Neeraj Verma et al.

/ Journal of Pharmacy Research 2011,4(3),690-694

Review Article
ISSN: 0974-6943 Available online through
www.jpronline.info
Review on wonderful and miraculous Triphala
Neeraj Verma a*, Anil Pratap Singh c, G. Amresh a, P. K. Sahub, Arpita Singha , Neelam Mishrab
a
Goel Institute of Pharmacy & Sciences, Faizabad Road [Near Indira Canal] Lucknow 227105, Uttar Pradesh, India
b
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan University, Kalinga Nagar, Ghatikia, Bhubaneswar 751003, Orissa, India
c
Pharmacognosy and Ethnopharmacology Division, National Botanical Research Institute [Council of Scientific and Industrial Research], Rana Pratap Marg,
P.O. Box No. 436, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
Received on: 05-10-2010; Revised on: 14-12-2010; Accepted on:09-02-2011

ABSTRACT
Triphala is regarded as an important rasayana in Ayurvedic medicine. Medicines of the rasayana group are believed to promote health, immunity, and longevity. According to Ayurveda, they
strengthen all tissues of the body, prevent aging, promote intellect, and prevent disease. It consists of the dried fruits of three medicinal plants, Terminalia chebula, Terminalia belerica and
Emblica officinalis, also known as the three myrobalans. Triphala means three (tri) fruits (phala). Triphala is used in Ayurvedic medicine in the treatment of a variety of conditions and also
forms part of many other Ayurvedic formulations. The combined effect of three plants in triphala claimed to possess many pharmacological properties. This review mainly focuses on
pharmacological and therapeutic uses of triphala and of its constituents.

Key words:Triphala,Terminalia chebula,Terminalia belerica,Emblica officinalis

INTRODUCTION
Triphala is a tridoshic formula of fruits of Terminalia belerica (Family: Combretaceae), ovoid, acute, opposite with two small glands near leaf-base. Flowers are dull white in spikes
Terminalia chebula (Family: Combretaceae) and Emblica officinalis (Family: Euphorbiaceae) at the ends of branches. Fruits are intact, yellowish-brown, ovate, 2-4 cm long and 1.5-2.5 cm
[1]
. According to Bhavaprakasha-Nighantu, triphala consists of equal parts of Haritaki, bibhitaka broad, drupe having longitudinal wrinkles whereas pericarp is fibrous 3-4 mm thick, non-
and amalaki. Sanskrit names for triphala are Phaltrika and vara. It pacifies cough, pitta, adherant to the seed. Flowering takes place between April to August and fruit ripens form
removes anomalies of urinary secretions, leprosy and eye complaints. It is pleasant, appetizer October-January[24-25].
and nullifies fever of malaria, typhoid and pneumonia. According to Kaiyadevn-Nighantu,
triphala consists of one haritaki, two bibhitaka and four fruits of amalaki [2]. According to Ethnobotanical Studies
Charak-Samhita, “After having digested previously taken meals, one should take one fruit of In Gangtok, fruits are consumed as a natural remedy for cold and cough [26]. It is used as an
haritaki every morning, two fruits of bibhitaka before taking next meal and four fruits of amalaki antidiabetic drug in folklore medicine of Assam and Tirap district of Arunachal Pradesh [27]. In
along with honey and ghee after having taken meals. All three fruits should be grinded, mixed Terai region of Gorakhpur district (U.P.), it is used in the treatment of eye disorders [28]. In
and taken along with honey and ghee. Daily consumption of this triphala Rasayana for one Purulia district of West Bengal, it is used as a traditional medicine for treatment of dysentery
year makes a person to live for hundred years without any illness and aging”[3]. According to while Irulars of Tamil Nadu (India) use its fruits for treating indigestion [29]. Tribals of Mirzapur
Sushrut-Samhita, “Triphala is useful in the treatment of cough, pitta, diabetes, ailments of district (U.P.), use its fruit in colic and menstrual complaints [30]. It is used as a purgative in
eyes, skin diseases, intermittent fevers and indigestion”[4]. Chandrapur district of Khed Taluka (Maharashtra), and Dehradun and Siwalik [31-32]. It is used
in the treatment of pneumonia in Abujh-Marh area of Madhya Pradesh [33]. In Upper East
Therapeutic Uses of Triphala Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh, it is used to get relief from sore throat [34]. In Khandala
Research work done on triphala has proved its efficacy as an anti-oxidant, immunomodulator, (Maharashtra), it is used in stomach complaints [35].
rejuvenator, anti-aging, analgesic, anti-mutagenic, anti-cancerous, anti-microbial and blood
purifier. It is used in the treatment of cancer, constipation, indigestion, headache, inflamma- Chemical Constituents
tion, rheumatism, diabetes, leucorrhoea, ailments of eyes, skin diseases, dyspepsia, and liver Fruits of Terminalia chebula are reported to contain tannins (30-40%), chebulinic acid, gallic
enlargement etc. It removes tridosha and also flushes out harmful toxins from our body. It also acid, resin, anthraquinones, carbohydrates, glucose, sorbitol, saponins, anthrones, anthranols,
balances cholesterol and removes excess fat from our body [5-13]. Triphala removes all types of ellagic acid, chebulic acid, beta-D-glucogallin, terchebin, 1,3,6-trigalloylglucose,
diseases, enhances intelligence, and promotes longevity and memory [14]. In India, it is a pentagalloylglucose, fructose, sucrose, gentiobiose, traces of arabinose, maltose, rhamnose and
highly esteemed drug which is being consumed from centuries in the treatment of a wide range xylose, amino acids, phosphoric, succinic, quinic, shikimic, dihydro and dehydroshikimic
of ailments [15]. acids, esters of palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids, punicalagin, chebulanin, corilagin, neochebulinic
acid, chebulagic acid and 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose [36-42].
Description of Individual Ingredients of Triphala
Ayurvedic Uses of Haritaki
Terminalia chebula (Fam. Combretaceae) Haritaki is acidic in nature and pacifies vata, being madhura and tikta, it pacifies pitta and as it
Sanskrit names for Terminalia chebula are abhaya, pathya, kayastha, putna, amrita, haimvati, is kasaya and ruchna, it pacifies cough [43].
avyatha, chetaki, shreyasi, shiva, vyaytha, vijaya, jeevanti and rohini [16].It is known as
Chebulic myrobalan in English; harad and harra in Hindi; haritaki in Bengali; kadukkai and Therapeutic Uses
harakkaj in Tamil; karitaki in Telugu; katukka in Malayalam; hilikha in Assamese; alaklekayi It is stomachic, digestive, diuretic, carminative, astringent, laxative, alterative, antioxidant,
in Kannada; harida in Oriya and halela in Kashmiri and Urdu [17-19]. photoprotective, hepatoprotective, anti-septic, anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic, anti-anaphylac-
tic, anti-microbial, anti-cancerous, homeostatic, antitussive, rejuvenator, anthelmintic, ano-
Occurrence & Distribution dyne and purgative. It is also useful as blood purifier and is used in the treatment of chronic
It belongs to family Combretaceae and is abundant in North India from Kangra and Kumaon ulcers, wounds, stomatitis, bleeding and ulceration of gums, healing of wounds, peptic ulcers,
to Bengal and Southwards to the Deccan upto an altitude of 6000 ft. in Travancore, higher fever, skin and eye diseases, anaemia, hypertension, heart-diseases, ascites, diarrhea, nausea,
forests of Bombay ghats, Satpuras, Belgaun and Kanara. It is also found in Madya Pradesh, bowel complaints, cough, diarrhea and dysentery, haemorrhoides, hoarseness, asthma, consti-
North India, Gujarat and Maharashtra [20-23]. pation, headache, diabetes, leucoderma, enlarged liver, AIDS, acidity, piles, mumps, vaginal
irritation and inflammations [44-53].
Botanical Description
It is a middle-sized deciduous tree with dark-brown bark. Leaves are 10-20 cm long, ovate, Terminalia belerica (Fam. Combretaceae)
Hindi name of Terminalia belerica is bibhitaka. Kalidrum, kapavriks, samvarta and aksha are
the different other Sanskrit names of bibhitaki [54]. Other Sanskrit names for bibhitaki are
*Corresponding author. bibhitaka,karshaphal,kalidrum,bhutvasandkaliyugalaya[55]. Beleric myrobalan in English;
Neeraj Verma
Goel Institute of Pharmacy & Sciences, bahera in Bengali; akkam and thani in Tamil; tandra and tadi in Telugu; tushan in Malayalam;
Faizabad Road (Near Indira Canal) hulluch or bhovian in Assamese; taremara in Kannada; bahedan in Gujarati and bahera in
Lucknow 227105, Uttar Pradesh, India Punjabi [56].
Tel.: + 91- 522 6568698
Telefax: +91-522 4077041
E-mail:neerajcology@gmail.com
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 Neeraj Verma et al. / Journal of Pharmacy Research 2011,4(3),690-694
Occurrence & Distribution employ it in eye complaints [99-101]. In Dehradun, Siwalik and Chandrapur district of Maharashtra,
It is found throughout the forests of India, upto and elevation of about 1000 m, except dry and it is used in indigestion [102]. In Ktimaon region of Uttaranchal, it is used as a purgative and a
arid regions of Western India. It is more common in mixed deciduous forests of Punjab, thirst quenching agent [103]. In Hazaribagh district of Bihar, it is used to bring taste to a sick
Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra [57-61]. person [104]. In rural areas in district Rajouri (Jammu), it is used in stomach complaints [105]. It
is used as a tonic by tribals of Madhya Pradesh and South Garhwal [106-107]. It is also used to treat
Botanical Description vaginal complaints in various tribal areas offodia [108].
It is large deciduous tree with buttress and bluishor ashy-grey bark. Leaves are large, 10-25 cm
long, broadly elliptic, clustered near ends of branches. Flowers are small, simple, solitary and Chemical Constituents
pale-green with a bad smell, arranged in simple spikes. Fruits are hard, 2-3 cm long, ovoid, Fruits of Emblica officinalis are reported to contain vitamin C, tannins, gallic acid, ellagic
brownish and densely covered with hairs. Surface of fruit is velvet, irregularly wrinkled acid, phyllembelin, protein, fats, carbohydrates, glucose, fibres, phosphorus, iron and calcium.
exhibiting five district longitudinal ridges. There is a prominent round scar of pedicel at one Indole acetic acid and auxins al, a3, a4 and a5 were detected in immature fruits [109-110]. Six new
end of the fruit. Stem is straight [62-63]. ellagitannins, phyllanemblinins A-F (1-6), were isolated from Phyllanthus emblica, along
with 30 known tannins and related compounds. Their structures were determined by spectral
Ethnobotanical Studies and chemical methods. Phyllanemblinins A and B were confirmed to be ellagitannins having
In Sagar district of Madhya Pradesh, it is traditionally used as laxative and purgative in the a tetrahydroxybenzofuran dicarboxyl group and a hexahydroxydiphenoyl group, respectively,
treatment of fever, diarrhea, piles and dropsy [64]. In Dahanu forest division of Maharashtra and by chemical synthesis from furosin. Phyllanemblinin C has a new acyl group at the glucose
Saurashtra in Gujarat, it is use in the treatment of asthma and bronchitis [65]. It is used as a 2,4-positions and is structurally related to chebulagic acid. Phyllanemblinins D, E, and F were
coolant and anti-leprotic drug in Lodha medicine in Mindnapur district in West Bengal [66]. In found to be positional isomers of neochebuloyl l (beta)-O-galloylglucose [111].
Abujh-Morh area of Madhya Pradesh, it is used to get relief from constipation [67]. Tribals of
Maharashtra use it to get relief from cough [68]. It is consumed as an anti-diabetic drug in Assam Ayurvedic uses of Amalaki
and Tirap district of Arunachal Pradesh [69]. It is considered laxative and purgative in Chandrapur Amla is astringent, sour, sweet, cool, light, rejuvenator and removes pitta, daha-vata, anoma-
district of Maharashtra, Saurashtra in Gujarat, Dehradun and Siwalik [70-72]. In Garhwal lies of urinary secretions andshosh. “Amlaki is pungent, bitter, astringent, hair-nourisher,
Himalayas, it is used in liver complaints, [73] whereas in Khed Taluka (Maharashtra), it is used anti-dysenteric, appetizer and treats dyspepsia, rakta-pitta, urinary disorders, fevers, constipa-
in the treatment of intestinal and liver complaints [74]. In Mayurbhanj (Orissa), it is used in tion, flatulence, inflammations, shosh, and blood-disorders. It flushes out harmful toxins from
stomachache [75]. our body [112].

Chemical Constituents Therapeutic Uses

Fruits of Terminalia belerica are reported to contain tannins (20-25%), beta-sitosterol, gallic It is astringent, acrid, cooling, refrigerant, diuretic, laxative, anodyne, carminative, laxative,
acid, mannitol, glucose, galactose, fructose, rhamnose and bellericanin. Chebulaginic acid and cyto-protective, immunomodulator, hepatoprotective, radioprotective, anti-tussive, anti-
saponins are also present. Fixed oil (30-40%) consists of esters of palmitic, stearic, oleic and clastogenic, anti-diabetic, anti-hepatitis, antipyretic and analgesic activities, anti-cancer, anti-
linoleic acids [76-77]. tumor and stomachic and is useful in the treatment of diarrhea and dysentery, haemorrhages,,
anaemia, jaundice, dyspepsia, liver disorders, diabetes, scurvey, headache, hysteria, eczema,
Ayurvedic Uses of Bibhitaka tuberculosis, asthma, bronchitis, piles, menorrhagia, rheumatism, polyuria, dysuria, heart
Bibhitaka is pungent, bitter and beneficial in cough, ailments of eyes, jaundice and is sweet and diseases (atherosclerosis). It is anti-bacterial, antifungal and antiviral and is a potent hair
light in vipaaka. It is purgative, bitter, astringent, light, sweet, dry, cooling, hair nourisher and nourisher [113-126].The plant extract possesses potent snake venom neutralizing capacity [127].
is useful in cold and cough, eye diseases, blood related disorders, leprosy, heart diseases and
infestation of worms [78].
Pharmacological Studies Done On triphala
Therapeutic Uses As an antidiabetic agent
Fruits of bibhitaka are acrid, bitter, astringent, tonic analgesic, laxative, expectorant, anti- Methanolic extract (75%) of Terminalia chebula, Terminalia belerica, Emblica officinalis and
pyretic, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, anthelmintic, hepatoprotective, cardiac stimulant, their combination (equal proportion of above three plant extracts), were found to inhibit lipid
eye and brain tonic. It is useful in the treatment of cough and cold, piles, dropsy, diarrhea, peroxide formation and to scavenge hydroxyl and superoxide radicals in-vitro. Oral adminis-
leprosy, biliouness, headache, dyspepsia, indigestion, fever, asthma, anorexia, arthritis, consti- tration of the extracts reduced the blood sugar level in normal and alloxan diabetic rats
pation, general debility, insomnia, tuberculosis, sore throat. It is also used as a blood purifier significantly within 4 hours. Continued daily administration of the drug produced a sustained
and to spell intestinal worms [79-87]. effect [128].

Emblica officinalis (Fam. Euphorblica Linn) As radioprotective agent

Sanskrit names of Emblica officinalis are pancharasa, shriphali, dhatrika, shiva, akra, The effect of aqueous extract of triphala administrered intraperitoneally was studied on the
amritavayatha, vrishya and tishyaphala [88]. According to Bhavaprakasha-Nighantu, other radiation-induced mortality in mice exposed to 10 Gray of gamma-radiation. Treatment of
Sanskrit names for amalaki are vayasya, vrishya, jatiphalrasa, shiva, dhatriphala, sriphala, mice with different doses of triphala consecutively for five days before irradiation delayed the
amritphal, tishyaphal and amrita. It is known as Embelic myrobaian or Indian Gooseberry in onset of mortality and reduced the symptoms of radiation sickness when compared with the
English; amla in Hindi; amla and amloki in Bengali; nelli and nellikai in Tamil; amalakamu non-drug treated irradiated controls. Toxicity study showed that triphala was non-toxic up to
in Telugu; nelli and amlakam in Malayalam; amlaki and chukna in Assamese; amalaka and a dose of 240 mg/kg, where no drug-induced mortality was observed. The LD50 dose i.p. of
nellikayi in Kannada; aora in Oriya; amla and anvala in Marathi and aamlan in Gujarati [89]. triphala was found to be 280 mg/kg b.w. The study demonstrated the ability of triphala as a
good radioprotective agent and the optimum protective dose of triphala was 1/28 of its LD50
Occurrence & Distribution dose [129].
It is common in the mixed deciduous forests of India ascending upto 1500 m on the hills, often
cultivated in gardens and homeyards [90]. As an anti-mutagenic agent
A study to evaluate an antimutagenic potential of water, chloroform and acetone extracts of
Botanical Description triphala was made in an Ames histidine reversion assay using TA 98 and TA 100 tester strains
It is a medium-sized tree with greenish-grey and smooth bark. Leaves are small, alternate, of Salmonella typhimurium against the direct-acting mutagens, 4-nitro-O-phenylenediamine
simple, entire, 10-13 mm long and 2-3 mm broad, feathery with small oblong pinnately (NPD) and sodium azide, and the indirect-acting promutagen, 2-aminofluorene (2AF), in the
arranged leaflets. Flowers are pale-green in colour, unisexual, actinomorphic and hypogynous. presence of phenobarbitone-induced rat hepatic S9. The drug was sequentially extracted with
Stamens are 3 to 5 in number. Anthers are monothecous, gynoecium is tricarpellary and water, acetone and chloroform at room temperature. The study revealed that water extract was
syncarpous with a superior and trilocular ovary. One or two collateral, pendulous, anatropous ineffective in reducing the revertants induced by the mutagens. The results with chloroform and
ovules in each locule with axile placentation. Styles are three, bipartite and free. Fruit is three acetone extracts showed inhibition of mutagenicity induced by both direct and S9-dependent
chambered, pale-green, 1.5 to 2.5 cm in diameter, globose, fleshy, 5-6 lobed with fleshy edible mutagens. A significant inhibition was observed with acetone extract against the revertants
mesocarp and stony endocarp. Seeds are with fleshy endosperm and straight embryo. They are induced by S9-dependent mutagen, 2AF, in co-incubation mode of treatment. Various spectro-
often with a conspicuous caruncle [91-93]. scopic techniques, namely 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR, distortionless enhancement by polariza-
tion transfer (DEPT-90 and DEPT -135), UV and IR are under way to identify the polyphenolic
Ethnobotanical Studies compounds from an acetone extract [130].
In Sagar district of Madhya Pradesh, it is used as a remedy for fever, indigestion and nausea [94].
It is used in the treatment of headache, liver complaints and constipation in Purulia district of Gentoxic evaluation of extracts from triphala along with three other plants was done employing
West Bengal [95]. Tharus of Kheri district (Uttar Pradesh) use it in constipation [96]. In South the VITOTOX and comet tests which detects DNA damage in prokaryotic and eukaryotic test
Garhwal, it is considered diuretic, laxative and coolant [97]. In Assam and Arunachal Pradesh systems, respectively. In the VITOTOX test, none of the extracts were identified as genotoxic.
(Tirap district), it is used in the treatment of diabetes [98]. Angami Nagas of Nagaland, tribals Extract from tripahala significantly increased DNA damage in a concentration above 500 ppm
of rural Khasi and Jaintia tribes of Meghalaya and tribals of Mirzapur district (Uttar Pradesh) [131]
.

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Antioxidant activity and Free radical scavenging activity protective effect of Triphala (an Ayurvedic rejuvenating drug) in the mice exposed to gamma-
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Journal of Pharmacy Research Vol.4.Issue 3. March 2011 690-694