University of San Agustin

College of Engineering and Architecture

Department of Interior Design

OCHITSUITA RYOKOU: COALESCING

INDUSTRIAL AND ZEN DESIGN FOR AN

INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT

An Undergraduate Thesis Proposal Presented to the

Faculty of College of Engineering and Architecture

University of San Agustin

In Partial Fulfillment

Of the Requirement for the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Interior Design

Febby Marie G. Barrido

2016

CHAPTER 1

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Department of Interior Design

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

The city of Iloilo is a tourist hub where the best restaurants, museums,

hotels, shopping districts, and nightlife in the province await. It’s most known for

the annual Dinagyang Festival, exquisite heritage sites, deliciously fresh seafood,

and signature Ilonggo dishes. The city is also home to many Spanish-colonial

churches, grand vintage houses, and old commercial and institutional buildings

dating back its heyday as the “Queen City of the South” (Marcos 2015).

With this rising tourism statistic of Iloilo City, many travelers go in and out

of the urban. Travelers not only take a trip inside the country, Philippines, but

also overseas. With the rise of tourists, the city needs to develop, a newly

renovated Airport Terminal. This area is a building at an airport where

passengers transfer between ground transportation and the facilities that allow

them and to board and leave the aircraft. Most major airport terminal provides

commercial outlets for product services. Many of these are internationally known

brands, clothing boutiques, restaurants and other interior amenities. Some airport

give travelers a high level of service by providing the terminal with sleep box or

nap pods if sleeping in the plane won’t do.

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Department of Interior Design

For an Airport Terminal, the place should be spacious and well ventilated

to accommodate the needs of the passengers for comfort and stress-free feeling

before getting in the aircraft. In order for the city to catch up with the rising

tourism, it is indeed necessary to propose an innovative development in interior

design for this establishment. Industrial Design is proudly displaying the building

materials that many try to conceal. This integrates all aspects of form, fit and

function, optimizing them to create the best possible experience for the users.

This design is also the new trend of the century. Having a modern and new

design is important especially for the users and travelers accommodating the,

space. Combining with Zen Design to give balance and harmony for the interior

the two designs will fill the disadvantages and deficiency of each other. Zen

Design have many satisfactory benefit for the users, a Zen garden can be perfect

to calm the busy world of the airport terminal. The design is originally from the

culture of Japan; most Zen interior uses stones and plants to show peacefulness

and calmness, it also gives a relaxing and quiet ambience for the users. Zen is

also a good thing for large establishments because it is low in maintenance and

not really that expensive for a huge area. Lastly, this study will help the city to be

more develop and catch up with the progressing countries in the world.

Statement of the Study

The study aims to propose a design for the interior of Iloilo

International Airport including the areas applying Industrial and Zen Design.

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Department of Interior Design

Objective of the Study

General Objective:

This study aims to develop a calm and modern interior design for a

propose Airport Terminal in Iloilo City.

Specific Objectives:

This study specifically aims to propose a design for the interior of an

Airport Terminal using the following:

1. Incorporate Attention Restoration Theory into the interiors.

2. Integrate user preferences into the design of the Airport Terminal.

3. Utilize Industrial Design Style and Zen Design Style into the design.

Theoretical Framework of the Study

The proposed study intends to explore and apply the established links

between physical shape, form-functional materials, and structural properties. The

Theory of Flexibility serves as foundation to the study. The discussion highlights

the main influence of its theoretical concepts in relation to the proposed

international airport.

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Department of Interior Design

Attention Restoration Theory

Attention Restoration Theory (ART), (Kaplan, 1989, 1995) suggests that

mental fatigue and concentration can be improved by time spent in or looking at

nature. According to (Kaplan, 1995), stress is a result of anticipating an event

that could potentially be threatening or harmful to individual. The concept of

mental fatigue is often associated with stress and in many situations the terms

are used to describe each other (Mooi, J. 2014). Mental fatigue may be a result

of such circumstances, but does not necessarily derive from the same

components and may in fact be a result of pursuing enjoyable goals or working

hard on preferred projects. Within this study of mental exhaustion comes an

interesting result regarding two types of attention and the attention restoration

theory.

An important source of attention constructs central to Attention

Restoration Theory is the work of (James, W. 1892), who identified two types of

attention that are distinguished by effort of use. According to (Mooi, J. 2014)

James determined that the first type is known as voluntary or directed attention.

The voluntary attention concept concerned the kind of attention that went

against the grain’ as it were (James, W. 1892). Through focusing or directing

one’s attention, it requires a great deal of effort since the attention devotes itself

to avoiding stimuli from more interesting attractions.

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Department of Interior Design

The second type of attention requires minimal to no effort at all and is

classified as involuntary attention or fascination. This occurs when observing

interesting or exciting situations and become fascinated.

Conceptual Framework of the Study

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework of the Proposed Airport Terminal

Figure 1 shows the connection of the objective of the study. These three

objectives shall be merging to create a better and improve Airport Terminal

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Department of Interior Design

interior that is efficient and can benefit the majority of the users of the building.

The gear represents the Industrial design use in the study, the leaves below

symbolize for Zen design and the center of the picture stands for travelers inside

the airport terminal. These two design concept are merge to help the study to

incorporate a better, sufficient, new and relaxing interior for the space users. The

leaves or Zen Design supports the Industrial Design by creating the interior of the

airport terminal to have balance, harmony and relaxation for the space users.

Zen design lifts up the Industrial design; particular that Industrial Design has an

ambiance of heaviness and massiveness, and Zen Design contradicts by its

characteristic that is light, peaceful and calm. The theory of Attention Restoration

is above the two aspects to show that it is the main frame of the study.

Significance of the Study

The results of the study will be beneficial to the following:

Main Users. The one who will benefit the most are the main users or the

travelers. This will supply them greater comfort with the help of the newly develop

Airport Terminal interior. Benefits include reduced stress among the users of the

space.

Tourism of Iloilo City. This is beneficial for the Tourism of the Iloilo city; with the

help of the propose design for Iloilo International Airport, the tourism industry can

provide more opportunities for small scale business enterprises and generates

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Department of Interior Design

extra tax revenues. With these, more tourists and travelers can travel with ease

in and out of the city.

The Academe, Interior Design Students, and Future Researchers. This study

will be their guideline in creating new concepts and better than the past

researchers. This will help them to have an idea on how to create a better interior

for an Airport Terminal. This study will give the student or future researcher more

knowledge and idea of what he/she will acquire in the course of his or her

research study.

Scope and Delimitations

This study will focus mainly in Airport Terminal’s interior including its

relative areas where the space users load capacity shall be dependent on the

flexibility space of the building. The study included the following: bubble diagram,

matrix chart, floor plan and furniture layout, reflected ceiling plan, floor design,

section elevations, manual and 3D interior perspective, material specifications,

itemize furniture, cost estimates, and project estimates. Estimates include

required number of furniture pieces, wall, floor, ceiling materials, and lastly

lighting fixtures and accessories. The Airport Terminal related areas shall be

composed of departure and arriving area, security inspection station, airline ticket

counters or office area, lobbies, terminal services area, food and beverages such

as cafeteria and bar, outbound baggage facility, and services area. Planning and

interior design do not include facilities located outside the Airport Terminal (e.g.

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Department of Interior Design

parking lots and curbs). Construction, architecture, technical, plumbing,

mechanical, cargos, and airport administration are not included in the study.

Definition of Terms

Airport. An airport is an aerodrome with facilities for flights to take off and land.

Airports often have facilities to store maintain aircraft, and a control tower. An

airport consists of landing area, which comprises an aerially accessible open

space including at least one operationally active surface such as runways.

Airport Terminal. This building is the major connection between the ground

access system and the aircraft. It consists of a ground access interface, a system

of components for the processing of passengers and baggage; cargo handling;

and airport administration, operations and maintenance.

Attention Restoration Theory. This theory asserts that people can concentrate

better after spending time in nature, or looking at the scenes of nature. Natural

environment abound with soft fascination which a person can reflect upon in

effortless attention, such as clouds are moving across the sky, or leaves rustling

in a breeze or water flows.

Coalesce. Combining a form of one mass to a whole.

Industrial Design. Refers to an aesthetic trend in interior design that takes clues

from old factories and industrial spaces that in recent years have been converted

to lofts and other living spaces. Industrial design for interior is composed of

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Department of Interior Design

exposed ceilings, metal, wood, beams, pipes, and the inside framing of the

building.

International Airport. An airport that offers customs and immigration facilities

for passengers travelling between countries. International airports are typically

larger than domestic airports and often feature a larger runways and facilities to

accommodate the heavier aircraft commonly used for international and

intercontinental travel.

Ochitsuita. A nihonggo or Japanese term for calm

Ryokou. A nihonggo or Japanese term for travel or journey

Zen Design. Zen is a way of life -- an intensely personal, severely pared-down

search for meaning that elevates simplicity to an art form. Zen design embodies

this minimalist philosophy, making use of natural materials, patterns of light and

space, and a near-monastic rejection of clutter. A Zen home is meant to be

relaxing, contemplative and visually balanced and appealing. The ideas for

structuring a life work just as well for interior design (Crawford, 2015).

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College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Interior Design

CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The review of literature related to Industrial and Zen Design. In this

chapter, the researcher focuses on the related design consideration to further
support the study.

The following are the topics to be discussed in this chapter:

1. Design Consideration. This includes reference data and an overview on

design trends and principles.

2. Planning Consideration. This discusses the design guidelines on

designing airport terminal facilities also the Anthropometrics and

Ergonomics consideration in an airport terminal.

3. Industrial Design. Discuss the details and the outline of Industrial Design,

its material and characteristics as well.

3.1. Color. Discuss the color used in Industrial Design

3.2. Wall Structure. Explains the materials use in the design

concept

3.3. Floor. Discuss the types of floor and aesthetics used in the

interior space.

3.4. Décor and Furniture. Discuss the furniture characteristics and

décor of Industrial Design.

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Department of Interior Design

4. Zen Design. Discuss the characteristic and aesthetic of the design

concept.

4.1. Color. Color use for Zen Design concept.

4.2. Lighting. Explains the lighting use to achieve Zen Design

4.3. Fabric. This section discuss the comfort of fabric in Zen Design

4.4. Users. Discuss the effect of Zen Design for the space users.

4.5. Furniture. This section discuss the characteristics of Zen

Design furniture

4.6. Materials. Discuss the materials use to achieve the Zen Design

concept

4.7. 7 Principle of Zen Design. This section discusses the aesthetic

principles of Zen Design.

5. Attention Restoration. A brief discussion about the main frame of the

study,

5.1. Stress and Anxiety. Discuss the significance of stress and

anxiety

5.2. Airport Stressors. Discuss the common and countless airport

stress experienced by most travelers.

5.3. Fascination. This section discuss the effect of fascination to

solve the mental fatigue in the airport terminal

5.4. Natural Lighting

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Department of Interior Design

1. Design Consideration

This is formulated to bring to the attention of designers in applying the

universal accessibility design principles and requirements to building and

facilities. They can also be used to identify barriers in existing buildings. These

considerations are intended as a design guideline and planning tool in respect of

universal accessibility, the designer shall refer to relevant Ordinances and

Design Manuals for compliance to statutory and other requirements. Some

design considerations are scale, volume, proportion, space planning, and

finishes.

The purpose of this topic is to put in plain words the guidelines for the

planning and design consideration of an airport terminal interior and related

access facilities. The traffic flow, sized to accommodate the space users,

ergonomics and anthropometrics of related areas in the establishment and

proxemic consideration for the space users in the related area of the airport

terminal interior.

The design consideration of the airport terminal has various requirements;

Security Inspection Stations, Access to Air Operation Area, Doors, Security

Fencing, Observation Decks, Security Lighting, Lockers, Security Office and

General Aviation (Mudd, L.E., 1976).

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Department of Interior Design

2. Planning Consideration

Anthropometrics and Ergonomics is the key for designing a huge area for

public use such as Airport terminal. The most common problem in the airport

terminal is comfort. Passengers are always irritated because of crowded

terminal, limited seats, metallic seating and armrests.

The study of human body measurements on a comparative basis is known

as anthropometrics. Its applicability to the design process is seen in the physical

fit, or interface, between the human body and the various components of interior

space (Panero & Zelnik, 1979).

According to Communication Workers of America, Airport Workplace

Ergonomics Awareness Program (2003), ergonomics is the relationship between

human beings and the work process and environment. Ergonomics means fitting

the workplace to the physical, psychological and psychological characteristics of

workers rather than having employee adapt to meet the design of workplace,

tool, and tasks. Ergonomics is systematic approach to creating tools and

equipments, work environments, and work organization that are safe,

comfortable, and productive.

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Department of Interior Design

Facilities in an Airport Terminal

Public Lobby Areas

Lobbies provide public circulation and access for carrying out the following

functions; passenger ticketing, passenger and visitor waiting, housing concession

areas and other passenger services, (Mudd, L.E., 1976).

Ticket Lobby

Mudd L.E., (1976), stated that the ticketing lobby should be arranged so

that the enplaning passengers have immediate access and clear visibility to the

individual airline ticket counters upon entering the building.

Figure 2. Typical Island Ticket Counter Lobby

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Department of Interior Design

Figure depicts a typical baggage claim lobby. The overall depth of this

configuration is typically 12 to 15 feet. The average width per agent varies from 6

to 7 feet depending on counter design. This configuration has also been required

in both domestic and large domestic airport terminals.

Baggage Claim Lobby

This lobby provides public circulation space for access to baggage claim

facilities and for egress from the claim area to the deplaning curb and ground

transportation. It also furnishes space for such passenger amenities and services

as car rental counters, telephones, rest rooms, limousine service, etc., (Mudd

L.E., 1976).

Figure 3. Typical Baggage Claim Units

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Department of Interior Design

Baggage claim lobby facilities are required in both domestic and

international passengers. Baggage claim planning is one of the most complex

areas for terminal design. It is necessary to consider both the passenger flow and

baggage flow and predict the interface between the two in order to adequate size

quality.

Airline Ticket Counter/Offices

This area is the primary location for passengers to complete ticket

transactions and check-in baggage. It includes the airline counters, space and

conveyors for handling outbound baggage, counter agent service areas, and

related administrative or support offices. In almost all cases, ticket counter areas

are leased by an airline for its exclusive use (Mudd L.E., 1976).

Departure Lounges

The departure lounge is the waiting or holding area for passengers

immediately prior to boarding an aircraft. At most airports, departure lounges are

normally included in the space leased and controlled by individual airlines, shown

in figure 2 (Mudd, L.E., 1976).

The Departure Area are consists of the following; ticket counters, V.I.P.

rooms or lounges, baggage claim lobby, check-in counters, security check-in

area and restrooms. While in the Arrival Area are compose of; Navigation offices,

administration offices, arrival entry and exit area, baggage arrival area and

restaurant and bar can be in the arrival area as well.

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Department of Interior Design

Table 1. Departure Lounge Area Space Requirements

Table 1 presents information for estimating departure lounge areas on the

basis of the aircraft seating capacity and load factors. The average depth of

lounge area generally considered to be reasonable is 25 t0 30 feet (8 to 9

meters).

The departure lounge normally includes; space for one or more airline

agents position for ticket collections, aircraft seat assignment, and baggage

check-in; a seating and waiting area; a queuing area for aircraft boarding; and an

aisle or separate corridor for aircraft deplaning, Mudd, L.E., (1976).The number

of agent positions/desks is determined by the user airline on the basis of

individual airline standards for passengers waiting, processing, and boarding

departures. A queue length of at least 10 feet or 3 meters in front of agent

position should be provided in departure lounge at larger airports.

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Department of Interior Design

According to (Mudd, L.E., 1976) departure lounge seats are not generally

provided to accommodate all passengers boarding an aircraft. A number of

passengers will elect to remain standing in the waiting area while others will only

arrive shortly before or during the boarding process.

Food and Beverage Services

According to Airport Cooperative Research Program (2010), these

services include food courts, full service restaurants, cocktail lounges and bar,

coffee stand and vending machines.

Concessionaire and Building Services

The following building and concessionaire services are provided at airport

terminals as appropriate for the size and activity of the airport. General area

ranges for many of these services are presented for planning purposes, Mudd,

L.E., (1976).

Airport Police/Security Offices

An area in the airport terminal where security or police are assigned to

perform law enforcement functions. It provides a wide range of law enforcement

duties responsibilities.

Airport Management Offices

Where the staffs manages the day-to-day running of the airport

operations; space requirements vary greatly according to the size of staff and the

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Department of Interior Design

extent to which airport authority headquarters are located in the terminal (Mudd,

L.E., 1976).

Auto Rental Counters

According to Mudd, L.E., (1976), car rental primarily serve people who

require a temporary vehicle, those who do not own their own car, travelers who

are out of town or owners who do not own a car on the designated area they are

travelling to. Space allowance: 350 to 400 square feet per terminal.

3. Industrial Design

Industrial design is a largely 20 th century phenomenon. The first industrial

designer considered to be a German architect Peter Behrens, who was heavily

influenced by the 19th century English designer and poet William Morris and by

the Arts and Crafts movement, with which Morris was closely associated.

Beginning in 1907, Behrens was the artistic adviser for AEG (Allgemeine

Elektricitäts Gesellschaft, or Universal Electric Company) for which he designed

not only industrial buildings but also small electrical appliances, from teakettles to

fan, Encyclopædia Britannica (2016).

Industrial Design is about exposing all that lies beneath to achieve raw,

edgy style. What others styles are at pain to hide, industrial design boldly puts on

display. Structural elements are turned into showpieces, achieving a look that

seems unfinished, yet cohesive and chic.

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College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Interior Design

According to Dumas (2000), Industrial Design is part of the innovation. It

makes its most significant contribution; in differentiation of similar products either

by making them appears very different through color and style by enhancing it

with detail and minor additional features.

One signature element of Industrial Design is the presence of features that

people typically conceal, such as pipes and ducts, Simmons, K. (2014). The pipe

and ducts are part of building materials that several designers tried to obscure.

Figure 4. Center Bar at Zurich International Airport, Switzerland

3.1. Colors

Industrial design should look warm, neutral tone to fill the space. Shades

and tones of gray work well when mixed with white to add a crisp, clean look.

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College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Interior Design

Figure 5. Madrid Barajas Airport Terminal 4

3.2. Walls and Structure

Exposed bricks, steel beams, or columns, exposed concrete, unfinished

wood, and stainless steel work well for Industrial Interior Design. Walls can also

incorporate large piece of art.

Figure 6. Schiphol International Airport, Amsterdam Departure Lounge 3

Figure 6 is the departure lounge in Schiphol Amsterdam, the interior uses

steel beams, exposed ceiling, stainless steel works.

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Department of Interior Design

3.3. Floor

Airport Terminal requires hard-working flooring with great aesthetics, long-

lasting slip resistance and high performance. As more architects and interior

designers are continually discovering, decorative resinous flooring offers upscale

beauty, creative flexibility and valued-based pricing. Various type of flooring can

be used to achieve the Industrial Design look:

Figure 7. Qantas Lounge, Hong Kong International Airport

 Faux stain metallic – flow and shimmer of stained concrete

 High Gloss or Satin Finish – high performance topcoats, a variety of

gloss level to suit the creative vision of the designer.

 Polished Concrete – most common flooring used to achieve the

industrial design look for the interior.

3.4. Décor and Furniture

Industrial design furniture and décor features rustic aesthetics reminiscent

of a bygone era. Industrial pieces emphasize unfinished wood, exposed steel

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elements, and sleek copper or chrome. Some highlights include raw wood tables,

bold metal and wood bar stools and crate shelves. Despite the bold, strong

angles and rough mechanical parts, and researcher will find that many of the

furniture pieces are adaptable to other interior design styles.

Figure 8. Canalla Bistro, Valencia

Figure 9. Baku’s Heydar Aliyev International Airport

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Department of Interior Design

4. Zen Design

Zen is Japanese; it derives from the Chinese Chan’an-na, which is

corruption from the Buddhist Dhyana, meaning meditation. Zen philosophies are

gaining much popularity in the ever-changing world as a means of reaching a

calm and tranquil sense of being. Zen principles place a great deal of importance

on accomplishing a state of “no mind” or nothingness. It is a spiritual path that

encourages the practitioners to see the futility behind the world of appearances.

In interior design, Zen reflects balance, harmony and relaxation; it is often

associated with Minimalism, simplicity and purity lines. It’s more way of arranging

a home or commercial buildings and creating an atmosphere that offsets the

stress and hassle of daily routine.

Figure 10. Zen Water Feature, Heathrow International Airport, Terminal 5,

England, United Kingdom
4.1. Color

Zen interior design is all about natural colors, in soft tones, such as grey,

white, green, shades of beige or pink beige, which have the power to induce a

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sense of relaxation and calmness. Chromatic harmony between the various

elements is very important, as well as the visual continuity between walls,

furniture and floors.

4.2. Lighting

For a fully relaxing space, replace harsh florescent lights with calming,

nature-inspired or candle lights. Nautral lighting is also one of the aesthetic to

achieve a Zen design inspired interior space. Place different sources of lights

which will allow you to control the intensity and the areas to be lighted. Avoid

projecting a strong direct light from the ceiling.

Figure 11. Incheon International Figure 12. Changi International Airport,

Airport Garden Singapore

4.3. Fabric

Zen design also applied nature’s rule in choosing a fabric. The fabric

colors has to be light and soft, make use of natural fabrics that are comfortable

and would add a softer look to the proposed areas of the airport terminal.

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4.4. Users

The space users are travelers, staffs of the airport terminal, pilots, and

stewardess. Airport terminal is a busy area with a hectic traffic flow which makes

the behavior and attitude of the space user to be terrible, stressful and tiring

feeling. For these to be avoided, the proposed concept for the airport terminal will

focus in relieving the stress and giving the travelers and staffs a relaxing, calm

and comfortable experience in the terminal.

Figure 13. Changi International Airport, Singapore

With the passenger’s flow in the airport terminal, long airport line rage will

cause the passengers and staffs to be stressed and irritated, and even

sometimes cause a argument with each other. With the help of Zen Design

aesthetics and characteristics, this situation can be avoided. Zen design gives off

a calming, relaxing, and peaceful ambiance for the space users.

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Figure 14. Incheon International Airport, South Korea

4.5. Furniture

Zen-style furniture is characterized by simple and clear lines, avoiding

complicated detail and excess ornamentation. The furniture should be high

quality and made of natural materials as these bring a sense of warmth and

relaxation.

4.6. Materials

To achieve the Zen interior design look, a picture or a natural object as a

focal point in an area or room, and surround it with plenty empty spaces. A

variety of materials for Zen interior are; a gorgeous pebble, driftwood, a flower or

plant, water, and sands.

Other way to achieve the Zen interior design is using a Tatami Floor Mat.

The Japanese tatami mat is roughly 3’x6’ wide and between 1 ¾” and 2 ½” thick.

It has a thick core of rice straws, now occasionally replaced by chipboard or

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polystyrene as illustrated in figure 5 below. The outer layer of a Japanese mat

consists of soft, woven rush straws.

4.7. 7 Principles of Zen Design

Simplicity or elimination of cutter – Kanso (簡素)

According to the 7 Japanese Aesthetic Principles to Change your Thinking

(2016) by Mr. Garr Reynolds this principle of Zen design, is refraining from

adding what is not absolutely necessary at the first place. Things are expressed

in a plain, simple and natural manner. Kanso dictates that beauty and utility need

to be overstated, overly decorative or fanciful. The overall effect is fresh, clean

and neat.

Assymetry or Irregularity - Fukinsei (不均整)

The goal of Fukinsei is to convey the symmetry of the natural world

through clearly asymmetrical incomplete renderings. The effect is that the viewer

supplies the missing symmetry and participates in the creative act, (Reynolds, G.

2016).

Naturalness – Shizen (自然)

Reynolds (2016) stated that this principle of Zen incorporates naturally

occurring patterns and rhythms in the design. The objective of Shizen is to strike

a balance between being “of nature” yet distinct from it—to be viewed as being

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without pretense or artifice, while seeming intentional rather than accidental or

haphazard.

Subtlety – Yugen (幽玄)

The principle of Yugen captures the Zen view that precision and finiteness

are at odds with nature, implying stagnation and loss of life, and that the power of

suggestion is often stronger than that of full disclosure. Leaving something to the

imagination piques our curiosity and can move the space users to action. The

goal of Yugen is to limit information just enough to pique the curiosity and leave

something to imagination (Reynolds, G. 2016).

Break from Routine – Datsuzoku (脱俗)

Datsuzoku signifies a certain reprieve from convention. When a well-worn

pattern is broken, creativity and resourcefulness emerges, Reynolds, G. (2016).

Stillness, Tranquility – Seijaku (静寂)

The principle of Seijaku deals with the actual content of Datsuzoku. It is in

states of active calm, tranquility, solitude, and quietude that we find the essence

of creative energy, Reynolds, G. (2016).

Austerity – Shibui/Shibumi (渋味)

Refrain from adding what is not absolutely necessary in the first place.

The goal is to present something that both appears spare and imparts a sense of

focus and clarity, Reynolds, G. (2016).

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5. Attention Restoration

 Attention Restoration Theory provides an analysis of the kinds of

experiences that lead to recovery from such fatigue. Natural environments turn

out to be particularly rich in the characteristics necessary for restorative

experiences. An integrative framework is proposed that places both directed

attention and stress in the larger context of human-environment relationships.

Figure 15. Difference between Direct and Indirect Attention

5.1. Psychology of Stress and Anxiety

According to (Healthline, 2013), most people experience stress and

anxiety from time to time. Stress is any demand placed on the human brain or

physical body. People can report feeling stressed when multiple competing

demands are place. The feeling of being stressed can be triggered by an event

that makes the human feel frustrated or nervous.

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Anxiety is a feeling of worry, fear, or unease. It can be a reaction to stress,

or it can occur in people who are unable to identify significant stressors in the

surrounding (Healthline Editorial Team, 2013).

Currently, the majority of the airports are design as a realm in which the

environment enhances uncommon situation stimulus within a short period of time

that is uncommon for the general traveler (Mooi, J. 2014).

According to Mooi (2014), if stress is not a chronic or constant, it may not

necessarily be bad. Positive effects of stress can be motivation, or if in accurate

settings create a sense of security. Stress does have negative effect, some of

which are, headache, fatigue and irritability.

Stressful effects of a crowd or an overcrowded space can lead to sensory

overload as there are is a high level of stimulation provided by people lingering,

talking, laughing and overwhelming one’s personal space. This unaccustomed

situation is one of the common stresses experienced in the airport, but all

throughout the queuing process, waiting process, and check-in process (Mooi, J.

2014).

5.2. Airport Stressors

The environment of air travel exposes a series of potential adverse in

events within brief and concentrated period of time evokes all sorts of emotions.

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Figure 16. Recorded Stress Levels of individuals

Figure 16 recorded the stress levels of passengers traveling through

airports in UK separated into male and female.

Most common stressors in traveling through airport that triggers irritation

and anxiety are; engaging with large crowd, security check points, queues, duty

free, gates, take off, ID check, check in and baggage drop off, and delayed flight.

The amount of stress according to (Mooi, J. 2014) to be encountered in the

airport is countless. In addition, stress will be manifested in different ways for

different people.

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Figure 17. Chart for suggested solutions to improve airport experience

5.3. Fascination

Fascination is the key element in this theory as it provides the unique

stimulus that cues involuntary attention. The significance of the fascination stimuli

is that it keeps people from being bored, yet at the same time allows a person to

continue functioning properly without requiring directed attention (Mooi, J. 2014).

According to Kaplan (1995) examples of fascination would include, but are not

limited to, violence, moving objects, competition and cooperation. Other elements

include sunsets, waterfalls or water feature, nature or indoor garden.

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Soft fascination is usually created from natural settings such as clouds,

sunsets, scenery and leaves in breeze. Therefore this is more relaxing as it holds

attention in a humble fashion and is considered a combination of captivation and

pleasure.

Figure 18. Zen Garden Figure 19. Interior Zen Garden

The capacity to direct attention requires an environment that has minimal

directed attention that absorbs the finite resource of maintaining mental focus.

(Kaplan, 1995) clarifies that when fascination is engaged; the function of directed

attention is greatly reduced allowing for recovery. Biophilia, Zen and nature

contain mechanism that relax and calm the mind. In addition to the rejuvenating

prospects, and the natural features influence generosity.

5.4. Natural Lighting

The human system is both affected physiologically and psychologically by

different spectrums provided by various elements of light. The effect is easily

overlooked, but nevertheless identifies beneficial form of lighting, including day

lighting (Mooi, J. 2014). Day lighting has been touted for its many aesthetic and

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health benefits by designers and research alike. According to Lighting Research

Center (LRC), they have reported that day light environments increase occupant

productivity and comfort, and provide the mental and visual stimulation

necessary to regulate human circadian rhythms.

Creating the ideal lighting conditions within the healthcare environment is

often challenging due to different natures of healing environments. Generally,

lack of exposure to sunlight has proven, in many studies, to lead to a condition

known as Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) as well as other seasonal

depression emotions (Mooi, J. 2014). The reduce amount of sunlight deprives an

individual of sufficient lux resulting in SAD and declining cognitive functioning

through alterations in serotonin levels.

Figure 20. Abu Dhabi International Airport

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CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the research methods, data gathering materials and

procedure, respondent of the study and design considerations.

Research Design

This study use descriptive research design since it is the most relevant

research design for the study. The aim of this study was to create an Industrial

and Zen design for an airport terminal; and to gather related information to

achieve the data objectives.

Locale of the Study (XXXXXXXXX)

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Table 2: Matrix of Research Methodology

Objectives Strategy Respondents/ Output Timeframe

Resources
Researches Online Chapter 1&2
Resources
1. Incorporate Application of Floor Plan
Attention Theory Library Books Color Scheme
Restoration Theory
into the interiors. Digital Magazines & Perspective
Sources Brochures
Elevations

Researches Online Chapter 1,2,

Researches 3,4,5 & 6
2. Integrate user Virtual
preferences into Terminal Visit Library Moodboard
the design of the
airport terminal. Digital Books Perspective
Sources
Magazines Color &
Interviews Material
Blogs Board
Working
Drawings &
Specification
Elevations
Reflected
Ceiling Plan
Researches Online Chapter 1,2 &
Researches 3
3. Utilize Industrial Digital
Design Style and Sources Library Books Perspective
Zen Design Style
into the design. Interviews Magazines Color &
Material
Blog Board
Friends Working
Drawings
Elevations

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Data Gathering Materials and Procedures

In order to carry out the research, the following strategies are formulated:

Literature Review. Sources collected using related literature from books,

magazines, online videos, thesis and online sources. The related literature

collected by the researcher consists of design consideration, Industrial Design,

Zen Design, and the main frame of the study the theory of Flexibility.

Virtual and Actual Site Visit. Virtual visits to international airports having similar

design feature the same as the researcher’s design concept. The gathered data

from virtual site visit serves as guide for the design translation of the proposed

Airport Terminal.

Interview. The respondent/s is oriented with the nature of the study and was

explained with the confidentiality clause of the questionnaire. Once the

respondent is willing to participate in the survey, he/she was asked to fill out the

questionnaire. During the interview, the researcher is there to assist the

respondent during the survey. The procedure was repeated until the researcher

obtains the target number of survey. The results will be totalled and verified.

Respondents of the Study

The respondents of the study are the employees of Iloilo International

Airport, tourists and travelers.

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Bubble Diagram

Consist of a series of circles drawn to show connected areas. These

circles represent different areas of the space.

Matrix Chart

The matrix chart displays the relationship of spaces, how they are

connected in terms of adjacency. Areas are categorized according to as follow:

Major Adjacency, Minor Adjacency and not related.

Space Programming

Space programming includes identifying problems and needs, providing

the right amount and type of space, equipment, and furniture needed to function

efficiently.

The Building Code

Building codes are sets of regulations governing design, construction,

alteration and maintenance of structures. It specifies the minimum requirements

to adequately safeguard the health, safety and welfare of building occupants

(Francis D.K., 2009).

The Fire Code

A set of building and property regulations designed to establish a

mandatory standard for buildings ability to resist the start and spread of fire as

well as facilitating the prompt and safe evacuation of the occupants.

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Working Drawings

Drawing that is subject to clarifications but is complete with enough plan

and section views to enable the depicted item’s construction and replication

without additional information. Working drawings illustrate the plan, elevation,

and interior perspective of the interior for the proposed Airport Terminal.

Elevation

Is a scaled 2D view of section of an area presenting only the ceiling

height, width of the walls, windows and doors.

Floor and Furniture Layout

A two dimensional layout of rooms and spaces which is a part of the

working drawings and blueprints used to construct a space; walls, doorways, and

windows are often drawn in scale.

Floor Plan

A diagrammatic representation of a floor and usually its relation to other

features (as openings in adjoining walls): such as a scale diagram of a room or

suite of rooms viewed from above and used especially for planning effective use

and arrangement of furnishings.

Material and Color Board

Are sample of material and color used in the areas in the interior of the

building.

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Perspective

Is a drawing technique used to illustrate dimension through a flat surface.

They are two forms used under perspective drawing such as, one-point

perspective and two-point perspective of the proposed design for the interior

(D’Amelio, 2004).

Reflected Ceiling Plan

It shows the lighting, sprinklers, smoke detectors, and any other objects

that are located in or on the ceiling, such as the mechanical diffusers and grilles.

Reflected ceiling plan (RCP) is named so because it is a mirror image view of the

floor plan (EdrawSoft, 2016).

Project Estimates

Project estimates is the rough calculation of the cost of a program, project

or operation.

Virtual Documentation

This includes conducting a virtual airport terminal visit with international

flights whose interiors are guided by flexibility and concepts are Industrial and

Zen design and organizing the collected data in a matrix developed by the

researcher.

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CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

This chapter presents the results and discussion of data gathered. Data

gathering was achieved by distributing a guided interview questionnaire to the

respective respondents. This chapter also discusses the results from virtual visits

of different airport terminal.

Results

The Interview Guide questionnaires were supervised in Iloilo City

specifically in Iloilo International Airport. To know the preferences of the users in

terms of the ambiance for the airport terminal the researcher conducted an

interview for a total of 35 respondents, 17 of who are travelers, 10 are scientist

travelling and assigned from different countries, 3 are stewardess or flight

attendant, and 5 are foreigners. The table below shows the most preferred

ambiance for the specific areas of the airport terminal. For Table 3; Departure

and Arriving Lounge the respondents most preferred ambiance was Open and

Airy with 22 or 63% of the respondents followed by Green and Modern with 9 or

26% respondents and the last to be choose was Rustic and Heavy with 4 or 11%

of respondents. For Table 4; the respondents most preferred ambiance for the

Airport Administrator Office was Modern Industrial with 17 or 49% of the

respondents, next is Open and Light ambiance with 10 or 29% of the

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respondents and lastly is Comfortable and Relaxing ambiance with 8 or 22% of

the respondents.

Table 3. Ambiance preferred for the Departure and Arriving Lounge

Ambiance f %

Rustic and Heavy 4 11.00

Green and Modern 9 26.00
Open and Airy 22 63.00
Total 35 100.00

Table 4. Ambiance preferred for the Airport Administrator Office

Ambiance f %

Modern Industrial 17 49.00

Open and Light 10 28.00
Comfortable and 8 23.00
Relaxing
Total 35 100.00

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Ambiance f %

Minimal Industrial 20 57.00

Warm and Light 10 29.00
Rustic and Heavy 5 14.00
Total 35 100.00
Table 5. Ambiance preferred for Cocktail Lounge and Bar

As shown on table 5; ambiance preferred for Cocktail Lounge and Bar, the

highest ambiance chosen by the users is Minimal Industrial with 20 or 57% of the

respondents, second is Warm and Light with 10 or 29% of the respondents, and

last is Rustic and Heavy with 5 or 14% of the respondents.

Table 6. Aesthetic preferred to see around the Airport Terminal

Aesthetic f %

Sleep Box 6 17.00

Zen Interior Garden 26 74.00
Luggage Locker Rental 3 9.00
Total 35 100.00

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For table 6, aesthetic to see around in the airport terminal was also

interviewed. The most preferred is the Zen Interior Garden with 26 or 74% of the

respondents, followed by Sleep Box with 6 or 17% of the respondents and least

to be chosen is Luggage Locker Rental with 3 or 9% of the respondents.

Below is Table 7 with other services preferred to be added in the airport

terminal. The first preferred service is Entertainment Area (Arcade or Movie

Rental) with 18 or 51% of the respondents; second is Massage or Spa with 7 or

20% respondents, third is retail shop with 5 or 14% respondents, fourth is

Medical Services with 3 or 9% of the respondents and last is Hair Salon or

Barber Shop with 2 or 6% of the respondents.

Table 7. Other services preferred to be added in the Airport Terminal

Services f %
Massage/Spa 7 20.00
Entertainment 18 51.00
(Arcade/Movie Rental)
Hair Salon or Barber 2 6.00
Shop
Medical Services 3 9.00

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Retail Shop 5 14.00

Total 35 100.00

Virtual Visits

Changi International Airport

Singapore Changi Airport, or simply Changi Airport, is the primary civilian

airport in Singapore, and one of the largest transportation hubs in Southeast

Asia. It is currently the World’s Best Airport, for the fourth consecutive year and

counting is one of the world’s busiest airports by international passenger traffic

and cargo traffic. The airport is located in Changi, eastern end of the Singapore.

Features

Amenities inside the terminal include a butterfly garden, rooftop swimming

pool and spa, free 24-hour cinema, entertainment deck, double volume

shopfronts, heritage zone, and Social Tree that allows passengers to post their

photos and videos (Travel News, 2016).

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Figure 21. Changi Airport Rooftop pool

Figure 22.Social Tree in Changi Airport

Changi International Airport in Singapore does not only let the travelers

and space user of the establishment to enjoy using technologies, but also

installed gardens in the interior for relaxing and calm travel.

Figure 23. Changi Interior Garden

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Changi Airport does not consist of garden; the terminal surrounds the

interior with different types of garden, they also have butterfly garden.

Figure 24. Changi Airport, Butterfly Garden

Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the main international airport of the

Netherlands, located 4.9 nautical miles southwest of Amsterdam, in the

municipality of Haarlemmermeer, province of North Holland.

Features

The Schiphol Airport is consists of different amenities such as library,

business facilities, cafe and restaurants, and retail shop.

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Figure 25. Schiphol Airport Library

In the summer 2010 Amsterdam opened the world’s first permanent

airport library. This library offers 1200 books that are translated into 29

languages by Dutch writers. The 300 square foot library also offers e-books and

music by Dutch artists which can be downloaded to a laptop or mobile device for

free (Amsterdam Airport Information, 2010).

Figure 26. Schiphol Restaurant

The Schiphol Restaurant used industrial design as their concept in

creating some of their spaces especially food and beverages area. The interior of

the terminal let travelers and space users of the interior to enjoy the modernity

and elegance of industrial design applied in the interior space.

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Incheon International Airport

Incheon International Airport is the largest airport in South Korea, the

primary airport serving the Seoul Capital Area, and one of the busiest and largest

airports in the world.

Features

The airport has a golf course, spa, private sleeping room, and ice skating

rink, a casino, indoor gardens and Museum of Korean Culture. Its duty-free

shopping mall has been rated the worlds best for three years in a row in 2013

(Business Traveler).

Figure 27. Indoor Ice Skating Rink in Incheon International Airport

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Figure 28. Baby care Lounge in Incheon International Airport

The Incheon Terminal Airport facilities can accommodate to the needs of

the passengers. One facility is the nursing area or baby care lounge that helps

mother to breastfeed their babies privately and avoids embarrassment in public.

One other feature of the terminal is the indoor ice skating rink, some

passengers with delayed flight enjoys skating and passed time until their

departure time.

Heathrow International Airport

Heathrow Terminal 5 is the newest of Heathrow's terminals. It was opened

in 2008 at a cost of £4 billion, and its five floors are large enough to hold 50

football pitches

The design of the new terminal began in 1989, but government planning

permission was only granted in November 2001. The terminal was officially

opened by Queen Elizabeth II on the 14th March 2008 and was open to

passengers on the 27th March 2008. In 2013 29.8 million passengers flew from

Terminal 5 (Heathrow Airport Guide, 2016)

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Figure 29. Heathrow International Airport Lounge in Terminal 3

Figure 30. Pilots and Bar Kitchen Restaurant, Heathrow International Airport
Terminal 5

The interior of the airport terminal used Industrial design for some facilities

in the terminal. One restaurant; the Pilots and Bar used the design concept the

same as the researcher’s concept for the proposed interior of the terminal.

CHAPTER 5

INTERIOR DESIGN TRANSLATION

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This chapter presents the design philosophy and concept of the

researcher in planning the proposed design for the airport terminal.

Design Philosophy

Airport Terminal is one of the busiest establishments in the world. Within

the terminal, passengers purchase tickets, transfer their luggage and go through

security which causes some or mostly the passengers stress and anxiety. Due to

this predicament, the design philosophy of this study of any proposed Airport

Terminal should show extra concern for the travelers and space users’ stress

and anxiety. This gives the researcher a different approach in proposing an

interior design for the terminal and come within reach of merging or coalescing

Industrial and Zen Design. This philosophy of the study aims to give a better and

avoid stress as much as possible not only for the travelers but also the staffs and

space users of the interior.

Design Concept

Design concept is intended to clearly and efficiently communicate the

designer or researcher’s approach for a space audience or client. The propose

concept for the interior in the airport terminal are Industrial and Zen Design.

Industrial Design is an aesthetic trend in Interior Design that takes ideas from old

factories and industrial spaces that in recent years have been converted to loft

and other living spaces. This design concept is inspired from rustic finishes,

structural elements, to industrial-inspired lighting fixtures, metals and steel

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columns. Some components of this style include weathered wood, building

systems, exposed bricks and ceiling and industrial design lighting fixtures and

concrete.

Figure 31. Mood Board

The Airport Terminal is a huge establishment with high ceiling and wide

hallway, which the exposed ceiling and metal finishes, fit the interior of the airport

terminal. Industrial Design components are dominant features for major and

minor areas of the terminal. Merging Zen Design with Industrial Design shows

balance and harmony for the interior space, having Industrial Design with

massive and heavy aura and Zen Design will help the interior to have a light and

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calm ambiance. With the theory use for the terminal, Attention Restoration

Theory, that leads the space user to fascinate a nature element such as plants,

water and nature scenery to calm their mind and avoid stress and anxiety in long

queue lines, noisy and unorganized crowd. With the help of Zen Design’s

component, this theory can be achieved for the terminal. This sub-concept would

generally bring about the psychological benefits for travelers and space users

like; reduce stress, well illuminated area using energy-efficient luminaires such

as natural light, calm mind, reduction of unnecessary noise and movement, and

more relaxing travel for the passengers and stress-free area for the airport

administrator or management.

Design Strategy

Design Strategy explains the color used in the interior spaces, also the

material specification for the area. The dominant colors used in the terminal are:

white, gray, earth tones such as green, wood colors and black. The colors used

in the terminal are the color schemes of Zen and Industrial merge together to

have a better and more appealing interior for the terminal. Earth tones

symbolized Zen which illustrates nature and calm ambience for travelers and

space users. These colors are considered to be friendly, contemporary and

inviting. Earth tones are also considered to be more appeasing and functional

applied in the interior. Materials used to construct the interior of the terminal are

the components of Industrial and Zen Design like: chrome metal, steel, wood or

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weathered wood and exposed bricks. The foremost aesthetics used for the

terminal are; interior Zen garden, water features, and nature sceneries.

Bubble Diagram

Figure 32. Ground Floor International Area

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Figure 33. Ground Floor Domestic Area

Bubble Diagram is used by Interior designers and to clearly present the

adjacencies of each area to each other. Figures 32, 33, 34 and 35 illustrates

Airport Terminal layout fundamental relationship between each related areas.

The black lines indicate the major adjacency and gray lines designate the minor

adjacency. Major adjacency are areas that are essential to be near each other as

much as possible. Minor adjacency are areas that are required to be accessible,

and distance to each other is not that desirable.

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Figure 34. 2nd Floor International Area

Figure 35. 2nd Floor Domestic Area

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Adjacency Matrix

Figure 36. Adjacency Matrix International Ground Floor

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Figure 37. Adjacency Matrix Domestic Ground Floor

Figure 36 and 37 shows the adjacency of the ground floor of the proposed

Airport Terminal of the researcher. Matrix Adjacency is used by planners and

designers to elaborate the flow and adjacency of the required area in the

terminal.

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Figure 38. Adjacency Matrix International 2nd Floor

Figure 39. Adjacency Matrix Domestic 2nd Floor

Material and Color Specification

This section shows the materials used for the proposed interior of the

airport terminal as well as the colors used in the interior.

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The tabulations below shows the list of materials used for flooring, wall and

ceiling. The selected areas to be specified of the Airport Terminal are:

International Departure Lounge, Domestic VIP Lounge, and 2nd Floor

Concession. These three are the major areas of the building interior and the next

areas are the minor area of the terminal; Book Lounge, Bar/Cocktail Lounge and

Restaurant.

Table 8. International Departure Lounge Material and Color Specification

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