or Gain: SP – CP
3. Percentage Profit or Gain Percentage –
5.2 How to solve Quickly:
1. Profit or Gain: SP – CP
4. Loss Percentage –
Question- Raj spends Rs. 6700 on an old electronic item

and Rs. 800 on its repairs. If he sells it for Rs. 7800, his
profit is:
5. C.P in Case of Gain =
Answer-
Cost Price (C.P.) = Rs. (6700 + 800) = Rs. 7500.
Selling Price (S.P.) = Rs. 7800.

6. C.P in Case of Loss =
Gain = (S.P.) - (C.P.) = Rs.(7800 - 7500) = Rs. 300
Question : Mohan purchased a bluetooth speaker from

his friend. He then sold it for Rs.180. Had it been sold
for Rs.205 , the gain would have been 1/4 of the former
7. S.P in Case of Gain = loss. What is the cost price of the bluetooth speaker?
Answer :
We know that ,
Gain = SP - CP
8. S.P in Case of Loss = Loss = CP - SP
So According to the question ,
9. If you sell two same items, first at x% profit

or,CP = Rs. 102
and 2nd one at x% loss. Then a loss is
2. Loss = CP – SP
incurred always, which is given by =
Question-Krithik goes to a store and finds a radio which
10. Marked price and discount costs him at a price of Rs. 9500. After a few days he
● Selling price = marked price – discount finds the radio useless and plans to sell it. But for selling
he has to bear some repair cost which was Rs. 200 and
● Discount = marked price – selling price sells it for Rs. 6000, his loss is:
● Marked price = selling price + discount
Answer-
11. Discount Percentage = (Discount/Marked price)
Cost Price (C.P.) = Rs. (9500 + 200) = Rs. 9700.
x 100
Selling Price (S.P.) = Rs. 6000.
Loss = (C.P.)-(S.P.) = Rs.(9700 - 6000) = Rs. 3700

27
Question : Find out how much did Richa gain or lose in

the entire transaction , if she purchased two fridge , but
S.P. of 6 pen = 120% of Re. 1 = Rs.
found that she needed to raise money urgently, so she Now,
sold them for Rs. 18000 each. On one she made 25%
and on the other she lost 25%.
For Rs. , pens sold = 6.
Answer :
For Re. 1, pens sold =
Price of 1st fridge be Rs. X, then ,
18000 - 0.25X = X
Question : I make a profit of 20% by selling a piece of
gold. What would be the profit percent if it were
or, calculated on the selling price instead of the cost price?
or,
Answer :
Price for 2nd fridge be Rs.Y, then , Let CP be Rs. 100
8000+0.25Y = Y then SP = Rs. 120.
therefore,
Profit percentage if it was calculated on SP will be
or,
or,Y = Rs. 24000
Total money spend on purchasing both the fridge = X+Y

= 14400+24000
= Rs.38400
Question: If the selling price is doubled, the profit
Total money earned by selling the fridge= Rs.18000+18000 triples. Find the profit percent ?
= Rs. 36000 Answer :
Therefore, Let the C.P be Rs.100 and S.P be Rs.x, then,
Loss = Buying Price - Selling Price Profit = (x-100)
= Rs. 38400-36000 Now the S.P is doubled, then the new S.P is 2x
= Rs. 2400 New profit is (2x-100)
3. Percentage Profit or Gain Percentage – According to the question,
By solving, we get
x = 200
Question : A store owner spent Rs.400 for a watch and Profit percent = = 100%
sold it for Rs.500. What is the percentage of profit he
Question: If the cost price is 30% of the selling price.
makes? Then what is the profit percent.
Answer- Answer:
Let the S.P = 100
(C.P)=400, (S.P)=500
then C.P. = 30
profit% = (SP-CP)/CP * 100 = (500-400)/400 * 100 =
100/400 * 100 = 25% Therefore , Profit = 70
Question : A vendor bought 6 pens for a rupee. How Now ,
many for a rupee must he sell to gain 20%?

Answer: Profit percentage =
C.P. of 6 pen = Re. 1
28
Question :Find the cost price of the pen if Jeena made a

profit of 25% while selling a book for Rs.1250.
4. Loss Percentage –
Answer :
Question A shopkeeper spent Rs.1200 for an item and We know that ,
sold it for Rs.500. What is the percentage of loss he
makes?
Answer-
(C.P)=1200, (S.P)=500
loss% = (CP-SP)/CP * 100 = (1200-500)/400 * 100 = or,CP=1000
700/400 * 100 = 175%
Question : An electronic machine was sold for Rs. 2500.
Had it been sold for Rs. 4000 there would have been an
5. C.P in Case of Gain = additional profit of 15%. What will be the cost price of
the electronic machine?
Answer :
Let the cost price be Rs. x
and the Original Selling Price = Rs. 2500
Question: Varun sells a dozen of products at Rs 5600
Original Profit = (2500 - x) Rs.
and the overall profit he earned on this order was 12%. Therefore,
For how much did he purchase 1 quantity of that
product?
Profit Percentage =
Answer- Now, new Selling Price = Rs. 4000
Original CP = Rs. x
New profit = (4000 - x) Rs.
C.P in Case of Gain =
Cost Price of 12 Units = (100/100+12)*5600=5000
New profit percentage =
And CP for one unit = 5000/12 = Rs 417(approx.) Therefore,
Question: Find the cost price of a pen if at 25% of

profit, the selling price of two dozen pens is Rs.130.80. or,
Answer :
We know that , or, or,
So, the original cost price is Rs. 10000 .
Question : Arun sells a bike to Bharat at a profit of

10%. Bharat sells it to Chandra at a profit of 15%. If
Chandra pays Rs. 250 for it, then what is the cost price
or, of the bike for Arun ?
The above cost price is for 2 Dozen Answer :

So, Price of a pen = Rs. 4.36 Let the cost price for Arun = Rs. 100.
SP for Arun = CP for Bharat = 100 + 10% of 100= 110.
SP for Bharat = CP for Chandra = 110 + 15% of 110 =
126.5.
Given,
29
CP for Chandra = 250 S.P in Case of Gain =

So,
126.5 = 250
1 = 250/126.5
100 = (250 *100)/126.5 = Rs. 197.62.
Therefore , Cost Price for Arun = Rs. 197.62. S.P = (100+7/100)*12,000 = 12,840 Rs.
6. C.P in Case of Loss =
8. S.P in Case of Loss =
Question- Hrtithik purchased vegetables from a

wholesale market and sold them in his locality. He sells Question- Aarthy buys 12 units of books for 4800 Rs.
these vegetables for Rs. 5000 but suffers a loss of 5%. At and sells 6 units for 1200 how much loss did he bear on
price did he buy these vegetables from the wholesale one book.
market. Answer-
Answer- S.P in Case of Loss =
C.P in Case of loss=

Cost Price of 12 Units = (100/100-5)*5000=5263(approx.) CP of 1 book = 4800/12=400Rs
SP of 1 book = 1200/6=200Rs
Question : On selling 11 balls at Rs. 440, there is a loss 200=(100-loss)/100 * 400 => 200/4=100-loss => loss=50%
equal to the cost price of 5 balls. Find the cost price of a
ball . Question: If you sell two same items, first at x% profit
and 2nd one at x% loss. Then a loss is incurred always,
Answer :
(C.P. of 11 balls) - (S.P. of 11 balls) = (C.P. of 5 balls)
which is given by =
C.P. of 11 balls = S.P. of 11 balls = Rs.440.
Question-Two goods were purchased at different prices

and then sold for the same price. The first item was sold
C.P. of 1 ball = = Rs. 40 .
at a 10% profit, while the second was sold at a 10%
loss. What is the benefit or loss figure, if any?
Answer-
7. S.P in Case of Gain =
By formula - If you sell two same items, first at x% profit
and 2nd one at x% loss. Then a loss is incurred always,
which is given by =
Thus, loss = (10/10)^2 = 1^2 = 1%
Question- At what price must Roshan sell his typewriter
so that he earns a profit of 7%. It is known that he
10. Marked price and discount
bought the typewriter for Rs 12,000.
Answer- ● Selling price = marked price – discount
● Discount = marked price – selling price
30
● Marked price = selling price + discount 5.3 Tips and Tricks to solve Profit and Loss Question
Quickly
Note:
Trick 1: Seller has two Articles for the same price, but the
(a) If there is no discount, the marked price is equal to the
first article is sold at x% profit and other at x% loss. Total
selling price
Profit/Loss incurred by him is not 0%
(b) Discount is always calculated on marked price unless

Way to solve this question is –
otherwise stated.
11.Discount Percentage = (Discount/Marked price) x 100 Apply direct formula Loss =
Question - Anna gives her customers a ten percent Trick 2: Where no CP or SP is given. But the whole
discount on her beauty products and also makes a 20 concept is about Percentages.
percent profit. What is the true cost of the Rs. 400 beauty Way to solve this type of questions
product to her? Assume the CP to be 100 and then solve the whole
Answer - problem.
Marked price = Rs. 400
Discount = 10% Trick 3: There are two Articles and you have to calculate
Profit = 20% total loss or profit.
Therefore, the Selling Price = 90% of 400 Way to solve this type of questions
Therefore 400 x 90/100 = Rs. 360 Now these problems are generally easy. But the whole
Selling price = Rs. 360 point of solving is not to even use a pen and solve in 20
Profit = 20% seconds.
Cost price = 100/120 x 360 = Rs. 300
Trick 4: CP of y items is the same as SP of x items and
12. Successive discounts:- If d1% , d2% d3%are Profit or Loss of some percentage is made.
successive discounts on marked price, Way to solve this type of questions
selling price=marked price
Question - Rahul provides a 10% discount on cricket

Trick 5: If the price of an item increases by r% , then the
bats and a 5% discount on the reduced price to
reduction in consumption so that expenditure remains the
consumers who pay cash. For a cricket bat worth Rs.
same is
200, how much does a customer have to pay in cash?
Answer - Price of the cricket bat = Rs. 200
or
After Discount of 10% Marked price would be Rs. 180
Since he is purchasing the bat by cash, a discount of 5% is If the price of a commodity decreases by r% then increase
applicable again on the reduced marked price. Thus, the in consumption , so as not to decrease expenditure on this
final selling price of the cricket bat would be Rs. 171. item is
Way to solve this type of questions

31
Just apply the following two formulas Question 1. Man bought 10 cycles for Rs.500 each. He
sold four cycles for Rs. 400, three for Rs. 600. At what
price should he sell remaining cycles so as to earn an
Case I. average profit of Rs. 300 per cycle approximately?
Question 2. A trader allows a discount of 12% in order
Case II. to maintain the price line. He still makes a profit of 32%
on the cost price. Calculate the profit percent he would
Trick 6: A dishonest dealer claims to sell his goods at cost have made on the selling price if he sold on the marked
price ,but he uses a weight of lesser weight .Find his gain%. price.
Way to solve this type of questions
Question 3. If bags bought at prices ranging from Rs.
Apply the following formula directly 200 to Rs. 350 are sold at prices ranging from Rs. 300 to
Rs. 425, what is the greatest possible profit that might
be made in selling eight bags ?
Question 4. Rohit sells a Shirt for Rs.800 and loses

something, if he had sold it for Rs.980, his gain would
Trick 7: These questions will not be there for exams like have been double the former loss. Find the cost price of
AMCAT and Cocubes etc but for eLitmus. the shirt ?
A shopkeeper sells an item at a profit of x % and uses a Question 5. Daniel purchases an old bike for Rs. 4700.
weight which is y % less .find his total profit He spends Rs. 800 on its maintenance and sells it back
for Rs. 5800. Calculate his profit percent.
When a dealer sells goods at loss on cost price but uses less
weight .
A dishonest dealer sells goods at x % loss on cost price but

uses a gms instead of b gms to measure as standard, his
profit or loss percent :-
Note :- profit or loss will be decided according to sign .if

+ive it is profit ,if –ve it is loss .
Exercise
32
Formula I : If the speed of a boat in still water is u

Chapter 6- Boats and km/hr and the speed of the stream is v km/hr, then
streams Speed downstream = (u + v) km/hr
Formula II : If the speed downstream is a km/hr and

Introduction: the speed upstream is b km/hr, then
One of the most popular subjects in the quantitative portion

of all career entrance exams is boats and streams. Many Speed in still water:
career tests, such as those offered by TCS and Infosys,
include it in the Aptitude column. This is a very Formula III: Let's Assume that a man can row at the
straightforward subject that requires the use of Formulas in speed of x km/hr in still water and he rows the same
a specific way to answer the query. distance up and down in a stream which flows at a rate
of y km/hr. Then his average speed throughout the
What is downstream: It refers to the direction of water journey is :
flow in relation to an object; where an object or body flows
downstream of a stream, it is referred to as Downstream.
What is Upstream : It also refers to the direction of water

flow in reference to the object; as the object or body flows
in the opposite direction, the stream is referred to as
upstream. The time, direction, and distance principles are
used in the boats and streams issues. In the event of certain
issues, though, a few changes must be made.
Formula IV: Let the speed of a man in still water be x
km/hr and the speed of a stream be y km/hr. If he takes
t hours more in upstream than to go downstream for
the same distance, the distance travelled is
Formula V: A man rows a certain distance downstream

in t1 hours and returns the same distance upstream in t2
hours. If the speed of the stream is y km/hr, then the
Important Tips
speed of the man in still water
● In water, the direction along the stream is

called Downstream
● The direction against the stream is called
Upstream.
● The boats and streams problems are based on Formula VI: A man can row a boat in still water at x
the concepts of time, speed, and distance. km/hr in a stream flowing at y km/hr. If it takes him t
However, a few adjustments need to be made hours to row a place and come back, then the distance
in case of such problems. There are some between the two places is
variations of these problems .
6.1 Basic Formulas for Upstream and Downstream

6.2 How To solve Boats and Streams Questions:
33
Formula I : If the speed of a boat in still water is u Answer: Speed upstream = (23-3) = 20 km/hr
km/hr and the speed of the stream is v km/hr, then Time taken to travel 70 km upstream = 70/20 = 3.5 hours
Speed downstream = (u + v) km/hr

Question. The speed of a boat in still water is 4.5 kmph,
Question: A boat can travel with a speed of 18 km/hr in and the rate of the river flow is 3 kmph. Calculate the
still water. If the speed of the stream is 7 km/hr, find the total time taken by Agatha to cover a distance of 75 km
time taken by the boat to go 75 km downstream. to and fro in the same river?
Answer: Speed downstream = (18+7) = 25 km/hr Sol: Speed of the boat upstream= 4.5-3= 1.5 kmph
Time taken to travel 75 km downstream = 75/25 = 3 hours Speed of the boat downstream= 4.5+3= 7.5 kmph
Therefore total time taken=(7.5/ 1.5 + 75/1.5) = 40 hrs
Speed upstream = (u – v) km/hr.
Question: A man can row with a speed of 23 km/hr in Question. A boat takes 20 hours to travel downstream
still water. If the speed of the stream is 3 km/hr, find the from point P to Point Q. and coming back to a point R
time taken by the man to go 70 km upstream midway between P and Q. If the velocity of the stream is
Answer: Speed upstream = (23-3) = 20 km/hr 5 kmph, and speed of the boat in still water is 13 kmph,
Time taken to travel 70 km upstream = 70/20 = 3.5 hours then what is the distance between P and Q?
Sol: Velocity of boat= 13 kmph
More Question Velocity of stream= 5 kmph
Question. Calculate the speed of a motorboat in still Time= 20 hours
water if current of the river flows at 4 kmph, and the Velocity of boat downstream= Velocity of boat+ Velocity
boat takes 40 mins. To cover 10 km upstream and back of stream
again at the starting point. = 13+5= 18 kmph
Sol: Let the speed of the boat be ‘a’ (in still water) Velocity of boat upstream= Velocity of boat- Velocity of
Therefore speed downstream= a+2 stream
And speed upstream= a-2 = 13-5= 8 kmph

Time taken to cover 10 km back and forth= [10/(a+2) + The distance between P and Q be S
10/(a-2)] = 40/60 S/8+0.5S/13= 20
= (13S+4S)/104= 20
= 17S= 2080
Or (a-10)(a+6)= 0
Therefore S= 2080/17= 122.4 kmph
Since a cannot be negative therefore a = 10 kmph
Question. Calculate the distance covered by a boat

Question. .Sam rows a boat at a speed of 6 kmph in still
downstream in 24 minutes if the speed of the boat in
water. If the speed of the stream is 2 kmph, how much
still water is 30 kmph and the speed of the current is 6
time will Sam take to cover 34 km downstream?
kmph?
Sol: Speed of the boat with the stream= 6+2= 8 kmph
Sol: Speed of the boat downstream= 30+6= 36 kmph
Therefore time taken by Sam to Cover 36 km= 36/8= 4.5
Therefore distance covered by the boat= 36* 24/60 = 14.4
hours
km
Question. A man can row with a speed of 23 km/hr in

Question. Calculate the speed of the boat in still water if
still water. If the speed of the stream is 3 km/hr, find the
it takes 2 hours to cover a certain distance downstream
time taken by the man to go 70 km upstream
34
and takes 3 hours to return back to the starting point. So let Sam’s speed upstream be ‘a’ then his speed
And the speed of the stream is 6 kmph downstream= 2a
Sol: Let the speed of the boat in stable water be a Therefore (2a+a)= 10 or a= 6.66 kmph
Then speed of the boat downstream= a+6 Hence his speed upstream= 6.66 kmph and
Speed of the boat upstream= a-6 His speed downstream= 6.66*2= 13.33 kmph
Therefore (a+6)*2= (a-6)* 3 or a= 30 kmph Therefore the rate of the current=
Formula II : If the speed downstream is a km/hr and

the speed upstream is b km/hr, then
Question: Tom takes 2 hours to sail a boat for 4 km
Speed in still water: against the stream and can cover 2 km distance in 20
minutes if he rows the boat along with the current of the
river. Calculate the time taken to cover 10 km in
Rate of stream =
stagnant water?
Sol: Speed Downstream= 2/20 * 60 = 6 kmph
Question: In one hour, a rower goes 12 km/hr along the
Speed Upstream= 2*4= 8 kmph
stream and 6 km/hr against the stream. The speed of
Speed in stable water= 1/2 * (6+8)= 7 kmph
the rower in still water (in km/hr) is:
Hence time taken to cover 10 km= 10/7 = 1 3/7 hrs
Answer: Speed in still water = Question: Sam takes 12.5 minutes to cover 900 meters
= 9 kmph distance rowing the boat against the stream of the river
and takes 7.5 minutes to row the same boat
downstream. Calculate Sam’s speed of rowing the boat
Rate of stream: in still water?
Sol: Let the speed of the boat in still water be
Question: A man can row at a speed of 15 kmph in still
Sam takes 12.5 minutes 750 seconds to cover 900 m
water and he rows the same distance up and down in a
upstream
stream. A flow of the stream is 5 kmph. If the total
Therefore speed upstream= 900/750 = 1.2 mps
distance is 160 km, find the total time taken by the man
As the time taken downstream 7.5 min or 450 sec
to cover the distance
Therefore speed downstream = 900/450= 2 mps
Therefore speed in stable water= 1/2 * (1.2+2)= 1.6 mps
Answer: Avg speed = Or 1.6* (3600/1000) = 1.6 * 18/5= 5.76 kmph
= 40/3
Time taken = 160/(40/3) = 12 hours Question: Sam takes triple time to row a boat against
the stream of the river than the time he takes to row
More Examples: with the stream to cover the same distance. What will
Question: Sam’s Rowing speed is 10 kmph, but he takes be the ratio between the speed of the boat in still water
double time in rowing the boat upstream in comparison to that of the flow?
to downstream. Calculate the rate of the stream? Sol: Let Sam’s speed upstream be a kmph
Sol: Since it is mentioned that his speed downstream is Speed downstream= 3a kmph
twice that of the upstream.
35
Therefore the speed of the boat in still water: Speed of river

stream
= (3a+a)/2:(3a-a)/2
Answer: Avg speed =
= 4a/2: 2a/2 Or 2: 1
= 40/3
Time taken = 160/(40/3) = 12 hours
Question: Tom rows for 7 hours to cover a distance of
24 km of the lake. Later he analyses that he takes the
Formula IV: Let the speed of a man in still water be x
same time to cover 8 km distance with the stream and 6 km/hr and the speed of a stream be y km/hr. If he takes
km distance against the stream. Calculate the rate of the t hours more in upstream than to go downstream for
the same distance, the distance travelled is
stream?
Sol: Let time taken to cover 8 km be a
Then speed downstream= 8/a
And speed upstream= 6/a kmph
Therefore 24/ (8/a) + 24/(6/a) = 7
Question: Speed of a man in still water is 20 km/hr and
Or a= 1 kmph
the speed of stream is 5 km/hr. He takes 2 hours more
Therefore speed downstream= 8/7 and speed upstream= 6/7
in upstream than to go downstream. Find the total
Hence rate of stream= 1/2 (8/7 - 6/7) = 1/7
distance travelled
Answer:
Question: Joe takes 4 hours to row a boat downstream
to cover a distance of 32 km, whereas it takes him 8
hours to cover the same distance upstream. What will
be the speed of the boat in stagnant water?
Sol: Speed of the boat downstream= 32/4 = 8 kmph
= =75 km
Speed of the boat upstream= 32/8 = 4 kmph
Therefore speed in still water= 1/2 * (8+4)= 6 kmph
Formula V: A man rows a certain distance downstream
in t1 hours and returns the same distance upstream in t2
hours. If the speed of the stream is y km/hr, then the
Formula III: Let's Assume that a man can row at the speed of the man in still water
speed of x km/hr in still water and he rows the same
distance up and down in a stream which flows at a rate
of y km/hr. Then his average speed throughout the
journey is :
Question: A man rows a distance downstream in 2.5

hours and returns the same distance in 5.5 hours. If the
speed of the stream is 6 km/hr, find the speed of the
man in still water
Answer: Speed of man in still water =
Question: A man can row at a speed of 15 kmph in still

water and he rows the same distance up and down in a
stream. A flow of the stream is 5 kmph. If the total =16 km/hr
distance is 160 km, find the total time taken by the man
Formula VI: A man can row a boat in still water at x
to cover the distance
km/hr in a stream flowing at y km/hr. If it takes him t
36
hours to row a place and come back, then the distance Question 4. A man goes down stream with a boat to
between the two places is some destination and returns upstream to his original
place in 5 hours. If the speed of the boat in still water
and the stream are 10km/hr and 4km/hr respectively,
the distance of the destination from the string place is
Question 5. A boat takes 19 hours for travelling

Question: A man can row in still water at 18 km/hr in a downstream from point A to point B and coming back
stream flowing at 8 km/hr. If it takes him 9 hours to to a point C which is at midway between A and B. If the
velocity of the stream is 4 kmph and the speed of the
row to a place and come back, find the distance between
boat in still water is 14 kmph, what is the distance
two places between A and B ?
Answer: Distance between two places
= =65 km
6.3 Tips and Tricks:
Type 1: Tips and Tricks for Finding Speed of Boat

Speed of the boat in still water = 1/2 (Downstream speed +
Upstream speed)
Downstream speed = Speed of boat in still water + Speed

of stream
Upstream speed = Speed of boat in still water – Speed of

stream
Type 2. Tips and Tricks to Find the Speed of Stream

Speed of stream = 1/2 *(Downstream speed – upstream
speed)
Speed downstream = (u + v ) km/hr.
Speed upstream = (u – v ) km/hr.
Exercise:
Question 1. A person can swim in still water at 4 km/h.

If the speed of water is 2 km/h, how many hours will the
man take to swim back against the current for 6km?
Question 2. A boat covers a certain distance in one hour

downstream with the speed of 10 kmph in still water
and the speed of current is 4 kmph. Then find out the
distance travelled.
Question 3. A boat sails 15 km of a river towards

Chapter 7- Speed Time and
upstream in 5 hours. How long will it take to cover the
same distance downstream, if the speed of current is
Distance
one-fourth the speed of the boat in still water:
Introduction:
37
The rate at which an object travels from one location to Area covered by an object from moving one place to
another is called speed. The distance traveled divided by another in a uniform speed and time is known as Distance.
the time taken equals speed.
Formula for distance = speed x time
We can easily find the three values by using rpm, time, and
distance formulas. Or it can be written as , s × t
Question-A bus's maximum speed is 72 kmph when

there are no delays, and 63 kmph when there are stops.
How many minutes every hour does the bus come to a
complete stop?
Answer-
Due to stoppages, the train covers 72-63=9 km less.
Thus, Time taken to cover 9 km=(9/total distance in one
hour without delays)*60=(9/72)*60 min = 7.5 minutes
I. Formula for Conversion of Km/hr to m/sec

where x is in Km/hr
1 km = 1000m
7.1 Formulas of Speed, Time and Distance
1 h = 3600 s
● Distance = Speed x Time
So 1km /h =
●

● Speed:
Y m/sec =
Speed can be defined as how quickly an object moves from
one place to another.
Question- In 25 seconds, a train of 250 metres crosses a
Formula for speed = distance / time telegraph post. What is the train's speed in kmph?
Answer-
Or it can be written as, speed = d/t
The speed of the train will be distance / time
● Time: Thus Speed = 250/25 = 10m/s

But we need the answer in kmph, thus conversion formula
Time is defined as distance divided by speed.
10 * (18/5) = 36kmph
Formula for time = distance / speed

Equal Distance at two speeds
Or it can be written as, speed = d/s
● Distance:
38
An object covers equal distance at speed S1 and other 7.2 Tips and Tricks to solve Questions
equal distance at speed S2 then his average speed for
the distance is (2S1S2)/(S1 + S2) Trick 1: When Distance is constant in the given scenario
Way to solve this problem
Train Based Formula We all know that Distance = Speed x Time
● ST = Speed of Train So, if Distance is constant then this equation will be

● SO = Speed of Object
● LT = Length of Train S1 x T1 = S2 x T2
● LO = Length of Object
Now, most of you will disregard this in the exam and it will
Case 1 – never occur to you to use it. And if you already know what
I'm talking about.
When Train Crosses a Stationary Object with no
Length(e.g. Pole) in time t However, if you make it a habit to read questions carefully,
not only for pace, time, and distance, but for any subject as
well, you will be able to answer the question in a quarter of
the time.
Similarly, in a study of eight engineering students solving a

Case 2 – When Train Crosses a Stationary Object with speed-time-distance problem, only two used this formula,
Length (e.g. Train Platform) in time t and both correctly answered the question in 1/4th of the
time it took the other six.
Trick 2: Object Travelling in Opposite Direction of the

Train
Case 3- When Train Crosses a Moving Object with no
Length (e.g. Car has negligible length) in time t Way to solve this problem
Objects moving in Opposite directions If the object has negligible length then use the formula –
Objects moving in Opposite directions
Objects moving in Same directions
Objects moving in Same directions
Case 4. When Train Crosses a Moving Object with

Length (e.g. Another Train treated as an object)
If the Object has significant Length then use the formula
in time t
Objects(Trains) moving in Opposite directions Objects(Trains) moving in Opposite directions
Objects(Trains) moving in Same directions Objects(Trains) moving in Same directions
Note – In Case for Train 2 is treated as an object

39
Trick 3: Train A leaves at X am from Position 1 and Question: A vehicle running at a velocity of 180 kmph.
Reaches Position 2 at Y am, other train leaves from Position How much distance will it cover in 20 minutes?
2 at A Am and Reaches at B AM. Distance is given. When do
two Trains Cross one another. Solution:
When they meet, b would have to voyage 120km more than In 1 hour (60 mins) distance covered =180
Diff.
Distance covered in 20 mins=180/60* 20=60 kms
Is 120 thus, by l.c.m. it would be 360 and 240 So, 360 and
240 = 600. Question: Rahul drives at a speed of 45 Km/hr and
crosses the flyover in 15 minutes. Calculate the total
Question: A and B start walking towards one another at length of the flyover.
the same time at given speeds and separated by a given
distance. What is the time they cross one another at? Solution:
Trick 4: Had Object been Faster by a Km/hr then time taken Distance = Time*Speed= 11.25 km
and had it been slower then b Km/hr. What is the Distance?
Question: A man travels to a destination at a rate of
Way 2 Solve Type 4 Problem 30kmph and returns back at the rate of 10kmph. If the
whole journey took 29/5 hours. Find the distance of the
A will travel some distance d1 and B will travel d2. Sum of entire journey.
d1 and d2 will be D(given distance between the two) solved
for this equation and time will be the same for both. Solution:
● d1 = s1 x t Average speed = 2(30) (10)/ 30+10

● d2 = s2 x t
= 2x 300/ 40 = 15
Solved Questions:
We know speed = distance/ time
Question: A person travels from Chennai to Pondicherry
in a cycle at 7.5 Kmph. Another person travels the same 15= d/ 29/ 5
distance in train at a speed of 30 Kmph and reached 30
mins earlier. Find the distance. 15x29/5 = D
Solution: D= 87km
t=d/s
(d/7.5)-(d/30)=(30/60) Question: Two friends start walking together. One walks
(20d-5d)/150=1/2 at a speed of 3kmph, while the other walks at 4kmph. If
d=5. the latter arrives 30 minutes earlier than the former.
Question: A travels at 40kmph. B travels at 60kmph. Calculate the distance.
They are travelling towards each other. BY the time they
meet , B would have travelled 120 km more than A. Find Solution:
the total distance.
Solution: A movement at 40kmph and b goes at 60kmph. It Let 30 minutes be 1/ 2
will be more useful.
assume the distance travelled by friend walking at a distance
They are going towards each other and begin in the of 3 kmph be X
meantime.
40
then, distance travelled by friend walking at a distance of 4 Question: Amit and Ajay are moving from two different
kmph be (x-1/2) ends of the road. They both take 2 hrs to cross each other.
How long is the road if they move with the speed of 30
3x = 4(x-1/2) and 40 km/h respectively.
2 = 4x- 3x Solution:
x=2 Distance = speed* time
putting the value of x we get x= 6 Distance= (30+40)× 2
Question: A and B drive at the speeds of 18 Kmph and 27 = 140km

kmph respectively.If B takes 9 hours less than what A
takes for the same distance. Then distance is: Question: A train starts from A towards B with some
velocity. Due to an engine problem, after travelling 3/8 of
Solution: its journey, it slows to 3/5 of its actual velocity. The train
reaches B 1 hour later than the actual planned time. If the
Let A takes t hours then B takes t-9 hours engine had failed after travelling 80km and if it would
have slowed down to 4/5th of its initial velocity for
Because distance is same in both cases another 80km and covered the remaining distance with
1/2 of its initial velocity, the train would have reached the
So 18 * t = 27 (t-9) destination one and half hours late. What is the distance
between A and B in meters?
=>18t=27t-243
Solution:
=>t=243/9 Let the distance between A and B be X and the speed initially
be V.
=>t=27
The train travels 3X/8km with speed V and the remaining
=>18 * 27 = 486 km distance(X - 3X/8)km with speed 3/5 of V. Ultimately the
train was late by 1 hour.
Question: Two men set out on a bicycle towards each
other. After passing each other they completed their According to the above condition with the formula
journey in (5/6) hours and (8/3) hours respectively. At distance/speed = time , we can have
what rate does the second man cycle if the first cycle at 4
kmph? [(3X/8)/V]+[(X-(3X/8))/(3V/5)] = [X/V]+1
Solution: [3X/8V] + 5(8X-3X)/24V = [X/V]+1

since both the men have the same distance,
9X+25X-24X / 24V = 1
d=s*t
10X-24V = 0 ..........eqn1
let distance be d
According to the question, if the train travelled 80km with
d=5/6*4..........eq(1) speed V, another 80km with 4/5 th of V and the remaining
distance(X-160)km with speed 1/2 of V then
d=8/3*x.........eq(2)
[80/V]+[80/(4V/5)]+[(X-160)/(1V/2)] = [X/V]+3/2
equating both the equations
80/V + 100/V + (2X-360)/V = X/V + 3/2
5/6*4=8/3*x
X-180 / V = 3/2
x=1.28
2X-3V = 360 .........eqn2
41
solving eqn1 and eqn2 => (18+x)^2 = 1.777x^2
we have, X=480 and V=200 On solving the quadratic equation x=54 m

Distance between them is 2x+18= 2*54+18 = 126 m.
Thus the distance between A and B is 480km and the speed
of the train is 200km/hour.
Hence 480km = 480000meters is the answer.
Question: Joe started from Mumbai towards Pune and

her friend julie in the opposite direction.they met at a
point .Distance travelled by joe was 1.8 miles more than
that of julie.after spending some both started there way.
joe reaches in 2 hours while julie in 3.5 hours. Assuming
both were travelling with constant speed.What is the
distance between the two cities.
Solution:
The distance between 2 cities is 6.6 miles.Consider Both
meet after X Hrs after they started .Consider Y Miles is the
distance travelled by Julie in X Hrs=> Distance covered by
Joe in X Hrs = Y + 1.8 Miles.
Hence Julie speed is Y/X Miles/Hr And Joe speed is (Y +
1.8 ) /X Miles/Hr
Distance travelled by Joe (Bombay - Pune) in 2 Hrs =

Distance travelled
by Joe (Pune - Bombay) in Chapter 8: Ratio and

3.5 Hrs( (Y + 1.8 ) /X) * 2 = (Y/X) * 3.52Y + 3.6 = 3.5Y 1.5 Proportion
Y =3.6Y=
2.4Hence Distance between Pune -Bombay = Y + (Y +1.8) =

2Y + 1.8 =
(2*2.4) +1.8 = 4.8 + 1.8 = 6.6 Miles
Question: A & B two places. C & D are two people. C

started from A and D started from B. When they met
each other in the way C traveled 18 m more than D. Then
C took 13 and half a minute and D took 24 minutes to
reach the other end. What was the distance between A &
B?
Solution:
let d travelled x km, then c travelled 18+x km. then c takes Ratio:
13.5 min to travel x distance and d takes 24 min to travel
18+x so their speeds are x/13.5 & (x+18)/24 The fraction that one quantity is of the other is the ratio of
Initially time taken by c & d to travel distances 18+x and x two quantities in the same units. It's a relationship formed by
are the same. the division of two numbers of the same kind. As a result, the
ratio of 2 to 3 is 2/3, or 2:3. The antecedent and consequent
t=d/s => (18+x)/(x/13.5) = x/((x+18)/24) terms of a ratio are the first and second terms, respectively.
It's also worth noting that 10: 15 equals 10/15, and 2/3 equals
42
2: 3. As a result, multiplying each word of a ratio by the same We say that (x: y) > (z: a), then (x/y) > (z /a)
number has no bearing on the ratio.
● Compounded ratio
Or in other words
When compared to executing their difference, the The compounded ratio of the ratios (x: y), (z: a), (b : c) is
comparison by division process makes sense in certain ways. (xzb: yac)
As a result, the ratio between two numbers is defined as the
contrast of two quantities using the division method. Only 8.1 Formulas & Properties of Ratio
when the two numbers in a ratio have the same unit can they
be compared. Ratios are used to compare two concepts. A ● The ratio of two people a and b is denoted as a : b.
ratio is denoted by the symbol ‘:'. ● a : b = ma : mb, where m is a constant.
● x : y : z = X : Y : Z is equivalent to x/X=y/Y=z/Z
Proportion: ● If x/y = z/a then, x+y/x-y = z+a/z-a
Proportion is defined as the equality of two ratios. It's used to
calculate the proportion of one class to the total. To put it
Formulae Property of Proportion
another way, the proportion is a component that defines the
relative relationship between the overall part and the ● x/y=z/a , this means x : y ::z:a
proportion.
Ratio and Proportion Questions are widely classified in 4
As a result, since 2: 3 equals 4: 6, we can write 2: 3 :: 4: 6
categories:
and conclude that 2, 3, 4, and 6 are proportional. As a result,
the numbers 2, 3, 4, and 6 are referred to as 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and
4th proportional, respectively. The extreme terms are the first ● Type 1: Ratio and Proportions Tricks- Compound
and fourth proportional terms, and the mean terms are the Ratio Based On Individual Ratios
second and third proportional terms. ● Type 2: Tricks and Shortcuts- Distributing Any
Quantity Based On Ratios
The product of the means and the product of the ● Type 3: Ratio and Proportions Tips and Tricks-
extrapolation are equal. Coins Based Ratio Problems
● Type 4: Tips and Tricks- Mixtures & Addition
Or in other words Based Ratio Problems
Proportions and ratios are said to be two sides of the same

coin. When the values of two ratios are equal, they are said to
be in proportion. To put it another way, it contrasts two 8.2How to solve Ratio and Proportion Question:
ratios. The symbol ‘::' or ‘=' is used to represent
proportions. Type 1: Ratio and Proportions Tricks- Compound Ratio
Based On Individual Ratios
Few Important Points:
● Fourth proportional Question: Between the two bus stops, the ratio of AC and
second-class non AC fares is 12:5, and the number of
If x : y = z: a, then a is called the fourth proportional to x, y, passengers travelling by first AC and non AC is 1:20.
z.
What is the amount received from AC passengers if the
● Third proportional fare is Rs. 1120?
Answer:
If x: y = y: z, then z is called the third proportional to x and y.
Ratio of the amounts collected from AC and non AC class =
● Mean proportional (12 × 1): (5 × 20) = 12 : 100.
Amount collected from AC class passengers =
Mean proportional between x and y is (12/112)*1120 = 120
● Comparison of ratios
43
Question: Seats left in two classes for new admissions are Therefore, c: d: e = 48: 56: 49
in the ratio 4:6. There is a thought to increase the seats by
20% and 50% respectively. Find out the ratio of Question: The present ages of three brothers are in the
increased seats? proportion 12:14 :17. The difference between the ages of
Sol: Let the number of seats left in the classes be 4y and 6y elder and the eldest is 6 years. What will be the
Increased seats = (120/100* 4y) (150/100*6y) proportion of their ages after 4 years?
= 48y/10 , 9y Sol: 14 - 17 = 3 parts = 6 years
= 48:90 = 1 part is 2 year
The ratio will be 16: 30, 24, 28, 34 = present
= 8: 15 28,32,38 = After 4 years
Question: What is the third proportional to 6 and 9? 14:16:19
Sol: Let the third proportion to 6 and 9 be z
6:9 = 9: z Question: What is the sum (in Rs) Which when divided
z = 9*9/6= 13.5 among A,B,C,D in the proportion 2:3:5:8 provides Rs 8420
less to D than what it provides to him when the proportion is
Question: If 74 is divided into three parts proportional to
6, 3, 2. Then calculate the smallest part.
Sol: Given ratio = 6:3:2, sum of the ratio = 11 Sol: Case I - A:B:C:D = 2:3:5:8--(i)
Then the smallest part will be = 74* 2/11= 13.5
Case II - A:B:C:D =
Question: If the amount of rs.780 is divided into three
= 60:40:24:15 --(ii)
subsequent parts, which are proportional to 2/3 : 4/5 : 5/6,
=> difference of proportion of D is
then calculate the first part.
Sol: Given the ratio = 2/3 : 4/5 : 5/6
Taking the L.C.M we get 20+ 24+ 25
30
Calculating the ratio of first part 780* 20/69 = 226
Question: Calculate the 4th proportion in 3, 39 and 78

Sol: Using the formula, if x : y and z : a, then it can be solved
as (x*z)/(y*a)
=> x = 25020
Here, 3:39 : : 78:x
So, x = 39*78/ 3 = 1014
Type 2: Tricks and Shortcuts- Distributing Any Quantity
Based On Ratios
Question: if c: d = 6:7 and d: e = 8:7. What will be c: d: e?
Question: Naveen, Kenny, and Tanay each invested Rs.
Sol: d is common in both the ratio,
12000, Rs. 15000, and Rs. 18000 in their respective
So, the value of d = 7 and 8, as they are not the same.
businesses. After a period of eight months since the
Multiplying 6:7 up and down by 8
company's inception. Additional funds were invested by
6*8/7*8= 48/56 = c/d
Kenny and Tanay in a 3:5 ratio, respectively. What was
Similarly multiplying 8:7 up and down by 7
the additional sum invested by Kenny after 8 months if
8*7/7*7 = 56/49 = d/e
Value of d is 56
44
the share ratio of Naveen and Kenny was 3: 4 at the end proportion of 6:3:3:2. If Chetan gets 1000 more than
of the year? Dinesh, what is Bharat’s share?
Answer: Sol: Let the shares be = 6x : 3x : 3x : 2x respectively
For easy understanding lets take - > Naveen as P, Kenny as Q
and Tanay as R Then 3x- 2x = 1000
Let the ratio additional amount of Q and R be 3x and 5x, x = 1000
The ratio of profit of P: Q: R =[12000*12]: [15000*8 + Therefore, Bharat’s share = 3x
(15000 + 3x) *4]: [18000*8 +(18000 + 5x) *4] = 3 * 1000 = 3000
= 144000: (120000 + 60000 +12x): (144000+ 72000 + 20x)
The ratio of share of P and Q = 3:4 Question: Wages of Ronit and Sahil are in the ratio 4: 6.
144000/(180000+ 12x) -(3/4) If the wages are increased by Rs. 8000 the new ratio
192000 = 180000 + 12x becomes 40:50. What is Sahil's wages?
12000=12x Sol: Let the original salaries of Ronit and Sahil be Rs. 4x and
X = 1000 Rs. 6x respectively
Q's additional investment after 8 months = 3x Then,4x+8000/6x+8000=40/50
- Rs. 3000 ⇒50(4x + 8000) = 40(6x + 8000)
⇒40x =80,000
Question: Ritesh and Jitesh together have Rs. 1500. If
⇒x= 2000
6/10 is Ritesh’s amount is equal to 2/5 of Jitesh’s amount.
Sumit's present salary = (6x + 8000) = Rs. (12000 + 8000) =
How much amount does Jitesh have?
Rs. 20,000
Sol: Question: Rubbers, Rulers and colour pens in a shop are

in the ratio of 6: 4: 2. If there are 150 rubbers, the
number of colour pens in the shop is ---
Sol: Let the rubbers be 6x, rulers be 4x and colours be 2 x
Now, 6x = 150
So, x = 150 /6 = 25
R/J = 2/3
The number of colour pens = 2*25 = 50
R: J = 2:3
Therefore, Jitesh’s share = 2/5 *1500 = 600
Question; Raju saves rs. 4488/- from his salary. He paid
rent, phone bill and water bill in the ratio 20:22:26. Find
Question: Two boxes are filled with stones 40% and 80%
the money paid for each bill?
which is more than the third box. Find the ratio of two
Sol: Let the total money paid for bill be 20x, 22x, and 26x
boxes?
20x+ 22x+ 26x = 4488
Sol: Let the third box be Z
x = 4488/68 = 66
Then, first box = 140% of z = 140z/100 = 7/5
So, 20*66= 1320, 22*66 = 1452, 26*66 = 1716
Then, second box = 180% of z = 180z/100 = 9/5
Therefore, ratios of the two boxes will be 7z/5 : 9z/5 = 35z :
Question: Salaries of Ravi and Sumit are in the ratio 2:3.
45z = 7:9
If the salary of each is increased by Rs. 4000, the new
ratio becomes 40:57. What is Sumit's salary?
Question: Total profit earned by a company was
distributed in Anil, Bharat, Chetan and Dinesh in the
45
Sol: Let the original salaries of Ravi and Sumit be Rs. 2x and Question: Geeta has 1800 rupees in the denomination of 5
Rs. 3x respectively. paisa, 25 paisa, and 75 paisa in ratio 6 : 3 : 1. Calculate
Then, how many 25 paise coins he has.
(2x+4000) / (3x+4000) = 40 / 57 Sol: Let the number of 5 paisa coins be 6x
⇒57 × (2x + 4000) = 40 × (3x+4000) Let the number of 25 paise coins be 3x
⇒6x = 68,000 Let the number of 75 paisa coins be x

Then, 5*6x/100 + 25*3x/100 + 75x/100 = 180x/100
⇒3x = 34,000
Given, 180x/100 = 1800
Sumit's present salary = (3x + 4000) = Rs.(34000 + 4000) =
Therefore, 1800*100/180 = x
Rs. 38,000
x = 1000
Hence, 25 paise coins = 3*1000 = 3000
Question: Three years ago, the ratio of ages of A and B
was 7:1. After three years from now, the ratio of their
Question: A bag contains 50 P, 25 P and 10 P coins in the
ages will be: 4:1. What is the difference between their
ratio 5: 9: 4, amounting to Rs. 206. Find the number of
ages (in years) after seven years from now?
coins of each type respectively.
Sol: Three year ago age Ratio => A:B
Sol: Let the common term be x.
7:1 (3 years ago)
Hence no. of coins be 5x ,9x , 4x respectively
After three year age Ratio A:B
Now given total amount = Rs.206
4:1
=> (.50)(5x) + (.25)(9x) + (.10)(4x) = 206
Duplicate ratio = 8:2
we get x = 40
7:1 +1
=> No. of 50p coins = 200
8:2
1 unit difference = 6 years
Age difference always same for any two members
=> difference between them is 6 units = 6*6 = 36
Question: Jo's collection contains US, Indian and British
stamps. If the ratio of US to Indian stamps is 5 to 2 and
Type 3: Ratio and Proportions Tips and Tricks- Coins Based
the ratio of Indian to British stamps is 5 to 1, what is the
Ratio Problems
ratio of US to British stamps?
Sol: Indian stamps are common to both ratios. Multiply both
Question: A box contains 25 paise and 50 paise coins in
ratios by factors such that the Indian stamps are represented
the ratio of 4: 6 amounting to Rs. 320 Find the number of
by the same number.
coins of each type respectively.
US : Indian = 5 : 2, and Indian : British = 5 : 1. Multiply the
Sol: Let the number of coins be 4x and 6x.
first by 5, and the second by 2. Now US : Indian = 25 : 10,
Total amount given = Rs.320
and Indian : British = 10 : 2 Hence the two ratios can be
=> (.25)(4x) + (.50)(6x) = 320
combined and US : British = 25 : 2
Hence we get x = 1x + 3x = 320
x = 80
= 25 paise coins = 320 Question: The savings of an employee equals income-
= 50 paisa coins = 480 expenditure. If the income of A, B, C is in the ratio 1:2:3,

expenses 3:2:1. What is the order of employees A, B. C in
the increasing order of the size of their savings?
Sol: income ratio should be=1:2:3
expense ratio should be=3:2:1
46
savings of a=1/6-(1/6*3/6)=1/12 Question: In a bucket of 30 litres, the ratio of Orange

savings of b=2/6-(2/6*2/6)=2/9 juice and its pulp is 4:2, if the ratio is to be 2:4, then the
savings of c=3/6-(3/6*1/6)=5/12 quantity of pulp to be further added will be ---
so,savings ratio=1/12:2/9:5/12=3/36:8/36:15/36 Sol: Quantity of juice = (30 *4/6) liters = 20 litres
so,answer is c>b>a Quantity of water = (30- 20) = 10 litres
Another ratio = 2:4
Question: There are 25p, 10p, and 5p coins in a sack in Let the quantity of pulp to be added further be x times
the ratio of 3: 2: 1. How many 25 p coins are there in total Then, juice: pulp (20/10+x)
if there are Rs. 50? Now, (20/10+x) = 2/4
Sol: Let the number of 25 p, 10 p and 5 p coins be 3x, 2x, x 80 = 20 + 2x
respectively. x = 60/2 = 30
Question: In what ratio should water be mixed with soda

Acc to the problem,
costing Rs 24 per litre, so as to make a profit of 25% by
selling the diluted liquid at Rs 27. 50 per litre?
Sol: S.P = 27.50
x=50 P = 25 %
Number of 25p coins = S.P = C.P x 125/100
27.50 = C.P x 125/100
C.P = Rs 11
Question: A jug is filled with a mixture of three parts W : S = 11:1
water and five parts syrup. To achieve a 1:1 syrup-to-
water ratio, how much of the mixture must be drained Question: A container contains a mixture of two liquids P
and replaced with water? and Q in the ratio 7 : 5. When 9 litres of mixture are
Answer: drawn off and the container is filled with Q, the ratio of P
Ratio of syrup and water 5:3 and Q becomes 7 : 9. How many litres of liquid P was
Let syrup = 5x contained in the container initially?
Water 3x and total mixture -> 8x Sol: Suppose the can initially contains 7x and 5x of mixtures
Let 8y units of mixture is drawn off it means in 8y units of A and B respectively.
mixture 5y units will be syrup and 3 y units will be water Quantity of A in mixture left =7x - 7/12 x 9 litres = 7x - 21/4
(Because ratio of syrup and water is 5 : 3) litres.
New quantity of syrup = 5x - 5y Quantity of B in mixture left = 5x - 5/12 x 9 litres = 5x - 15/4
New quantity of water = 3x - 3y + 8y = 3x + 5y (8y units of litres.
water is added) => 7x - 21/4 / 5x - 15/4 = 7/9
They are equal to each other. => 252x - 189 = 140x + 147
-> 5x - 5y - 3x + 5y => x = 3.
2x - 10 i.e 7x = 7 x 3
y/x 2/10-1/5 So, the can contained 21 litres of A.
> Ky/8x - 1/S
So, 1/5th of the mixture must be taken out and replaced with Question: There are two kinds of alloys of tin and copper.
water The first alloy contains tin and copper such that 93.33%
of it is tin. In the second alloy there is 86.66% tin. What
47
weight of the first alloy should be mixed with some weight Question: In what ratio should two varieties of tea be
of the second alloy so as to make a 50 kg mass containing priced at Rs. 240 and Rs 280 respectively. Be mixed so
90% of tin? that the cost of the combination is Rs 254per kg?
Sol: Consider x and y, Sol: 280-254 = 26
x - Weight of the first alloy 254-240 = 14
y - Weight of the second alloy Ratio of mixture = 26:14 = 13:7
Here,
x + y = 50 Question: A mixture contains alcohol and water in the
Framing an equation, ratio 4 : 3. If 5 liters of water is added to the mixture, the
14x / 15 + 13y / 15 = 90 / 100 * 50 ratio becomes 4: 5. Find the quantity of alcohol in the
14x + 13y = 675 given mixture.
Solving, Sol: Let the quantity of alcohol and water be 4x litres and 3x
x + y =50 litres respectively
14x + 13y = 675 4x/(3x+5) = 4/5
Solving for x, 20x = 4(3x+5)
We get, 8x = 20
x = 25 kg x = 2.5
Hence, 25 kg of the first alloy should be mixed with some Quantity of alcohol = (4 x 2.5) litres== 10 litres.
weight of the second alloy so as to make a 50 kg mass Question: The volumes of three containers are in the ratio
containing 90% of tin. 2:3:4. They are full of mixtures of milk and water in the
ratios 3:1 , 3:2 , 4:3 respectively. When the contents of all
Question: A container has a capacity of 20 gallons and is these three containers are poured into a fourth container,
full of spirit. 4 gallons of spirit is drawn out and the the ratio of milk and water in the fourth container is
container is again filled with water. This process is Sol: Volume Three container = 2:3:4
repeated 5 times. Find out how much spirit is left in the milk and water ratio
resulting mixture finally? A= 3:1
Sol: The amount of spirit left = 20 × 4/5 × 4/5 × 4/5 × 4/5 × B= 3:2
4/5 = 4096/625 = 6 (346/625). C= 4:3
So consider volume as common multiply ratios then
Question: A jar was filled with 80 litres of buttermilk, the A:B:C=2:3:4
ratio of the curd and water was 6:4. If the ratio is to be 1400:21000:2800
4:6, then calculate the quantity of water added in the A volume 1400
end? m= 1050
Sol: Quantity of curd = 80*6/10 = 48 w= 350
Quantity of water = (80-48) = 32 B volume 2100
New ratio = 4:6 m= 1260
Let the quantity of water be, w= 840
Curd: water = (80/ 32- x) = 4/6 C volume = 1600
480 = 128+4x m=1600
4x= 352, x = 352/4 = 88 w=1200
Total milk : water = 3910 : 2390
= 391:239 ( co primes)
48
8.3 Tips and Tricks to solve Ratio and Proportion: Increased seats = (120/100* 4y) (150/100*6y)
= 48y/10 , 9y
With a few basic tips and tricks, you can easily solve
= 48:90
problems involving ratio and proportion. Here are some easy
tips and tricks on Ratio. The ratio will be 16: 30,
= 8: 15
1. If x : y and z : a, then it can be solved as
(x*z)/(y*a).
2. If x/y=z/a=b/c, then each of these ratios is equal to Question: What is the third proportional to 6 and 9?
(x+z+e) ⁄(y+a+f) Sol: Let the third proportion to 6 and 9 be z
3. If x/y=z/a, then y/x=a/z (Invertenao)
6:9 = 9: z
4. If x/y=z/a, then x/z=y/a (Alterenao)
5. If x/y=z/a, then (x+y)/y=(z+a)/a (Componendo) z = 9*9/6= 13.5
6. If x/y=z/a, then (x-y)/y=(z-a)/a (Dividenao)
7. If x/y=z/a, then (x+y)/(x-y)=(z+a)/(z-a) Question: If 74 is divided into three parts proportional to
(Componendo and Dividendo)
8. Four numbers x, y, z ana a are said to be in 6, 3, 2. Then calculate the smallest part.
proportion if x : y = z : a. If on the other hand, x : y Sol: Given ratio = 6:3:2, sum of the ratio = 11
= y : z = z : a, then the four numbers are said to be Then the smallest part will be = 74* 2/11 = 13.5
in continued proportion.
Question: If the amount of rs.780 is divided into three
9. Let us consider the ratios, x : y = y : z. Here y is
called the mean proportional and is equal to the subsequent parts, which are proportional to 2/3 : 4/5 : 5/6,
square root of the product of x and z i.e. y2 = x then calculate the first part.
*z ⇒y = √xz Sol: Given the ratio = 2/3 : 4/5 : 5/6
10. If the three ratios, x : y, y : z, z : a is known, we can Taking the L.C.M we get 20+ 24+ 25
find x : a by the multiplying these three ratios x/a = 30
x/y * y/z * z/a
11. If x, y, z, and a are four terms and the ratios x : y, y Calculating the ratio of first part 780* 20/69 = 226
: z, z : a are known, then one can find the ratio x : y
: z : a. Question: Calculate the 4th proportion in 3, 39 and 78
Sol: Using the formula, if x : y and z : a, then it can be solved
Solved Examples:
as (x*z)/(y*a)
Question: Between the two bus stops, the ratio of AC and Here, 3:39 : : 78:x
second-class non AC fares is 12:5, and the number of So, x = 39*78/ 3 = 1014
passengers travelling by first AC and non AC is 1:20.
What is the amount received from AC passengers if the Question: If c: d = 6:7 and d: e = 8:7. What will be c: d:
fare is Rs. 1120? e?
Answer: Sol: d is common in both the ratio,
Ratio of the amounts collected from AC and non AC class = So, the value of d = 7 and 8, as they are not the same.
(12 × 1): (5 × 20) = 12 : 100. Multiplying 6:7 up and down by 8
Amount collected from AC class passengers = 6*8/7*8= 48/56 = c/d
(12/112)*1120 = 120 Similarly multiplying 8:7 up and down by 7
8*7/7*7 = 56/49 = d/e
Question: Seats left in two classes for new admissions are Value of d is 56
in the ratio 4:6. There is a thought to increase the seats by Therefore, c: d: e = 48: 56: 49
20% and 50% respectively. Find out the ratio of Question: The present ages of three brothers are in the
increased seats? proportion 12:14 :17. The difference between the ages of
Sol: Let the number of seats left in the classes be 4y and 6y
49
elder and the eldest is 6 years. What will be the The ratio of profit of P: Q: R =[12000*12]: [15000*8 +
proportion of their ages after 4 years? (15000 + 3x) *4]: [18000*8 +(18000 + 5x) *4]
Sol: 14 - 17 = 3 parts = 6 years = 144000: (120000 + 60000 +12x): (144000+ 72000 + 20x)
= 1 part is 2 year The ratio of share of P and Q = 3:4
24, 28, 34 = present 144000/(180000+ 12x) -(3/4)
28,32,38 = After 4 years 192000 = 180000 + 12x
14:16:19 12000=12x
X = 1000
Question: What is the sum (in Rs) Which when divided Q's additional investment after 8 months = 3x
among A,B,C,D in the proportion 2:3:5:8 provides Rs - Rs. 3000
8420 less to D than what it provides to him when the Exercise:
1.Ritesh and Jitesh together have Rs. 1500. If 6/10 is
Ritesh’s amount is equal to 2/5 of Jitesh’s amount. How
proportion is
much amount does Jitesh have?
Sol: Case I - A:B:C:D = 2:3:5:8--(i)
2. Two boxes are filled with stones 40% and 80% which is
more than the third box. Find the ratio of two boxes?
Case II - A:B:C:D =
= 60:40:24:15 --(ii) 3. Total profit earned by a company was distributed in
=> difference of proportion of D is Anil, Bharat, Chetan and Dinesh in the proportion of
6:3:3:2. If Chetan gets 1000 more than Dinesh, what is
Bharat’s share?
(i)-(ii)=>
4. Wages of Ronit and Sahil are in the ratio 4: 6. If the

wages are increased by Rs. 8000 the new ratio becomes
=>
40:50. What is Sahil's wages?
=> 5. Rubbers, Rulers and colour pens in a shop are in the
=> ratio of 6: 4: 2. If there are 150 rubbers, the number of
Question: Naveen, Kenny, and Tanay each invested Rs. colour pens in the shop is ---
12000, Rs. 15000, and Rs. 18000 in their respective

businesses. After a period of eight months since the 6. Raju saves rs. 4488/- from his salary. He paid rent,
company's inception. Additional funds were invested by phone bill and water bill in the ratio 20:22:26. Find the
Kenny and Tanay in a 3:5 ratio, respectively. What was money paid for each bill?
the additional sum invested by Kenny after 8 months if

the share ratio of Naveen and Kenny was 3: 4 at the end 7. Salaries of Ravi and Sumit are in the ratio 2:3. If the
of the year? salary of each is increased by Rs. 4000, the new ratio
Answer: becomes 40:57. What is Sumit's salary?
For easy understanding lets take - > Naveen as P, Kenny as Q

and Tanay as R 8. Three years ago, the ratio of ages of A and B was 7:1,
Let the ratio additional amount of Q and R be 3x and 5x, After three years from now, the ratio of their ages will be:
4:1. What is the difference between their ages (in years)
after seven years from now?
50
9. A box contains 25 paise and 50 paise coins in the ratio

● The solution of the equation ax + b = 0 is x
of 4: 6 amounting to Rs. 320 Find the number of coins of
each type respectively.
We can also say that is the root of the linear
equation ax + b = 0.
10. Geeta has 1800 rupees in the denomination of 5 paisa,
25 paisa, and 75 paisa in ratio 6 : 3 : 1. Calculate how Formulas of Linear equations in two variable
many 25 paise coins he has.
● A Linear Equation in two variables is defined as ax
+ by + c = 0
11.A bag contains 50 P, 25 P and 10 P coins in the ratio 5:
● Where a, b, and c are constants and also, both a and
9: 4, amounting to Rs. 206. Find the number of coins of b≠0
each type respectively.
Formulas for Linear equations in three variable
Chapter 9: Linear Equations ● A Linear Equation in three variables is defined as

ax + by + cz = d
● Where a, b, c, and d are constants and also, a, b and
A linear equation is an algebraic equation in which each term c≠0
has a single exponent. The equation is represented
graphically as a straight line. 9.2 How to solve Linear Equations carefully:
The standard form of a linear equation. y = m x + b. 1. Substitution Method
The variables are x, y, m, and b, and the constants are x, y, m, Step 1: Solve one of the equations either for x or y.
and b. Step 2: Substitute the solution from step 1 into the other
equation.
A linear equation is an equation where variable quantities Step 3: Now solve this equation for the second variable.
are in the first power only and whose graph is a straight
line.
Question : Solve for x and y using the Substitution
Method.
Linear Equations Definitions
y-2x=5
● A linear equation is an algebraic equation in which
3x+y=10
each term has an exponent of one and the graphing
Answer :
of the equation results in a straight line.
The above equations can be rewritten as ,
● Standard form of the linear equation is y = mx + b.
y=2x+5......(i)
Where, x is the variable and y, m, and b are the
3x+y=10.......(ii)
constants.
Substituting eq(i) in eq(ii) , we get ,
3x+(2x+5)=10
9.1 Formulas of Linear equations in one variable or,5x+5=10
or, x=1
● A Linear Equation in one variable is defined as ax Now, substituting the value of x in eq(i), we get ,
+b=0 or, y=2(1)+5
● Where, a and b are constant, a ≠ 0, and x is an or, y=7
unknown variable Therefore , x=1 and y=7
Question : Solve the linear system using the substitution

method .
y=-x+4
2y-4x=2
51
Therefore, the system is inconsistent and no solution exists.

Answer :
The above equations can be rewritten as , Question : Solve the linear system using the substitution
y=-x+4....eq(i) method .
2y-4x=2.....eq(ii)
Substituting eq(i) in eq(ii) , we get , 2x+3y=16
(-x+4)-2x=1 x+7y=19
or,-3x=-3 Answer :
or, x=1 The above equations can be rewritten as ,
Now, substituting the value of x in eq(i), we get , 2x+3y=16....eq(i)
y=-1+4 x=-7y+19.....eq(ii)
or, y=3, Therefore, x=1 and y=3 Substituting eq(ii) in eq(i) , we get ,
2(-7y+19)+3y=16
or,-14y+38+3y=16
Question : Solve the linear system using the substitution or,-11y=-22
method . or,y=2
x=36-9y Substituting the value of y in eq(ii) , we get ,
x=-7(2)+19
or,x=5
Answer :
Therefore , x=5 and y=2
The above equations can be rewritten as,
......eq(i) 2. Elimination Method
Step 1: Multiply both the equations with such numbers to

.....eq(ii)
make the coefficients of one of the two unknowns
numerically same.
Substituting eq(i) in eq(ii) , we get ,
Step 2: Subtract the second equation from the first equation.
3y+12-3y=12
Step 3: In either of the two equations, substitute the value of
or, 12=12
the unknown variable. So, by solving the equation, the value
Therefore, the system is dependent and the solution is
of the other unknown variable is obtained.
..
Question : Solve the linear system using the elimination
Question : Solve the linear system using the substitution method .
method .
7y+2x=16 -y+2x=5
-21y-6x=24 3x+y=10
Answer : Answer :
The above equations can be rewritten as, The above equations can be rewritten as ,
7y+2x=16.....eq(i) 2x-y=5....eq(i)
-7y-2x=8......eq(ii) 3x+y=10....eq(ii),
Now, in eq(i) , Multiplying eq(i) by 1 and eq (ii) by 1 and subtracting eq(ii)
2x=-7y+16 from eq(i) , we get ,
(3x-2x)+(y-y)=(10-5)
or,x=5
or, ....eq(iii)
Substituting the value of x in eq(i) , we get ,
2(5)-y=5
Substituting the value of eq(iii) in eq(i) , we get ,
or,y=5
Therefore, x=5 and y=5
or,-7y+7y-16=8
or,-2=1
52
Question : Solve the linear system using the elimination -2x-2y=4.....eq(ii)

method . Multiplying eq(i) by 2 and eq(ii) by (-3) , we get
3x+y=9 -8x-6y=-2....eq(iii)
5x+4y=22 6x+6y=-12.....eq(iv)
Now, Adding eq(i) and eq(ii) , we get ,
Answer : (-8x+6x)+(-6y+6y)=(-2-12)
The given equations are , or,-2x=-14
3x+y=9....eq(i) or,x=7
5x+4y=22....eq(ii) Substituting the value of x in eq(ii) , we get ,
Multiplying eq(i) by 4 and eq(ii) by 1 , we get -2(7)-2y=4
12x+4y=36...eq(iii) or,-14-2y=4
5x+4y=22...eq(iv) or,y=9
Now, Subtracting equation (iv) from eq(iii) , we get , Therefore , x=7 and y=9
(12x-5x)+(4y-4y)=(36-22)
or,7x=14 Question: Solve the linear system using the elimination
or,x=2 method .
Now, substituting the value of x in eq(i) , we get , 5x-2y=-3
3(2)+y=9 2x+3y=3
or,6+y=9
or,y=3 Answer :
Therefore, x=2 and y=3 The given equations are ,
5x-2y=-3...eq(i)
2x+3y=3...eq(ii)
Question : Solve the linear system using the elimination
method . Multiplying eq(i) by 3 and eq(ii) by 2 , we get ,
2y-4x=2 15x-6y=-9...eq(iii)
y=-x+4 4x+6y=6....eq(iv)
Adding eq(iii) and eq(iv) , we get ,
Answer : (15x+4x)+(-6y+6y)=(-9+6)
The above equations can be rewritten as , or,19x=-3
-4x+2y=2...eq(i)
x+y=4...eq(ii)
Or,
Now, Multiplying eq(i) by 1 and eq(ii) by 4 , we get ,
-4x+2y=2...eq(iii)
Substituting the value of x in eq(i) , we get
4x+4y=16...eq(iv)
Adding both the above equations , we get ,
(-4x+4x)+(2y+4y)=(2+16)
or, 6y=18
or, y=3
Substituting the value of y in eq(ii), we get , Therefore ,
x+3=4
or,x=1 Question : Solve the linear system using the elimination
Therefore , x=1 and y=3 method .
Question: Solve the linear system using the elimination

method .
-4x-3y=-1
-2x-2y=4
Answer :
The given equations are , Answer :
-4x-3y=-1...eq(i) The above equations can be rewritten as ,
53
-x+3y=9....eq(iv)
Subtracting eq(iv) from eq(iii) , we get ,
.....eq(i) (4x-(-x))+(3y-3y)=-6-9
or,5x=-15
or,x=-3
.....eq(ii)
Substituting the value of x in eq(ii) , we get ,
Put , then we get ,

2x-3a=12.....eq(iii) or,1+y=3
5x+7a=1.....eq(iv) or,y=2
Multiplying equation (iii) by 5 and equation (iv) by 2 , we get

10x-15a=60...eq(v) Question: Ajay bought two copies and one pencil cost Rs.
10x+14a=2..eq(vi) 35 and three copies and four pencils cost Rs. 65 from a
Subtracting eq(v) and eq(vi) , we get , stationery store.. Find the cost of copy and pencil
(10x-10x)+(-15a-14a)=(60-2) separately bought by him.
or-29a=58 Answer :
or,a=-2 Let the cost of a copy be Rs. x
and the cost of a pencil be Rs. y
or, According to the question ,

2x+y=35...eq(i)
3x+4y=65..eq(ii)
or, Multiplying eq(i) by 4 and eq(ii) by 1 , we get ,
8x+4y=140...eq(iii)
Substituting the value of y in eq(i) , we get , 3x+4y=65...eq(iv)
Subtracting eq(iv) by eq(iii) , we get ,
or,x=3 (8x-3x)+(4y-4y)=(140-65)
or,5x=75
or,x=15
Substituting the value of x in eq(i) , we get ,
Therefore, 2(15)+y=35
or,y=5
Therefore , Cost of a copy = Rs. 15
Cost of a pencil =Rs. 5
method .
3. Cross-Multiplication Method
Suppose there are two equation,
Answer :
The given above equations can be rewritten as ,
....eq(i)
Multiply Equation (1) with p2
Multiply Equation (2) with p1
.....eq(ii)
Multiplying eq(i) by 6 and eq(ii) by 3 , we get ,

4x+3y=-6...eq(iii)
54
Subtracting,
q1p2y–p1q2y=r1p2–p1r2
Which means,
or, y (q₁ p₂ – q₂p₁) = r₂p₁ – r₁p₂
where (p₁q₂ – p₂q₁) ≠ 0
Therefore, Question 1:
Solve the linear system using the cross multiplication method
.
Multiply Equation (1) with q2
Multiply Equation (2) with q1 Answer :

....eq(i)
.....eq(ii)
Here,
The coefficients of x are, i.e.
Subtracting, The coefficients of y are, i.e.
The constant terms are, i.e.
Now,
or , x(p₁q₂ – p₂q₁) = (q₁r₂ – q₂r₁)
or,
or,
Hence ,
where (p₁q₂ – p₂q₁) ≠ 0
Question : Solve the linear system using the cross
From equations (3) and (4), we get, multiplication method .
where (p₁q₂ – p₂q₁) ≠ 0
Note: Shortcut to solve this equation will be written as

55
Answer: Hence ,
Here,
Question : Solve the linear system using the cross

multiplication method .
The coefficients of y are, i.e.
Answer:
Now,
Here,
or,

or,
Hence ,
Now,
Question: Solve the linear system using the cross

or,
or,
Answer: Hence ,
Here,

The constant terms are, i.e. multiplication method .
Now,
Answer :
Here,
or,
or, The coefficients of y are, i.e.

Now,
56
or,
or,
Hence ,
Answer :
Question : Solve the linear system using the cross Here,

multiplication method . The coefficients of x are, i.e.
Answer : Now,
Here, or,

The coefficients of y are, i.e. or,
The constant terms are, i.e. Hence ,
Now,
4. Number of solutions
Suppose, there are two linear equations: a1x + b1y = c1 and

or, a2x + b2y = c2
Now,
or,
Hence ,
57
Hence , the above equations will have no solutions.
A. If. , then there will be Question: Find the number of solutions in the following
numerous solutions, and the graphs will have system of linear equations.
coincident lines.
B. If then there will be no solution,

and the graphs will have parallel lines.
Answer :
Here ,
Question : State whether the following systems will have
one , none or infinite solutions .
Therefore ,
Hence , the above equations will have multiple solutions.

Answer :
Here ,
Question 6: Find the number of solutions in the following
system of linear equations.
Therefore ,
Answer :
Hence , the above equations will have one solution. Here ,
Question: State whether the following systems will have Therefore ,

Hence , the above equations will have one solution.

Answer :
Here , Question : Find the number of solutions in the following
system of linear equations.
Therefore ,
Answer :
Hence , the above equations will have infinite solutions. The above equations can be rewritten as ,
Question: State whether the following systems will have

Here ,
Answer : Therefore ,
Here ,
Therefore ,
Hence , the above equations will have multiple solutions.
58
Question : Find the number of solutions in the following

system of linear equations. Therefore the equations have no solutions .
Question: Determine whether the following pair of

equations represents simultaneous equations or not.
Answer :
Answer :
The given equations are ,
Here ,
...eq(i)
Therefore , ...eq(ii)
Comparing the coefficients of the above two equations , we
get
Hence , the above equations will have no solution.
Therefore the above pair of equations has one solution and

Question: Find the value of x for which thus , it represents simultaneous equations.
and are inconsistent ?
Tips and Tricks to solve Linear Equation:
Answer :
The given equations are , Here, we have provided quick and easy tips and tricks for
you on Linear Equation questions which are efficient in
....eq(i)
competitive exams as well as other recruitment exams that
....eq(ii) must help to find a better place.
The above two equations will be inconsistent if ● It can be easily solved by eliminating the wrong
options. It means put the given values in the
equation and check which one is satisfying the
equation.
i.e. , ● Standard form of linear equations is y= mx+b
or, ● There are 2 types of questions asked in exams
explained below.
Therefore , the two given equations will be inconsistent if
.
Question: Solve the following pairs of equations . Exercise:

method .
Answer :
The given equations are ,
...eq(i)
...eq(ii) Question: Solve the linear system using the elimination
method .
Comparing the coefficients of the above two equations , we
get
.
59
Question: Solve the linear system using the elimination ● Where, x is the unknown variable and a, b, c are
method . the numerical coefficients.
10.1 Basic Formulae for Quadratic Equations:
● If ax2+bx+c = 0 is a quadratic equation, then the

Question: Solve the linear system using the elimination value of x is given by the following formulae
method . ● Generic Formulae:
Question: Solve the linear system using the elimination 10.2 Tips and Tricks to solve Quadratic Equation:
method .
● On solving the quadratic equations generally we
get two linear equations. Here are some quick
shortcuts and easy tips and tricks for you to solve
Quadratic Equation questions quickly, easily, and
Question: Solve the linear system using the elimination efficiently in various exams of recruitment drive
method . and competitive exams and recruitment exams.
● There are generally three ways in Quadratic
Equations.
1. Factorization
2. Completing the square method.
3. Discriminant and Quadratic Formula
Question: Solve the linear system using the elimination More Tips:
method . ● In order to find the sign of roots we use the sign
given in the equation.
Sign of Sign of Sign of

coefficien coefficien roots
t ‘x’ t ‘y’
+ + – –
Chapter 10: Quadratic
Equation + – –
– + +
A quadratic equation is one that can be written in standard
form as + bx + c = 0, where x is a variable and a, b, and +
c are constants, and an is less than 0. Because there is no term
when a = 0, the equation is linear, not quadratic. – – +
Formulas for Quadratic Equations & Definitions –
● An equation where the highest exponent of the For example: x2 + 3x – 4 = 0

variable is a square. Standard form of quadratic
equation is ax2+bx+c = 0 The factors are 4 and 1
Now will find the sign of roots. According to the table, if the
60
sign given in the equation is + and – then their sign of roots is 2. This formula is also called discriminant or D. The nature
– and +. of the roots depends on the value of D. Conditions to
determine the nature of the roots are:
Therefore, the roots of the equation are -4 and 1
3. If D < 0, then the given roots are imaginary.
● When one equation has positive roots and the other
has negative, or equations have the same sign roots, 4. If D = 0, then roots given are real and equal.
then compare the roots and find the relation
between them. 5. If D > 0, then roots are real and unequal.
● When the roots of the equation are positive and
negative, we cannot find the relation between them. 6. Also, in case of D > 0, if the equation is a perfect square
● A quadratic equation is an equation having the then the given roots are rational, or else they are irrational.
form ax2 + bx + c = 0. Where, x is the unknown
variable and a, b, c are the numerical coefficients. 2. Sum and product of the roots
● In each of these questions, two equations are given.
You have to solve these equations and find out the For any given equation the sum of the roots will always be
values and relation between x and y.
10.3 More Formulae to solve Quadratic Equations: and the product of the roots will be Thus, the
standard quadratic equation can also be written as x2 – (Α +
● Factorization Β)x + Α*Β = 0
It is a very simple method to solve quadratic equations. 3. Forming a quadratic equation

Factorization give 2 linear equations
The equation can be formed when the roots of the equation
For example: x2 + 3x – 4 = 0 are given or the product and sum of the roots are given.
Here, a = 1, b = 3 and c = -4 10.4 How to solve Quadratic Equation Questions:
Now, find two numbers whose product is – 4 and ● Factorization and completing square method:
sum is 3.
Question : Solve
So, the numbers are 4 and -1.
.
Therefore, two factors will be 4 and -1
Answer :
● Completing the Square Method The above equation can be rewritten as ,
Every Quadratic equation always has a square term. If we or,

could get two square terms of quality sign we can get linear
equations. Middle term is called as ‘b’ and splitted by Now ,
Or, (x-2)(x-2)=0
or,x=2,2
Other basic concepts to remember while solving quadratic Question :Solve .

equations are:
Answer :
1.Nature of roots The above equation can be rewritten as ,
1. Nature of roots determines whether the given roots of the

or,
equation are real, imaginary, rational or irrational. The basic
formula is b² – 4ac.
Now ,
61
a(12a-25)=0 or,
Or, a=0 and (12a-25)=0
or,a=0, Question 6 : Solve .

Question: Solve .
Answer :
Answer : The above equation can be rewritten as ,
The above equation can be rewritten as ,
or, Now ,
Now ,
or,
or, or,
or,
or,
Question : Solve
Answer : Question : Solve

Answer :
....eq(i)
In the above equations , coefficient of a=1 , therefore, ....eq(i)
In the above equations , coefficient of a=1 , therefore,

We will add , to both the sides of the
equations to complete the square.
We will add , to both the sides of the
equations to complete the square.
or,
or,
or,
or,
Therefore,
Therefore,
Or,
or,
Question : Solve .
Question :
Answer :
Solve .
Now , Answer :
or,
62
Now ,
Or,
or,
or,
or,
or,
Question : Or,
Therefore,
Solve . or,
Answer :
● Discriminant and Quadratic Formula
Now , Question 1 :
Solve for y,
or,
or, Answer :
or,
Or,
Here ,
or,
Now , Discriminant ,
We ignored a=0 since that would give us division by zero.

=12
Since , D > 0 , the equation has real roots.
Question : Solve
Substituting a,b and c in the quadratic formula , we get ,
Answer :
...eq(i)
In the above equations , coefficient of , therefore,

or,
or,
We will multiply , to both the sides of the equations.
Thus , Question 2 :
Find the roots of

And now we will add to both
sides of the equations to complete the square. Answer :
Here,
63
Since , D > 0 , the equation has real roots.

Or
Or,
Question 5 :
Or, Solve y(y+2)=-2
or,
Answer :
Question 3 :
Solve
Here,
Answer :
The above equation can be rewritten as , Now , Discriminant ,
=-4
Here,
Since , D < 0 , the equation has no real roots.
=0
Since , D = 0 , the equation has one root.
or,
or,
Question 6 :
or, Solve
or,
Answer :
The given equation is,
Question 4 :
Solve
Here,
Answer :
Here, a=1,b=-4,c=6.25
=-9 Substituting a,b and c in the quadratic formula , we get ,


64
Question 9 :
If
or,
or, , then find the value of .
Answer :
Considering ,
Question 7 :
or,
Solve
or,
Answer : or,
The given equation is,
or,
Since , a>0 , so a=3
Here, Now,
or,
=-196 or,b=-2,1
Since , D < 0 , the equation has no real roots. Since, b<0 , so , b=-2
Substituting a,b and c in the quadratic formula , we get , Therefore ,
=10
Question 10 :
Let
or,
or, . Find the sum of the possible values of b such that
f(b)=g(b).
Question 8 :
If 54 is the product of two consecutive positive multiples Answer :
of three, then, find the sum of the two positive numbers ? According to the question ,
f(b)=g(b)
Answer :
Or,
Let us consider the first number be x
and the second number be (x+3) or,
According to the question , Or, (b-4)(b+1)=0
x(x+3)=54 or,b=4 , -1
or,
Therefore ,
or, Required sum = 4 + (-1)
or,(x+9)(x-6)=0 =3
or,x=-9 , 6
Exercise:
But positive number is considered in the question , so ,
The two consecutive numbers are 6 and 9 . Question 1 :
Therefore,
Solve .
Required Sum = 6 + 9
= 15
65
Question 2 :
Solve .
Question 3 :
Solve .
Question 4 :
Solve
Question 5 :
Solve .
Question 6 :
Solve . Chapter 11: Coordinate

Question 8 : Geometry
Solve
The study of geometry using a coordinate system is
known as coordinate geometry.
Question 9 :
Or,
Solve
Coordinate geometry is a branch of geometry in which
the position of points on a plane is identified using an
ordered pair of numbers called coordinates.
It is also known as Analytical Geometry or Cartesian

Geometry. It is a method of describing the location of points
in a cartesian plane that was proposed by the French
mathematician René Descartes (1596 – 1650).
Points are positioned on the coordinate plane of coordinate
geometry. The x-axis, which runs across the plane, and the y-
axis, which runs at right angles to it, are the two scales.
Coordinate Geometry Basic Concept
● Coordinate geometry is a branch of geometry in

which the positions of points on a plane are
determined using an ordered pair of numbers called
coordinates.
● The origin is defined as the point where the x and y
axes intersect. Both x and y are zero at this point.
● The positive values on the right-hand side of the x-
axis are greater than the negative values on the left-
hand side.
66
● Centroid of a triangle with its vertices (x1,y1),

(x2,y2), (x3,y3)
C= ,
● Area of a Triangle with its vertices A(x1,y1),
B(x2,y2), C(x3,y3)
A=
● Division of a line segment by a point

If a point p(x, y) divides the join of A(x1, y1) and
B(x2, y2), in the ratio m: n, then
11.1 Formulas for Coordinate Geometry:

x= and y=
● Distance between two points A(x1, y1) and B(x2, ● The equation of a line in slope intercept form is Y=
y2) mx+ c, where m is its slope.
The equation of a line which has gradient m and
AB = which passes through the point (x1, y1) is =
● Slope of line when two points are given (x1, y1) and y – y1 = m(x – x1).
(x2, y2)
11.2 How To solve Coordinate Geometry:
m= Formula : Distance between two points

● Slope of line when linear equation is given ax + by
Question 1 :
= c => A delivery boy picked up a package from the store
located at point A (7,3) and delivered it to the location
located at point B(2,-6). Find the distance traveled by the
● Midpoint =
delivery boy .
● The coordinates of a point R(x,y) that divides a line
segment joining two points A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2)
Answer :
internally in the ratio m:n is given by
Here , (x1,y1)=(7,3)
(x2,y2)=(2,-6)
x= Therefore , required Distance =
y=
● The coordinates of a point R(x,y) that divides a line

segment joining two points A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2)
externally in the ratio m:n is given by
x=
Question 2 :
y= Find a point on the y-axis that is equidistant from the
points (2,3) and (-1,2) .
Answer :
67
We know that the x-coordinate of any point on the y-axis is 0 Squaring both sides , we get ,
Hence, we assume the point that is equidistant from the given
points to be (0,a)
Therefore , or,
or,
or,
or,
Or, k=5,-3
Squaring both sides , we get ,
Question 4 :
or,
Find the area of the circle if the endpoints of the diameter
of the circle is located at points (4,6) and (0,0 ).
Therefore , the required point is (0,4) .
Answer :
Length of the diameter is the distance between the two
endpoints (4,6) and (0,0) .
Question 3 : So , Distance
A,B and C are the points such that AB=BC whose
coordinates are (6,-1) , (1,3) and (k,8) respectively . Find
the value of k .
Answer :
Coordinate of A (6,-1) .
Coordinate of B (1,3)
Coordinate of C (k,8)
Distance between A and B (AB)
Therefore ,
Now , Required area of the circle
Distance between B and C (BC) Question 5 :

A rectangular box with vertices A,B,C and D are
represented by points (7,7),(7,1),(3,1),(1,7) respectively .
Calculate the diagonal length of the rectangular box .
Answer :
To determine the length of the diagonal , we will consider the
vertices which are lying diagonally to each other .
We consider , (7,7) and (3,1)
Therefore , Required Distance
According to the question ,

AB=BC
or,
68
Answer :
The given equation is

Or, y=28x-7
Therefore, the required slope is 28 .

Formula : Slope of Line
Question 1 :
Find the equation of a straight line passing through a Question 4 :
point (2, –3) and having a slope of 1 unit. A straight line passes through the points (8,-4) and (7,3) .
Find the slope of the straight line .
Answer:
Here, Answer :
Given point : (2, –3) The given points are (8,-4) and (7,3) .
and, slope = 1
According to the formula ,
(y – y1 ) = m (x – x1 ) Therefore , Required Slope
or, y – (–3) = 1 (x – 2)
or,y + 3 = x – 2
or,y – x + 5 = 0
Therefore , Required Equation : y – x + 5 = 0

m=-7
Question 2 : Question 5 :
Find the slope of a line passing through a point (12,4) and A straight line has an equation 2x+3y-6=0. Find the slope
is defined by y=mx+7. of a line perpendicular to the given straight line .
Answer : Answer :
The given equation is y=mx+7. The given equation of the straight line can be rewritten as ,
2x+3y-6=0
Thus , the y-intercept is 7 or,2x+3y=6
and the point is (0,7)
or,
Therefore , Required Slope , We know that the slope of the perpendicular line is reciprocal
of the given line .
Therefore, Required Slope = Reciprocal of
Question 6 :
Find the slope of a line parallel to a straight line whose
equation is given by 2x-y=4?
Question 3 :
Answer :
The given equation of the straight line can be rewritten as ,
y=2x-4
Find the slope of the line .
Therefore , slope of the line = 2
69
We know that two parallel lines have the same slope . Question 9 :
Therefore, Required slope of the parallel line = 2 . Determine whether the three points P(2 , 3) , Q(5 , 6) and
R(0 , -2) are collinear or not.
Question 7 :The vertices of a triangle are represented by
the points A(0 , -1) , B(2 , 1) and C(-4 , 3) . Determine Answer :
whether the triangle is the right triangle or not. The given points are P(2 , 3) , Q(5 , 6) and R(0 , -2)
Answer :
The given vertices are A(0 , -1) , B(2 , 1) and C(-4 , 3) Now, Slope of point P and point Q ,
Now, Slope of point A and point B ,
Again , Slope of point Q and point R ,
Again , Slope of point A and point C ,
Therefore ,
Thus , the given points are not collinear .
Now , multiplying both the slopes m1 and m2 , we get ,

Question 10 :
Since the product of the two slopes is -1 , therefore , the line Find the slope of the straight line y-9=2
representing the points AB and AC are perpendicular to each
other . Answer :
Thus , the given triangle is a right triangle . The given above equation can be rewritten as , y=11
So, the equation of the straight line is parallel to the x-axis .
Question 8 : Therefore , the slope is equal to 0 .
Find the slope of the straight line x+3=0.
Answer :
Formula : Midpoint
The given above equation can be rewritten as , x=-3
So, the equation of the straight line is perpendicular to the x-
axis . Question 1 :
Therefore , the slope is undefined. If the origin is the mid-point of the line segment joined by
the points (a,b) and (-3,2). Find the
value of (a, b).
70
Exercise:
Answer :
The two points given are (a,b) and (-3,2) . Question 1 :A delivery boy picked up a package from the
Origin , O = (0,0) store located at point A (7,3) and delivered it to the
Here , x1=a , x2=-3 location located at point B(2,-6). Find the distance
and y1=b , y2=2 traveled by the delivery boy .
We know that,
Question 2 :Find a point on the y-axis that is equidistant
from the points (2,3) and (-1,2) .
Question 3 : A,B and C are the points such that AB=BC

Applying the above formula , we get ,
whose coordinates are (6,-1) , (1,3) and (k,8) respectively .
Find the value of k .
or,a=3 ; b=-2 Question 4 : Find the area of the circle if the endpoints of
the diameter of the circle are located at points (4,6) and
Formula : Dividing Line Segment (0,0 ).
Question 1 : Question 5 : A rectangular box with vertices A,B,C and D

are represented by points (7,7),(7,1),(3,1),(1,7)
Calculate the coordinates of the point which will divide
respectively . Calculate the diagonal length of the
the line which joins the two points (3,5) and (11, 8)
rectangular box .
externally with a ratio of 5:2.
Answer : Question 6: Find the equation of a straight line passing

We know that the formula for external division case is , through a point (2, –3) and having a slope of 1 unit.
Question 7 : Find the slope of a line passing through a
Here , point (12,4) and is defined by
and
Question 8 : Find the slope of the line
According to the given question, the ratio given is 5:2,
I.e. .
Putting the values in the formula , we get ,

Question 9 : A straight line passes through the points (8,-
4) and (7,3) . Find the slope of the straight line .
Question 10 : A straight line has an equation

Formula : Equation of Line . Find the slope of a line
perpendicular to the given straight line .
Question 1 :
What will be the equation of the line whose slope is 3 and
its y-intercept is -4?
Answer :
Here, Slope m = 3, and c= -4
When we put these values into the equation, we get ,
y = mx +c
or,y = 3x – 4
71
● The greatest number which divides a, b and c to

leave the remainder R is H.C.F of (a – R), (b – R)
and (c – R)
● The greatest number which divide x, y, z to leave
remainders a, b, c is H.C.F of (x – a), (y – b) and (z
– c)
● The smallest number which when divided by x, y
and z leaves remainder of a, b, c (x – a), (y – b), (z
– c) are multiples of M
Required number = (L.C.M of x, y and z) – M
12.2 Properties of LCM and HCF:

Chapter 12: LCM and HCF Property 1 - LCM x HCF = Product of two numbers
What is LCM Lowest Common Multiple – H.C.F. and L.C.M. of Fractions:
As the name implies, LCM is the lowest common multiple of

two or more Natural Numbers. For example, the LCM for 15
and 20 is 60 (don't worry, we'll explain how we did it).
Or,
LCF – Least Common Factor is a least number that divides

any number and leaves remainder zero.
Property 2 - LCM ≥ Numbers ≥ HCF
What is HCF Highest Common Factor or Greatest
Common Divisor(GCD)- Property 3- LCM is a multiple of HCF
As the name implies, LCM is the lowest common multiple of Property 4 - If the HCF of two numbers is 1 then they are
two or more Natural Numbers. For example, the LCM for 15 Co-Primes.
and 20 is 60 (don't worry, we'll explain how we did it).
12.3 How to solve LCM and HCF:
Or,HCF – Highest Common Factor (HCF) of two or more
numbers is the greatest number which divides each of them Calculating Prime Factors -
exactly.
In this method, you take the lowest prime number and see if
Prime Factors – the greater number is divisible by it. If it's not divisible then
you move to the higher prime number.
These are a list of prime numbers that divide a larger number,
for example, 20 – 2, 5 are prime Factors. (Don't worry, we'll Let us show you how to calculate the prime factors for
show you how to get them below.) numbers step by step.
12.1 HCF and LCM Tips and Tricks and Shortcuts Prime Factors of 12 -
● The H.C.F of two or more numbers is smaller than ● Lowest Prime number 2, 12 ÷ 2 = 6
or equal to the smallest number of given numbers ● Again 6 ÷ 2 = 3
● The smallest number which is exactly divisible by ● Again 3 ÷ 2 is not possible so next prime number is
a, b and c is L.C.M of a, b, c. 3
● The L.C.M of two or more numbers is greater than ● Again 3 ÷ 3 = 1
or equal to the greatest number of given numbers.
● The smallest number which when divided by a, b We can write this as 12 = 2x2x3 = 22 × 3
and c leaves a remainder R in each case. Required
number = (L.C.M of a, b, c) + R Finding LCM of two Numbers -
72
Let us take an example HCF of 15 and 20, first we list out all 7. Find out the least number which should be
the prime factors of each added to 25 to generate a sum which leaves no
remainder when divided by 3 and 9.
15 = 3 x 5
8. What will be the LCM of 1.05 and 2.1?
20 = 2 x 2 x 5 = 22 × 5
9. Find out the least number which when divided
Then multiply each factor by the greatest number of times it by 12, 20, and 15, leaves no remainder?
occurs in either number.
10. What will be the LCM of 2, 6, and 8?
● 2 - Occurs 2 times
● 3 - Occurs 1 time 11. Calculate the Lowest Common Multiple of 20,
● 5 - Occurs 1 time 30, and 40.
So LCM is (2x2)x(3x1)x(5x1) = 60 12. The LCM and HCF of two numbers are 50 and
5. If one of the numbers is 25, calculate the
Finding HCF of two Numbers second number.
Let us take an example HCF of 18 and 24, we already have

listed out all the prime factors of each number 13. The ratio of two numbers is 3: 2. If the HCF of
them is 10. What are the numbers?
18 = 2 x 3 x 3
14. The ratio of two numbers is 1 : 2. If their LCM
3
24 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 = 2 × 3 is 20, then what is their sum?
Now we find the factor that exists at least once in both of 15. 23 is the HCF of two numbers. The other two
them. factors of their LCM are 14 and 13. What is the
larger number among them?
There is 2 and 3 one in common factor
16. Find the 4-digit smallest number which when
The GCD is 2 x 3= 6 divided by 12, 15, 25, 30 leaves no remainder?
Solve the Questions: 17. Find the least number which when divided by 2,
3, 4 and 5 leaves a remainder 3. But when
1. What is the greatest number dividing 41, 90, divided by 9 leaves no remainder ?
and 180 which generates the same remainder for
each number? 18. The HCF of 2472, 1284 and a third number ‘N’
is 12. If their LCM is 2^3 × 3^2 × 5 × 103 × 107,
2. What will be the HCF of 513, 1134, and 1215? then the number ‘N’ is -----.
3. What is the HCF of 0.63 and 1.05? 19. 2 gears. one with 12 teeth and the other one with
14 teeth are engaged with each other. One tooth
4. Find out the HCF of 2/5,11/5,8/9 in smaller gear and one tooth in bigger gear are
marked and initially those 2 marked teeth are in
5. 22 is the H.C.F of two numbers. The LCM of contact with each other. After how many
these two numbers has factors 12 and 13. Which rotations of the smaller gear with the marked
is the larger of the two numbers? teeth in the other gear will again come into
contact for the first time?
6. Five bells start to toll together at intervals 3, 5,
7, 9, and 11 seconds respectively. In the next 60 20. The numbers 272738 and 232342, when divided
minutes, in how many instances do they ring by n, a two digit number, leave a remainder of
together? 13 and 17 respectively. Find the sum of the
digits of n?
73
21. How many different integers can be expressed 33. Four bells begin to toll together respectively at
as the sum of three distinct numbers from the the intervals of 8, 10, 12 and 16 seconds. After
set {3, 10, 17, 24, 31, 38, 45, 52}? how many seconds will they toll together again?
22. Four Iron metal rods of lengths 78 cm, 104 cm, 34. If the ratio of two numbers is 3:4 and LCM of
117 cm and 169 cm are to be cut into parts of the number is 180 then what is the number?
equal length. Each part must be as long as
possible. What is the maximum number of 35. Which is the largest integer that divides all three
pieces that can be cut? numbers 23400,272304,205248 without leaving a
remainder?
23. How many prime numbers are there which are
less than 100 and greater than 3 such that they
are of the following forms 4x + 1 , 5y - 1?
Chapter 13. Percentages
24. All even numbers from 2 to 98 inclusive, except Percentage is a statistic expressed as a percentage of 100 in
those ending 0, are multiplied together. What is Aptitude. It's done with the assistance of a ratio. Percentage
the rightmost digit (the units digit) of the is denoted by the notation " % ".
product?
● In mathematics, a percentage is a number or ratio
25. What is the greatest power of 143 which can expressed as a fraction whose denominator
divide 125! exactly. (bottom) is 100.
Thus, x percent means x hundredths, written as x%.
26. If the HCF of 180 and 432 is expressed as (180m
+ 432n) , where m and n are integers , then what We express x% as a fraction as
is the difference between m and n?
27. The least number which when divided by 48, 60, ● For example 10% =
72, 108 and 140 leaves 38, 50, 62, 98 and 130 as
remainders respectively, is ---- 13.1 Percentages Formulas & Basic Concept
28. The sum of two numbers is 2604 and their hcf is

124. Which is smaller between them if their
difference is the least possible? ● To calculate a % of b =
29. What will be the least number which when

doubled will be exactly divisible by 12, 18, 21 ● To find what percentage of a is b =
and 30 ?. ● To calculate percentage change in value
Percentage change =
30. The least number which when divided by 5, 6 , 7
and 8 leaves a remainder 3, but when divided by
9 leaves no remainder, is ---.
● Percentage Increase or Decrease
○ Percentage increase =
31. A, B and C start at the same time in the same
direction to run around a circular stadium. A
completes a round in 252 seconds, B in 308
%
seconds and c in 198 seconds, all starting at the
○ Percentage decrease =
same point. After what time will they again at
the starting point again ?.
%
32. The product of LCM and HCF of two numbers ● Successive Percentage Change
is 48. The difference of two numbers is 8. Find If there are successive percentage increases of a %
the numbers?
74
and b%, the effective percentage increase is: ● A percentage is a ratio expressed as a fraction
whose denominator (bottom) is 100.Thus, x percent
means x hundredths, written as x%.
% ● A percentage is a fraction of an amount expressed
● Successive Discount : as a particular number of hundredths of that
amount.
If there are successive discount of a % and b%, the effective
What is P percent of X?
discount is: % ● Written as an equation: Y = P% × X.

● The ‘what’ is Y that we want to solve for
● Results on population ● Remember to first convert percentage to decimal,
Let the population of a town be P now and suppose dividing by 100
it increases at the rate of R% per annum, then: ● Solution: Solve for Y using the percentage formula
○ Population after n years =
Y = P% × X.
13.3 Tips and tricks and shortcuts on Percentage

○ Population n years ago =
● Here are quick and easy tips and tricks on for
Percentage problems swiftly, easily, and efficiently
in competitive exams and other recruitment exams.
● Results on Depreciation: ● If the value of an item goes up or down by x%, the
Let the present value of a machine be P. Suppose it percentage reduction or increment to be now made
depreciates at the rate of R% per annum. Then: to bring it back to the original point is
○ Value of the machine after n years =
%
● If A is x% more or less than B, then B is
○ Value of the machine n years ago =
% less or more than A.
● If the price of an item goes up/down by x %, then
the quantity consumed should be reduced by
○ If A is R% more than B, then B is less
% so that the total

than A by % expenditure remains the same.
○ If A is R% less than B, then B is more ● Percentage – Ratio Equivalence table
Fraction Percentage
than A by %
● Increase N by S% : . × 100 = 33.33% × 100 = 10%
● Decrease N by S% :
× 100 = 25% × 100 = 9.09%
13.2 How to Solve Quickly Percentage Questions & × 100 = 20% × 100 = 8.33%
Definition
75
(including boys and girls) were not able to clear

the exam?
12. How much % is fraction 8/5 ?

× 100 = 6.25%
13. What is 90% of a number whose 300% is 60?
Exercise:
14. What % of 9 km is 450 meters?
1. Gilchrist scored a total of 180 runs with 8
boundaries and 5 sixes. What % of runs did he
make by running between the wickets?
Chapter 14. Probability
2. Sam owned some Microsoft shares. He sold 35%
of them and still left with 780 shares. How many In Aptitude , Probability is the ratio of wanted outcomes to
shares he originally had? the total number of possible outcomes i.e.
3. In an office, 20% of the employees are below 30 P(A) =

years of age. 1/3 of employees are above 30 years
of age which is equal to the number of
employees with 50 years of age which is 24.
What is the total no. of employees in the
company? 14.1 Formula & Definition for Probability
4. Tom gave some money to son Harry for ● Probability is a number that expresses the
shopping. Harry spent 70% of the money and likelihood of a specific event occurring.
now is left with Rs 1200 only. How much money ● The term "probability" refers to the likelihood of
had he got from his father tom? certain events occurring.
● When an event happens, such as throwing a ball or
5. Tom failed in chemistry. He scored 300. And choosing a card from a deck, there must be some
40% were the passing marks. He fell short by 40 element of probability involved.
marks. What were the maximum marks he ● In terms of mathematics, probability refers to the
could have got? ratio of wanted outcomes to the total number of
possible outcomes. There are three approaches to
6. Ben scored 8 marks more from what he did in the theory of probability, namely:
the previous exam in which he scored 80 marks.
And Jerry scored 10 marks more from what he Basic Definition
did in his last exam where he got 50 marks. Who
showed more improvement? ● Random Event :- When an experiment is repeated
several times under comparable conditions, it does
7. What % of Rs. 30 is 45 paise? not always produce the same result, because the
result of a trial is one of many possible outcomes,
8. If 10% of X = Y, then Y% of 20 is equal to --- the experiment is referred to as a random event or a
probabilistic event.
9. What % of 8.9 Km is 2800meters?
● Elementary Event – The result of each random
10. The total strength of a class is 175. From which event is referred to as the elementary event. Each
only 110 students had full attendance. Find out related outcome is known as an elementary event
what % of students who did not get full whenever the random event is done.
attendance.?
● Sample Space – The set of all possible outcomes
11. 1200 boys and 1500 girls appeared in a CA of a random event is referred to as Sample Space.
exam, out of which 45% boys and 65% girls When a coin is thrown, for example, the possible
passed the exam. How much % of total students results are head or tail.
76
● Event – A subset of the sample space associated

with a random event is referred to as an event. 4. A box contains 5 red marbles, 6 blue marbles,
and 4 yellow marbles. Two marbles are drawn
● Occurrence of an Event – If any of the elementary randomly. What is the probability that no
events associated with a random event is an yellow marble is drawn?
outcome, the event is said to occur.
5. A box contains 5 red, 2 blue, and 3 black balls. 3
Basic Probability Formulas balls are selected at random. What is the
probability that one ball is red and other is
● Probability Range - 0 ≤ P(A) ≤ 1 blue?
● Rule of Complementary Events - P(AC) + P(A)
=1 6. A container contains 25 electric lights, out of
● Rule of Addition - P(A∪B) = P(A) + P(B) - which 5 are defective. Three lights are chosen at
P(A∩B) random from this container. The probability
● Disjoint Events - Events A and B are disjoint if that at least one of these is defective, is:
P(A∩B) = 0
7. A packet contains 4 yellow, 6 green and 8 blue
balls. Four balls are drawn at random from the
● Conditional Probability - P(A | B) = packet. The probability that all of them are
yellow, is:
8. 6 Red, 4 Blue And 5 White Balls Are Kept In A

● Bayes Formula -P(A | B) = P(B | A) ⋅
Bag And Total 2 Balls Are Drawn At Random.
● Independent Events - Events A and B are
What Is The Probability That The Ball Drawn
independent if. P(A∩B) = P(A) ⋅ P(B).
Is A Red?
14.2 How to Solve Quickly Probability questions 9. In A Game Show There Is 30; 500 Prize Cards
And 20; 200 Prize Cards. A Contestant Is Asked
● You can solve many simple probability problems To Choose A Card At Random. What Is The
just by knowing two simple rules: Probability That He Won A 500 Cards Prize?
● The probability of any sample point can range from
0 to 1. 10. A Bag Contains 10 Orange And 20 Pink
● The sum of probabilities of all sample points in a Flavored Candies. One Candy Is Taken Out At
sample space is equal to 1. Random. What Is The Probability That An
● The probability of event A is denoted by P(A). Orange Flavored Candy Is Taken Out?
Exercise:
1. Both Sruthi and Pooja Randomly Choose

Balloons Of Color Red, Orange And Yellow.
What Is The Probability That Both Choose a
Red Balloon?
2. A box contains 4 Red erasers and 3 Green

erasers. If Amit picks 3 erasers at a time, what is
the probability that the erasers are of the same
colour?
3. In a box there are 15 envelopes, some 5 out of

them have Rs. 100 in it, while others are empty
envelopes. One envelope is selected randomly,
what is the probability that the selected envelope
is empty?
77
78
Chapter 15. Compound

○ Amount = P
Interest ○ Compound Interest = Total amount –
Principal
The return on interest to the principal sum of an amount is ● Compound Interest Formulas (When Interest is
known as compound interest. Instead of paying out interest, it Compounded Quarterly)
is computed as a result of reinvesting it. Interest is received
on the principal sum plus previously accrued interest in the
following period as a result of this. ○ Amount = P
○ Compound Interest = Total amount –
Compound Interest Formulas Principal
● Formulas of Compound Interest (When Interest
● Compound interest is the interest calculated on the is Compounded Monthly)
original principal and on the accumulated past
interest of a deposit or loan. Compound interest is
calculated based on the principal, interest rate ○ Amount = P
(APR or annual percentage rate), and the time ● Compound Interest Formulas (When Interest is
involved. Compounded Annually but time is in fraction,
Formula of Compound Interest (CI) P -P

say 2( )years )
○ Amount = P
Formula of Amount =CI +P
= P -P+P ● Formulas of Compound Interest (When rates

are different for different years)
Here, P = Principal
○ Amount = P (1+ ) (1+ )

r = rate of interest
t = the number of years the amount is deposited or borrowed ○ (1+ )

for. ● Formulas for Compound Interest (Present
worth of Rs. x due n years)
n= the number of times that interest is compounded per unit
't'.
○ Present worth =
15.1 Formulas for Compound Interest
● Formulas for Compound Interest (When

Interest is Compounded Annually) 15.2 How to solve Quickly:
● Compound interest is the interest calculated on the

○ Amount = P original principal and on the accumulated past
○ Compound Interest =Total amount – interest of a deposit or loan.
Principal ● Compound interest calculated by multiplying the
○ Rate of interest (R) = original principal amount one plus the annual
interest rate raised to the number of compound
periods minus one.
● Formulas of Compound Interest (When Interest
is Compound Half Yearly) 15.3 Tips and Tricks and Shortcuts on Compound
Interest
79
● Here are quick and easy tips and tricks on 6. On a half-yearly basis, a bank offers 4%
Compound Interest. Learn the tricks and concept of compound interest. If Anita deposits Rs. 1100
compound interest. each on 1st Jan and 1st July of the year. What
● There are mainly 5 types of questions asked in will be the amount of interest gained at the end
exams. However, these questions can be twisted to of the year?
check the students understanding level of the topic 7. Calculate the compound interest for Rs. 20,000
but it can be solved using tips and tricks. after 2 years at the rate of 4% per
MoreTricks and Tips and Shortcuts: 8. Aditi invested Rs. 10,000 in a scheme for the
duration of two years at the rate of 2%
● A sum of money placed at compound interest compound interest. How much will she get at the
becomes x time in ‘a’ years and y times in ‘b’ maturity of the deposit?
years. These two sums can be related by the
following formula: 9. If after a certain number of years, Rs. 10,000
amounts to Rs. 1,60,000 at compound interest,
what will be Rs. 10,000 will amount in half of
● If an amount of money grows up to Rs x in t years that time?
and up to Rs y in (t+1) years on compound interest,
then 10. What will be the compound interest on Rs. 8000
at the rate of 15% per annum for the duration
of 2 years and 4 months?
r% =
● A sum at a rate of interest compounded yearly
becomes Rs. A1 in t years and Rs. A2 in (t + 1) 11. If compound interest is being calculated half-
years, then yearly at a rate of 5% for 1 year 6 months for
₹6400. Then find the amount.
12. Ankita made an initial investment of ₹1200 in

P = A1 Abhishek's future project. Abhishek promised
that he will provide a 5 percent compound
Exercise: interest on the initial investment and after a
time period of "x", she will end up receiving 123
1. The compound interest at an amount 4% p.a. in rs extra. Find the value of x.
2 years is Rs. 51. Find the principal amount.
13. Axis Bank gives a difference of ₹122 on a
2. If the principle amount of Rs. 1000 needs to be particular sum of amount for the period of three
compounded annually for the duration of 4 years at the rate of 5 percent per annum. And
years, what will be the amount? the difference here is in between the interest of
simple and compound interest, then what is the
3. Calculate the compound interest for the sum of amount on which Axis Bank is giving
Rs. 12,000 at the rate of 5% per annum and for difference?
the duration of 1 year.
14. The difference between the simple interest and
4. The cash price of a radio is Rs. 3000. A buyer compound interest is ₹57 which is given by the
paid Rs. 1200 in cash and promised to pay the following banks like Punjab National Bank and
remaining money in 2 monthly equal Punjab and Sind Bank. Punjab National Bank is
installments at the rate of 5% per annum giving the simple interest on the sum for 4 years
compound interest. What is the value of each at 4 percent per annum and Punjab and Sind
installment? Bank is giving the compound Interest on the
sum for 3 years at 5 percent per annum. Then
5. Calculate the compound interest for the amount what is the sum on which Punjab National Bank
of INR 20,000 at the rate of 10% annually for and Punjab and Sind Bank is giving the interest
the duration of three years.
80
● Formulas for Rectangle

Chapter 16. Perimeter, Area
and Volume Here , l = length, b = breadth.
○ Perimeter: 2 (l + b) (l = length, b =
breadth)
The path that surrounds or covers a two-dimensional shape is ○ Area: l × b
called a perimeter. Volume, on the other hand, is the amount
○ Diameter:
of three-dimensional space surrounded by a closed surface.
○ Area of 4 walls of a room = 2 (Length +
And the area of a two-dimensional figure or shape is the
Breadth) × Height
quantity that expresses its size.
Basic Points to keep in mind:
● Geometry is a branch of mathematics concerned

with the study of various shapes and sizes. It can be
categorized into two categories: Geometry of
Planes and Solids
● Circles, triangles, rectangles, and squares are all
examples of plane geometry.
● The length, perimeter, area, and volume of
different geometric figures and shapes are
calculated using solid geometry. The length, area,
volume, and perimeter of different shapes and
figures can be calculated using the following ● Formulas of Circle
simple formulas.
16.1 Formulas to solve Perimeter, Area and Volume

○ Area of circle = πr²
● Formulas for Square
Here, s = side ○ Area of semicircle=

○ Circumference of a circle = 2πr
○ Perimeter: 4 * s ○ Circumference of a semicircle = πr
○ Area: S2
○ Diagonal: s ○ Length of arc =

○ Area of square when diagonal is given = ○ Area of sector = 1/2 (arc*R) = πr²ɵ/360
81
● Parallelogram formulas
○ Perimeter: 2(a + b) ○ Area: × (sum of parallel sides) ×

○ Area: b × h distance between them
○ To find the distance between parallel
sides you will have to convert trapezium
○ Height of parallelogram = to rectangle and then use
PYTHAGORAS THEOREM.
● Rhombus formulas ● Cube formulas

○ Perimeter: 4 × a ○ Volume: (side)³
○ Surface area = 6s²
○ Partial Surface area = 4s2
○ Area:
○ Diagonals ○ Diagonal =
p=
● Cuboid formulas
○ Volume: l * b * h
○ Surface area = 2 (lb + bh + hl)
q= ○ Curved Surface area = 2h(l+b)
○ Diagonal =
● Trapezium formulas
○ Perimeter: a + b + c + d
82
● Sphere formulas
● Cylinder formulas
Formulas for Sphere ○ Volume: πr²h
○ Curved Surface area = 2πrh
○ Total Surface area = 2πr (h + r)
○ Volume: πr³
○ Surface area = 4πr²
● Cone formulas
○ Volume: πr²h
● Hemisphere formulas ○ Slant height = l =

○ Curved Surface area = πrl
○ Total Surface area = πrl +πr
○ Volume: πr³
○ Curved Surface area = 2πr²
○ Total Surface area = 3πr²
83
Question 5:
An error 2% in excess is made while measuring the side
of a square. Find the percentage of error in the calculated
area of the square.
Question 6:
Find the area of the blue section.
16.2 How to Solve Perimeter, Area, and Volume

questions:-
Geometry is concerned in calculating the length, perimeter,

Question 7:
area and volume of various geometric figures and shapes
The length and breadth of a rectangle are 10 cm and 7 cm
● Type 1: Find the area, perimeter, length, breadth respectively. What is the area of this rectangle?
and some other sides of the shapes
● By finding the volume and total surface area Question 8:
● Percentage increase or decrease If the breadth of a rectangle is decreased by 20% and the
length increased by 10%, a square of area 1936 sq. m is
Exercise: obtained. Find the area of the rectangle in square meters
Question 1:
Question 9:
From a rope a triangle is made of sides 21cm,24cm,28cm. A swimming bath is 240 m long and 12.5 m wide. How
from this a square is made. Find the area of the square. many liters must be pumped into it to raise the water
level by 1 cm?
Question 2:
From a square of side 2 cm, equal triangles are cut from Question 10:
its corners to form a regular octagon. We will get an 8000 tiles of size 15 cm by 15 cm are required to cover the
octagon. What is the area of that octagon? entire floor of a hall length 15m. What is the breadth ( in
Question 3: m) of the hall ?
A regular polygon with 12 sides (dodecagon) is inscribed
in a square of area 24 square units as shown in the figure Question 11:
where four of the vertices are mid points of the sides of The length of a rectangle is halved, while its breadth is
the square. Then find the area of the dodecagon. tripled. What is the percentage change in area?
Question 4:
The cost of fencing a square field @ Rs. 20 per metre is
Rs.10.080. How much will it cost to lay a three meter wide
pavement along the fencing inside the field @ Rs. 50 per
sq m .
84
4. If pipe A can fill a tank in x hours. Pipe B can

Chapter 17.Pipes and empty the full tank in y hours (where x > y). Then,
on opening both the pipes, the net part filled in one
Cisterns
hour = OR hours.
A pipe connects a cistern or tank to the outside world.
The Inlet pipe is used to fill the cistern, and the Outlet pipe is 5. If pipe A can empty a tank in X hours. Pipe B can
used to empty the vessel. empty the same tank in Y hours. Then part of the
tank emptied in one hour when both the pipes start
Pipes are commonly divided into two types: inlet and
outlet.
working together =
Inlet: The inlet pipe is the pipe that allows water to flow from
the cistern or tank. 17.2 How to solve Quickly Pipes and Cisterns Questions:
Outlet : The pipe that empties the cistern or tank is called a ● Type 1: Calculate time taken to fill a tank by two or
pipe. more pipes
Definition & Formula for Pipes & Cisterns ● Type 2: Calculate time taken to fill a tank having a
hole or leakage
● A pipe is connected to a tank or cistern to fill or
empty the tank or cistern ● Type 3: Calculate Time Taken When Pipes Are
○ Inlet: A pipe which is connected to fill a Opened For Different Periods
tank is known as an inlet.
○ Outlet: A pipe which is connected to
empty a tank is known as an outlet.
● In problems involving pipes and cisterns, we must 17.3 Tips and tricks and shortcuts of Pipes and Cisterns
first determine how much of the tank each of the questions
pipes fills or drains in a unit of time (such as a
minute, hour, or second), and then apply an ● Pipes and Cisterns questions are almost like Time
arithmetic operation to this value. and Work questions.
● The percentage of the tank that is filled or emptied

17.1 Pipes and Cisterns Formulas :
is computed in pipes and cistern problems, and it is
comparatively the same as the amount of work
Formula
done in time and job problems.
1. If pipe can fill a tank in x hours , then part filled in
● Similarly, the time it takes to entirely fill or empty
a tank, or to a desired level, is the time it takes to
one hour = complete a task.
2. If pipe can empty a tank in y hours , then part Exercise:
1. Two pipes A and B can fill a tank in 5 and 6

emptied in one hour = hours respectively. If both the pipes are opened
simultaneously, how much time will be taken to
3. If pipe A can fill a tank in x hours, Pipe B can fill the tank?
empty the full tank in y hours (where y > x). Then,
on opening both the pipes, the net part filled in one 2. Tube T1 and T2 can fill a swimming pool
respectively in 5 and 6 hours. Tube T3 can unfill
the pool in half day. If all the 3 tubes are opened
hour= OR hours together, then in how much time will the
swimming pool be filled?
85
3. Two pipes P1 and P2 are connected to a Chapter 18: Permutation

container. Pipe P1 can empty the container in 10
minutes less in half an hour and pipe P2 can and Combination
unfill the container in 30 minutes. If both P1
and P2 are opened together. Calculate the time Permutation:
taken to unfill the container completely?
Permutations are the various configurations of a given
4. Suppose there are 3 pipes, A, B, and C. Pipe A number of things by taking some or all at once. nPr is the
can fill a tank in 7 hours and pipe B in 8 hours. symbol for this.
Pipe C can completely unfill the tank in 10
hours. If all pipes are opened together, in how ● Permutations are discussed in almost every branch
much time will the tank be filled? of mathematics as well as a wide range of other
scientific disciplines.They are used in computer
5. One pipe is four times faster than another pipe. science to analyze sorting algorithms.
Calculate the time taken by the slower pipe to
fill the cistern, if the faster pipe can fill it in 40 Combination:
minutes.
A combination is any of the various groups or choices that
6. There are three pipes: pipe1, pipe2 and pipe3. can be created by taking some or all of a number of objects.
They can together fill a cistern in 9 hours. Pipe3 n
cr. is the symbol for this.
is closed after working for 3 hours. Then the
remaining cistern is filled by pipe1 and pipe2 in
9 hours. Calculate the number of hours pipe3
alone will take to completely fill the cistern.
7. If two pipes X and Y separately can fill a tub in

3 and 9 minutes. Instead of using separately a
man puts both the pipes together to fill a tub.
Calculate in what time they both can fill the tub.
8. Suppose Pipe D takes 10 minutes and Pipe F

takes 30 minutes to fill the tank.and Pipe H
takes 15 minutes to empty the same. How much 18.1 Formula for Permutation and Combination
time will the 3 pipes take to fill the cistern if they
are combined together? ● Number of all permutations of n things, taken r at
a time, is given by
9. Suppose the two-fifth part of a cistern is full. If
pipe X can empty it in 8 minutes and pipe Y can
fill it in 16 minutes. If both pipe X and Y are
started together, how much time will it take to ● Number of all combinations of n things, taken r at
completely fill or empty the cistern? a time, is given by
10. How much time together pipe P, pipe Q, and

Pipe R will take to fill a tanker? If separately
they can fill it in 6 hours, 10 hours, and 20 hours
respectively.
Points to remember
11. Two pipes can fill a tank in 20 hr. and 32 hr.

● Factorial of any negative quantity is not valid.
respectively, A third pipe can empty the tank in
● If a particular thing can be done in m ways and
90 hr. if all the three pipes are opened and
another thing can be done in n ways, then
functioned simultaneously, then in how much
○ Either one of the two can be done in m +
time the tank will be full?
n ways and
○ Both of them can be done in m × n ways
86
● 0! = 1 n
Pr = number of permutations (arrangements) of n things
● 1! = 1 taken r at a time.
● If from the total set of n objects and ‘p1’ are of one
kind and ‘p2’ and ‘p3’ and so on .... till pr are others
respectively then
n≥r
Eg.
● n
Pn = n!
● n
cn = 1 ● Arrangement of Letters/Alphabets to form words
● n
c0 = 1 with meaning or without meaning.
● n
cr = nc(n-r) ● Arrangements of balls on a table.
● n
c0+nc1+nc2+nc3+...ncn = 2n
Formulas for Combinations
Permutation and Combinations Formulas- Factorial
The number of ways in which r things at a time can be
n ! = n(n-1)(n-2) …… 1 SELECTED from n things is Combinations (represented by
n
Cr)..
Eg. – 5! = 5(5-1)(5-2)(5-3)(5-4) = 5(4)(3)(2)(1)
n
Cr = Number of combinations (selections) of n things taken r
Standard Truths at a time.
● 0! = 1
● n! only exists of n >= 0 and doesn’t exist for n < 0
● ; where n ≥ r (n
n n! is greater than or equal to r).
0 1 Eg.
1 1
● Selections for people from total numbers who want
to go out on a picnic.
2 2
● Filling posts with people
3 6 ● Selection for a sports team out of available players
● Selection of balls from a bag
4 24
5 120 18.2 Imp Properties:
6 720 Property 1
7 5040 Number of permutations (or arrangements) of n different

things taken all at a time = n!
8 40,320
Property 2
9 362 880
10 3 628 800 For Objects in which P1 are alike and are of one type, P2 are
alike or other different types and P3 are alike or another
different type and the rest must be all different, Number of
Permutations Formulas
Number of ways in which Permutations out of n things r

permutations =
things can be SELECTED & ARRANGED (denoted by nPr ).
Property 3
87
When repetition is allowed number of permutations of n Other Properties

different things taken r at a time = n × n× n ×… (r times) = n r
● n
Pr = r! ×nCr
Property 4 ● n
Cr + nCr-1 =n+1Cr
● n
Cx = nCy when x = y or x + y = n
Here, we are counting the number of ways in which k balls ● n
Cr =nPn-r
can be distributed into n boxes under various conditions. ● r . nCr = n n-1Cr-1
The conditions which are generally asked are

●
1. The balls are either distinct or identical. ● For nCr to be greatest,
2. No box can contain more than one ball or any box
may contain more than one ball.
○ (a) if n is even, r =
3. No box can be empty or any box can be empty.
○ (b) if n is odd, r = or
Distrib How 18.3 Tips and Tricks to solve Permutation and

ution many Combination:
of balls
1. In how many ways can a word be arranged.
boxes 2. In how many ways x objects out of a and y objects
can out of b can be arranged.
contai
3. There are x objects and y objects, a form x has
n
been selected and b from y. How many ways can it
be done when N Number of objects from x should
always be selected
k Balls into n No ≤1 ≥1 =1 4. Coloured Ball Questions
Boxes Restri (At (At (Exact 5. Circular Combinations Problems
ctions most least ly one)
one) one)
18.4 How to Solve Permutation and Combination
Distinc Distinc n k n
Pk S(k,n) n
Pn = Questions Quickly.
t t × n! n! if k
(formu (formu =n ● Permutation is an arrangement of objects in a
la 1) la 2) (formu definite order.
la 3) 0 if k ≠ ● Number of all permutations of n things, taken r at a
n time, is given by
(Not
Imp)
n
Pr =
Identic Distinc (k+n- n
Ck (k-1)
C(n- 1 if k ● Combination is selection of objects where order
al t 1)
C(n-1) 1) =n doesn't matter.
(formu ● Number of all combinations of n things, taken r at
(formu la 6) (formu 0 if k a time, is given by
la 5) la 7) ≠n
(formu n
Cr =
la 8)
● Here we can easily understand how to solve
permutation and combination easily.
Exercise:
88
1. In a class there are 12 girls and 17 boys. The

teacher wants to select 1 girl and 1 boy from the
class as volunteers for school function. In how
many ways is this selection possible?
2. In a class there are 20 students from which 9

boys and 11 girls. From the class 4 students are
to be selected, such that at least one of them Chapter 19: Work and Time
should be a boy. Find the number of ways in
which the selection can be made.
3. There are 5 red boxes, 2 white boxes, and 4 pink Definition

boxes. Find the number of ways in which these
boxes can be arranged such that the same color ● Work: Work is specified in mathematics as the
boxes always remain together. amount of work allocated or the amount of work
completed.
4. A question paper contains 2 sections: A and B. ● Time: The number of days or hours needed to
Each of the sections contain 10 questions each. complete a task is referred to as time.
The student needs to answer only 15 questions
such that at least 4 questions must be from part
A and 6 questions must be from part B. In how
many ways can he select the questions? 19.1 Formula for Work and Time
5. There are 10 boys and 12 girls in the school. In

how many ways a teacher can select 1 student
for the annual function? ● Work from Days:
6. In A Group Of 6 Boys And 4 Girls, Four If A can do a piece of work in n days, then A’s one day work
Children Are To Be Selected. In How Many
Different Ways Can They Be Selected Such That
At Least One Boy Should Be There? =
7. The Indian Cricket Team Consist Of 16 Players. ● Days from work:

It Includes 2 Wicket Keeper And 5 Bowlers. In
How Many Ways Can A Cricket Eleven Be
Selected If We Have To Select 1 Wicket Keeper
And At Least 4 Bowlers? If A’s one day work = , then A can finish the work in n
days
● Work Done by A and B
A and B can do a piece of work in 'a' days and 'b' days

respectively.
When working together they will take days to finish

the work
In one day, they will finish part of work.
● Ratio:
89
If A is thrice as good a workman as B, then:
Ratio of work done by A and B = 3: 1.
Ratio of times taken by A and B to finish a work = 1: 3

Total time =
● Efficiency:
Rule 3:
Efficiency is inversely proportional to the
If M1 men can complete a work W1 in D1 days and M2 men
Time taken when the amount of work done is constant. can complete a work W2 in D2 days then,
Efficiency α = If Time required by Both M1 and M2 is T1 and T2

respectively, then relation is
19.2 Basic Rules for Work and Time
Rule 4:
Rule 1:
If A alone can complete a certain work in ‘x’ days and A and

If A completes a piece of work in x days. And B can
B together can do the same amount of work in ‘y’ days,
complete the same piece of work in y days .
Work done by b =1/y - 1/x = x-y/xy
Then B alone can do the same work in xy/(x-y)
Then,
Rule 5:
If A and B can do work in ‘x’ days.

One day work of A = One day work of B =
If B and C can do work in ‘y’ days.
If C and A can do work in ‘z’ days.
Work done by A,B and C = ½ *(1/x+1/y+1/z)
Work done by A + B =
Total time taken when A, B, and C work together xyz/(xy +
yz + zx)
Rule 2:
Rule 6:
If A completes a piece of work in x days. B completes same
Work of one day =
piece of work in y days .C completes same piece of work in z
days
Then,
Total work = one day work × Total number of working days
Remaining work = 1 – work done
One day work of A = Work done by A = A’s one day work × Total number of
working days of A
Rule 7:
One day work of B =
One day work of C =

Work done by A + B + C =
90
W = Units of work
If A can finish part of the work in D days. E = Efficiency of workers

Then total time taken to finish the work by A =
19.4 Tips and tricks of the Work and Time questions to
Understand the relation between Man, work, and Time
× D days
1. More men can do more work. Similarly, less men
Rule 8: will do less work
2. More work takes more time. Similarly, less work
If A can do a work in ‘x’ days takes less time
B can do the same work in ‘y’ days 3. More man can do work in less time, Similarly, less
When they started working together, B left the work ‘m’ days men can do work in more time
before completion then total time taken to complete the work
= (y+m)x/x+y Formula 1 : Calculate time taken or work completed by
one, two or more workers --- When working together they
Rule 9: A and B finish work in a day.
They work together for ‘b days and then A or B leave the
work. will take days to finish the work
B or A finished the rest of the work in ‘d’ days.
Question: Zack is three times as good as Cody. If they
Total time taken by A or B alone to complete the work = finish a piece of work together in 15 days, calculate the
number of days taken by Zack alone to finish the work.
Sol: One day work by Zack : One day work by Cody = 3 :1
(Zack + Cody)’s one day work = 1/15
Now, when we divide 1/15 in the ratio of 3:1
19.3 Work and Time Formulas & Three Universal Rules Therefore, Zack’s one day work = 1/15 \times ¾
= 1/20
● If M1 persons can do W1 work in D1 days and M2 Hence, Zack can alone finish the work in 20 days.
persons can do W2 works in D2 days then the
Question: Sam can complete a piece of work in 2 days.
While Mat can do the same work in 5 days. Calculate the
number of days taken by both of them to complete the
formula .It can be work?
written as M1D1W2 = M2D2W1. Sol: Time is taken by Sam = 2 days
● If the persons work T1 and T2 hours per day Work done by Sam in one day = ½
Time taken by Mat to do the work = 5 days
Work done by Mat in one day = 1/5
Therefore, the time is taken by both to do the work = ½ + 1/5
respectively = 7/10
● It can be written as, M1D1 T1 W2 = M2D2 T2W1 Question: Ben and Alen can do a piece of work in 15 days
● If the persons has efficiency of E1 and E2 together. Ben can finish this work alone in 20 days.
Calculate the number of days taken by Alen to do the
respectively then
same work?
Sol: Ben and Alen’s one day’s work = 1/15
Ben’s one day’s work = 1/20
Therefore, Alen’s one day’s work = (Ben and Alen)’s one
Therefore, M1D1T1E1W2 = M2D2T2E2W1. day’s work- Ben’s one day’s work =1/15 – 1/20 =1/60
Hence, Alen alone can finish the work in 60 days
In all the above formula,
Question: Jack takes 12 days to complete a piece of work.
M = Number of workers Jamie takes 16 days to complete the same work. Calculate
D = Number of days the amount of time required to complete the same work if
T = Time required they both work together.
91
Sol: Work done by jack in 1 day = 1 /12. complete the work, in how many days will Kai alone
Work done by Jamie in 1 day = 1/16. complete the work?
Work done if they both work together in 1 day = 1/12 + 1/16 Sol: It is given that the ratio of the capacity to do work of a
and b is =3 : 5.
7 They together can complete the work in 30 days.
Let the efficiency of alex and kai are 3x and 5x respectively.
/ The sum of their efficiency is
4 3x + 5x=8x
8 Efficiency = work/time
Hence, together they will complete the work in 48/7 = 6.8 8x= work/30
days. work =30*8= 240
Total work is 240x.
Question: P, Q, and R, together can finish a piece of work The efficiency of kai is 5x and the total work is 240x.
in 50 minutes. If P and Q together can finish the piece of 5x=240x/time
work in 60 minutes, calculate the amount of time taken by time=240x/5x= 48
R alone to finish that work.
Sol: Time taken by r alone to complete the work = (1/50) - Question: A, B and C can do a piece of work in 20, 30 and
(1/60) = 300 minutes 60 days respectively. In how many days can A do the
work if he is assisted by B and C on every third day?
Question: Bryn, Jamie, and Terry can drive to reach the Sol: One day work done by A=1/20
destination in 60 minutes. Bryn and Jamie alone can Work done by A in 2 days=1/10
drive in 80 minutes. How much time will Terry take to Work done by A,B,C on 3rd day=1/20+1/30+1/60=1/10
drive alone? Total work done in 3 days= 1/10+1/10= 1/5
Sol: Terry alone can take = 1/60 – 1/80 = 240 minutes 1/5th of the work will be completed at the end of 3 days
The remaining work =1-1/5=4/5
Question; Rakesh and Rajesh together can complete a 4/5 of work will be completed 1/5*5/4*3= 12 days
piece of work in 4 days. If Rakesh alone can complete the Total work will be done in 3+12 =15 days
work in 12 days, calculate the number of days needed by
Rajesh to complete the same work. Formula 2 : How To Solve Quickly Work and Time
Sol: One day work and time (Rakesh + Rajesh) does work in Questions when efficiency is given ---- Efficiency is
one day = ¼ inversely proportional to the time taken when the amount
Rakesh’s one day’s work = 1/12 of work done is constant.
Same work done by Rajesh = ¼ - 1/12
= 1/6
Hence, Rajesh can complete the piece of work in 6 days. Efficiency
Question: 8 men can complete a piece of work in 40 Question: Anthony, Philip, and Steven together can
hours. How many hours will 20 men take to complete the complete a work in 20 minutes. If Anthony and Philip
same piece of work? together can complete the same task in 60 minutes, then
Sol: Men x hour = Men x s calculate the time required for Steven to complete the
8 x 40 = 20 x s work.
S =320/20 Sol: The time required to complete the work = (1/20) –
=16 hours (1/60)
Question: 30 laborers can complete a piece of work in 50 = 1/30

days. Calculate the number of days needed for 15 labors 30 minutes
to complete the same piece of work. Question: Trace can complete an assignment in 12 days.
Sol: Number of days = Bob can do an assignment in 4 days. Calculate the
=>30 x 15 = 15 x s number of days to complete the work if they work
=>S = 100 days together.
Sol: 1/12+¼ = 1/3
Question: The ratio of work done by Alex and Kai is in Hence, if they work together, they can complete the piece of
the ratio 3:5. If both of them work together for 30 days to work in 3 days.
92
Question: Lio, Jack, and Charlie can build a wall if they after 1 hour and B works further 3 hours. How much
work together for 30 minutes. If Lio and Jack together work does C do per hour?
build a wall in 80 minutes, then calculate the number of Sol: 50% suppose A do work in x hrs,B in y, then c would do
minutes to complete the work by Charlie alone. in x-1 hrs..then
Sol: Time taken by Lio alone to build the wall = (1/30) + 1/x+1/x-1+1/y=1 in 1 hrs..also A&B 1 hrs work 1/x+1/y then
(1/80) work remaining
= 5/240 xy-x-y/xy which is done by B in 3 hrs so (xy-x-y)/xy=3/y
=1/48 It results y=4x/x-1 putting value we get x=3 so y=6 so A
Hence, the required time is 48 minutes. CAN DO WORK in 3 hrs B in 6 hrs & C IN 2 hrs that is 50%
Question: 22 students take 32 days to complete a project. Question: Raju can do a piece of work in 10 days..vicky
How many days will 16 boys take to complete the same 12days,tinku 15 days.. day all start the work together,but
project? raju leaves after 2 days,vicky leaves 3 days before the
Sol: work is completed.Then in how many days work will be
completed?
Sol: Raju can do a piece of work in 10 days.
Work Rate of Raju = 100/10 = 10% per day.
= 44 Vicky can do a piece of work in 12 days.
Hence, 16 students will complete a piece of work in 44 days. Work rate of Vicky = 100/12 = 8.33% per day.
Tinku can do a piece of work in 15 days.
Question: George can do some work in 8 hours. Paul can Work rate of Tinku = 100/15 = 6.66% per day.
do the same work in 10 hours while Hari can do the same In first 2 days, all three together do the work
work in 12 hours. All the three of them start working at 9 = 2*(10 + 8.33 + 6.66) = 50% work.
AM. while George stops work at 11 am,the remaining two In last three days, Tinku completed,
complete the work, approximately when will the work be = 3 * 6.66 = 20% work.
finished? Rest work = 100 - 20 + 50 = 30%.
Sol: Let the total work = 120 units. 30% work has been completed by Vicky and Tinku with a
As George completes this entire work in 8 hours, his capacity combined work rate of (8.33 + 6.66 = 15% per day).
is 15 units /hour Thus, they take two days to complete the 30% of work with a
Similarly, the capacity of paul is 12 units / hour work rate of 15% per day.
the capacity of Hari is 10 units / hour Hence, whole work completed in,
All 3 started at 9 am and worked up to 11 am. So total work = 2 + 2 +3 = 7 days.
done upto 11 am = 2 x (15 + 12 + 10) = 74
Remaining work = 120 - 74 = 46
Now this work is to be done by paul and hari. 46 / (12 + 10) Question: Danny painted a house in 3 days working 12
= 2 hours (approx) hours each. Reed can paint the same house in 3 days
So work gets completed at 1 pm working 8 hours each. How many days will it take for
both of them to paint the house if they work for 12/5
Question: 25 women can paint a house in 15 days. How hours each day?
many women can paint the house in 5 days? Sol: Work done by Danny = 3 x 12 = 36 hours
Sol: Using formula, Work done by Reed = 3 x 8 = 24 hours
M1 D1 W1 = M2 D2 W2 Work done by Danny in one hour = 1/36
as the work is same therefore W1 = W2 = W1 Work done by Reed in one hour = 1/24
M1 D1 W1 = M2 D2 W1 Work done together = 1/36 + 1/ 24
25 x 15 x W1 = M2 x 5 X W1 = 5/72 hours
(25 x 15)/5 = M2 Or,
25 x 3 = M2 72 /5 x 5/12
75 women = M2 = 6 days
Question: Each of A, B and C need a certain unique time Question: A garrison of 3300 men has provisions for 32
to do certain work. C needs 1 hour less than A to days, when given at a rate of 850 grams per head. At the
complete the work. Working together they require 30 end of 7 days reinforcement arrived and it was found that
minutes to complete 50% of the work. The work also gets now the provisions will last 8 days less, when given at the
completed if A and B start working together and A leaves rate of 825 grams per head. How many more men can it
93
feed?Late the number of days 15 children can complete Question:Ahmed and Kale can complete a project in 30
the same work? days. “Both of them worked together for 30 days, and
Sol: We have each man eating 850 gms of food for 3300 men then Kale left”. 20 more days later, Ahmed finished the
for 32 days remaining work, calculate the number of days taken by
Hence, Quantity of food = 3300 × 32 × 850 Ahmed alone to finish the work.
= 89760000 gms Sol: One day work by together Ahmed and Kale = 1/ 30
= 89760 kgs. 20 day’s work done by them = 1 x 20 /30
Consumption of food in 7 days = 3300 × 7 × 850 gms Remaining work done = 1 – 2/3
= 19635kgs = 1/3
Hence, remaining food = 89760 – 19635 Now when this work is done by Ahmed alone in 20 days,
= 70125kgs Therefore, the complete work done by Ahmed is,
Now the number of days food will last = 32 – 7 – 8 = 17 20 / 1 / 3
days. =20 x 3
Hence, we have each soldier eating food = 825 gms or 0.825 = 60 days
kgs.
Hence number of soldiers now who will be able to get food = Question: Vera and Zuri can complete a piece of work in
70125/17 × 0.825 45 days and 40 days respectively. Both of them started
= 70125/14.025 their work together, but after some time, Vera left after
= 5000 men some time and Zuri finished the remaining work in 23
Hence number of extra men who will be able to get food = days. Calculate the number of days Vera worked for.
5000- 3300 Sol: Zuri works alone for 23 days
= 1700 men Therefore, work done by Zuri in 23 days = 23/40
Vera and Zuri’s work together = (1-23/40)
Question: Bhumi can stuff advertising circulars into Work done by both in one day = 40 x 45 / 40 + 45
envelopes at the rate of 36 envelopes per minute and = 40 x 45 /85
Ananaya Pandey requires a minute and a half to stuff the Hence, work done by both in days = 40 x 45 / 85 x 17 /40
same number of envelopes. Working together, how long
will it take Bhumi and Ananya to stuff 360 envelopes? Question: 39 people can repair a road in 12 days, working
Sol: In 1.5 minutes Ananya Stuffs = 36 envelopes 5 hours a day. In how many days will 30 persons, working
⇒In 1 minutes Ananya Stuffs = 36/1.5 = 24 envelopes 6 hours a day, complete the work?
Ananya Stuffs 36 enveloped in time = 1 min Sol: We have 39 people who can repair a road in 12 days,
⇒Working together no of envelopes stuffed together = 36 working 5 hours a day.
Hence, number of men hours required to complete the task =
+ 24 = 60
39 × 12 × 5 = 2340 hours
⇒Hence time required to stuff 360 envelopes if working
Also, now we have 30 persons, working 6 hours a day.
together = 360/60 = 6 minutes Hence number of days required to complete the task =
2340/(30 × 6)
Formula 3 : Calculate time/work when workers leave/join = 2340/180
in between = 13 days
Question: Lane and Rudy can complete a project in 20 Question: 5 men or 8 women do an equal amount of work
and 12 days respectively. Lane started working alone, and in a day. A job requires 3 men and 5 women to finish the
after 4 days, Rudy joined him. Calculate the number of job in 10 days. How many women are required to finish
days to complete the work. the job in 14 days?
Sol: Work done by Lane in 4 days = 1 x 4 /20 Sol: Since 5 men or 8 women do equal amount of work in a
= day
1/5 Hence, efficiency of men : women = 8 : 5
Work done by both in one day = (1 /20 + 1/12) Let a man do 8 units of work in 1 day and a woman does 5
= 2/15 units of work in 1 day.
When they both work together = 15 / 2 x ⅘ Now, for the job, we need 3 men and 5 women for 10 days
= 6 days Hence, total units of work = (3 × 8 + 5 × 5) × 10
Therefore, total time taken = 6 +4 = 10 days. = (25 + 24) × 10
= 49 × 10
= 490 units of work
94
Now we need to get the work done by women. Work produced by John in the last 4 days = r*t = 3*4 = 12
Number of women now required = 490 / (14 × 5) units.
= 490/70
=7 Of the 60 units that must be produced, John produces the last
12.
Question: John, James, and Jhony started work after 1- Thus, the first 48 units are produced by John and Jane
day work John left, again after 1 day James left to together.
determine the number of days, required by Jhony to Combined rate for John and Jane = 3+5 = 8 units per day.
complete the remaining work, if john, James and Johny Time for John and Jane to produce 48 units = w/r = 48/8 = 6
individually can complete work in 8, 10, 15 days days.
Sol: LCM= 8,10,15= 120 Total time for the job = (4 days for John alone) + (6 days for
John- 18 = 15 unit John and Jane together) = 10 days.
James-10 = 12 unit
Jhony -15 =8 unit Question: Jack and John can construct a wall in 20 days
and 24 days respectively by working separately. They
Total unit = 35 worked alternatively by 2 days, If Jack started the work,
1 day = 35 unit How long will it take to construct a wall?
=120-35 =85 Sol: Jack -> 20 days
2 day = john left = 20 unit John-> 24 days
= 85-20 = 65 LCM 120 => total work
3 day Jhony left = 8 unit = 65 Jack per unit -> 6
= 65/8. John per unit-> 5
Question: Harry can complete a project in 16 days. Matt If Jack started work for 2 days then
completes the same project in 18 days. Matt leaves the 6,6=12 units
project after 9 Harry picks the job from where Matt left. And after 2 days John turn then
Calculate the number of days Harry will need to complete 5,5=10 units
the project. And so on
Sol: Matt’s 9 day’s project = 1/ 18 x 9 Therefore 22 units in 4 days
=½ Then 110 units in 20 days
Now, when Harry completes the remaining project, So,
=1–½ 120-110= 10 units left
=½ After 20 days Jack turn
Time needed by Harry to complete the project He will done 6 units then 4 units are left
= 1/16 x 2 Again Jack turn so total days are
= 1/8 21.6 or 21 2/3
= 8 days
Question: There are two groups of workers A and B.
Question: John can complete a given task in 20 days. Jane Each group A worker is twice as efficient as each group B
will take only 12 days to complete the same task. John worker. There are 30 workers in group A and 20 workers
and Jane set out to complete the task by beginning to in group B. Group A workers would take 120 days to
work together. However, Jane was indisposed 4 days complete a certain job. All the workers of both the groups
before the work got over. In how many days did the work started working on the job simultaneously. Determine the
get over from the time John and Jane started to work on time they would take to complete it.
it together?
Sol: Let the job = the LCM of 20 and 12 = 60 units.
Since John can complete the job in 20 days, John's rate = w/t Sol: [ A is twice as
- 60/20 = 3 units per day. efficient as B] A = 2B
Since Jane can complete the job in 12 days, Jane's rate = w/t 30*120× 2 /W1=20*D2/w2
= 60/12 = 5 units per day. D2=180*2=360
After Jane leaves, John works on his own for 4 days to Formula 4 : Share of salary based on work
complete the job.
95
Question: John, James and Jerry can complete tasks in 6, So their ratios of work is 3:2
12 and 8 days respectively. If they get paid Rs 1350 for So babla will get 3/5*5000=3000
task completion, what is James share?
Sol: Question: The wages of 24 men and 16 women amounts to
Rs.11600/day. Half the number of men and 37 women
earns the same amount /day. What is the daily wage of a
man?
Sol: Say M and W denote daily wage of Man and Woman
respectively.
1 unit = 150 Rs Given 24 × M + 16 × W = 11600 ……. (Eq.1)
Also 12 Men and 37 Women earn the same amount i.e.
11600.
James share = 2 unit = 300 Rs ⇒12 × M + 37 × W = 11600
Question: Peter completed the task of flooring in 6 days, ⇒24 × M + 74 × W = 23200 ……. (Eq.2)
whereas Donald completed the same task in 5 days. If Eq.2 – Eq.1 ⇒58 × W = 11600
they get paid Rs. 220, Determine the amount received by ⇒W = 11600/58 = 200
Donald when they worked together. ⇒24 × M = 11600 – 16 × 200 = 11600 – 3200 = 8400
Sol: Total number of days = 6 days+ 5 days
⇒M = 8400/24 = 350
= 11 days
11 days working charges= 220
Then charge per day= 20 Question: A sum of Rs.25 was paid for a work which A
Amount received by Donald=6x20 = 120 Rs can do in 32 days, B in 20 days, B and C in 12 days and D
in 24 days. How much did C receive if all the four work
Question: A Sum of Rs 480 is paid to Mary, Michael and together ?
Sol: B+ C 1 day work = ½ and B\'s 1 day\'s work = 1/20
Marina. Determine Marina’s earning if (1/4)th work is
Therefore, C 1 day\'s work = (1/12) – (1/20) = 4/120 = 1/30
completed by Mary and Michael and rest by Marina.
Sol: Amount received by Mary and Michael = 480/4 = 120 Monet will be distributed according to the ratio
Rs of work done i.e A: B: C: D
Marina’s earning = 480-120 = Rs 360 = 1/32 : 1/20 : 1/30 : 1/24 = 15 :24:16:20
Therefore, C\'s Share = 16/(15+24+16+20) = Rs 16/3
Question: Katrina does a work in 20 days .While Ranveer
does the same work in 15 days. they worked together and Question: Kulfi can do work in 10 days. Another girl
earned Rs.56000 to complete the task, Find the share of joined and they completed the same work in 6 days. If
Katrina. they get Rs. 100 for the work, what is the share of another
Sol: LCM Method girl ?
Lcm - 60 Sol: Kulfi can do the work in = 10 days
K=20=3 Both can do the work in = 6 days
R=15=4
=7
Another girl can do the work =
Kulfi and another girl’s share = 15: 10 = 3: 2
K=24000
Therefore, another girl’s share =
Question: Bablu alone can do a piece of work in 10 days
Ashu alone can do it in 15 days. The total wages for the work
in Rs.5000 . how much should bablu be paid of they work
together for entire duration of the work
Sol: Bablu 10 day------ now 30/10=3 unit per day
L.C.M = 30(total work they have to perform)
Ashu 15 day------- 30/15=2 unit per day
96
4. The ratio of the present ages of A and B is p: q and

after t years, it becomes r: s, then;
A's present age = pt(r-s)/(ps-qr) years.
Chapter 20. Problems on And, B's present age = qt(r-s)/ (ps-qr) years
Ages 5. The sum of present ages of A and B is X years, t years

ago, the age of A was Y times the age of B, then;
In the Problem on Ages questions, these kinds of Formulas Present age of A = XY+t(Y-1)/(Y-1) years
are frequently used. These formulas are useful for quickly
and efficiently answering questions in examinations. And, the present age of B = X+t(Y-1)/(Y+1) years
20.1 Basic Formulas on Ages 20.2 How To Solve Problem on Ages Questions Quickly:
1. If the present age is x, then n times the age is nx. The subject of ages is one of the most prevalent and
2. If the present age is x, then age n years later/hence significant in the Quantitative Aptitude section. We'll show
= x + n. you how to solve age questions quickly in this article.
3. If the present age is x, then age n years ago = x - n.
4. The ages in a ratio a : b will be ax and bx. Some people avoid age-related issues because they find them
too perplexing. So, let us try to clear up their
misunderstandings and assist them in quickly answering the
5. If the present age is x, then
questions.
Ages Formulas and Concept on Problems on Ages ● The important thing in Age Problem is to decide
which age – either it is present or past or future.
1. x years ago the age of A was n1 times the age of B, and ● After deciding the age, Consider it as X.
at present A's age is n2 times that of B, then; ● In most cases, we take the present age as ‘X’, i.e.,
the base year works just fine.
● Past will be expressed as (x-5) years.
● The future can be expressed as (x+5).
A's current = . ● But sometimes, ‘present age’ is not directly given
in words. Then, take ‘x’ to be the age you are going
to find.
● Sometimes when nothing works then just look at
the options and solve it through back calculations!
and, B's current age = .
It also works fine.
2. t1 years ago, the age of A was X times the age of B and

after t2 years age of A becomes Y times the age of B,
then; 20.3 Tips and Tricks to solve Problem on Ages :
A's present age ={ X(t1+t2) (Y-1) }/ (X-Y) + t1 years With a few straightforward tips and tricks, you can easily
solve age-related issues. Here are some fast tips for
And B's present age = {t2(Y-1)+ t1(X-1)} / (X-Y) years answering these questions.
3. The sum of present ages of A and B is X years, t years 1. Assign variables to the key words and organize the
after, the age of A becomes Y times the age of B, then; information.
2. To solve the problem, choose only one variable.
A's present age = XY + t(Y-1)/ (Y+1) years 3. Assume the current age as ‘x' if the information in
the question includes ages at various points in time.
And B's present age= X-t (Y-1)/ (Y+1) years
97
4. If the information in the question includes the ages Type 3: t1 years ago, the age of A was X times the age of
of several people, use ‘x' as the youngest person's B and after t2 years age of A becomes Y times the age of
age. B
5. Pay close attention to the issue.The word "n times
more than" must be accurately interpreted. Question: 10 years ago 10 people were 33 . After 3 years a
person of age 40 dies. After another 3 years another
The questions can be categorized into the following person of 40 years dies. After another 3 years another
types: person of 27 years dies. Find the present average age?
Solution:
Type 1: x years ago the age of A was n1 times the age of
B, and at present A’s age is n2 times that of B
10 year ago 10 people= 33
Question: After 6 years Raju's fathers age was twice

10 year ago total age=330
Raju's age, 2 years ago.His mothers age was twice that of
Raju's age. What is the sum of the age of their parents?
after 3 year 1 person with age 40 died = ie take his age as 37
before 3 years lly for next 2 persons ; consider as 34 (40-6)
Solution;
and as 18(27-9) in 6 and 9 years ago(ie 37+34+18=89) 10
F+6=2(R+6)
years ago age of 7 people =330-89=241
F= 2R+6
M-2=2(R-2)
now consider present age 7*10=70+241=311
M= 2R-2
now avg= 311/7=44.43(ans)
Therefore the sum of Raju’s Parent’s age is
Type 4:The sum of present ages of A and B is X years, t
F+M=2R+6+2R-2 years after, the age of A becomes Y times the age of B
F+M=4R+4
4 more than four times Raju’s age Question: The sum of the present ages of Brett lee and
Jasprit Bumrah is 60. If the age of Brett Lee is twice that
of Jasprit Bumrah, find the sum of their ages 5 years
Type 2: The present age of A is n1 times the present age
hence?
of B. After x years, age of A becomes n2 times the age of
B
Solution:
Question: In 10 years, A will be twice as old as B was 10
Let the age of brett lee be x and the age of Jasprit Bumrah be
years ago. If A is now 9 years older than B, the present
y.
age of B is :
Given,Sum of their ages=60
Solution:
x+y=60-----(i)
Let B's present age = x years. Then, A's present age = (x + 9)
years.
And ,Brett Lee is twice that of Jasprit Bumrah
(x + 9) + 10 = 2(x - 10)
=>x=2y----(ii)
=> x + 19 = 2x - 20
Substituting above value in (i),we get,
=> x =39.
2y+y=60
y=20 years
Hence,the age of Jasprit=20 years
so,Age of Brett Lee=(60-20) yrs

98
=>40 yrs The ratio will be 19:17T

ype 6: The sum of present ages of A and B is X years, t
After 5 years their ages will be,45 years and 25 years years ago, the age of A was Y times the age of B
Sum of their ages after 5 years=(45+25)years Question: The sum of the present ages of a father and his
son is 60 years. five years ago, a father's age was four
=70 years. times the age of the son. so now the son's age will
be:Solution:
Type 5:The ratio of the present ages of A and B is p: q

Let the present ages of son and father be x and (60 -x) years
and after t years, it becomes r: s
respectively.
Question: The ratio of Radha and Shyam age is 7:4. On

Then, (60 - x) - 5= 4(x - 5)
multiplying their ages we get the value as 448. What will
be the ratio of Radha and Shyam’s age after 3 years.
55 - x = 4x - 20
Solution:
5x = 75 => x = 15
Let Radha’s age be 7x and Shyam’s age be 4x

Exercises:
Given, product of their ages : 7x*4x = 448
1. The ratio of Sara’s age 4 years ago and
28 x2 = 448 Vaishali’s age after 4 years is 1: 1. Presently, the
ratio of their ages is 5: 3. Find the ratio between
x2 = 16 Sara’s age 4 years hence and Vaishali’s age 4
years ago.
x=4 2. At the end of 1994 rohit was half as old as his
grand mother.The sum of years in which they
Radha’s age after 3 years will be 7x + 3 = 7*4+3 = 31 years were born is 3844. How old rohit was at the end
of 1999
Shyam’s age after 3 years will be 4x+3 = 4*4+3 = 19 years 3. In 4 years, raj father age twice as two years
ago,raj mother age twice as raj.if raj is 32 years
Question: The ages of Preeti and Sakshi are in the ratio of old in eight years from now ,what is the age of
8:7 and by adding their ages we get 60. Determine the raj mother and father?
ratio of their ages after 6 years. 4. Saransh is 50 years old and Nazma is 40 years
old. How long ago was the ratio of their ages
Solution: 3:2?
5. Roy is now 4 years older than Erik and half of
Let, the current age of Preeti and Sakshi be 8x and 7x. that amount older than Iris. If in 2 years, roy
will be twice as old as Erik, then in 2 years what
Given, 8x+7x = 60 would be Roy's age multiplied by Iris's age?
6. 8 year old Eesha visited her grandpa. He gave
15x = 60 her this riddle. I started working at 13. I spent
1/6 of my working life in a factory. I spent 1/4 of
X=4 my working life in an office, and I spent 1/4 of
my working life as a school caretaker. For the
After 6 years their age will be, 8x+6 and 7x+6 last 32 years of my working life I've been doing
social service. How old am I?
= 8*4+6 and 7*4+6 7. A father said to his son , " I was as old as you
are at present at the time of your birth. " If the
= 38 and 34 father age is 38 now, the son age 5 years back
was :
8. The total age of A and B is 12 years more than
the total age of B and C. C is how many years
younger than A ?
99
9. The age of a man is 4 times that of his son. Five be double of the sum of his son’s age. What is
years ago, the man was nine times old as his son Ravi’s present age?
was at that time. The present age of man is? 24. The addition of the ages of Asha, Reena, and
10. Six years ago Anita was P times as old as Ben Anu is 68. Reena is twice the age of Asha and
was. If Anita is now 17 years old, how old is Ben Anu is 8 years older than Reena. Find the ages
now in terms of P ? of Asha, Reena and Anu respectively.
11. The ratio of the ages of Maala and Kala is 4 : 3. 25. Find Rano’s present age if six years back her
The total of their ages is 2.8 decades. The age was five-fourth times of Shano’s age.
proportion of their ages after 0.8 decades will be 26. There are four friends named Ram, Mohan,
[1 Decade = 10 years] Raj, Roy. The sum of their ages was 96. 6 years
12. The average age of a group of 10 students is 15 later the ratio will become 8:7:6:9. What is Raj’s
years. When 5 more students join the group, the present age?
average age increases by 1 year. The average 27. Radhika’s present age is five seventh of her
age of the new students is? father's. After 7 years, she will be two thirds of
13. Rahul is 15 years older than Rohan. If 5 years her father. What is the existing age of Radhika’s
ago, Rahul was 3 times as old as Rohan, then father?
find Rahul's present age. 28. There are 60 girls in a hostel whose average age
14. The sum of the ages of 5 children born at the is 12. The average age of 20 girls in the hostel is
intervals of 3 years each is 50 years. what is the 13 and the average age of Other 15 is 11. Find
age of the youngest child ? the average age of remaining girls.
15. The age of a person is thrice the total ages of his 29. The product of Neha and Kunal’s age is 578. If
2 daughters. 0.5 decades hence, his age will be Neha is 17 years old at present. Find the
twice of the total ages of his daughters. Then remainder if the sum of their ages is divided by
what is the father’s current age? [0.5 Decades = 3.
5 Years] 30. The sum of Aditi and Arnav’s age is 14 years
16. The sum of the ages of a father and son is 45 more than the sum of Arnav and Aashay’s age.
years. Five years ago, the product of their ages Find the difference between Aditi and Aashay’s
was four times the fathers age at that time. The age.
present age of father and son 31. If we add the ages of 4 children born at the
17. Rani is 4 years younger than Dipti, who is thrice intervals of 3.5 years each, we get 45. What is
as old as Deepak. Find the age of Dipti if the the age of the youngest child?
sum of their ages is 66. 32. Six years ago, the ratio of the ages of Sachin
18. The sum of Aditi and Arnav’s age is 14 years tendulkar and virender Sehwag was 6 : 5. Four
more than the sum of Arnav and Aashay’s age. years hence, the ratio of their ages will be 11 :
Find the difference between Aditi and Aashay’s 10. What is Sehwag's age at present?
age. 33. The present ages of Rohit Sharma,Virat Kohli
19. In 7 years, Z will be thrice the age of M 7 years and Karun Nair in proportions 4:7:9. Eight
ago. Find the present age of M, if he is 6 years years ago, the sum of their ages was 56. Find
younger than Z in current. their present ages (in years).
20. The sum of son’s and daughter’s present age of 34. Sachin Tendulkar is younger than Rahul Dravid
Rama is 50. Four years ago son’s age was twice by 7 years. If their ages are in the respective
the age of my daughter. Find daughter’s present ratio of 7 : 9, how old is Sachin?
age. 35. If 13:11 is the ratio of the present age of Arijit
21. If Lakhan was two-fifth as old as Rashmi 3 Singh and Sonu Nigam respectively and 15:9 is
years back. At present Lakhan’s age is 15 years. the ratio between Arijit’s age 4 years hence and
Determine the present-day age of Lakhan. Sonu’s age 4 years ago. Then what will be the
22. Shivam got married to Anjali 6 years back. His ratio of Arijit’s age 4 years ago and Sonu’s age 4
age at present is 5/4 times his age when he got years hence?
married. Shivam was 6 years elder to his 36. The ages of Tapsee Pannu and Kangana ranaut
brother when he got married. What is Shivam’s are in the ratio of 7:3 respectively.After 6
brother’s present age? years,the ratio of their ages will be 5:3.What is
23. Ravi’s present age is thrice the sum of his 2 the difference in their ages?
son’s present age. After 4 years, Ravi’s age will
100
101
Chapter 21. Algebra
Definition:
The study of mathematical symbols is known as algebra. It

also includes the laws that govern the manipulation of these
symbols. Almost everything is covered in this course, from
basic equation solving to the study of abstractions like
groups, rings, and fields.
21.2 Formulas for Algebra:
● a2 – b2 = (a – b)(a + b)
● (a+b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
● a2 + b2 = (a – b)2 + 2ab
● (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2
● (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2ac + 2bc
● (a – b – c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 – 2ab – 2ac + 2bc
● (a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3; (a + b)3 = a3 + b3 +
3ab(a + b)
● (a – b)3 = a3 – 3a2b + 3ab2 – b3
● a3 – b3 = (a – b)(a2 + ab + b2)
Use: ● a3 + b3 = (a + b)(a2 – ab + b2)
● (a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3
Algebra is an indispensable life skill that should be well- ● (a – b)3 = a3 – 3a2b + 3ab2 – b3
understood. It prepares us for statistics and calculus by going ● (a + b)4 = a4 + 4a3b + 6a2b2 + 4ab3 + b4)
beyond fundamental math. It is useful for a variety of careers, ● (a – b)4 = a4 – 4a3b + 6a2b2 – 4ab3 + b4)
including those that a student may pursue as a second career. ● a4 – b4 = (a – b)(a + b)(a2 + b2)
Algebra comes in handy around the home and when ● a5 – b5 = (a – b)(a4 + a3b + a2b2 + ab3 + b4)
reviewing news stories.
21.2 Algebra Formulas & Properties of Algebra:

There are 6 main types of Algebraic Expressions. These
are as under:
1. Monomial Expression 1.Commutative property of addition:

2. Binomial Expression
3. Trinomial Expression a+b=b+a
4. Linear polynomial
5. Quadratic polynomial The sum of the expression does not change if the order of the
6. Cubic polynomial elements is changed. The elements can be expressions or
numbers.
102
2. Commutative Property of Multiplication: 4. Associative property of Multiplication:
axb=bxa (a x b) xc = a x (b x c)
When the order of the factors are changed, the product does Associative property states that when two or more elements
not change. These factors can be numbers or expressions are grouped together in the basic arithmetical multiplication,
their order does not change the final result. Also, in this case,
the grouping is usually done by parenthesis.
5. Distributive properties of Addition and Multiplication:
3. Associative Property of Addition: a × (b + c) = a × b + a × c
(a + b)+ c = a + (b + c) and
The property defines that when two or more numbers are (a + b) × c = a × c + b × c.

grouped together which are performing basic arithmetic
addition, their order does not play a significant role in the The distributive property says that the product of a single
result. term and a sum or a difference of two or more terms present
in the bracket is the same as multiplying each of the elements
by a single term and then adding and subtracting the
products.
103
9a = 15 + 30
= a = 45/9 = 5
Formula 2: How to Solve Algebra Questions Quickly by-

Substitution Methods
Question: Grass in the lawn grows equally thick and at a

uniform rate. It takes 12 days for 70 horses and 48 for 30
horses . How many horses can eat away the same in 60
days?
Sol: 12 days 70 horses==total work done=12*70=840

48 days 30 horses=== total work done= 48*30= 1440
Now see here that total work done must be the same but there
is a difference. that difference corresponds to the increasing
grass/day i.e. work done by grass
6. Rule of multiplication over subtraction:
work done by grass =1440-840 =600 (this work is done in
(48-12=36 days).
If p, q, and r are any numbers, then, p (q-r) = p*q – p*r.
work done by grass per day =600/36= 50/3
Similarly, in the addition rule, the distribution for
now work done by grass in 12 days= (50/3)*`12=200
multiplication over subtraction can be done in left
actual work = 840 -200 = 640
distribution and right distribution.
now work done by grass for 96 days = (50/3)*96== 1600
total work required to be done = 640 + 1600 = 2240
If p* (q-r) = (p * q) – (r*q)- Left distributive law
Horse required = 2240/96 == 23.33=24
and
Question: The subtraction between a two-digit number
and the number obtained by interchanging the digits is
If (p-q)*r = (p*r) – (q*r)- Right distributive law
63. What is the difference between the sum and the
difference of the digits of the number if the ratio between
the digits of the number is 2 : 3 ?.
Sol: Since the number is greater than the number obtained on

reversing the digits, so the ten's digit is greater than the unit's
digit.
Let tens and units digits be 2x and x respectively.
Then, (10 x 2x + x) - (10x + 2x) = 63
9x = 63
x=7
Required difference = (2x + x) - (2x - x) = 2x = 14
Exercise:
1. When the polynomial is - 3x^{3} + 10x - 20 is
Formula 1 : How To Solve Algebra by Evaluation or divided by (x - 2), calculate its remainder?
finding the value of “a” variable
2. Solve the equation for a, where 20(a+b)+18 = 20( -a+b)
Question: Solve the below equation: If a-b = 6 and a2 + b2 = -22
58, then find the value of ab ---
Sol: Applying the formula = 2ab = (a2 + b2) – (a-b)2 3. The cost of 4 matts and 6 blankets is Rs.1500. The cost
=> 58- 36 = 2ab of 6 matts and 4 blankets is Rs.1400. Calculate the cost of
ab = 22/2 = 11 each blanket is more than that of each matt.
Question: Solve the equation for a, where 8a – 30 + 2a = 5 4. Ram has Rs. 589 in the values of one-rupee, ten-rupee,
+10 - a and twenty-rupee stardust notes. If the number of
Sol: 10a – 30 = 15 – a stardust notes of each denomination is equivalent.
104
Calculate the total number of notes that Ram has?
5. If a^{2} + 2 = 2a, then the value of a^{4} – a^{3} +

a^{2} + 2 will be ---
6. The ages of Karan and Ritu differ by 45 years. If 10

year ago, Karan would be 10 times as old as Ritu,
Calculate their current ages of the year?
7. A teacher asked its student to divide a number by 12

and add 24 to the quotient. He, however, first added 24 to
the number and then divided it by 12, getting 224 as the
answer.
8. To fill a Reservoir, 50 containers of water is required.

How many containers of water will be required to fill the
reservoir if the capacity of the container is reduced to
fourth-tenth of its present?
Chapter 22. Calendar

Definition:
A calendar is a tool for keeping track of the days of a year.

The year begins on January 1st and ends on December 31st.
Ordinary years (365 days) and leap years (365 days) are the
two kinds of years (366 days). There are 365 days in a year,
which equals 52 x 7 + 1, or 52 weeks and one day.
22.1 Calendar Formulas & Definitions
● For religious, governmental, commercial, or

administrative purposes, a calendar is a way of
systematically grouping days. It is accomplished by
naming time periods such as days, weeks, months,
and years.
● A date is single, specific day within such a system
● The year is classified into two type:

105
1. Ordinary years (365 days) Explanation: 300 years give us 5 x 3 = 15.Hence, 14 days
2. Leap year (366 days.)z (two weeks) = 1 odd day.
● The calendar starts on 1st January and ends on 31st ● 400 years has 0 odd day
December.
Explanation: The number of odd days in 400 years will be (
Calendar Formulas for Odd days 5 x 4 + 1) because 400 is itself a leap year and that is why it
has one odd day extra. Thus odd days in 400 will be 0.
● Odd days are the number of days that are more than
the number of days in a complete week. ● Similarly, all the 4th centuries 800 years, 1200
● For example: years, 1600 years, 2000 years etc. have 0 odd days.
● Mapping of the number of odd day to the day of the
Calculate odd days for 10 and 14 days week
10 days = 1 week (7 days) + 3 days. Here, 3 days are odd

days
Day Sun Mon Tues Wed Thur Frid Satu
14 days = 2 weeks (14 days) + 0 day (0 odd day). s day day day nesd sday ay rday
ay
Formulas of Calendar For Number of Odd Days
Nu 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
mbe
● 1 ordinary year has 1 odd day
r of
Add
Explanation : In an ordinary year, there are 365 days, which Day
means 52 x 7 + 1, or 52 weeks and one day. This additional s
day is called an odd day.
Reference Chart that gives odd days for the given months
● 1 leap year has 2 odd days
● To determine whether a year is a leap year, follow

Explanation: A leap year has 366 days. There are 29 days in
these steps:
February in a leap year. There are 52 weeks and 2 odd days
1. If the year is evenly divisible by 4, go to step 2.
in a leap year.
Otherwise, go to step 5.
● 100 years has 5 odd days
Explanation : Odd days in a leap year = (52 weeks +2) days
.In 100 years , there will be 24 leap years and 76 non-leap
4. The year is a leap year (it has 366 days).
years.
5. The year is not a leap year (it has 365 days).
So odd days in 100 years will be (76 x 1 + 24 x 2) which is
For example:
124 odd days.
1. Check for years not ending with “00”.

This can also be written as 17 weeks + 5 days.
Year 1997 is not a leap year because it is not

So every 100 years will have 5 odd days.
divisible by 4.
● 200 years has 3 odd days
Year 2016 is a leap year because it is divisible by
4.
Explanation: 100 years give us 5 odd days as calculated
above. 200 years give us 5 x 2 = 10 .Hence , 7 days (one
2. Now, check for years ending with “00”.
week) = 3 odd days.
Year 2000 is a leap year because it is divisible by 4,100

● 300 years has 1 odd day
and 400.
106
Year 1900 is not a leap year because it is divisible by 4 1600, 2000, 2400 are leap years because they are divisible
and 100 but not 400. by 400
Year 1600 is a leap year because it is divisible by ● In an ordinary year, there are 365 days, which
4, 100, and 400. means 52 x 7 + 1, or 52 weeks and one day.
● Here are easy tricks and tips on Calendar problems
For this reason, the following years are not leap years: Learn tricks on calendar.
1700, 1800, 1900, 2100, 2200, 2300, 2500, 2600 Exercise:
This is because they are evenly divisible by 100 but not 1. On 1st January 2005, it was a Monday. What
by 400. will the day be on 1st January 2009?
2. On the 1st of January of a leap year the day is
The following years are leap years:
Monday. What will be the day on 1st May the
1600, 2000, 2400 same year?
3. I am 15 weeks and 24 days younger to Vishal,
This is because they are evenly divisible by both 100 and
400. while Shashank is 25 weeks 19 days older to
Vishal. If Shashank was born on Monday, on
Points to remember what day was I born?
4. The days in which the calendar will be similar to
● Last day of a century cannot be Tuesday or
Thursday or Saturday because of the number of that of 1993?
odd days. 5. Today is Friday. After 15 days, which day will it
● For the calendars of two different years to be the
be ?
same, the following conditions must be satisfied.
6. On what dates of April , 2001 did Wednesday
a. Both years must be of the same type. i.e., both fall ?
years must be ordinary years or both years must be leap 7. January 1 2013 is Tuesday .What day of the
years.
week lies on January 1 2014 ?
st
b. 1 January of both the years must be the same day 8. How many years have 29 days in February from
of the week. 1900 to 2000?
9. What was the day of the week on 5 dec 2019 ?
22.2 Solve Quickly Calendar Problems with Definitions
10. January 1, 2013 was Tuesday. What day of the
The days in a year are organized through a system of week lies on Jan. 1, 2014?
calendar The year is classified into two types :
11. If the Gandhi jayanti in 2013 falls on
1. Ordinary Years (365 days) Wednesday, then on which day will the Gandhi
2. Leap year (366 days) Jayanti fall in 2018 ?
12. March 1st is Wednesday. Which month of the
The difference between leap and ordinary year and leap year
is ONE extra day designated as 29th February. A leap year same year starts with the same day?
occurs every four years, to keep the calendar in alignment 13. Today is Wednesday. After 23 days, which day
with the earth’s revolution around the sun. Earth takes 365 ¼ will it be ?
days to complete one revolution. Hence, to compensate for
14. Today is 4th November 2020 .The day of the
1/4th day or 6 hours in the calendar we have a leap
year.Therefore, a year cannot be a leap year if it is not week is Wednesday. This is a leap year. What
divisible by 4 or 400. will be the day of the week on this date after 5
years?
For example – 1700, 1800, 1900 are not a leap year
because it is not divisible by 400.
107
15. February 03, 2020 is Monday. What day of the

week lies on February 03, 2021 ?
16. Which of the following is not a leap year ?
17. What is the average number of days per month
in the year 2004 ?
18. Which of the following is Ordinary days ?
19. Today is Friday. A person wants to meet a
lawyer and as that lawyer is busy he asks him to
Chapter 23. Clock
come three days after the day of the day after
tomorrow? On which day the lawyer asks the A clock is a circle with 360 degrees on it. It's divided into 12
equal parts with numbers ranging from 1 to 12. 360/12 = 30°
person to come? for each part. One hour is when the minute hand completes a
20. What was the day on 14 April, 2000 ? full circle, i.e. covers 360°. The hour hand and the minute
21. 26th January, 1996 was a Friday. What day of hand are the two hands on a clock. Both hands go around the
dial, which is circular.
the week lies on 26th January, 1997?
22. The calendar 2006 will be the same for which 23.1 Clocks Formulas & Properties
year ?
23. If 1st Jan 2005 is Saturday then what will be 1st ● The dial of the clock is circular in shape and is
divided into 60 equal minute spaces.
Jan 2008?
● 60-minute spaces trace an angle of 3600.
24. What will be the day on week 4th April 2001? Therefore, one minute space traverses an angle of
25. The last day of the century cannot be ---- 60.
● The hands of a clock are perpendicular when they
26. What day of the week was 31st July, 1993?
are 15-minute space apart.
27. The calendar for the year 2001 is the same for ● Hands of a clock are in a straight line and are
which year? opposite to one another when they are 30 minutes
apart.
28. What was the day on 16 August, 1947 ?
● Hands of a clock are perpendicular to each other 22
29. 26th January, 1996 was a Friday. What day of times in 12 hours and 44 times in 24 hours.
the week lies on 26th January, 1997? ● Hands of the clock are opposite to each other for 11
30. The calendar 2006 will be the same for which times in 12 hours and 22 times in a day.
● The minute hand gains 55 minutes over hour hand
year?
every hour.
31. If 1st Jan 2005 is Saturday then what will be 1st
Jan 2008? 23.2 Best Tips & Tricks on Clocks problems to solve
easily
● Below are some easy tips and tricks for you on

problems based on clocks which efficiently help in
the competitive exam . It is a very important topic
for recruitment drives.
● Speed of the minute hand= 6° per minute.
● Speed of the hour hand= 0.5° per minute.
● Relative Speed between hour and minute hand.
Relative speed of a minute hand is 6 – 0.5 dpm =
5.5 dpm. Where dpm = dial per minute.

108
A) Angle between hands of a clock =155 degree

Question: The number of times the hands of a clock
Question: When the minute hand is behind the hour
coincide in one day is:
hand, the angle between the two hands at M minutes past
H o’clock. Sol: The hands of the clock coincide 11 times in 12 hours. So
in one day it coincides 22 times.
= 30 [H -(M/5)] + M/2 degree
= 30H – (11M/2) Question: Currently the clock shows 9 o’clock. What

angle will be the angle traced by the hour hand when it
Question: In the case where the minute hand is ahead of
shows 3 o’clock?
the hour hand, the angle between the two hands at M
minutes past H ‘o clock will be calculated as Sol: The time difference between 9 o’clock and 3 o’clock is 6
hours.
= 30 (M/5-H ) -M/2 degree Angle traced by hour hand in 6 hours = 180°
= 11/2M – 30H
Question: What is the measure of the angle formed by the
B) To calculate x minute space gain by the minute hand over hands of the clock when the time is 11:25 AM?
the hour hand,
Sol: The angle traced by minute hand in one minute = 6°
= x60/55 Therefore, the angle traced by minute hand in 25 minutes =
25*6 = 150°
= x12/11
The angle traced by hour hand in one hour = 30°
C) Both the two hands of the clock will be at the right angles Therefore, the angle traced by hour hand in 11 hour = 11*30
between H and (H+1) o’clock at (5H ± 15) minutes H<’o =330°
clock. However, since the time is 11:45 the hour hand is not exactly
at 11. Instead it lies somewhere between 11 and 12. Since the
D) If the minute hand of a clock overtakes the hour hand at
the interval of M minutes when the time is correct, the clock time is 11:45 and 45 minutes is ¾ of an hour; therefore, the
gains or loses a day by exact angle it subtends:
330° + ¾ * 30°
= [(720/11)-M] [(60×24)/M] minutes.
330°+22.5°
E) Between H and H+1 o’clock, the two hands of the clock 352.5°
are M minutes apart at (5H ± M)12/11 minutes past H o’
The angle between minute hand and the hour hand can be
clock.
determined by:
Solved Examples: 352.5° – 150° = 202.5°
Question: How many times in a day do the hands of the
Question: What is the angle between the hour hand and
clock subtend right angles?
the minute hand when the time on the clock is 3:10 PM
Sol: There will be 2 times per hour when the angle between
Answer: 30H - (11M/2)
minute and hour hand is 90∘
=30*3 - (11*10/2)
Total of 22 times in 12 hours.
=45 degree
∴ In 24 hours, 22×2=44 times the angle between minute and
Question: What is the angle between the hour hand and
hour hand is 90∘ .
the minute hand when the time on the clock is 4:50 PM
Answer: 11/2 * M - 30H
Question: What is the angle between hour hand and
= 11/2 * 50 - 30* 4
minute hand when the time is 10:10?
Sol: The angle subtended by hour hand 61/6 hours =
109
Angle subtended by minutes hand in 10 minutes = So,

The angle between the two hands of the clock = 305-180 = 0=(11/2 min-30(2))
125° 0=(11/2 min - 60)
Question: What was the angle between two hands when 60=11/2 min
time was 3:40 ? 120= 11min
Sol: We know that the formula find between the angel min=120/11
x=(11/2min-30Hr) min= 10.90 min
(11/2 * 40 -30(3)) So the time between 2 and 3 ‘o’ clock when needles are
(220-90) coincide with each other is
(130 deg). 2:10.90 min
Question: At what angle the hands of a clock are inclined Question: At what time between 5 and 6 ’o’ clock will the
in 22 minutes after 6 ? hands of a watch be together ?
Sol: We know that the formula find between the angel Sol: Deg = 0 deg in coincide
6:22 min So,
x=(11/2min-30Hr) 0=(11/2 min-30(5))
(11/2 * (22) -30(6)) 0=(11/2 min - 150)
(121-150) 150=11/2 min
(29 deg). 300= 11min
So the answer is 29 deg. min=300/11
min=27.27 min
Question: Find the reflex angle between the hands of a So the time between 5 and 6 ‘o’ clock when needles are
clock at 5:54 ? coincide with each other is
Sol: We know that the formula find between the angel 5:27.27 min
10:25 min
x=(11/2min-30Hr) Question: What is the angle between the two hands of a
(11/2 * (54) -30(5)) clock when time is 7:30?
(297-150) Sol: Angle traced by hour hand in 12 hours = 360 °
(147-150 ) Angle traced by hour hand in 1 hour = 360°/12 =30°
(3 deg) Angle traced by hour hand in 8 hour = 7 × 30° = 210°
So the angle of 5:54 min is 3 deg At 7:30, hour hand will be in middle of 7 & 8, so angle traced
Now, by hour hand at 7:30
The opposite angle is :- 360-3 = 210° + (30°/2) = 210° + 15° = 225° -(i)
= 327 deg Angle traced by minute hand in 60 minutes = 360 °
Angle traced by minute hand in 1 minute = (360°/60)= 6°
Question: What is the angle between when time is 5:30? Angle traced by minute hand in 30 minutes = 30 × 6° = 180°
Sol: At 5:30 minute hand will be at position 6 and hour hand -(ii)
will be exactly between 5 and 6 and will cover 15°, so angle Now, the angle between the two hands of a clock when time
between two hands=30 -15 = 15° is 8:30 = 225° - 180° (from i & ii)
= 45°
Question: At what time between 2 ‘0’ clock and 3’o’
clock,both the needles will coincide with each other ?
Sol: Deg = 0 deg in coincide
110
Question: Between 9 a.m and 9 p.m of a particular day In 14 hours, the watch would have gained 1400 seconds or 23
for how many times are the minute and hour hands minutes 20 seconds.
together? So, when the correct time is 10 PM, the watch would show
Sol: The hands will be together for once per hour..e.g 10 : 23 : 20 PM
9.45,10.50..but between 11 and 12 the coming together will
be counted as 1 for both hence in 12 hrs time they will be Question: A clock shows 4:00 in the morning. By how
together for 12-1=11 times much angle will the hour hand rotate when the clock
shows 7:00 in the noon ?
Question: What is the angle between the two hands of a Sol: In 12 hours, the hand turns 360 deg .
clock when the time shown by the clock is 9.30 p.m. ? Here, the difference between time = 3 hours
Sol: Formula used is ---- Then, Required angle 360/12 * 3= 90 deg
x = 11/2 m – 30h
= 11/2 *30 - 30 *9 Question: The famous church in the city of
= /165-270/ = 115 deg Kumbakonam has a big clock tower and is said to be over
Question: A clock shows 5 O’clock in the morning. By 300 years old. Every Monday at 10.00 AM the clock is set
how much angle will the hours hand rotate when the by Antony, doing service in the church. The Clock loses 6
clock shows 9 ‘O’ Clock in the morning ? minutes every hour. What will be the actual time when
Sol: In 12 hours ,the hand turns 360 deg. the faulty clock shows 3 P.M on Friday?
Here the difference between time = 4 hours. Sol: Let us start from Monday 10 am to friday 3.00
Then, Required Angle =360/12 *4 = 120 deg pm.....total hours=
4 days 5 hrs.=4*24+5=101 hrs.
Question: At what time 2and 3 ‘O’ Clock will be the so total time loses=101*6 minutes=606 minutes=606/60=10
hands of a watch point in Opposite direction ? hrs 6 minutes
Sol: x=(11/2 min - 30 H) so actual time=friday 3.00 pm +10 hrs 06 minutes=saturday
x=180 deg 1.06 am.
180=(11/2 min- 30(2)) Now, in most of the places they are giving answers as of 4.54
180=(11/2 min -60) AM, which is incorrect. As the clock loses 6 mins. Thus we
180+60=11/2 min have to add the time.
240=11/2 min
480=11min Question: How many times do the hands of a clock
min=43.63 coincide in 5 hours?
So the time between 2 and 3 ‘o’ clock when Clock will be the Sol: The hour hand covers 2*360 degrees in 24 hours, i.e
hands of watch point in Opposite direction is 2:43.63 min 1440 minutes.
So, in one minute, it covers 1440/720 = 1/2 degree.
Question: A watch gains 5 sec in 3 minutes and was set Difference in angular distance travelled by the minute hand
right at 8 am. What time will it show at 10 pm on the and the hour hand in one minute is thus 6-1/2 = 11/2 degrees.
same day? So, on a full rotation (360ᵒ), any similar event between them
Sol: The watch gains 5 seconds in 3 minutes = 100 seconds will be repeated every 360/(11/2) = 65 5/11 minutes.
in 1 hour. The hands of a clock coincide 11 times in every 12 hours
From 8 AM to 10 PM on the same day, time passed is 14 (Since between 11 and 1, they coincide only once, i.e., at 12
hours. o\'clock).
111
The hands overlap about every 65 minutes, not every 60 As it lost 1.68 hours during the first week and then gained
minutes. 3.36 hours during the next week, the net result will be a -1.68
The hands coincide 22 times in a day. + 3.36 = 1.68 hour net gain in time.
So the clock will show a time which is 1.68 hours more than
Question: Between 9 a.m and 9 p.m of a particular day 12 Noon two weeks from the time it was set right.
for how many times are the minute and hour hands 1.68 hours = 1 hour and 40.8 minutes = 1 hour + 40 minutes
together?
+ 48 seconds.
Sol: The hands will be together for once per hour..e.g
9.45,10.50..but between 11 and 12 the coming together will i.e. 1 : 40 : 48 P.
be counted as 1 for both hence in 12 hrs time they will be
together for 12-1=11 times
Question: How many palindromes are there in a clock

from noon to midnight ( For Example 5.45 is a
palindrome)?
Sol: After 12 oclock 12:21.......=1
from 1 to 9 it is 1.01, 1.11, 1.21, 1.31, 1.41, 1.51.= 6
similarly 2.02,2.12,.................
6*9=54+1=55
after 10 o'clock 10:01, 11:11
Ans: 55+2=57
Question: One-quarter of the time till now from midnight
and half of the time remaining from now up to midnight
adds to the present time. What is the present time?
Sol: x is present time
1/4(x)+1/2(24-x)=x
solve it then x = 9:36
Question: A clock loses 1% time during the first week

and then gains 2% time during the next one week. If the
clock was set right at 12noon on Sunday, what would be
the exact time that the clock would show 14days from the
time it was set, right?
Sol: The clock loses 1% time during the first week.
In a day there are 24 hours and in a week there are 7 days.
Therefore, there are 7 * 24 = 168 hours in a week.
If the clock loses 1% time during the first week, then it will
show a time which is 1% of 168 hours less than 12 Noon at
the end of the first week = 1.68 hours less.
Subsequently, the clock gains 2% during the next week. The
second week has 168 hours and the clock gains 2% time =
2% of 168 hours = 3.36 hours more than the actual time.
112
Number system is a technique to represent number and

present number in a discrete manner.
Whole Number, Rational Number, Natural Number, Odd

Number, Even Number, Irrational Number etc are general
types of Number System.
24.1 Number System Formulas & Definitions
Natural Numbers
All positive integers are called natural numbers. All counting

numbers from 1 to infinity are natural numbers. N = {1, 2, 3,
4, 5, 6……….∞}
Whole Numbers
The set of numbers that includes all natural numbers and the
number zero are called whole numbers. They are also called
Non-negative integers. W = { 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,…………..∞}
Integers
All numbers that do not have the decimal places in them are
called integers. Z = {∞…….-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3………∞}
Positive Integers: 1, 2, 3, 4….. is the set of all positive

integers.
Negative Integers: −1, −2, −3….. is the set of all negative

integers.
○ c. Non-Positive and Non-Negative

Integers: 0 is neither positive nor
negative.
Real Numbers
Chapter 24. Number System All numbers that can be represented on the number line are
Number system: A number system is a way of describing a
called real numbers.
numerical value on a number line. A numeric system is a
method of representing or writing integers.
Rational Numbers
Number System : Definition A rational number is defined as a number of the form a/b
where ‘a’ and ‘b’ are integers and b ≠ 0. The rational
A numerical system is a method of displaying numbers on a numbers that are not integers will have decimal values. These
number line in writing. A numeric system is a method of values can be of two types
representing or writing integers.
a. Terminating decimal fractions: For example:
There are generally two type of Number
Whole Number
Natural Number.
113
b. Non-Terminating decimal fractions 6. (a³ - b³) = (a - b)(a² + ab + b²)

7. (a³ + b³ + c³ - 3abc) = (a + b + c)(a² + b² + c² - ab -
bc - ac)
8. When a + b + c = 0, then a³ + b³ + c³ = 3abc.
Irrational Numbers: It is a number that cannot be written

Formulas for finding the Squares of a number .
as a ratio form (or fraction). Irrational numbers are non- Squares of numbers 91-100:
terminating and non-periodic fractions. For example: = ● 972

1.414 Step 1: 100-97 = 3
● Complex Numbers Step 2: 97-3 = 94
The complex numbers are the set {a+bi}, where, a and b are Step 3: 32= 09
real numbers and 'i' is the imaginary unit.
Final result: From step 2 and
● Imaginary Numbers
Step 3 => 972= 9409
A number that does not exist on the number line is called an
imaginary number. For example square roots of negative ● 912
numbers are imaginary numbers. It is denoted by ‘i’ or ‘j.
Step 1: 100-9 = 91
● Even Numbers
Step 2: 91-9 = 82
A number divisible by 2 is called an even number.
Step 3: 92 = 81
For example: 2, 6, 8, 14, 18, 246, etc.
Final Result: From step 2 and step 3 => 912 = 8281
● Odd Numbers
● Squares of numbers 100-109:
A number not divisible by 2 is called an odd number. ● 1022
For example: 3, 7, 9, 15, 17, 373, etc. Step 1: 102-100 = 2
● Prime numbers Step 2: 102 +2 = 104
A number greater than 1 is called a prime number, if it has Step 3: 22 = 04 Final result:
exactly two factors, namely 1 and the number itself.
From step 2 and step 3 => 1022=10404
For example: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, etc.
● 1072
● Composite numbers
Step 1: 107-100 = 7
Numbers greater than 1 which are not prime, are known as
composite numbers. For example: 4, 6, 8, 10, etc. Step 2: 107+7 = 114
24.2 Formulas for Number System and Basic Concept Step 3: 72 = 49
1. (a - b)(a + b) = (a² - b²). Final Result: From step 2 and step 3 => 1072 = 11449
2. (a + b)² = (a² + b² + 2ab)
3. (a - b)² = (a² + b² - 2ab) ● Squares of numbers 51-60
4. (a + b + c)² = a² + b² + c² + 2(ab + bc + ca) ● 532
5. (a³ + b³) = (a + b)(a² - ab + b²)
114
Step 1: 53-50 = 3 different ways but 47 should be considered as only one

number. Now the minimum number that can be expressed as
Step 2: 25+3 = 28 a sum of 3 numbers = 30. The next number is 37. Similarly
the largest number is 38 + 45 + 52 = 135. So there exist many
Step 3: 32 = 09 numbers in between, with a common difference of 7.
Final result: From step 2 and step 3 => 532 = 2809. Total numbers =( l−a/d)+1=(135−30/7)+1 = 16.
● 422 Question: How many prime numbers are there which are
less than 100 and greater than 3 such that they are of the
Step 1: 50-42 = 8 following forms
Step 2: 25-8 = 17 a. 4x + 1
b. 5y - 1
Step 3: 82 = 1764
Solution:
Final Result From step 2 and step 3 => 422 = 1764
Let the number be N. So N = 4x + 1 = 5y - 1
24.3 Number System Tips and Tricks and Shortcuts
⇒x=5y−2/(4)
Tips and Tricks number system help to answer number
system problems effectively. y = 2 satisfies the equation.
Whole Number , Natural number and Integers are some
common examples of number systems. So minimum number satisfies both the equations is 9 and
general format of the numbers which satisfies the equation
Here are easy tips and tricks on Number System problems
easily, and efficiently in competitive exams. = k. LCM (4, 5) + 9 = 20k + 9.
For example : Question : π is rational number or irrational. Now by putting values 1, 2, 3 . . . . for k, we get 29, 49, 69,
89. Of which only 29, 89 are primes.
Solution: Yes, π is a rational number as it can be written in
Question: All even numbers from 2 to 98 inclusive, except
those ending 0, are multiplied together. What is the
pq qp form. rightmost digit (the units digit) of the product?
Some solved examples for better understanding: Solution:
Question: How many different integers can be expressed as 2 × 4 × 6 × 8 × 12 × 14 × . . . . . × 98

the sum of three distinct numbers from the set {3, 10, 17, 24,
31, 38, 45, 52}? Now units digit of 2 × 4 × 6 × 8 = 4
Solution: Also 12 × 14 × 16 × 18 also 4. So on

Total 10 times 4 occurs in the units digit = 4^10=6
If you think that 8C3 = 56 is correct then it is the wrong
answer. We are not asked how many ways we can select 3 Question: What is the greatest power of 143 which can
numbers out of 8. divide 125! Exactly
But how many different numbers can be expressed as a sum
of three numbers from the given set. Solution:
For example, 3 + 10 + 31 Highest power of 11 in 125! Is 12 but the highest power of 13

is only 9. That means, 125!=11^12×13^9×....
= 3 + 17 + 24 = 47.
So 47 can be expressed as a sum of 3 numbers in two So only nine 13\'s are available. So we can form only nine
143\'s in 125!. So the maximum power of 143 is 9.
115
Question: 5400 x ? = 7302
Solution; Taking as common, we get
5400 x s = 7302
s = 7302/5400
= 3651/2700
=1217/900
Question: A teacher teaching students of third standard

gave a simple multiplication exercise to the kids. But one
kid reversed the digits of both the numbers and carried
out the multiplication and found that the product was
exactly the same as the one expected by the teacher. Only ∴
one of the following pairs of numbers will fit in the
description of the exercise. Which one is that? Question: A positive integer is said to be a prime if it is
not divisible by any positive integer other than itself and
a. 14,22 one. Let P be a prime number strictly greater than 2.
b. 19,33 Then, when p2+17 is divided by 12, the remainder is-
c. 13,62
d. 42,28 Solution:
The square of any prime greater than 3, when divided by 12
Solution: leaves a remainder 1⋅ p2 when divided by 12 leaves a
remainder of 1 and 17 when divided by 12 leaves a remainder
Trial and error will give option (b) as the correct answer, of 5. So p2+17 when divided by 12 leaves a remainder of 6.
since 13 × 62 = 26 × 31 Exercises:
Question: What is the product of 2004 x 2004? 1. 101 x 101 + 99 x 99 =?

2. The money order commission is calculated as
Solution: follows. From ` X to be sent by money order,
subtract 0.01 and divide by 10. Get the quotient
and add 1 to it, if the result is Y, the money
order commission is ` 0.5Y. If a person sends
Question: Which among the following options is a prime two money orders to Aurangabad and Bhatinda
number? for ` 71 and ` 48 respectively, the total
commission will be?
a. 21 3. 123456789 x 62 =?
b. 25 4. If the multiplication result of 4864 and 9P2 is
c. 56 completely divisible by 12. What is the value of
d. 17 P?
5. The number of integers n satisfying – n + 2 ≥ 0
Solution: and 2n ≥ 4 is
6. -20 x 19 + 200 =?
As 17 cannot be divided by any of the numbers except 1 and 7. Three times the first of three consecutive odd
itself, it is clearly the prime number. integers is 3 more than twice the third. What is
the third integer?
Question: The value of is equal to 8. (31 + 32 + 33 +…….+100)=?
9. If 8 + 12 = 2, 7 + 14 = 3 then 10 + 18 =?
Solution: 10. (560 / 5) x (128 / 4) =?
11. What is the third prime number?
We have,
116
12. X and Y are playing a game. There are eleven 50 Angle of Elevation occurs when an object is viewed by an
paise coins on the table and each player must observer and the horizontal line and the line from the object
pick up at least one coin but not more than five. to the observer's eye form an angle. The angle between the
The person picking up the last coin loses. X horizontal line and the observer's line of sight is considered
starts. How many should he pick up at the start the angle of depression when the object is below the height of
to ensure a win no matter what strategy Y the observer.
employs?
13. 297 x 297 + 102 + 102 + 2 x 297 x 102 = ? Height is a term used to describe the vertical measurement of
14. 12565 + 45878 + 56891 – (215 x 79) = ? an object.
15. The sum of two numbers is 15, and their
product is 56. Find out the sum of their Distance: The measurement of an object in the horizontal
reciprocals of these numbers. direction from a certain point.
16. It is possible to pair up all the numbers from 1
to 70 so that the positive difference of the 25.1 Height and Distance Formulas
numbers in each pair is always the same. For
example, one such pairing up is (1,2), (3,4), There are basically two terms associated with heights and
(5,6),….(69,70). Here the common difference is distances which are as follows :
1. What is the sum of all such common
differences? ● Angle of Elevation.
17. What is the number of positive integers less than ● Angle of Depression.
or equal to 2017 that have at least one pair of
adjacent digits that are both even. For example
Formulas for Angle of Elevation
24,564 are two examples of such numbers while
1276 does not satisfy the required property. Assume a man is viewing an object from a distance, such as
18. Find the number of prime factors for (3 x 5)6, (2 the top of a building. The line of sight is the line that
x 7)8, (9)4 is: connects a person's eye to the top of a building. Angle of
19. What could be the value of x to make a number elevation is the angle formed by the line of sight and the
34567x divisible by 9? horizontal line.
20. The difference between the place value and the
Angle of elevation of P from O = AOP.
face value of 6 in the numeral 856973 is:
21. What would be (2/20) of 1440?
Formulas for Angle of Depression
Assume a man is standing at a certain height and looking

down at an object. The line of sight is the line that connects
the man's eye to the bottom of the object.The angle of
depression is the angle formed by the line of sight and the
horizontal line.
Height and Distance Formulas for Trigonometric ratio
● ΔABC is a right angled triangle where AB is the

perpendicular, AC is the hypotenuse, and BC is
the base.
Then,
Chapter 25. Heights and

Distance ● Sin θ =
Introduction:
● Cos θ =
117
Cos 1 1/2 0
● Tan θ =
Tan 0 1 Not
● Cosec θ = defin
ed
● Sec θ =
● Cot θ = Type 1 Solve Example
Find the distance/height/base/length when angle is given
Trigonometric Identities:
Question 1:From the top of a 9 meters high building
AB,the angle of elevation of the top of tower CD is 30 and
● sin θ + cos θ = 1
2 2
the angle of depression of the foot of the tower is 60. What
● 1 + tan2θ = sec2 θ
is the height of the tower?
● 1 + cot2θ = cosec2 θ
let h be the height of tower,y be the distance betn tower &

25.2 How to Solve Height and Distance Question Quickly
building
draw the diagram
● Angle of elevation: The angle between the
tan60=9/y
horizontal and the line from the object to the
or y=9/tan60
viewer's eye is the angle of elevation of an object
also, tan30=(h-9)/y
as viewed by an observer.
or y*tan30=h-9
● Angle of Depression: The angle of depression is
or (9/tan60)*tan30=h-9
the angle formed by the horizontal and the
or 9/3=h-9
observer's line of sight when the target is below the
or 3=h-9
observer's eye level.
hence h=12
How to solve word problems that involve angle

of elevation or depression Shortcuts and Easy Question 2: From the top of a building 60 meters high the
Tips & Tricks to solve questions angles of depression of the top and bottom of a tower are
30Â° and 60Â° respectively. The height of the tower is?
● Step 1: Draw a sketch of the situation given.
● Step 2: Mark in the given angle of elevation or As given,
depression and other information. From the top of a building 60 metres high the angles of
● Step 3: Use trigonometry to find the required depression of the top and bottom of a tower are 30Â° and
missing length 60Â° respectively,
hence,
Learn the values of these trigonometric ratios. applying tan 60 = p/b =60/base i.e, base = 60/tan 60,
again,
tan 30 = p/b = p/(60/tan 60)
hence, p=20 meters
so,The height of the tower = (60-20)meters
= 40 meters
Type 2 Solved Example

Sin 0 1/2 1
Find the angle when distance/height/base/length is given

118
Question 1: The angle of elevation of the sun, when the Question 5: 10 m long flagstaff is fixed on the top of a
tower on the horizontal plane. From a point on the
length of the shadow of a tree times the height of the
ground, the angles of elevation of the top and bottom of
tree, is:
the flagstaff are 600 and 450 respectively. Find the height
of the tower.
Let AB be the tree and AC be its shadow.
Question 6: The angles of elevation of the top of a tower

from two points on the same side of the tower are α and β
(α >β). If the distance between the two points is 40m, find
the height of the tower.
Question 7: The angle of elevation of the top of a tower

from point A on the ground is 300. On moving a distance
of 40m towards the foot of the tower, the angle of
elevation increases to 450. Find the height of the tower.
Let ACB = .
Then AC/AB= Question 8: An aeroplane, when 4000m high from the

cot = 3 ground, passes vertically above another aeroplane at an
= 30 instance when the angles of elevation of the two
aeroplanes from the same point on the ground are 600
and 300 respectively. Find the vertical distance between
Exercise: the two aeroplanes.
Question 1 Two ships are sailing in the sea on the two
sides of a lighthouse. The angle of elevation of the top of Question 9: A car is moving at uniform speed towards a
the lighthouse observed from the ships are 30° and 45° tower. It takes 15 minutes for the angle of depression
respectively. If the lighthouse is 100 m high, the distance from the top of the tower to the car to change from 300 to
between the two ships is: 600. What time after this, the car will reach the base of
the tower?
Question 2: A man is standing on the deck of a ship,
which is 10m above water level. He observes the angle of
elevation of the top of a lighthouse as 600 and the angle of Question 10: A man is watching from the top of a tower, a
depression of the base of the lighthouse as 300. Find the boat speeding away from the tower. The angle of
height of the light house. depression from the top of the tower to the boat is 600
when the boat is 80m from the tower. After 10 seconds,
Question 3: A person standing on the bank of a river the angle of depression becomes 300. What is the speed of
observes that the angle of elevation of the top of a tree on the boat? (Assume that the boat is running in still water).
the opposite bank is 450. When he moves 20m away from
the bank, he finds the angle of elevation to be 300. Find Question 11: A man standing at a point P is watching the
the height of the tree top of a tower, which makes an angle of elevation of 30º
with the man's eye. The man walks some distance
Question 4: From the top of a building 60m high, the towards the tower to watch its top and the angle of the
angle of elevation and depression of the top and the foot elevation becomes 45º. What is the distance between the
of another building are α and β respectively. Find the base of the tower and the point P?
height of the second building.
Question 12: From a point P on a level ground, the angle

of elevation of the top tower is 30º. If the tower is 200 m
high, the distance of point P from the foot of the tower is:
Question 13: The angle of elevation of the sun, when the

length of the shadow of a tree is equal to the height of the
tree, is:
119
Question 14: The angle of elevation of a ladder leaning

against a wall is 60º and the foot of the ladder is 12.4 m Chapter 26. Surds and
away from the wall. The length of the ladder is:
Indices
Question 15: A man on the top of a vertical observation
Surds: Surds are the natural numbers which can be expressed
tower observers a car moving at a uniform speed coming
directly towards it. If it takes 8 minutes for the angle of in the form
depression to change from 30° to 45°, how soon after this
will the car reach the observation tower? Indices: Indices refers to the power to which a number is
raised. For example; 3²
Question 16: A man is watching from the top of a tower a
boat speeding away from the tower. The boat makes an 26.1 Formulas for Surds and Indices & Definitions
angle of depression of 45° with the man's eye when at a
distance of 100 metres from the tower. After 10 seconds, Surds: Numbers which can be expressed in the form √p + √q
the angle of depression becomes 30°. What is the , where p and q are natural numbers and not perfect squares.
approximate speed of the boat, assuming that it is Irrational numbers which contain the radical sign (n√) are
running in still water? called as surds Hence, the numbers in the form of √3, 3√2,
……. n√x in other words
Question 17: The top of a 15 metre high tower makes an

angle of elevation of 60° with the bottom of an electronic For example : it can't be simplified.
pole and angle of elevation of 30° with the top of the pole.
it can be simplified so it is not a surd.
What is the height of the electric pole?
Indices: Indices refers to the power to which a number is
Question 18: The angle of elevation of the top of a tower raised. For example; 3²
from a certain point is 30°. If the observer moves 40 m
towards the tower, the angle of elevation of the top of the Surds and Indices formulas pages are very useful for solving
tower increases by 15°. The height of the tower is: the ques.. Prepinsta provides Surds and Indices Formulas and
ques.
Question 19: On the same side of a tower, two objects are

located. Observed from the top of the tower, their angles Types of Surds and Definitions
of depression are 45° and 60°. If the height of the tower is
600 m, the distance between the objects is approximately Pure Surds:- Those surds which do not have factors other
equal to : than 1. For example 2√3, 3√7
Mixed Surds:- Those surds which do not have a factor of 1.

Question 20: From a tower of 80 m high, the angle of For example √27 = 3√3, √50 = 5√2
depression of a bus is 30°. How far is the bus from the
tower? Similar Surds:- When the radicands of two surds are the
same. For example 5√2 and 7√2
Question 21: The angle of elevation of the top of a
lighthouse 60 m high, from two points on the ground on Unlike Surds:- When the radicands are different. For
its opposite sides, is 45° and 60°. What is the distance example √2 and 2√5
between these two points?
26.2 Surds and Indices Formulas and Rule
Question 22: Two persons are on either sides of a tower of
height 50 m. The person observes the top of the tower at
Rule Surds Rule Indices Rule
an angle of elevation of 30° and 60°. If a car crosses these
Nam
two persons in 10 seconds, what is the speed of the car?
e
120
Surds Multiplication rules:-

Multi
● Multiplication rule with same indices
plicat
ion
Rule Example:
Divis
Surds Division rules:-
ion
Rule
● Division rule with same base
Powe n√(a)n = a
r n√(a)/b = n√(a)/n√(b) Example:
Rule m√n√(b) = mn√(b)
26.5 Surds and Indices Power rules
Power rule 1
26.3 Basic Formula for Surds and Indices
● (a + b)(a - b) = (a2 - b2) ●

● (a + b)² = (a² + b² + 2ab) Example:
● (a - b)² = (a² + b²- 2ab)
● (a + b + c)² = a² + b² + c² + 2(ab + bc + ca)
● (a³ + b³) = (a + b)(a² - ab + b²)
● (a³ - b³) = (a - b)(a²+ ab + b²)
● (a³ + b³ + c³ - 3abc) = (a + b + c)(a² + b² + c² - ab -
bc - ac) Power rule 2
● When a + b + c = 0, then a³ + b³ + c³ = 3abc.
●
26.4 More Formulas: Example:
Indices Multiplication rules:-
● Multiplication rule with same base

Power rule 3
Example: ● n√a =a^1/n

Example:
Indices Division rules:- 26.6 Tips And Tricks & Shortcuts for Surds and Indices
Division rule with same indices ● Surds: Numbers which can be expressed in the
form p+q
● +q , where p and q are natural numbers and not

perfect squares.
● Indices: Indices refers to the power to which a
Example: number is raised. For example; 32
● Here are quick and easy tips and tricks for you to
solve Surds and Indices Formulas with Power
121
questions quickly, easily, and efficiently in

competitive exams and other recruitment exams .
● Memorize all square and cube values from numbers Question: Find the value of .
1 – 20 to solve the questions fast.
Solution;
The questions can be categorized into the following types:
= .
Type 1: Simplify the expression
2.
Question: 36 * 36 * 36 * 36 = 6?
Solution:
Solution:
36 * 36 * 36 * 36 = 62 * 62 * 62 * 62
= 6(2+2+2+2) = 68
Question: Simplify (256)¾

(5)2
Solution:
(256)3/4 = (44)3/4 = 43 = 64 3.
1. (625)0.16 * (625)0.09 = ? Solution:
Solution:
(625)0.16 * (625)0.09 = (625)0.16 + 0.09

4.
0.25
= (625)
Solution:
= (625)(25/100)
= (54)(1/4)
Question: (1331) ^– (2/3) 5.
Solution:
Solution:
1331 is the cube root of 11
(11 3 ) – (2/3) =
=
We know, law of indices (x m ) n = x mn
(11) -3 * (2/3) =
(11) -2 =
=16*10
We know that x -1 = 1/x =160
(11) -2 = 1/11 -2 = 1/121 6.

122
Solution: Solution:
=53 =
=125 =4
7.
= 8?
Hence ,
Solution:
10.
8.
Solution:
Solution:
Given Exp=
=
=
=
=1.
=1.
11.
9. If ,then the value of Solution:
is:
123
Solution;
2-2 = 1/22 = ¼
=
= 21/4 = 4
Question: Find the value of (1000)6/1015 =?

=
Solution:
=
=10006/1015
=
=10(3+6)/1015
=16.
= 103
12. If =46656,what is the value of ?

Type 2: Find the value of x
Solution:
Question: If 2a = 3√32, then a is equal to:
We know that
Solution;
Given value 2a = 3√32
= 2a = (32)1/3
Given that =46656
= 2a = (25)1/3 = (2)5/3
a = 5/3
Question: If 3x + 3x + 1 = 36, then the value of x x is

13. 263 – 262 – 261 is same as
Solution:
Solution:
3x(1 + 3) = 36
261 (22 – 21 – 2)
= 3x = 36/4
= 261 (4 – 2 – 2)
= 3x = 9
= 261
=x=2
14. Find the value of (0.000001) ⅓ ?
xx = 32 = 9
Solution;
Question: If p and q are whole numbers such that pq =
3√0.000001
144, then find the value of (p – 1)q + 1
Question: If any cube has 6 decimals, then its cube root

Solution;
becomes 6/3 = 2 decimals
144 = 122
Therefore, the value is 1/100 = 0.01
So, the value of p = 12 and q = 2
Question: Find out the value of 2²(-2)?
124
Now, (p – 1)q + 1
= (12 – 1)2+1 = 2.3+x=13.7
= (11)3 = x= 11.4
= 1331 5. If 9(a-b)=729 and 9(a+b)=59049,what is the value of a

?
1. (16) ^{5} 6)
Solution:
^{5} ^{5} {5} } $
9(a-b)=729=93.
Solution:
(a-b)=3
(16) 2.5 * (16) x = (16) 5
9(a+b)=59049=95.
(16) 2.5 + x = (16) 5
(a+b)=5
2.5 + x = 5
2a=8
x = 5 – 2.5
a=4
x = 2.5
6.
2. If (2)^x-1 = (2)^x-4 , then find the value of x?
Solution:
Solution;
(2)^x-1 = (2)^x-4
(2)^x-1 = (2)^-(x-4)
=>
x-1 = 4-x
x = 5/2
3. If x and y are whole numbers and xy=196,what is

7. If ,what is the
the value of (x-3)y+1 ?
value of p ?
Solution:
Solution:
xy=196
We know that, 142 =196.
Hence we can take x = 14 and y = 2.
(x-3)y+1= (14-3)2+1.=113=1331
4.
Solution:
125
P+3 =0 n=-2
P=-3 11. If 6x = 1296, then the value of 6(x – 2) is:
8. If m and n are whole numbers such that Solution:

, then the value of
6x = 1296
is ?
6x = 64
Solution;
x=4
We know that
Therefore,6(x – 2) = 6(4 – 2) = 62 = 36
Putting m=11 and n=2,we get:
12. If 3(a - b) = 27 and 3(a + b) = 729, then find the value
of a?
Solution;
9. Given that
3(a - b) = 27
, then the value of z is close to:
3(a - b) = 33…..(1)
Solution:
a–b=3
3(a + b) =243
3(a + b) = 36
0.48z=1.40
a+b=6
On equating equation 1 and 2 we get, a = 4.5

(approx)
13. If xa = y, yb= z and zc= x, then the value of abc is
Solution:
10. If ,What is the x1= zc

value of n?
= ( yb)c
Solution:
= (ybc)
= (xa)bc
So, abc = 1
14. If 2x = 3√64, then x is equal to
Solution:
2x = 3√64
126
= 641/3 ● Natural Logarithm-
= (26) 1/3 Logarithm with base e is Natural Logarithm.
= 26/3 = 22 It is expressed as loge X.
● Very Important: If the base is not provided, then

always remember to consider base as 10.
27.1 Formulas for Logarithm
● logx X= 1
● loga 1= 0
● a loglogax =X
● logax =
Chapter 27. Logarithms ● loga(x p) = p(log ax)
When the power of a number must be raised in order to get

some other number known as Logarithm. ● loga x =
Basic Concept:
● loga = loga X- logb Y
● Definition & Logarithm Formulas: ● loga (xy)= logaX+ logbY
Logarithms are the power to which a number is raised to Value of log(2 to 10): Remember
achieve some other number.
● Log 2 = 0.301
● Logarithms is of 2 types:- ● Log 3 = 0.477= 0.48
○ Common logarithm ● Log 4 = 0.60
○ Natural logarithm. ● Log 5 = 0.698 = 0.7
● Common Logarithm- ● Log 6 = 0.778 = 0.78
● Log 7 = 0.845 = 0.85
Logarithm with base 10 is Common logarithm. ● Log 8 = 0.90
● Log 9 = 0.954= 0.96
It is expressed as log10 X, and if any expression is not given ● Log 10 = 1
with the base, then the base 10 is considered.
27.2 Logarithm Formulas (Antilog):
127
● An antilog is the inverse function of a logarithm.

xy)= log_{a}x+ log_{b}y
log(b) x = y means that antilog (b) y = x.
● The best way to understand any problem is by = log_{a}x+ log_{b}y
having a look at the Solved Example.
og_{a}x+ log_{b}y
Basic formulas used : {a}x+ log_{b}y x+ log_{b}y log_{b}y
● , _{b}y }y $
1. If log xy - log yx = log (x+y), then, (x + y )= ?

Sol: log(xy) - log(yx)=(logxy/yx)=log 1
●
So x+y=1
Formulas 1 : 2. If log10 (7) = 0.8450, then find the value of log7

(10).
Sol: Given log10 (7) = 0.8450,
1. The value of log(.01)(0.0001) is : From formula loga(b)=logc(b)/logc(a)
Sol: log_{(.01)}(0.0001) Here a=7 b=10 c=10
This can be written as log7(10)=log10(10)/log10(7)=1/0.845=1.183
Exercise:
Using the Quotient Rule of Logarithm
1. Find the value of : log√6log 6 .
We know that loga a = 1 2. If log_{x}y=100 and log_{2} x=10, then the value
2(1) = 2 of y is
3. , then the
2. Solve : log2√xy value of x will be -----
Sol: log2√xy = log2 (xy)(1/2)
4. Find the value of : (value of log 9 =
0.942)
5. The value of is
Formula 2: log_{x}x= 1 6. If the value of log 3 = 0.477, then find the
number of digits in 336
1. Prove: log_{10} 10 = 1 7. If logx 518 = 1/2 , then find the value of x:
Sol: From the identity log_{a}a --- 8. The value of log3 27 is :
9. If log 5 = 0.698, find the number of digits in 525
Hence Proved 10. Solve : ,and find log(p-q)
11. Solve the given logarithmic equation: log_{7}x =
2. Solve: log_{3}9 3
12. Solve: log √9 /log 9
Sol:
13. = 1/2
=2 14. Solve: = 18
15. Prove : = 3x
16. Find the roots of the equation:
Formula 3 : ga X- logb Y 17. Solve: 2 log_{4}(√ab)

log_{a} (xy)= log_{a}x+ log_{b}y
_{a} (xy)=
18. if the,
log_{a}x+ log_{b}y } the equations that can be derived are ----
(xy)= log_{a}x+ log_{b}y 19. Find the root of the following equation:
128
20. Find the value of x:

log_{8} (2x +1) = 2
129
A number is divisible by 3 if the sum of its digits is divisible

Chapter 28. Divisibility by 3.
Example: 315 is divisible by 3.
A divisibility law determines whether or not a number is Here, 3 + 1 + 5 = 9
divisible by another number. As number an is divided by 9 is divisible by 3. It means 315 is also divisible by 3.
another number b, the remainder is equal to zero. As a result,
the number a can be divided by b. It is a method for locating ● Divisibility rule for 4
large-number variables.
A number is divisible by 4, if the number formed by the last
Definitions: two digits is divisible by 4.
Example: Example: 7568 is divisible by 4
● A divisibility rule is a quick way to see if a given Here, 68 is divisible by 4 (68÷4 = 17)
number is divisible by a fixed divisor without
having to divide it, normally by looking at its Therefore, 7568 is divisible by 4
digits.
● A whole number is divisible by another if the ● Divisibility rule for 5
remainder after division is zero.
● The second number is a factor of the first number if A number is exactly divisible by 5 if it has the digits 0 or 5 at
the entire number is divisible by another number. one’s place.
Example: 5900, 57895, 4400, 1010 are divisible by 5.
28.1 Divisibility Formulas
● Divisibility rule for 6
● When we set up a division problem in an equation
using our division algorithm, and r = 0, we have A number is exactly divisible by 6 if that number is divisible
the following equation: a = bq by 2 and 3 both. It is because 2 and 3 are prime factors of 6.
● When this is the case, we say that a is divisible by Example: 63894 is divisible by 6, the last digit is 4, so
b. If this is a little too much technical jargon for divisible by 2, and sum 6+3+8+9+4 = 30 is divisible by 3.
you, don't worry! It's actually fairly simple. If a
number b divides into a number a evenly, then we ● Divisibility rule for 7
say that a is divisible by b.
Double the last digit and subtract it from the remaining
leading truncated number to check if the result is divisible by
● For example, 8 is divisible by 2, because = 4. 7 until no further division is possible
Example: 1093 is divisible by 7
However, 8 is not divisible by 3, because of = 2 Remove 3 from the number and double it = 6
with a remainder of 2. We can check to see if a
number, a , is divisible by another number, b , by Remaining number is 109, now subtract 6 from 109 = 109 –
simply performing the division and checking to see 6 = 103.
if b divides into an evenly.
Repeat the process, We have last digit as 3, double = 6
Remaining number is 10, now subtract 6 from 10 = 10 – 6 =

Divisibility Formulas & Divisibility Rules 4.
● Divisibility rule for 1 As 4 is not divisible by 7, hence the number 1093 is not
○ Every number is divisible by 1. divisible by 7.
Example: 5 is divisible by 1
● Divisibility rule for 2 ● Divisibility rule for 8
○ Any even number or number whose last
digit is an even number (0, 2, 4, 6, 8) is If the last three digits of a number are divisible by 8, then the
divisible by number is completely divisible by 8.
130
Example: 215632 is divisible by 8, as the last three digits 632 The remaining number is, now subtract 11 from 4 = 7
is divisible by 8.
As 7 is divisible by 7, hence the number 1246 is divisible by
● Divisibility rule for 9 7.
It is the same as divisibility of 3. Sum of digits in the given ● Divisibility rule for 15
number must be divisible by 9.
Example: 312768 is divisible by 9, Sum of digits = If the number is divisible by both 3 and 5, it is divisible by
3+1+2+7+6+8 = 27 is divisible by 9. 15.
● Divisibility rule for 10 Example: 23505 is divisible by 15.
Any number whose last digit is 0, is divisible by 10. Check for 3: 2 + 3 + 5 + 0 +5 = 15, 15 is divisible by 3.
Example: 10, 60, 370, 1000, etc. Check for 5: It has the 5 at one’s place, therefore, divisible by
5.
If the difference of the sum of alternative digits of a number
is divisible by 11, then that number is divisible by 11. The number formed by the last four digits in the given
Example: 737 is divisible by 11 as 7 + 7 = 14 and 14 – 3 = number must be divisible by 16.
11, 11 is divisible by 11. Example: 152448 is divisible by 16 as the last four digits
416042 is divisible by 11 as 4 + 6 + 4 = 14 and 1 + 0+ 2 = 3, (2448) are divisible by 16.
14 – 3 = 11, 11 is divisible by 11.
Multiply the last digit with 5 and subtract it from remaining
A number is exactly divisible by 12 if that number is number in a given number, the
divisible by 3 and 4 both. the result must be divisible by 17.
Example: 108 is divisible by 12. Sum of digit = 1 + 8 = 9, 9 Example: 136 is divisible by 17. 13 - (5 * 6) = 13 - 30 = 17,
is divisible by 3. And last two 17 is divisible by 17.
digits 08 is divisible by 4. Therefore, 108 is divisible by 12.
If the number is divisible by both 2 and 9, it is divisible by
Multiply the last digit with 4 and add it to the remaining 18.
number in a given number, the result must be divisible by 13. Example: 92754 is divisible by 18.
Example: 208 is divisible by 13, 20 + (4*8) = 20 + 32 = 52, Check for 2: the last digit is even, therefore, it is divisible by
52 is divisible by 13. 2.
Check for 9: 9 + 2 + 7 + 5 + 4 = 27, 27 is divisible by 9.
A number is exactly divisible by 14 if that number is
divisible by 2 and 7 both. It is because 2 and 7 are prime Multiply the last digit with 2 and add it to the remaining
factors of 14. number in a given number, the result must be divisible by 19.
Example: 1246 is divisible by 14, as the last digit is even, so Example: 285 is divisible by 19, 28 + (2 *5) = 28 + 10 = 38,
divisible by 2. 38 is divisible by 19.
Now check for 7,
Remove 6 from the number and double it = 12
The number formed by the last two digits in the given
Remaining number is 124, now subtract 124 from 12 = 112. number must be divisible by 20.
Repeat the process, We have the last digit as 2, double = 4
131
28.2 How To Solve Divisibility Questions Quickly &

Definition Either subtract 144 from 16208 or add 144 in 16208 to get a
number divisible by 502.
● The capacity of a dividend to be exactly divided by
a given number is termed as divisibility. The number nearest to 16208, which is divisible by 502
● One whole number is divisible by another if, after = 16208- 144 = 16064
dividing, the remainder is zero.
● If the whole number is divisible by another number Question 2:
then the second number is a factor of the 1st Determine the smallest 4-digit number which is exactly
number. divisible by 7, 11 and 13 .
Formula : Divisibility by integers Answer :

Question 1: LCM of 7, 11, 13 =1001
If 5425X6 is divisible by 8, what is the least value that can Therefore ,
be assigned to X? Smallest 4-digit number = 1001 .
Answer : Question 3:
For a number being divisible by 8 the last three digits should Find the maximum value of n such that is perfectly
be divisible by 8 therefore in place of X we will be replacing divisible by .
it by numbers from 0-9. by that method we will get 3 as the
least no. as 536 is perfectly divisible by 8 Answer:
15! = 1*2*3*4*5*6*7*8*9*10*11*12*13*14*15
Question 2: Let us simplify this in powers of 2.

is divisible by ?
1*2*3*4*5*6*7*8*9*10*11*12*13*14*15 can be written as
Answer : =
1*2*3*(2*2)*5*(2*3)*7*(2*2*2)*9*(2*5)*11*(2*2*3)*13*(
which is divisible by 18.
2*7)*15
Question 3:
Total number of 2's above are 11.
What could be the value of x to make a number 34567x
divisible by 9?
Formula : Type 2: Not Divisible

Answer :
Formula : Type 3 : Remainder
34567x
Question 1:
=3+4+5+6+7+x
Find the remainder when 446 is divided by 6 .
= 25+x
For the number divisible by 9 ,
Answer:
x=2.
Dividing 446 by 6 gives remainder 2 .
Hence, Remainder is 2 .
Formula : Type 1 : Find the largest or smallest number
Question 1:
Question 2:
Identify the nearest number of 16208 which is divided by
Find the remainder when 2567 is divided by 14.
502 .
Answer :
Answer :
On dividing 2567 by 14 we will get the remainder as 5 .
As 16208 /502 gives 144 remainder. So rather than
subtracting 144 from 16208 if we add (502–144 = 358) we
Question 3:
will get a value closer to 16208 which is divisible by 502
Find the remainder when we divide by
when we Divide 16208 by 502, we get 144 as remainder. .
502-144 = 358.
132
n(B) = n(A ∪ B) + n(A ∩ B) - n(A).

Chapter 29. Set Theory 5.
6. n(U) = n(A) + n(B) - n(A ∩ B) + n((A ∪ B)c).
7. n((A ∪ B)c) = n(U) + n(A ∩ B) - n(A) - n(B).
Set theory is a branch of mathematical logic concerned with 8. n(A ∪ B) = n(A - B) + n(B - A) + n(A ∩ B).
the study of sets, which are loosely described as collections 9. n(A - B) = n(A ∪ B) - n(B).
of elements. 10. n(A - B) = n(A) - n(A ∩ B).
11. n(Ac) = n(U)- n(A)
Although any object can be compiled into a sequence, set
theory is most often extended to objects that are
29.2 Tips and Tricks and Shortcuts for Set theory
mathematical in nature.
A set is a collection of some items (elements). To define a set
DEFINITION
we can simply list all the elements in curly brackets,
For Ex- To define a set A that consists of the two elements x
Set Theory is a branch of Mathematics that deals with the
and y, we write A={x,y}.
properties of well- defined collections of an object.
To say that y belongs to A, we write y ∈ A, where “∈ ” is
pronounced “belong to”. To say that an element does not
In other words, its natural habit for all of us to classify
belong to a set, we use “∉ ”. For example – B ∉ A
similar things into groups. These groups are known as Set.
● The set of natural numbers N = {1,2,3……}.
Z={⋯,−3,−2,−1,0,1,2,3,⋯}
“> Q
“>
● The set of integers Z={….., -3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3…..}.
● The set of Real number is R
● The set of Rational number is Q
29.1 Formulas of Set Theory

Notation used in set theory
Notations used in set theory:
n(A) - Cardinal number of set A.
n∘ (A) - Cardinality of set A.
= Ac - complement of set A.
U - Universal
A ⊂ B - Set A is proper subset of subset of B. 29.3 Set Theory Tips and Tricks
A ⊆ B - Set A is subset of set B.
∅ - Null set. Example of Subsets
a ∈ A - element "a" belongs to set A.
A ∪ B - union of set A and set B. If E= {1,4} and C = {1,4,9}, then E⊂C
A ∩ B - intersection of set A and set B.
Set Theory Formulas ● N⊂Z
● Q⊂
1. If A and B are overlapping set, n(A ∪ B) = n(A) +
n(B) - n(A ∩ B).
2. If A and B are disjoint set, n(A ∪ B) = n(A) +
n(B).
3. n(A) = n(A ∪ B) + n(A ∩ B) - n(B).
4. n(A ∩ B) = n(A) + n(B) - n(A ∪ B).
133
● After understanding the concept of the venn

Chapter 30. Venn Diagrams diagram with diagrams, we don't have to remember
the formulas.
Introduction:
30. 2 Venn Diagram for 2 sets
A Venn diagram is a visual representation of common traits.
Mathematical sets or words of categorical statements are
expressed by overlapping circles inside a universal set
boundary, such that all possible configurations of the
corresponding properties are represented by different distinct
areas in the image.
n ( A ∪ B) = n(A ) + n ( B ) – n ( A∩ B)
Where;
X = number of elements that belong to set A only
When a list of given sets is provided. We draw a Venn

Y = number of elements that belong to set B only
Diagram to find all possible relationships between sets, i.e. a
Venn Diagram is a representation for finding all rational
Z = number of elements that belong to set A and B both (A ∩
relationships between different sets.
B)
Definition and use of Venn Diagrams:-

W = number of elements that belong to none of the sets A or
B
● Definitions: Venn diagram, also known as
Euler-Venn diagram is a simple representation From the above figure, it is clear that
of sets by diagrams.
● Venn diagram representing mathematical or
n(A) = x + z ;
logical sets pictorially as circles or closed curves
within a rectangle.
n (B) = y + z ;
● The usual picture makes use of a rectangle as
the universal set and circles for the sets under
n(A ∩ B) = z;
consideration.
n ( A ∪ B) = x +y+ z.
30. 1 Basic Formula for the Venn Diagram
Total number of elements = x + y + z + w
● Some basic formulas for Venn diagrams of two and
three elements.
30.3 Venn Diagram for 3 sets
● n ( A ∪ B) = n(A ) + n ( B ) - n ( A∩ B)
● n (A ∪ B ∪ C) = n(A ) + n ( B ) + n (C) - n ( A ∩
B) - n ( B ∩ C) - n ( C ∩ A) + n (A ∩ B ∩ C)
● And so on, where n( A) = number of elements in
set A.
134
n (A ∪ B ∪ C) = n(A ) + n ( B ) + n (C) - n ( A ∩ B) - n ( B
∩ C) - n ( C ∩ A) + n (A ∩ B ∩ C)
Where,W = number of elements that belong to none of the

sets A, B or C
Chapter 31. Discounts

Introduction:
The term "discount" refers to a reduction in the normal sale

price of a product by a certain number or percentage. If the
item is broken, we might ask the manager for a discount.
The term "discount" refers to the price of a bond that is less

than its face value. Formula for Successive discount is when
the first discount is x% and 2nd discount is y% then,
Total discount = )%
31.1 Successive Discounts Formulas & Definitions
● Successive discount is discount on discount.

● Successive Discount is the reduction in price of a
Goods or Service .
● Successive Discount is the discount applied on
other discounts .
Case 1: If there are two discounts:

135
The formula for total discount in case of successive-

discounts: Chapter 32. Inverse
If the first discount is x% and 2nd discount is y% then,
Inverse Formulas and Definitions for Inverse:-
Inverse functions give lots of troubles so here’s a swift run

Total discount = ( x + y - )% down of what an inverse function is, and how to find it.
Case 2: If there are three discounts: ● For a function to have an inverse, the function has
If there are three discounts as x%, y% and z% then find the to be 1 to 1. That means every output only has one
total discount of x % and y% first and using it find the total input.
discount with z%
Inverse functions give lots of troubles so here’s a quick
1. Marked price is the price marked on the product. It rundown of what an inverse function is, and how to find it.
is the same price on which you get discounts.
2. They revolve around Profit & Loss, Selling Price & For a function to have an inverse, the function has to be 1 to
Marked Price. 1. That means every output only has one input.
31.2 Formulas for Successive Discounts Inverse questions are basically of 2 types.
● Single discount, which is equal to two successive ● Algebraic Questions

discounts m % and n % is calculated as M + N - ● Geometric Questions
32.1 Inverse Formulas Example-
● When the SP of x articles is equal to CP of y

articles, then earned profit in percentage is
calculated as Profit percent = f(x) = 3x -2 and g(x) = +
(f∘ g)(x)= (g∘ f)(x) = x

× 100
● Discount = D% of marked price, M ● The first case is really,
● Discount = Marked Price – Selling Price
● M (1-D%) = Selling Price (g∘ f)(−1)=g[f(−1)]=g[−5]=−1
● Selling Price = Cost Price + Gain
● The second case is really,
But in exam,you can do it directly in your head.So just think
that 10 percent discount means you’ve to pay 100 percent
minus 10 percent=90 percent of the marked price which
means,
(f∘ g)(2) = f(2) = f[g(2)] = f [ =2
● A function is called one-to-one if no two values of

x produce the same y. Mathematically this is the
same as saying
f(x1) \neq
● Inverse functions are one to one functions f(x) and
g(x) if
(f∘ g)(x) = x AND (g∘ f)(x) = x, then we can say
f(x) and g(x) are inverse to each other.
● g(x) is inverse of f(x) and denoted by
g(x)= f-1 (x)
● Likewise f(x) is the inverse of g(x) are denoted by
f(x)= g-1 (x)
136
For the two functions that we started off this section with we PROPERTY 3
could write either of the following two sets of notation.
a) cos-1 (-x) =π-cos-1 x, X ∈ |-1,1|
b) sec-1 (-x) = π -sec-1 x, |x|≥ 1

f(x) = 3x -2 f-1 (x) = +
c) cot-1 (-x) =π - cot-1 x, X ∈ R
PROPERTY 4
-1
g(x) = + g (x) = 3x-2
a) sin-1 x+ cos-1x , X∈ |-1,1|

32.2 Tips and Tricks and Shortcuts for Inverse:-
As clear by name Inverse means the opposite in position,

directions, etc. b) tan-1 x + cot-1 x = , X∈ R
In mathematical language, it is defined as a reciprocal

quantity. c) cosec-1 + sec-1x = , |x|≥ 1
In this page, we will discuss two types of INVERSE PROPERTY 5
● Trigonometric Inverse
● Algebraic Inverse
a) tan-1 x + tan-1 Y = tan-1 ( ), xy< 1

32.3 Trigonometric Inverse Tips and Tricks and
Shortcuts:
They are the inverses of the sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent,

b)tan-1 x- tan -1 y = tan -1 ( ),xy > -1
secant, and cosecant functions.
PROPERTY 6
Property of trigonometry inverse functions
PROPERTY 1
a) 2 tan-1x = sin-1( )), |x|≤1
a) sin-1( ) = cosec -1 x,x≥1 or x≤ -1
b) 2 tan-1x = cos-1( )) , x≥1
b) cos-1( ) = sec -1x, x≥1 or x≤-1
c) 2 tan-1x = tan -1( )), |x|≤1

-1 -1
c) tan ( ) = cot x, x>0
32.4 Algebraic Inverse Tips and Tricks and Shortcuts:
PROPERTY 2
Inverse is a reverse of any quantity.
a) sin-1(-x) = -sin-1(x), x ∈ (-1,1)
Addition is the opposite of subtraction; division is the
b) tan-1 (-x) = tan-1 (x) , x ∈ R opposite of multiplication, and so on.
c) cosec-1 (-x) = cosec-1 (x), |x| ≥ 1

137
For Example- In this chapter, we will go into the in-depth definition of

mixture and alligation, as well as some main formulas for
If, f is the inverse of y, answering questions about it.
We will also go through some pointers that will help to
Then, the inverse of f(x)= 2x+3 can be written as, simplify the solution and clarify them with the help of some
sample instances.
Allegation
-1
f (y)= “Definition - Allegation is the rule which enables us
(i) to find the mean or average value of mixture when the
prices of two or more ingredients which may be mixed
together and the proportion in which they are mixed are
given; and
(ii) to find the proportion in which the ingredients at
given prices must be mixed to produce a mixture at a
given price.”
Mixture
“Definition - Combining two or more items and deciding
any feature of either the components or the resultant
combination is what a mixture dilemma involves. For
example, we might like to know how much water to add
to dilute a saline solution, or how much concentrate is in a
jug of orange juice.”
33.1 - Formulae for Allegation and Mixtures

To answer every numerical skill query, candidates must be
familiar with a series of formulas for each subject, which
makes answering the questions simpler and saves time. Here
are a few calculations to assist candidates with this and make
it easier for them to solve mixture and alligation questions:
Type - 1
The basic formula which is used to find the ratio in which the
ingredients are mixed is
This is also known as Rule of Allegation and can also be

represented as
Chapter 33: Allegation and

Mixture
138
Therefore, They must be mixed in the ratio 7:3
Example 2:
Sum of Rs.118 was shared among 50 boys and girls,each
girl received Rs.2.60 and boy received Rs.1.80.Find the
number of girls.
Sol:
56 : 24 = 7 : 3
The above picture is also known as the Butterfly method.
Then, (cheaper quantity) : ( dearer quantity ) = (d - m) : (m -
No. of Girls =
c)
Therefore, total number of girls is 35
Type 2:
Example 3:
This type is also known as a method of repeated dilutions. In
In what proportion must sugar at Price 4.10 per kg be
this type consider a jar containing x units of liquid A, from
mixed with weat at Price 4.60 per kg, so that the mixture
which y units are removed and filled with water. If this
be worth Rs 4.30 a Kg ?
operation is repeated n times, the amount of pure liquid will
Sol:
be given by the formula:
33.2 - How to Solve Mixture and Allegations

30: 20 = 3: 2
Therefore, both the sugars must be mixed in the ratio of 3:2
Type 1:
Questions below have been solved on the basis of Rule of
Example 4:
allegation which is
400 gm spirit solution has 30 % spirit in it , what is the
ratio of spirit should be added to make it 80 % in the
solution ?
Sol:
Example 1:
In what portion must rice at Rs 3.10 per kg be mixed with
rice at Rs 3.60 per kg, so that the mixture be worth Rs
3.25 a kg? All quantity given in the above Diagram is in percentage
Sol: Hence the required ratio is 20 : 50 = 2 : 5
Therefore to make the ratio 80% in the solution the mixture
should be in the ratio 2:5.
Example 5:
How much coffee of variety A, costing Rs. 5 a kg should
By the allegation rule: be added to 20 kg of Type B coffee at Rs. 12 a kg so that
the cost of the two coffee variety mixture be worth Rs. 7 a
kg?
Sol: As per the rule of alligation,
139
Quantity of Dearer: Quantity of Cheaper = (12-7) : (7-5) = The quantity of B in mixture left =
5:2
Quantity of Variety A coffee that needs to be mixed ⇒5:2
= x:20 .
⇒x =50 kg
Type 2: Therefore we can write: the ratio of the two quantities as
Questions below have been solved on the basis of the
following formula which is Method Of the Repeated
Dilutions
In other words, we may say that 252x – 189 = 140x + 147
Example 1: Hence, x = 3. Therefore the can had 7(3) = 21 litres of the

A container contains 40 litres of milk. From this quantity A.
container, 4 litres of milk was taken out and replaced by Thus the correct answer is 21 liters.
water. This process was repeated further two times. How
much milk is now contained by the container?
Sol: 33.3 - Tips and Tricks used for solving Mixture and
The container contains x = 40 litres of milk. Allegations
The quantity of milk that is taken out and replaced by water =
y = 4 litres. Type - 1: Rule of Allegation
It is the rule that enables us to find the ratio in which two or
Also, we have been given that number of times the process is more ingredients at the given price must be mixed to produce
repeated or a mixture of the desired price.
n = 3 (=1 +2 times). To find that , we have the best trick for you.
Therefore from the method of repeated dilution, substituting
the relevant values, we have: When two commodities are mixed then ,
Amount of milk left after three operations =
Also, can be written as : (cheaper quantity) : ( dearer quantity

litres. Therefore we may write: ) = (d - m) : (m - c)
This equation can also be developed using the pictorial

diagram.
= 29.16 litres.
Therefore, 29.16 liters of milk is now contained by the
container.
Example 2:
A can contains a mixture of two liquids A and B in the
ratio 7: 5. When 9 litres of the mixture is drawn off and
the can is filled with B, the ratio of A and B becomes 7: 9.
How many litres of liquid A was contained by the can
initially?
Sol:
Suppose the can initially contain 7x and 5x litres of mixtures
A and B respectively. The quantity of A in the mixture left = Type 2: Method of Repeated Dilutions
In this we will have to calculate quantity of pure Liquid after
‘n’ successive operations:
In other words for example: If a Container contains ‘x’ units
of pure liquid , and we replace the liquid with ‘y’ units of
water :
140
Then after ‘n’ successive operations, the units of pure liquid section. Let's start with definitions!
left is given by the following formula:
Exercise
Question 1:
A Man covered a distance of 50km in 5 hrs partly by bus
at 12kmph and partly by foot at 7kmph.The distance
covered by bus is?
Question 2:
How many Kg of sugar costing Rs. 10kg must be mixed
Principal Amount or Principal (P):
with 36Kg of sugar costing Rs.9 per Kg ,so that there
“Definition - Money borrowed by a borrower or the
may be gain of 11% by selling the mixture of Rs.10.30 per
money lent by a lender is called the principal (P).”
Kg?
Time Period:
Question 3:
“Definition - The time for which it is borrowed or lent is
A jar contains ‘x’ liters of Milk, a seller withdraws 25
called time period (T).”
liter of it and sells it at Rs.20 per liter. He then replaces it
with water. He repeated the process a total three times.
Interest:
Every time while selling he reduces the selling price by
“Definition - The extra money paid by the borrower to
Rs.2. After this process Milk left in the mixture is only
the lender is called the interest. Interest is defined as rate
108 liters so he decided to sell the entire Mixture at Rs. 15
(R) per cent per annum (p.c.p.a.).”
per liter. Then how much profit did he earn if bought
Milk at Rs.20 per liter?
Simple interest:
“Definition - When interest is calculated on the original
Question 4:
principle for any length of time then it is defined as
‘X’ Liters of the mixture contain Milk and Water in the
simple interest.”
ratio 4:3. If 13 liters of Water is added then the ratio
becomes 1:1. Then what is the final quantity of water in
34.1 - Formulae related to Simple Interest
the mixture?
Simple Interest:
Question 5:
Formula to find simple interest as the name suggests is very
A Jar contains a mixture of Milk and Water 18 and 12
simple. The formula to find simple interest is as follows:
Liters respectively. When the ‘x’ liter of the mixture is
taken out and replaced with the same quantity of Water,
then the ratio of Milk and Water becomes 2:3. Then what
is the quantity of Water in the final Mixture? Where P is the Principal Amount
T is the Time Period for which the loan has been borrowed
R is the rate of interest in percent
Total Amount of Money:

Total amount of money is calculated as sum of Interest and
Chapter 34: Simple Interest principal amount, which is given by
A=P+I
Where A is the total Amount of money
In the following section, we will describe the key words and P is the Principal Amount borrowed
formulae that will assist us in solving and comprehending the I is the interest paid on that amount
basic interest questions. We will describe the principle of
simple interest and extend these formulae and meanings to Principle:
address questions that we anticipate will emerge from this
141
Money borrowed by a borrower or the money lent by a lender for the rest of the years. Total interest paid by her was
is called the principal (P). The formula to find principle is Rs. 15000 at the end of 10 years. Calculate the amount of
given by: money she borrowed?
Sol: According to the question,
r1 = 5% , T1 = 2 years
r2 = 10% , T2 = 3 years
Where I is the Interest paid r3 = 15% , T3 = 5 years
T is the time period and (since, beyond 5 years rate is 14%)
R is the rate of interest. Simple interest = 15000
Similarly for
Therefore, P =
Rate Percent:
Time: =
= Rs. 15000
Type 3: When you have to find Rate, Time or Principal

In this type of questions with the help of solved examples
34.2 - How to Solve Questions of S.I? you will be able to understand that how the questions in
which you have to find R, T or P when either two are given is
Type 1: Questions on Simple Interest found out using the following formulae:
In this type you will be able to understand that how a
problem for finding simple interest is solved by using the
formula ,
Example:
Rishav takes a loan of Rs 10000 from a bank for a period
of 1 year. The rate of interest is 10% per annum. Find the
interest and the amount he has to the pay at the end of a Example 1:
year. A sum of money becomes six times in 30 years. Calculate
Sol: Here, the loan sum = P = Rs 10000 the rate of interest.
Rate of interest per year = R = 10% Sol: We know that, if sum of money becomes x times in n
Time for which it is borrowed = T = 1 year years at some rate of interest, then rate of interest is
Thus, simple interest for a year, calculated as,
Amount that Rishav has to pay to the bank at the end of the
year = Principal + Interest = 10000 + 1000 = Rs 11,000
Type 2: When Rates are different for different years

In this particular type you will get to understand how to solve
the problems when two different R.O.I s are given for
different years.
Example:
R = 16.66%
Nisha borrowed some money at the rate of 5% p.a. for the
first two years. She again borrowed at the rate of 10%
Example 2:
p.a. for the next three years. Later at the rate of 15% p.a.
142
How much time will it take for an amount of Rs. 630 to rate of interest then rate can be calculated using the
yield Rs. 72 as interest at 5.4 % p.a. of simple interest?
Sol: We know that,
formula:
● The rate of interest for t1 years is r1%, t2 years is
Time = r1%, t3 years is r3 %. If a man gets interest of Rs x
for (t1+ t2 + t3 = n) years, then principal is given
by:
T =
+ r2t2 + r3t3
T= ● If sum of money becomes x times in t years at
T = 2 years and 11 months simple interest, then the rate is calculated as
Example 3:
Mr. Tata invested Rs. 13,900 in two different schemes I
● If a sum of money becomes x times in t years at
and II. The rate of interest for both the schemes were simple rate of interest, then the time is calculated as
14% and 11% p.a. respectively. If the total amount of
simple interest earned in 2 years be Rs. 3508, what was
the amount invested in Scheme II?
Sol: Let the amount invested in schemes I = x ● If an amount P1 is lent out at simple interest of R1%
Therefore, in schemes II = 13900 – x p.a. and another amount of P 2 at simple interest of
R2% p.a, then the rate of interest of the whole sum
SI (scheme I) =
is given by:
Then For scheme I,
SI =
Then For scheme II,
34.4 - Exercise
SI (scheme II) = Question - 1:

SI (scheme I) + SI (scheme II) = 3508
Find the simple interest on Rs 3000 at 25/4% per annum
for the period from 4th Feb, 2005 to 18th April, 2005.
Question - 2:
6x = 45000 A sum of Rs, 800 amounts to Rs. 920 in 3 years at simple

x = 45000/6 interest. If the interest rate is increased by 3%, it would
x = 7500 amount to how much?
Hence, the sum invested in Scheme II = 13900 – 7500 = Rs.
6400 Question - 3:
34.3 - Tips and Tricks for Questions on S.I Geeta borrowed some money at the rate of 6% p.a for the
first two years, at the rate of 9% p.a for the next three
Basic tips and tricks points: years, and at the rate of 14% p.a for the period beyond
five years. If she pays a total interest of Rs.11400 at the
end of nine years, how much did she borrow?
● If the interest on a sum of money is of the
principal, and the number of years is equal to the Question - 4:
Kamla took a loan of Rs. 2400 with simple interest for as

many years as the rate of interest. If she paid Rs. 864 as
143
interest at the end of the loan period, what was the rate of
interest?
Question - 5:
In how many years will a sum of money triple itself in

24% per annum ?
Decimals:
“Definition - Decimals are numbers that have a whole
number and a fractional component divided by a decimal
point. The decimal point is the dot that appears between
the entire number and the fractions section. 34.5, for
example, is a decimal integer.”
Fractions:
“Definition - Fractions are numbers that represent a part
of the whole. When an object or a group of objects is
divided into equal parts, then each individual part is a
fraction. A fraction is usually written as 1/2 or 5/12 or
7/18 and so on. It is divided into a numerator and
denominator where the denominator represents the total
number of equal parts into which the whole is divided.
The numerator is the number of equal parts that are
taken out. For e.g. in the fraction 3/4, 3 is the numerator
and 4 is the denominator.”
35.1 - Formulae for Decimals and Fractions
Decimals:
There are two types of decimal
● Non-recurring decimal or terminating decimal:

Chapter 35: Decimals and A non-recurring decimal is a non-repeating
decimal. It is terminated at some point. For
Fractions
example: = 0.5, = 31.25
Decimals and fractions have long been a source of
consternation for pupils. Many people just do not appreciate
● Recurring decimal or non-terminating decimal:
the utility and importance of our research. But, like anything
A recurring decimal is a repeating decimal. For
else you learn, it has a need and value of its own. So, before
we get into decimals, you should know why they were
invented in the first place. Let's get started.
example: = 3.1666666, = 2.33333
Fractions:
144
There are two types of fraction Every Decimal number can also be written as Fraction
number . And every Fraction number can also be written as a
● Common fraction: A common fraction is a Decimal number.
fraction in which both numerator and denominator
are integers. For example, Type 1: Find Greatest or Smallest Fraction
As the name suggests in this particular type you will be

, ….etc. learning how to calculate a greater fraction between the given
● Decimal fraction: A decimal fraction is a fraction lot.
in which denominator is an integer power of ten.
For example, Example 1:
, …etc.
Which among and is greater?
Proper Fraction : A proper fraction is a fraction in which
the numerator is less than the denominator.Proper
Fraction = Numerator < Denominator Sol: = 0.71
Example : 1/2, 6/7, 15/200
Improper fraction : An Improper fraction is a fraction in = 4.5

which the numerator is greater/larger than the The decimal values of the above fractions clearly indicate
denominator. that the value of
Improper Fraction = Numerator > Denominator
Example : 3/2, 60/7, 150/2
is more than .
Mixed fraction : A mixed fraction is a mixture of whole
number and fraction. A mixed fraction is always greater
Therefore, is the greater number among the two.
than 1.
Mixed Fraction = Whole number + Proper Fraction
Example 2:
Example : 1 3/4, 2 3/4, 1 50/260
Like fraction :
Which among the given numbers is greater or ?
Like fractions are fractions which have the exactly same
denominators.
Example : 1/5, 3/5, 2/5, 4/5, 6/5 Sol: = 0.62
Unlike fraction :
= 0.5
Unlike fractions are fractions which have different
denominators.
Example : 2/5, 1/6, 2/3, 7/7, 8/9 The decimal value of is greater than that of .
Equivalent fraction :
Therefore, it is greater than .
Equivalent fractions are the fractions in which numerator and

denominators have different values but are equal to the same
value. Example 3: Which among and is greater?
Example : 2/12, 3/18, 4/24, 5/30

Sol: = 0.57
35.2 - How to Solve Questions related to Decimals and
Fractions
145
1000)
= 1.28 ● Step 3: Simplify the fraction
For example, Convert 0.75 to a fraction.

Since the decimal value of is greater, it is the greater
number between the given two numbers.
Type 2: Simplification Questions of Decimals and ● Step 1:

Fractions
● Step 2: Multiply both top and bottom by 100 as
In this particular type with the help of solved examples you there are two digits after the decimal point. We get
can simplify the questions related to both decimal and
fractions.
Example 1: Simplify and calculate the result of 56.25 +

36.56+ 12.45.
Sol: The result can be calculated simply by adding the given
numbers before and after the decimal sign. ● Step 3: =
Therefore, 56.25 + 36.56+ 12.45 = 105.26
Example 2: Simplify and calculate the result of 300.45 + Exercise

1223.89+ 1210.12.
Sol: The result can be calculated simply by adding the given Simplify the following questions.
numbers before and after the decimal sign.
Therefore, 300.45 + 1223.89+ 1210.12= 2734.46 Question 1: 15/21 of 45/3 – 1/15 ÷ 3/7
Example 3: Simplify for the following problem Question 2: 11/5 + 4/21 of 42 - 18/5 ÷ 27/45
Question 3: (6.4 × 6.4 - 3.3 × 3.3)/(6.4 + 3.3)
Question 4: 6.4 ÷ 1.6 of 5 + 1.3 × 3.1 - 0.07
Sol: Question 5: 27.08 - [5.6 + 3 of (6.5 - 0.5 × 2.01)]

(37/3) of 321 – ? = 37 × 7
? = 37 × 107 – 37 × 7 = 37 × 100
? = 3700
35.3 - Tips and Tricks of Decimals and Fractions
Here are quick and easy tips and tricks for you to solve Chapter 36: Statistics
Decimals and Fractions questions quickly, easily, and Statistics can be seen all over you. Did you know that
efficiently in competitive exams. numbers simplify and enliven so many aspects of your
everyday life? Without data, you wouldn't have all the
Convert Decimal to Fraction: stats on your favorite football star, you wouldn't be able
to watch your exam success, you wouldn't have
● Step 1: Write down the decimal divided by 1, in the weather predictions, and so on.
Statistics is both a science and an art that involves

form . processing, arranging, displaying, and predicting numerical
data in order to make an educated decision. So, let's get
● Step 2: Multiply both top and bottom by 10 for started with those exciting numbers ideas.
every number after the decimal point. (For
example, if there are two numbers after the decimal
point, then use 100, if there are three then use
146
Mode:
The mode is the value that appears the most often in a series
of observations. Simply put, it is the number that is most
often replicated, i.e. the number with the greatest frequency.
It is an essential part in the field of statistics for interpreting
data in a relevant manner.
Example: Let us find the Mode of the following data

4, 89, 65, 11, 54, 11, 90, 56
Sol: Here in these varied observations the most occurring
number is 11, hence the Mode = 11
36.1 - Formulae and Definitions important for Statistics
Mean Deviation:
There are many formulae which are present in statistics but
here we are going to tell you the most important ones with The mean deviation is a mathematical measure used to
respect to most exams point of view. quantify the average deviation from the mean value of a
given data set. The mean variance of the data values can be
Mean: conveniently determined using the formula given below:
Mean is equal to the sum of all the values of a collection of

data divided by the number of values in the data. In simpler
Here,
terms, you add up all the values in a data set and divide it by
Σ represents the addition of values
the number of values you added. This can be found out by
X represents each value in the data set
using a very simple formula:
Μ represents the mean value of the data set
N represents the number of data values
Standard Deviation:
N=Total number of terms
Standard deviation is the most important tool for dispersion
measurement in a distribution. Technically, the standard
Median:
deviation is the square root of the arithmetic mean of the
squares of deviations of observations from their mean value.
The median is the value in the center of a data set. That is the
It is generally denoted by sigma i.e. σ. It is given by the
value that distinguishes the data set's upper and lower halves.
following formula:
It is referred to as the "middle value" of any given
population. To measure the Median, organize the data in
ascending or descending order, and take the middle number
from that arrangement. It is calculated by the given formula:
Variance:
term The variance is an indicator of the degree of uncertainty. It is

determined by averaging the squared deviations from the
To measure the Median of an odd number of terms, organize norm. The degree of distribution in your data set is implied
the data in ascending or descending order, and the Median is by variance. It is generally denoted by sigma i.e. σ2 and is
the middlemost expression. To measure the Median of an given by the following formula:
even number of terms, arrange the data in ascending or
descending order and average the two middle terms. It is
calculated by the given formula:
36.2 - How to solve Statistics Questions?

147
There are few things to keep in mind while solving statistics

problem:
C.I. 50-70 70-90 90- 110- 130- 150-
110 130 150 170
● Stay focused and don't be panic:
When students get the question usually they need to be more

8 12 13 27 18 22
focused and calm at the same time.This will help them to
Freque
make a right approach to solve the question.
ncy
● Analyze the Problem:
Instead of attempting the question immediately give some Sol:

time on the question.Analyze the question properly and then By using direct method we are going find mean :
attempt the question.This will eliminate the chances of
making mistakes. Class−mar Frequency x Class
Frequency k Mark
● Go for the right strategy:
C.I fi xi fixi
If you are going for the right strategy your chances for
making mistakes will be eliminated and time taken to solve
50−70 8 60 480
the problem will be minimized so it will allow you to solve
the problem within a limited time.
70−90 12 80 960
Type 1: To find the mean of the given ungrouped data.
90−110 13 100 1300
In this following type you will learn to find mean of a given
110−130 27 120 3240
130−150 18 140 2520

ungrouped data by using the formula
150−170 22 160 3520
Example:
Total ∑fi=100 ∑fixi=12020
Find the mean of the following set of integers.
8, 11, –6, 22, –3
Sol:
Therefore, Mean is 120.2
Type 3: Median of the Ungrouped Data

Type 2: To find the mean of the given grouped data.
In this type you will learn how to find the median of the
In this following type you will learn to find mean of a given given ungrouped data. As the definition of the median says
ungrouped data by using the formula that “Median is the middlemost expression”. So taking the
account of even ungrouped data.
Example:
Example: Find the mean of the following frequency Find the median of the following data:
distribution by a suitable method. 3,1,5,6,3,4,5,6
Sol: Given the data 3,1,5,6,3,4,5,6.

Now arranging the given data in ascending order we get,
1,3,3,4,5,5,6,6.
148
Number of entries is equal to 8.

5 5 25 25
So median will be term i.e. 4 th term. Total Σf=25 Σfx=80

And it is 4. So the median is 4.
Here the number of observations, n=25 which is odd.
So taking the account of even ungrouped data.
Example:
th term
Find the median of the following data:
2,5,6,3,8,9,10,1,4
=
Sol: Given data: 2,5,6,3,8,9,10,1,4

Now arranging the given data in ascending order we get, =
1,2,3,4,5,6,8,9,10 =13th term
Number of entries is equal to 9. =3
Hence his median score is 3.
So median will be term i.e 5th term

Type 5: Mode of the given Ungrouped Data
And the 5th term is 5. So the median is 5.
In this type you will get to know how mode in an ungrouped
Type 4: Median of the Grouped data
data is calculated. As you know that mode is the most
repeated entity in the given data.
In this type with the help of the solved example you will be
able to understand how the median of the grouped data is
Example: The following table represents the number of
actually calculated.
wickets taken by a bowler in 10 matches. Find the mode
of the given set of data.
Example: At a shooting competition, the scores of a
competitor were as given below : What is his median Age 10 11 12 14 15 16 18 20
score?
Number of
boys 3 6 4 7 12 9 8 11
Score 0 1 2 3 4 5
No. of Sol: Mode = Mode is the value which occurs the most
shots 0 3 6 4 7 5 frequently.
Since the number of boys of age group 15 is maximum .
So, the modal age of boys is 15 .
Sol:
We write the marks in the cumulative frequency table.
Type 6: Question on Variance and Standard Deviation
No. of shots Cumulative In this particular type you will try to learn to solve questions
Score (x) (f) fx frequency related to the variance and standard deviation by using the
following formulae:
0 0 0 0
1 3 3 3 Variance:
2 6 12 9
Standard Deviations:
3 4 12 13
4 7 28 20
149
Example: Find the variance and standard deviation of the 36.3 - Solved Examples of the questions related
provided data.
Example 1: Consider the data set containing the values
Class 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 20, 24, 25, 36, 25, 22, 23.Find the mean of the data.
Frequenc
y 27 10 7 5 4 2 Sol: We know that ,
Sol:
Frequen Mean=
Class cy Mid Value
Interval (fx)
0-10 27 5 135 675 =25
10-20 10 15 150 2250 Example 2: For the above given data calculate the
median.
20-30 7 25 175 4375
Sol: Rearranging the above data in ascending order we get
30-40 5 35 175 6125 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 25, 36.
The middle value will be the median.
40-50 4 45 180 8100 So,the middle value is 24.Hence,the median is 24.
50-60 2 55 110 6050 Example 3: Calculate the mode for the above data.
Sol: The mode can be defined as the most frequent value in

the given set of data.In the data given the most frequent value
Total
is 25 which occurred more than any other value.Hence the
mode is 25.
Example 4: Calculate the range for the above set of data.
Sol: Range=higher value-lower value

=36-20
=16
= Example 5: Calculate the variance of the set of data

given.
Variance =
Sol:
Mean of the data=25

=
now,using
20-25=-5 and square of -5=25
=
24-25=-1 and square of -1=1
=222.559
25-25=0 and square of 0=0
36-25=11 and square of 11=121
Standard deviation = 25-25=0 and square of 0=0
=
= 14.918
Adding the squared difference,
150
25+1+0+121+0+9+4=160 6,11,5,8,6,8,5,11,8,9,7,11,5,6,8,9,11,8,7,6,9.
and number of elements=7
Question 13: What is the difference between the mean
and the median of the given data ?
Hence,Variance= (approximately)
5,9,8,15,12,9,2,19,21,11
Exercise
Question 14: If the mode of a data is 12 and the
Question 1: Find the range of the following data arithmetic mean is 9,the median is______________?
143,148,135,150,128,139,149,146,151,132 Question 15: In 50 numbers 10 are threes,15 are fours,18

are fives and remaining are sixes.if a,b and c respectively
Question 2: The median for the data 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 is represent the mean,mode and median of data,what is the
value of a+2b-c?
Question 3: The mean of a set of data is 5. What will be
the mean if ten is subtracted from each data ? Question 16: If mean of a distribution is 10 and the
standard deviation is 4. What is the value of the
Question 4: What is the mean deviation of the data coefficient of variation?
8,9,12,15,16,20,24,30,32,34? and Find the distance of each
value from that mean. Question 17: The salary in rupees of 10 employees in a
company per day is 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 72, 75, 80, 84, 89.
Question 5: The mean and the standard deviation of a What is the standard deviation in the above data?
data which consists of a set of ten positive numbers are 8
and 2 respectively. If the sum of squares of 9 among the Question 18: A particular distribution is represented by
10 members is 599,what is the 10th number? two data points. If the Range and Standard deviation of
the distribution are R and S respectively, what is the
Question 6: relation between them?
With what value should the highest quantity in the data : Question 19: Marks obtained by a student in 5 subjects
65, 52, 14, 26, 18, 35, 32, 38 be replaced so that the mean are given as
and medium become equal?
History - 23
Question 7: If the mean of the data 5,7,10,14,x,25,32,19 is Civics - 35
x,then what is the value of x? Economics - 46
Hindi - 30 and
Question 8: What is the standard Deviation (correct upto English 32.
two decimal places) of the numbers: 21334, 21335, 21336, If the weightage given to these subjects be 1, 1, 2, 3, 5
21337 and 21338? respectively, then find the weighted mean.
Question 9: If mean of 29 observations is 33 and on

adding one more observation the new mean becomes 34.
What is the value of 30th observation?
Question 10: The mean of the median, the mode and the
range of the data:
15, 10, 17, 13, 25, 17, 11, 18, 14, 19, 12, 20 is:
Question 11: If the mean of 26 observations is 29, and on

adding four more observations, the new mean becomes
32. What is the mean of the last four observations?
Question 12: Find the mode of the given set of numbers:-

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Chapter 2. Arithmetic Progression 12

Chapter 3: Geometric Progression 22

Chapter 4: Harmonic Progression 24

Chapter 5- Profit and Loss 26

Chapter 6- Boats and streams 32

Chapter 7- Speed Time and Distance 37

Chapter 8: Ratio and Proportion 42

Chapter 9: Linear Equation 51

Chapter 10: Quadratic Equation 60

Chapter 11: Coordinate Geometry 67

Chapter 12: LCM and HCF 73

Chapter 13. Percentages 75

Chapter 14. Probability 77

Chapter 15. Compound Interest 79

Chapter 16. Perimeter, Area and Volume 81

Chapter 17: Pipes and Cisterns 85

Chapter 18: Permutation and Combination 86

Chapter 19: Work and Time 89

Chapter 20. Problems on Ages 97

Chapter 21. Algebra 101

Chapter 22. Calendar 104

Chapter 23. Clock 107

Chapter 24. Number System 112

Chapter 25. Heights and Distance 116

Chapter 26. Surds and Indices 120

Chapter 27. Logarithms 127

Chapter 28. Divisibility 129

Chapter 29. Set Theory 132

Chapter 30. Venn Diagrams 133

Chapter 31. Discounts 134

Chapter 32. Inverse 135

Chapter 33. Mixture and Allegations 137

Chapter 34: Simple Interest 140

Chapter 35: Decimals and Fractions 143

Chapter 36. Statistics 146

“Definition: An average is defined as the sum of n

Example:- What will be the average weight of three

Solution: (sum of numbers/ total numbers)

Example: Three years ago, the average age of the wife,

Sol: Total of the present ages of the family = (28 x 3+ 3 x

Example: The average age of children in a play is 15

6th number = 294 + 312 – 550 = 56

Sol: The age of the 15 th student can be calculated as

Sol: Average = 32 1.1 Average Speed

Example: If the average of 25 numbers is 0. Among

Case I : Average of ‘n’ consecutive Natural Numbers: Answer :

Average speed throughout the journey =

Case VIII: Sum of 1st n even consecutive natural numbers