PHYSICS

Solution to Module 6A

Topics Page No.

1. Moving Charges and Magnetism 1

2. Magnetism and Matter 14

3. Electromagnetic Induction 22

4. Alternating Current 33

5. Electromagnetic Waves 41

6. Test Paper 42
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4. Moving Charges and Magnetism
Exercise
Mandatory Exercise
Very Short Answer Questions (VSA)
µ 
1. What is the value of  0  in SI units?
 4π 
Solution
10−7 H m−1
2. How does the magnetic field at the centre of a circular coil change, if current through it is doubled?
Solution
µ nI
Magnetic field at the centre of a current carrying circular coil is B = 0  B ∝ I .
2r
Thus, magnetic field gets doubled when the current through the circular coil is doubled.
3. Sketch the graph of magnetic field (B) against distance (x) along the axis of a circular coil carrying
current.
Solution B

B = magnetic field
x = distance from the center of the coil
O = centre of the coil. –x +x
O
4. State right hand clasp rule.
Solution
If a conductor carrying current is clasped with the right hand such that the thumb gives the direction of
the current, then the direction in which the other fingers encircle the conductor gives the direction of the
magnetic field.
5. What is a solenoid?
Solution
A solenoid is a cylindrical coil made of a large number of turns of a conducting insulated wire.
6. What is the ratio of the magnetic fields at the end face and at the centre along the axis of a current
carrying solenoid?
Solution
1:2
7. What is a toroid?
Solution
A solenoid bent into the form of a closed ring is called toroidal solenoid or toroid.
8. A charged particle is found to experience a force both when it is static and while in motion in a certain
region. What is the kind of field present in that region?
Solution
Electric field.

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9. What is the magnitude of the force on a charged particle moving in a magnetic field at an inclination θ to
the field?
Solution
F = Bqv sin θ, where a uniform magnetic field B acts on a charged particle q and inclined at an angle θ
to the direction of motion of the particle with velocity v.

Force
10. State Fleming’s left-hand rule.
Solution Fie
ld

If the first three fingers of the left hand are stretched such that they are
mutually perpendicular with the forefinger in the direction of magnetic Ve
lo cit
y
field and the middle finger in the direction of velocity of the positively
charged particle then the thumb gives the direction of the magnetic force. Fleming’s left hand rule

11. At what angle should a charged particle move in a magnetic field to

experience maximum force? [June 2016]
Solution
The angle between direction of motion and the magnetic field should be 90°.
12. At what angle should a charged particle move in a magnetic field to experience minimum force?
Solution
The angle between direction of motion and the magnetic field should be 0°.
13. Define magnetic field at a point on the basis of the magnetic force on a charge in motion.
Solution
Magnetic field at a point is numerically equal to the force experienced by a unit charge moving with unit
velocity at right angles to the magnetic field.
14. Define SI unit of magnetic field.
Solution
The SI unit of magnetic field is tesla (T). The magnetic field at a point is said to be 1 tesla if 1 C of positive
charge moving through that point with a velocity of 1 m s−1 at right angles to the field experiences a force of
1 N.
15. What is the path of a charged particle moving in a uniform magnetic field with initial velocity,
perpendicular to the field?
Solution
Charged particle moves along a circular path, in a plane normal to the field.
16. What is the path of a charged particle moving in a uniform magnetic field with initial velocity, at any
angle that lies between 0° and 90° with the field direction?
Solution
Charged particle moves along a helical path, with its axis along the direction of field.
17. What is Lorentz force? Write the expression for Lorentz force.
Solution
The net force experienced by a moving charged particle in a region containing both electric field and
magnetic field is called Lorentz force.
F = q(E + v × B) , where the symbols have usual meaning.

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18. What is a cyclotron?

Solution
Cyclotron is a device used to accelerate charged particles to very large kinetic energies by applying
electric and magnetic fields mutually perpendicular to each other.
19. A conducting circular loop of radius r carries a constant current I. It is placed in a uniform magnetic field
B, such that B is perpendicular to the plane of the loop. What is the torque on the current loop?
Solution
Torque, τ = M × B = 0 . M is perpendicular to the plane of the loop and hence parallel to B .
20. What is the advantage of using radial magnetic field in a moving coil galvanometer?
Solution
In a radial magnetic field, deflection θ is directly proportional to current; so the scale becomes linear. In
other words, the advantage of linear scale is achieved.
21. How do you convert a galvanometer into a voltmeter?
Solution
By connecting a high resistance in series with the galvanometer.
22. How do you convert a galvanometer into an ammeter?
Solution
By connecting a low resistance (shunt) in parallel with the galvanometer.
23. Why is an ammeter always connected in series in a circuit?
Solution
An ammeter is always connected in series because it has a very low resistance. Introduction of the
ammeter in a circuit will not appreciably alter the resistance and hence current in the circuit.
24. Why voltmeter is always connected in parallel with any circuit element across which voltage has to be
measured?
Solution
A voltmeter has to be connected between the points across which the voltage is to be measured. It has a
very high resistance. Hence when it is connected in parallel it will not appreciably alter the current in the
circuit.
25. What should be the resistance of an ideal ammeter?
Solution
Zero.
26. What should be the resistance of an ideal voltmeter?
Solution
Infinity.

Short answer questions (SA - 2 M)

27. State Ampere’s circuital law and write the mathematical expression for it
[July 2014, March 2015, June 2019, September 2020]
Solution
The line integral of magnetic field around any closed path in free space is equal to µ0 times the net
current enclosed by the closed path.

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 B ⋅ dl = µ I
0 net

 B ⋅ dl → line integral of B around the closed path

µ0 → absolute permeability of free space
Inet → net current enclosed by the path
28. A solenoid has 480 turns per meter. A current of 1.5 A flows through the solenoid. Find the magnetic
field, (i) at the midpoint along the axis (ii) at the centre of the end face along the axis.
Solution
(i) Bcentre = µ 0 nI = 4π × 10−7 × 480 × 1.5 = 9.0 × 10−4 T
B
(ii) Bend face = centre = 4.5 × 10−4 T
2
29. The magnetic field at the centre of a solenoid having 200 turns per metre is 10−3 T. Calculate the current
through the solenoid.
Solution
B 10−3
I= = = 3.98 A
µ 0 n 4π × 10−7 × 200
30. Write the expression for the magnetic field inside a current carrying toroid and explain the terms.
[September 2021]
Solution
B = µ0nI where, n is the number of turns per unit length of the toroid and I is the current through the
toroid.
31. A charged particle enters a magnetic field at 30°. At what angle should it enter if the force on the particle
should double?
Solution
F = qvB sin 30°
If the force is to double, then 2F = qvB sin θ
1 sin 30°
∴ =
2 sin θ
1
sin θ = 2 sin 30° = 2 × = 1
2
sin θ = 1 ∴ θ = 90°
32. A proton and an α-particle enter a magnetic field at the same angle and with the same velocity. Compare
the forces acting on them.
Solution
Force acting on the proton F1 = evB sin θ
Force acting on the α-particle F2 = 2evB sin θ
F1 1
=
F2 2
Force on proton is half of that on α-particle.

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33. Why there is no change in the energy of a charged particle moving in a magnetic field although a
magnetic force acts on it?
Solution
When a charged particle is moving in a uniform magnetic field, it experiences a force in a direction,
perpendicular to its direction of motion due to which the speed of the charged particle remains
unchanged and hence its kinetic energy remains same. In other words, the work done by the magnetic
force on the charged particle is zero. Hence, there is no change in energy.
34. Mention any two methods to increase the sensitivity of a moving coil galvanometer.
Solution
Any two of the following methods
(a) By increasing the number of turns of the coil.
(b) By increasing the flux density of the magnetic field.
(c) By increasing the area of each turn.
(d) By decreasing the couple per unit twist of the springs connected to the coil
35. A galvanometer of resistance G has maximum safe potential difference V0. What resistance must be
connected in series so that it may become a voltmeter of range nV0 volts?
Solution
V V V nV0
Here, Ig = 0 and V = nV0 ∴ From relation, Ig = We have 0 =
G R+G G R +G
R + G = nG
R = nG – G ∴ R = (n – 1)G
36. A voltmeter connected across a cell does not measure emf. Explain.
Solution
This is because, emf is the voltage measured across a cell when it is in an open circuit. On connecting
the voltmeter, and if it is not an ideal one, it draws a current. Then the circuit is no more an open circuit.
Hence, voltmeter cannot measure emf.
37. Define the following
(a) current sensitivity and
(b) voltage sensitivity of a moving coil galvanometer
Solution
Refer module
38. Increasing the current sensitivity of galvanometer may not necessarily increase the voltage sensitivity.
Explain the statement.
Solution
Refer module
39. Explain the principle of a cyclotron.
Solution
Refer module

Short answer questions (SA - 3M)

For solutions to questions 40 to 53 - refer Module 6A

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Long answer questions (LA - 5M)

For solutions to questions 53 to 62 refer Module 6A
Problems
63. A circular coil of 50 turns and radius 0.1 m carries a current of 1 A. Find the magnetic field (i) at the
centre of the coil and (ii) at a point on the axis at distance 0.1 m from its centre.
Solution
µ 2πnI 10−7 × 2π× 50 ×1
(i) B = 0 ⋅ = = 3.14 ×10−4 T
4π r 0.1
µ0 2 πnIr 2 10−7 × 2 π × 50 × 1 × 0.12 π
(ii) B = ⋅ 2 2 3/2
= 3/2
= × 10−4 = 1.11× 10−4 T
4π (r + x ) (0.1 ) + (0.1 ) 
2 2 2 2

64. The magnetic fields at two points on the axis of a circular coil carrying current are in the ratio 8 : 1. If
the points are 0.1 m and 0.25 m respectively from the centre, calculate the radius of the coil.
Solution
B 8
Given x1 = 0.1 m, x2 = 0.25 m, 1 = , r = ?
B2 1
µ 0 2 π N I r2
The field at a point on the axis of a circular coil is given by B =
4π (r 2 + x 2 )3/2
µ 2 π N I r2
If B1 and B2 are the fields at two points on the axis of a coil, then B1 = 0 2 and
4π (r + x12 )3/2
µ 0 2 π N I r2 B1 (r 2 + x 22 ) 3 / 2
B2 = ∴ = 2 .
4π (r 2 + x 22 )3/2 B2 (r + x 12 ) 3 / 2
3/ 2
B 8 8  r 2 + ( 0.25 )2 
But 1 = ∴ =  2 
B2 1 1  r + ( 0.1)2 
2
Raising both the sides to the power , we get
3
2/3
8 r 2 + 0.0625 r 2 + 0.0625
  = i.e., 4 =
1 r 2 + 0.01 r 2 + 0.01
 4r2 + 0.04 = r2 + 0.0625  3r2 = 0.0225  r2 = 0.0075  r = 0.087 m
65. A and B are identical coils each of 10 turns and diameter 0.314 m placed concentrically with their planes
at right angles to each other. A current of 1 A flows through each coil. Calculate the resultant magnetic
field at their common centre. Neglect BH. [56.56 × 10–6 T, 45°]
Solution
d
n = 10, d = 0.314 m, r = , I = 1 A
2
The coils are identical and carry the same current.
Hence, the magnitudes of the fields are equal.
 µ  2 πnI
Bp = BQ =  o 
 4π  r
10−7 × 2 × 3.14 ×10 ×1
= = 4 × 10−5 T
 0.314 
 
 2 

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BR = B2P + BQ2 + 2BP BQ cos θ

θ = angle between Bp and BQ = 90° ∴ cos θ = 0

BR = BP2 + BQ2 = Bp 2 = 4 2 ×10−5 T

θ
Since BP = BQ in magnitude, α = = 45o
2
66. A long straight wire in the horizontal plane carries a current of 50 A in North to South direction. Give
the magnitude and direction of B at a point 2.5 m east of the wire
[4 × 10−6 T, outside the plane of the paper]
Solution
µ I N
B= 0
2π a 50 A
Here µ0 = 4π × 10−7 T A−1 m, I = 50 A, a = 2.5 m P
W E
4π×10−7 50 2.5 m
B= ×
2π 2.5
−6
B = 4.0 × 10 T S
By using right hand thumb rule, magnetic field will act outside the plane of the paper at the point 2.5 m
east of the wire.
67. A closely wound solenoid 80 cm long has 5 layers of windings of 400 turns each. The diameter of the
solenoid is 1.8 cm. If it carries a current of 8.0 A, estimate the magnitude of B inside the solenoid near
its centre. [2.5 × 10−2 T]
Solution
The length of solenoid, l = 80 cm = 0.8 m
Number of layers = 5
Number of turns per layer = 400
Diameter of solenoid = 1.8 cm
Current in solenoid I = 8 A
∴ The total number of turns N = 400 × 5 = 2000 and
2000
Number of turns per unit length, n = = 2500 m −1
0.8
The magnitude of magnetic field inside the solenoid near its centre is
B = µ0nI = 4 × 3.14 × 10−7 × 2500 × 8 = 2.5 × 10−2 T
68. A toroid has a core (non-ferromagnetic) of inner radius 25 cm and outer radius 26 cm, around, which
3500 turns of a wire are wound. If the current in the wire is 11 A, what is the magnetic field (a) outside
the toroid, (b) inside the core of the toroid, and (c) in the empty space surrounded by the toroid.
[zero, 3.02 × 10−2 T, zero]
Solution
(a) At a point outside the toroid, the magnetic field is zero, because the magnetic field due to toroid is
only inside it and along the length of toroid.
(b) Inner radius of toroid, r1 = 25 cm = 0.25 m
Outer radius of toroid, r2 = 26 cm = 0.26 m
Number of turns, N = 3500

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Current in the wire, I = 11 A

 r + r  0.25 + 0.26
The mean radius of the toroid r =  1 2  =
 2  2
r = 0.255 m
N 3500
∴ Length of the toroid = 2πr = 2π × 0.255 = π × 0.51 m n= =
l π × 0.51
The magnetic field strength due to toroid is B = µ0nI, where n is number of turns per unit length
3500
B = 4π×10−7 × ×11 = 3.02 ×10−2 T
π× 0.51
(c) The magnetic field in the empty space surrounded by the toroid is also zero, because the magnetic
field due to a toroid is only along its length.
69. A uniform magnetic field of 5 T points horizontally from south to north. If an electron moves vertically
upwards with a velocity of 2 × 106 m s−1, calculate the force acting on it. [1.6 × 10−12 N, towards east]
Solution
B = 5 T, from south to north N
6 −1
v = 2 × 10 m s
Electron is moving vertically upwards
∴ θ = 90° and sin θ = 1
e = 1.6 × 10−19 C, F = ?
F = qvB sin θ
= 1.6 × 10−19 × 2 × 106 × 5 × 1
F = 1.6 × 10−12 N
By Fleming’s left hand rule, it is seen that this force on the electron acts towards east (For a positive
charge, the force acts towards west).
70. An electron moving with a speed of 108 m s−1 enters a magnetic field of 5 mT normally.
Calculate (i) the radius of the circular path, and (ii) the frequency of revolution of the electron.
[0.11 m, 1.4 × 108 Hz]
Solution
Velocity, v = 108 m s −1 , B = 5 × 10−3 T, m e = 9.1 × 10−31 kg
mv
(i) Radius, r =
Be
9 ⋅ 1 × 10−31 × 108
∴ r= = 0.11 m
5 × 10−3 × 1.6 × 10−19
Be 5 × 10−3 × 1.6 × 10−19
(ii) Frequency, ν = ∴ ν= −31
= 1.4 × 108 Hz
2πm 2 × 3.14 × 9 × 10
71. A cyclotron accelerates protons to 3 MeV. To what energy will the cyclotron accelerate
(a) α-particles and (b) deuterons? [3.019 MeV, 1.499 MeV]
Solution
Ep = 3 MeV, mα = 6.64832 × 10−27 kg, md = 3.3452 × 10−27 kg, mp = 1.673614 × 10−27 kg
Energy of the α-particles and deuterons
1 Q 2 r 2 B2 1 (2Q) 2 r 2 B2 1 B2 Q 2 r 2
We know that, Energy, E p = , Eα = and E d =
2 mp 2 mα 2 md

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Eα mp mp 1.672614 × 10−27
= 4× or E α = 4 × × Ep = 4 × × 3 ∴ E α = 3.019 MeV
Ep mα mα 6.64832 × 10−27
Ed mp m  1.673614 × 10−27
Similarly, =  Ed = Ep  p  = 3 × = 1.499 MeV
E p md  md  3.3452 × 10−27

72. A metal wire carrying a current of 5 A and 5 m in length is placed in a magnetic field of 0.1 T. Calculate
the magnitude of the force on the wire when it is placed at 30°, 90° and 0° to the field. [1.25 N, 2.5 N, 0]
Solution
I = 5 A, l = 5 m, B = 0.1 T, F’s for different values of θ = ?
F = BIl sin θ = 0.1 × 5 × 5 × sin θ = 2.5 sin θ
1
(i) θ = 30°  sin θ = , F = 1.25 N
2
(ii) θ = 90°  sin θ = 1, F = 2.5 N
(iii) θ = 0°  sin θ = 0, F = 0
73. A 500 turn rectangular coil with sides 15 cm and 12 cm is placed in a uniform magnetic field of
4 × 10–3 T in the plane of the coil. If the current through the coil is 0.4 A. Calculate the torque when the
12 cm side is (a) parallel to field (b) perpendicular to the field? [1.44 × 10–2 Nm in both (a) & (b)]
Solution
N = 500, A = 12 × 15 × 10−4 m2, B = 4 × 10−3 T, I = 0.4 A, τ = ? 12 cm
2
(a) τ = ? when 12 cm || B . Area A = 12 × 15 cm B

(b) τ = ? when 15 cm || B 15 cm

Area A = 12 × 15 cm2
In both cases (a) and (b) torque τ = BINA (N m) 15 cm
3 4
τ = 4 × 10− × 0.4 × 500 × 12 × 15 × 10− 12 cm
B
= 144000 × 10−7 N m  1.44 × 10−2 N m
74. Two moving coil galvanometers M1 and M2 have the following particulars
R1 = 10 Ω, N1= 30, A1 = 3.6 × 10−3 m2 and B1 = 0.25 T
R2 = 14 Ω, N2 = 42, A2 = 1.8 × 10−3 m2 and B2 = 0.50 T
(The spring constants are identical for the two meters).
Determine the ratio of (a) current sensitivity and (b) voltage sensitivity of M2 and M1. [1.4 : 1, 1 : 1]
Solution
NBA
Is (current sensitivity) =
k
NBA Is
Vs (Voltage sensitivity) = =
kR R
where, N is the number of turns in the coil, B is the magnetic field, A is the area of cross-section of the
coil, R is the resistance and k is the spring constant.
Given, R1 = 10 Ω, N1 = 30, A1 = 3.6 × 10−3 m2, B1 = 0.25 T
R2 =14 Ω, N2 = 42, A2 =1.8 × 10−3 m2, B2 = 0.50 T
k1 = k2 (spring constants are identical for the two metres)
(a) Current sensitivity for meter M1
NBA 30 × 0.25 × 3.6 × 10−3 27 × 10−3
I M1 = 1 1 1 = =
k1 k1 k1
For meter M2

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N 2 B2 A 2 42 × 0.50 × 1.8 × 10−3 37.8 × 10−3

IM2 = = =
k2 k2 k2
−3
IM2 37.8 × 10 k1 IM2
= × −3
= 1.4 [∵ k1 = k 2 ]
I M1 k2 27 × 10 I M1
I M1
(b) Voltage sensitivity for meter M1 : VM1 =
R1
IM2
For meter M2 : VM 2 =
R2
VM 2 IM2 R1
= ×
VM1 I M1 R2
1.4 × 10
=1
14
75. A milliammeter of resistance 50 Ω gives full scale deflection for a current of 5 mA. How do you convert
it into an ammeter to read 0 to 50 A and a voltmeter to read 0 to 50 V? [S = 5 × 10−3 Ω, R = 9950 Ω]
Solution
Galvanometer will be converted into a milliammeter by using a proper shunt.
Now milli ammeter should be converted into ammeter.
G = 50 Ω, Ig = 5 mA, I = 50 A
I
G n= G mA A
S= Ig
(n − 1) G = 50 Ω I = 50 A
50 50 Ig = 5 mA V = 50 V
= 4 n=
10 5 × 10−3
= 5 × 10−3 Ω n = 104
Parallel to coil of milliammeter n − 1 ~ 104
For voltmeter, G = 50 Ω, Ig = 5 mA, V = 50 V
V
R = − G = 50 − 50 = 104 − 50
Ig 5 × 10−3
R = 9950 Ω in series with the coil of milliammeter.

Practice exercise
76. Two identical coils of wire each having a radius of 0.14 m and 60 turns have a common axis and are
0.14 m apart. A current of 0.1 A flows through the coils in the same sense. Calculate the magnetic field
at (i) a point on the axis midway between them (ii) the centre of either coil
[3.85 × 10–5 T, 3.64 × 10−5 T]
Solution
r = 0.14 m, n = 60, a = 0.14 m, I = 0.1 A. Currents are in the same sense in the coils.

→ 
→ 
→
Case (i): Magnetic field at P: BP = BM + BN
BP = 2 BM (since BM = BN in magnitude)
 µ  2π n Ir
2
= 2× 0  2 2 3/2
T
 4π  (r + x )

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10−7 × 2 × 3.14 × 60 × 0.1 × (0.14)2 0.7385 × 10−7

= 2× = 2× 3
{(0.14)2 + (0.07) 2 }3/2
{1.96 × 10−2 + 0.49 × 10−2 }2
0.7385 × 10−7 0.7385 × 10−7 = 3.8514 × 10−5 T
= 2× = 2 ×
(2.45)3/2 (10−2 )3/2 3.8349 × 10−3
Case (ii): Magnetic field at the centre of one of the coils
r = 0.14 m, n = 60, I = 0.1 A, a = x = 0.14 m

→ 
→ 
→
BM = B1 + B2
B1 = Magnetic field at M due to the current in the coil A.
 µ  2πnI 10 × 2 × 3.14 × 60 × 0.1
−7
B1 =  0  = = 2.6914 × 10−5 T
 
4 π r 0.14
B2 = Magnetic field at M due to the current in the coil B
µ  2πnIr 2 10−7 × 2 × 3.14 × 60 × 0.1 × (0.14)2 0.7385
= 0  2 2 3/2
= 2 2 3/ 2
= 10−7 ×
 4π  {r + x ) } {(0.14) + (0.14) } (3.92 × 10−2 )3/2
0.7385
B1 = 10−7 × = 0.9515 × 10−5 T
7.7612 × 10−3
∴ Resultant field at M (BM)Res = B1 + B2 = 2.6914 × 10–5 + 0.9515 × 10–5 = 3.642 × 10–5 T
77. A solenoid of length 0.5 m and radius 1 cm has 500 turns. It carries a current of 5 A. Calculate the
magnetic field along the axis inside the solenoid. [6.28 × 10−3 T]
Solution
N = 500, l = 0.5 m and r = 0.01 m
N 500
Number of turns per unit length = n = = = 1000 turns m −1
l 0.5
l 0.5
= = 50 ∴ l >> r
r 0.01
Hence, we can consider the long solenoid formula, to calculate the magnetic field.
B = µ0nI = 4π × 10−7 × 103 × 5 = 6.28 × 10−3 T
This field is fairly uniform along the axis, within the solenoid.
78. Two protons are projected at right angles to a magnetic field. If they experience forces of 8 × 10−12 N and
6 × 10−12 N respectively, compare their velocities. [v1 : v2 = 4 : 3]
Solution
v1
qp = 1.6 × 10−19 C, θ = 90°, F1 = 8 × 10−12, F2 = 6 × 10−12, =?
v2
F = Bqv sin θ
q 1 = q 2, B1 = B2 ∴F∝v
F1 v1 v 8 4
= ∴ 1= =
F2 v 2 v2 6 3
79. A square coil of side 10 cm consists of 20 turns and carries a current of 12 A. The coil is suspended
vertically and the normal to the plane of the coil makes an angle of 30° with the direction of a uniform
horizontal magnetic field of magnitude 0.80 T. What is the magnitude of torque experienced by the coil?
[0.96 N m]

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Solution
Given, side of square coil = 10 cm = 0.1 m
Number of turns (n) = 20
Current in square coil, I = 12 A
Angle made by coil, θ = 30°
Magnetic field, B = 0.80 T
The magnitude of torque experienced by the coil
τ = NIAB sin θ
= 20 × 12 × (10 × 10−2)2 × 0.80 × sin 30°
2.4 × 0.80
τ = 2.4 × 0.80 sin 30° = = 0.96 N m
2
80. (a) A circular coil of 30 turns and radius 8.0 cm carrying a current of 6.0 A is suspended vertically in a
uniform horizontal magnetic field of magnitude 1.0 T. The field lines make an angle of 60° with the
normal of the coil. Calculate the magnitude of the counter torque that must be applied to prevent the
coil from turning. [3.133 N m]
(b) Would your answer change, if the circular coil in (a) were replaced by a planar coil of some irregular
shape that encloses the same area? (All other particulars are also unaltered) [No]
Solution
(a) Given, number of turns n = 30, radius (r) = 8 cm = 0.08 m
Current in the coil, I = 6 A
Magnetic field, B = 1.0 T
Angle made by field with the normal of the coil, θ = 60°
Magnitude of torque acting on the current carrying coil due to the magnetic field
τ = nIAB sin θ
= 30 × 6 × π(0.08)2 × 1 × sin 60°
3
= 30 × 6 × 3.14 × 0.08 × 0.08 ×
2
τ = 3.133 N m ∴ counter torque = deflecting torque = 3.133 N m
(b) From the formula, it is clear that the torque on the loop does not depend on the shape if area remains
constant. So, the torque remains constant (because all other quantities are unaltered).
81. Calculate the angle of inclination of a conductor of length 2 m with magnetic field of 0.34 T if it
experiences a force of 0.4 N due to a current of 1.5 A through it. What will be the force if the inclination
is increased to 90°? [1.02 N]
Solution
L = 2 m, B = 0.34 T, I = 1.5 A, F1 = 0.4 N, θ1 = ? θ2 = 90°, F2 = ?
We have, F = BILsin θ
F  F 
∴ sin θ1 =  θ1 = sin −1  
BIL  BIL 
 0.4 
θ1 = sin −1   = sin −1[0.3922] = 23°
 0.34 × 1.5 × 2 
F = BIL sin θ
When θ = 90°, F = 0.34 × 1.5 × 2 × sin 90° = 1.02 N
The angle of inclination = 23°. If the inclination is increased to 90°, the force experienced = 1.02 N

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82. Two long straight conductors separated by 0.08 m carry currents of 3 A and 2 A respectively in the same
direction. A third straight conductor of length 0.25 m and carrying a current of 1 A in the same direction
is placed between them at a distance of 0.03 m from the conductor carrying 3 A. Find the force
experienced by the third conductor. [3 × 10−6 N]
Solution
I1 = 3 A, I2 = 2 A, I3 = 1 A and L = 0.25 m
Force on third conductor due to the current in the first conductor
µ I I L 2 × 3 × 1 × 0.25
F31 = 0 1 3 = × 10−7 = 50 × 10−7 N towards the first conductor
2πr31 0.03
Force on the third conductor due to current in the second conductor
µ I I L (4π × 10−7 ) × 2 × 1 × 0.25 2 × 2 × 0.25
F32 = 0 2 3 = = × 10−7 N
2πr32 2π × 0.05 0.05
F32 = 20 × 10−7 N directed towards the second conductor
Net force on the conductor = F31 − F32 = (50 − 20) × 10−7 = 30 × 10−7 N
Force experienced by the third conductor = 3 × 10−6 N towards conductor 1 carrying 3A current.
83. It is required to pass only one tenth of the main current through a galvanometer of resistance
27 Ω. Find the value of the shunt required. Find also the length of the shunt wire required if its resistivity
is 0.48 µΩ m and the area of cross section is 0.04 sq mm. [3 Ω, 0.25 m]
Solution
 Ig  1
  = , G = 27 Ω, A = 0.04 sq mm, ρ = 0.48 µΩ m, L = ?
 I  10
GIg G 27 27
We have S = = = = =3Ω
 I
I − Ig  (10 − 1) 9
 − 1
 Ig 
SA
We know that, ρ = = 0.48 × 10−6 Ω m
L
SA 3 × 0.04 × 10−6
∴L = = = 0.25 m
ρ 0.48 × 10−6
Value of the shunt = 3 Ω, Length of the shunt wire = 0.25 m
84. A coil having dimensions 0.015 m × 0.01 m is placed in a magnetic field of 6 × 10–3 T. The couple per
unit twist of the suspension is 5 × 10–7 Nm per radian. Calculate the current through the coil that deflects
it through 10°. (Number of turns in the coil = 500). [1.94 × 10−4 A]
Solution
C = 5 × 10−7 N m rad−1, B = 6 × 10−3 T
10°
n = 500, θ = × π rad, A = 0.015 × 0.01 m 2
180°
Current through the coil of a suspended type galvanometer
 c 
I= θ
 BAn 
 5 × 10−7  10°
= −3  × 3.14 = 1.94 × 10−4 A
 6 × 10 × 0.015 × 0.01 × 500  180 °

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5. Magnetism and Matter

Exercise
Mandatory Exercise
Very Short Answer Questions (VSA)
1. A bar magnet has magnetic moment M. It is divided into n equal parts. Will each part be a magnetic
dipole? What will be the magnetic moment of each part?
Solution
M
Yes, each part will be a magnetic dipole. The dipole moment of each part will be equal to .
n
2. Write the SI unit of magnetic dipole moment.
Solution
The SI Unit of magnetic dipole moment is A m2.
3. When does the torque on a bar magnet kept in a uniform magnetic field is maximum?
Solution
When the angle between the magnetic moment and the field is 90°.
| τ |= mB sin θ, maximum when θ = 90°.
4. When does the potential energy of a bar magnet maximum in an external applied uniform magnetic
field?
Solution
When the axis of the dipole is opposite to the magnetic field.
5. How does the period of oscillation of a bar magnet in a uniform magnetic field vary with its magnetic
moment?
Solution
The period of oscillation is inversely proportional to the square root of its magnetic moment.
1
T∝ .
m
6. What is the direction of earth’s magnetic moment?
Solution
Nearly along the axis of rotation of the earth directed from magnetic south to magnetic north pole.
7. Define magnetic dip at a place.
Solution
Dip or angle of inclination at a place is defined as the angle made by the earth’s magnetic field at the
place with the horizontal contained in the magnetic meridian.
8. Define declination at a place.
Solution
Declination at a place is the angle between the geographic and magnetic meridians at the place.
9. A magnetic needle suspended at a place comes to rest with its axis along 5° West of North. What is the
declination?
Solution
−5° or 5° W

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10. What is the value of dip at a place where BH is zero?

Solution
90°
11. Write the relation between B, BH and Bv.
Solution
B = B2H + B2v , where BH and BV are the horizontal and vertical components of earth’s magnetic field B
at the place respectively, θ = dip at the place.
12. How does the value of dip vary from the equator to the poles?
Solution
Dip increases from zero to 90°.
13. How does the value of horizontal component of the earth’s field vary from the equator to the poles?
Solution
BH is maximum at equator and zero at the poles.
14. Mention the dimensions of magnetic susceptibility in SI.
Solution
Susceptibility is dimensionless.
M
χ= , M and H have same dimensions of ampere-meter–1 (A m–1).
H
15. What is the curie temperature of a magnetic material?
Solution
The temperature above which a ferromagnetic material behaves as a paramagnetic material.
16. What is hysteresis?
Solution
The lagging behind of magnetization of a ferromagnetic material behind the applied magnetic field is
called hysteresis.

Short answer questions (SA)

17. A magnet of moment 0.2 A m2 is at the centre of a sphere of radius 0.5 m. What is the net magnetic flux
across the surface of the sphere?
Solution
Zero. Net magnetic flux across any closed surface in a magnetic field is zero.
18. There will always be spontaneous alignment of neighbouring atomic magnetic moments in iron. Why
any piece of iron does not behave like a magnet?
Solution
Due to the combined effects of strong attractive forces between neighbouring atomic magnetic moments
and due to thermal energy, a piece of iron generally consists of a large number of spontaneous
magnetized regions called domains. The magnetic moments of these domains will be randomly oriented
to make the net magnetization zero. Only when the material is subjected to an external field, magnetic
moments of the domains align to form a strong magnet.

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19. A magnetic needle free to rotate in a vertical plane parallel to the magnetic meridian has its north tip
down at 60° with the horizontal. The horizontal component of the earth’s magnetic field at the place is
known to be 0.4 G. Determine the magnitude of the earth’s magnetic field at the place.
Solution
BH = 0.4 G
BE cos 60° = 0.4
0.4 BH = BE cos 60°
BE =
cos 60° 60°
1
∵ cos 60° =
2
0.4
BE = ; BE = 0.4(2) = 0.8 G
1 BE
2
20. A magnetic needle, free to rotate in a vertical plane, orients itself vertically at a certain place on the
earth. What are the values of (i) horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field and (ii) angle of dip at
this place?
Solution
(i) zero (ii) 90°
21. Magnetic field lines are always nearly normal to the surface of a ferromagnet at every point. (This fact is
analogous to the static electric field lines being normal to the surface of a conductor at every point.)
Why?
Solution
The magnetic field lines are always nearly normal to the surface of a ferromagnetic at every point
because the value of permeability for ferromagnetic substance is always greater than 1 (µr >> 1). It is
based on the conditions of B and H at the interface of two media in the hysteresis curve.
22. Write the expression for Gauss’ law is magnetism, in integral form.
Solution

S
 Bds = 0 , where B is the magnetic field at a point and dS is an elemental surface area around that
point.
23. Draw a schematic diagram showing the geographic meridian, the magnetic meridian and also the
magnetic elements of the earth at a place.
Solution

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24. Write down the expressions for B and H inside a long solenoid carrying a current, with symbols having
their usual SI meaning, with and without a magnetic material inside it.
Solution
B = µ0nI, and H = nI without magnetic material and B = µ0µrnI, and H = nI with magnetic material
where n is the number of turns per unit length and I is current.
25. Write the relation between B, H and magnetization, for a solenoid filled with a ferromagnetic material
and carrying a current.
Solution
B = µ0(H + M)
26. Write the expression for total magnetic flux associated with the magnetic material subjected to the
magnetising field.
Solution
B = µ0(H + M)
Note: B = µ0(H + χH)
i.e., B = µ0H(1 + χ) put µr = 1 + χ
Hence, B = µ0µrH = µH
27. If the temperature of a block of paramagnetic material in an applied magnetic field is reduced from
300 K to 100 K, what is the percentage change in its magnetic susceptibility?
Solution
1 χ1 T2 1
χ∝ , = =
T χ 2 T1 3
χ 2 − χ1
Percentage change = × 100 = 200%
χ1
28. Mention the desired properties of magnetic materials used in making permanent magnets.
Solution
The material should have high retentivity so as to retain a large magnetic moment when the applied
magnetizing field is removed.
It should have a large coercivity so that the material is not easily demagnetized.
29. Strong magnets are made of a material like Alnico. Why can it not be used in an electromagnet?
Solution
Alnico has a large coercive force. Hence it cannot be demagnetized by just removing the applied field.
Electromagnets should possess magnetic moments that can be easily controlled by the electric current
producing the applied magnetic field.
30. Mention the desired properties of magnetic materials used in making electromagnets.
Solution
(a) The material should have high permeability so as to have a large magnetic moment.
(b) It should have a small coercivity so that the material is easily demagnetized.
31. Why should the material used for making permanent magnets have high coercivity?
Solution
Material used for making permanent magnets should have high coercivity so that it does not get
demagnetize easily.

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Long answer questions (LA)

For solutions to questions 32 to 45, Refer to Module 6A
Problems
46. A short bar magnet has a magnetic moment of 0.48 J T−1. Give the direction and magnitude of the
magnetic field produced by the magnet at a distance of 10 cm from the centre of the magnet on
(a) the axis, (b) the equatorial line (normal bisector) of the magnet.
[0.96 G along S-N direction, 0.48 G along N-S direction]
Solution
Given, magnetic moment of bar magnet, m = 0.48 J T−1
Distance from the centre of magnet, d = 10 cm = 0.1 m
(a) When the point lies on the axial line.
10−7 × 2 × 0.48
Magnetic field at point P, B = 3
= 0.96 × 10−4 T = 0.96 G
(0.1)
The direction of magnetic field is along the direction of magnetic moment, that is from South pole to
North pole.
(b) When the point lies on the equatorial line.
µ M
Magnetic field at point P, B = 0 . 3
4π d
0.48
B = 10−7 × = 0.48 × 10−4 T = 0.48 G
(0.1)3
The direction of magnetic field on equatorial line is opposite to the direction of magnetic moment.
So, the direction of magnetic field is from N to S pole of the magnet.
47. A short bar magnet placed with its axis at 30° with a uniform external magnetic field of 0.25 T
experiences a torque of magnitude equal to 4.5 × 10−2 J. What is the magnitude of magnetic moment of
the magnet? [0.36 J T−1]
Solution
Given uniform magnetic field B = 0.25 T. The magnitude of torque τ = 4.5 × 10−2 J
Angle between magnetic moment and magnetic field θ = 30°
Torque experienced by a magnet placed in external magnetic field
−2
τ = m × B = mB sin θ  4.5 × 10 = m × 0.25 × sin 30°
4.5 × 10−2
m=
0.25 × sin 30°
4.5 × 10−2 × 2  1
= ∵ sin 30° = 
0.25 × 1  2
m = 0.36 J T−1
Thus, the magnitude of magnetic moment of the magnet is 0.36 J T−1.
48. A short bar magnet of magnetic moment m = 0.32 J T−1 is placed in a uniform magnetic field of 0.15 T.
If the bar is free to rotate in the plane of the field, which orientations would correspond to its
(a) stable and
(b) unstable equilibrium? What is the potential energy of the magnet, in each case?
[−4.8 × 10−2 J, 4.8 × 10−2 J, (U = min, U = max)]

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Solution
The potential energy of any system is minimum in stable equilibrium.
Given, magnetic moment of magnet, m = 0.32 J T−1
The magnitude of magnetic field, B = 0.15 T
(a) For stable equilibrium, the angle between magnetic moment (m) and magnetic field (B) is θ = 0°
(∵ In this position, it will be in a direction parallel to magnetic field thus no torque will act on it).
The potential energy of the magnet U = U = − m ⋅ B
U = −mB cos θ  A ⋅ B = ABcos θ = −0.32 × 0.15 cos 0° = −4.8 × 10−2 J
Thus, for the stable equilibrium, the potential energy is −4.8 × 10−2 J which is minimum.
(b) For the unstable equilibrium, the angle between the magnetic moment and magnetic field is 180°.
θ = 180°
Potential energy of the magnet
U = −mB cos 180°
U = −0.32 × 0.15 (−1) = 4.8 × 10−2 J
Thus, for the unstable equilibrium the potential energy is 4.8 × 10−2 J which is maximum.
49. A bar magnet of magnetic moment 1.5 J T−1 lies aligned with the direction of a uniform magnetic field of
0.22 T.
(a) What is the amount of work required to turn the magnet so as to align its magnetic moment:
(i) normal to the field direction, (ii) opposite to the field direction?
(b) What is the torque on the magnet in cases (i) and (ii)? [(i) 0.33 J, 0.66 J (ii) 0.33 N m, 0]
Solution
Given, magnetic moment of magnet, m = 1.5 J T−1
Uniform magnetic field, B = 0.22 T
(a) (i) Angle θ1 = 0° (∵ The magnet lies aligned in the direction of field) and θ2 = 90° (∵ The magnet
is to be aligned normal to the field direction)
Work done in rotating the magnet from angle θ1 to angle θ2
W = −mB (cos θ2 − cos θ1) = −1.5 × 0.22 (cos 90° − cos 0°) = 0.33 J
(ii) Angle θ1 = 0° and θ2 = 180° (∵ Magnet is to be aligned opposite to the direction of field)
Work done = − mB (cos θ2 − cos θ1) = −1.5 × 0.22 (cos 180° − cos 0°) = 0.66 J
(b) Using the formula for torque, τ = mB sin θ
(i) θ = 90° (when magnetic moment normal to the field)
τ = 1.5 × 0.22 × sin 90° = 0.33 N m, in a direction that tends to align the magnetic moment
vector along the applied field.
(ii) θ = 180° (when magnetic moment opposite to the field)
τ = 1.5 × 0.22 sin 180° = 0
50. A circular coil of 16 turns and radius 10 cm carrying a current of 0.75 A rests with its plane normal to an
external field of magnitude 5.0 × 10−2 T. The coil is free to turn about an axis in its plane perpendicular
to the field direction. When the coil is turned slightly and released, it oscillates about its stable
equilibrium with a frequency of 2.0 s–1. What is the moment of inertia of the coil about its axis of
rotation? [1.2 × 10−4 kg m2]

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Solution
Given, number of turns of circular coil, n = 16
Radius circular coil, r = 10 cm = 0.1 m
Current, I = 0.75 A
Magnetic field, B = 5.0 × 10−2 T
Frequency, f = 2 Hz
Magnetic moment of the coil, M = nIA
= 16 × 0.75 × π(0.1)2
= 16 × 0.75 × 3.14 × 0.1 × 0.1
M = 0.377 J T−1
1 M×B
Frequency of oscillation of coil, f =
2π I
where I = Moment of inertia of the coil.
1 MB
Squaring on both the sides, we get f 2 = 2 .
4π I
−2
MB 0.377 × 5 × 10
I= 2 2 = = 1.2 × 10−4 kg m 2
4π f 4 × 3.14 × 3.14 × 2 × 2
Thus, the moment of inertia of the coil is 1.2 × 10−4 kg m2.

Practice exercise
51. A closely wound solenoid of 800 turns and area of cross-section 2.5 × 10−4 m2 carries a current of 3.0 A.
Explain in what sense does the solenoid acts like a bar magnet. What is its associated magnetic moment?
[0.60 J T−1]
Solution
Given, number of turns, N = 800
Area of cross-section of solenoid, A = 2.5 × 10−4 m2
Current through solenoid, I = 3 A
As a current passes through a solenoid, a magnetic field is produced. Since, the field produced by a
solenoid carrying current is similar to the field produced by a bar magnet, one can say that the solenoid
acts like a bar magnet. By the use of Maxwell’s right hand clasp rule, the magnetic field is along the axis
of the solenoid. Using the formula of magnetic moment,
m = NIA = 800 × 3 × 2.5 × 10−4 ; m = 0.60 J T−1 along the axis of the solenoid
52. If the solenoid in the previous question is free to turn about the vertical direction and a uniform
horizontal magnetic field of 0.25 T is applied, what is the magnitude of torque on the solenoid when its
axis makes an angle of 30° with the direction of applied field? [7.5 × 10−2 N m]
Solution
Given, magnetic field, B = 0.25 T
Angle between magnetic moment and the magnetic field, θ = 30°
From the previous question’s solution (question no. 57 solution), we get
Magnetic moment, m = 0.6 J T−1
Torque acting on the solenoid when it is placed at an angle θ with the magnetic field
1
τ = mB sin θ = 0.6 × 0.25 sin 30° = 0.6 × 0.25 × = 0.075 N m
2
Thus, the magnitude of torque on the solenoid is 0.075 N m.

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53. A closely wound solenoid of 2000 turns and area of cross-section 1.6 × 10−4 m2, carrying a current of
4.0 A, is suspended through its centre allowing it to turn in a horizontal plane.
(a) What is the magnetic moment associated with the solenoid?
(b) What are the force and torque on the solenoid, if a uniform horizontal magnetic field of 7.5 × 10−2 T
is set up at an angle of 30° with the axis of the solenoid? [(a) 1.28 Am2 along the
axis of solenoid, (b) zero, 0.048 N m tends to align the axis of solenoid along the field B ]
Solution
Given, number of turns, N = 2000
Area of cross-section, A = 1.6 × 10−4 m2
Current, I = 4 A
(a) Magnetic moment associated with solenoid
m = NIA = 2000 × 4 × 1.6 × 10−4 = 1.28 A m2
This magnetic moment is along the axis of the solenoid, in accordance with right handed screw rule.
(b) The force (net) on the solenoid is zero, because two equal and opposite forces (on each of its poles)
not acting along the same line form a couple. Hence, the solenoid experiences a torque but the net
force is zero.
Torque on the solenoid, τ = mB sin θ
= 1.28 × 7.5 × 10−2 sin 30°
1
= 1.28 × 7.5 × 10−2 × = 0.048 N m
2
−2
τ = 4.8 × 10 N m, in a direction that tends to align the solenoid with its axis parallel to the applied field.
54. A compass needle free to turn in a horizontal plane is placed at the centre of circular coil of 30 turns and
radius 12 cm. The coil is in a vertical plane making an angle of 45° with the magnetic meridian. When
the current in the coil is 0.35 A, the needle points west to east.
(a) Determine the horizontal component of the earth’s magnetic field at the location.
(b) The current in the coil is reversed and the coil is rotated about its vertical axis by an angle of 90° in
the anticlockwise sense looking from above. Predict the direction of the needle. Take the magnetic
declination at the places to be zero. [(a) 0.39 G, (b) points east to west]
Solution
Given, number of turns in the coil, N = 30
Current in the coil, I = 0.35 A
Radius of circular coil, r = 12 cm = 0.12 m
µ NI N
(a) Magnetic field set up at the centre of the coil is B = 0
2r
BH
This field acts along the axis perpendicular to the plane of
45° Circular coil
the coil. As the coil is in a vertical plane making an angle
of 45° with the magnetic meridian and the needle points in
W E
the west-east direction, it is obvious from figure, that the 90°
45°
needle is oriented at angle of 45° with the field B. BH
B
Using law of sines for a triangle, we get
BH B S
=
sin 45° sin 90°
BH = B sin 45°

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µ0 NI
= sin 45°
2r
4π× 10−7 × 30 × 0.35
= × 0.7071
12 × 10−2
= 3.8876 ×10−5 T ≃ 0.39 G
(b) As the direction of current in the coil is reversed and the coil is turned by 90° anticlockwise, the
direction of needle will reverse i.e., it points from east to west.
1
55. The horizontal component, of the earth’s magnetic field, at a place, is times its vertical component
3
there. Find the value of the angle of dip at that place. What is the ratio of the horizontal component to the
total magnetic field of the earth at that place? [60°, ½]
Solution
1 B
Here, BH = BV , δ = ?, H = ?
3 B
B
Using the relation, tan δ = V , we have
BH
B B
tan δ = V = V = 3 or δ = 60°
B H ( BV )
3
BH 1
Using BH = B cos δ, we have = cos δ = cos 60° =
B 2

6. Electromagnetic Induction
Exercise
Mandatory Exercise
Very short answer type questions (VSA)
1. What is electromagnetic induction?
Solution
The phenomenon in which an emf and hence a current are induced in a closed circuit due to a time
varying magnetic flux linked with it is called electromagnetic induction.
2. Define Magnetic flux.
Solution
Number of magnetic field lines passing normally through the given surface is called magnetic flux.
3. Write the expression for magnetic flux.
Solution
φB = B ⋅ A = BA cos θ
4. A metallic loop is placed in a non-uniform magnetic field. Will an emf be induced in the loop?
Solution
No. [Magnetic flux change is necessary for emf to be induced]
5. State Lenz’s law.
Solution
Lenz’s law states that, the induced current is always in such a direction as to oppose the cause which is
producing it.

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6. An inductor is connected to a battery through a switch. Sparks are observed in the switch when it is
opened but not when the switch is closed. Why?
Solution
When the circuit is open, emf induced is large as the decay of current is faster as compared to the growth
of current. The air gap between the switch contacts gets ionized due to high emf generated. Hence,
sparks are observed.
7. What is motional emf?
Solution
The emf induced in a conductor by moving the conductor in a stationary and steady magnetic field is
called motional emf.
8. Will an emf be induced in a conductor moving parallel to the magnetic field?
Solution
No.
9. What are eddy currents?
Solution
The surface currents induced in a bulk conductor placed in a changing magnetic field are called eddy
currents.
10. What is mutual induction?
Solution
The phenomenon of inducing emf in a coil by varying current in a nearby coil is called mutual induction.
11. Define mutual inductance between a pair of coils.
Solution
The mutual inductance between a pair of coils is equal to the emf induced in one coil when the current
through the negihbouring coil is changing at the rate of one ampere per second.
12. A current changing at the rate of 2 mA s–1 in a coil induces an emf of 2 mV in a neighboring coil. What
is the mutual inductance between the coils?
Solution
dI | e | 2 ×10−3
e =M ; M= = =1 H
dt  dI  2 ×10−3
 
 dt 
13. Define henry.
Solution
The self inductance of a coil is said to be one henry if one volt of emf is induced in the coil when current
through it changes at the rate of one ampere per second.
14. If an emf of one volt is induced by a current changing at the rate 2 mA s−1 in a coil, what is the self
inductance of the coil?
Solution
dI
The induced emf is given by e = L
dt
|e| 1
L= = = 0.5 × 103 = 500 H
 dI  2 × 10−3
 
 dt 

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15. State Fleming’s right hand rule.

Solution
Stretch the first three fingers of the right hand such that the fore finger, the middle
finger and the thumb are mutually at right angles. Then, if the forefinger shows
the direction of the magnetic field and the thumb shows the motion of the
conductor, the middle finger shows the direction of the induced current and emf.

16. Self inductance of an air core solenoid increases by 1000 times on introducing a ferromagnetic material.
What is the relative permeability of the material?
Solution
1000. This is because the self inductance increases by µr times the self inductance of air core solenoid,
when a ferromagnetic material is introduced.

Short answer questions (SA)

17. Obtain the dimensions of magnetic flux.
Solution
Magnetic flux is given by φ = nAB cos θ
Therefore, dimensions of magnetic flux
[φ] =[nAB cos θ] = [Area × Magnetic field] as n and cos θ are dimensionless
F
By definition of magnetic field, B =
IL
 Force   L × MLT −2  [ 2 −2 −1 ]
2
Hence, [ φ] =  Area × =  = ML T A
 IL   A × L 
18. The magnetic flux linked with a coil varies as φ = 3t2 + 4t + 9 Wb. What is the magnitude of the emf
induced at t = 2 s?
Solution
dφ d
| e |=  e = 3t 2 + 4t + 9  = 6t + 4 + 0
dt dt
If t = 2, e = 6 × 2 + 4 = 16 V
19. A metal disc of radius 200 cm is rotated at a constant angular speed of 60 rad s–1 in a plane at right angles
to the magnetic field of 50 mT. Find the emf induced between the center and a point on the rim.
Solution
We know that, the flux linked with a coil is given by, φ = nAB cos θ = AB as n = 1 and cos θ = 1
Emf induced in the coil is
dφ AB 2π 1 πr 2 Bω 1 2 1
e= = = AB = = r Bω ∴ e = × 22 × 50 × 10−3 × 60 = 6 V
dt T T 2π 2π 2 2
20. A copper ring and a wooden ring of same dimension are placed so that there is same magnetic flux
through each. Is induced current same in each?
Solution
No. Induced current is inversely proportional to the resistance. Hence, induced current is more in the
copper ring than that in the wooden ring. In fact, the resistance of wooden ring can be taken to be
infinite. In that case, no emf is induced in wooden ring.

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21. Mention one advantage and one disadvantage of eddy currents.

Solution
Advantage: Eddy currents are used in induction furnace, electric breaks etc.
Disadvantage: Eddy currents dissipate energy in the form of heat which is undesirable.
22. On what factors does the self-inductance of a cyclindrical coil depend?
Solution
The factors on which the self inductance of a cylindrical coil depends are
(a) Number of turns in the coil (b) Area of cross section of the coil
(c) Material on which the coil is wound (d) Length of the coil
23. Calculate the induced emf in a 10 H inductor in which the current changes from 8 A to 4 A in 0.2 s.
Solution
Given: L = 10 H, di = 8 − 4 = 4 A and dt = 0.2 s
di 4
Induced emf, | e |= L = 10 × = 200 V
dt 0.2
24. An induced emf of 200 V is developed across a solenoid when current through it is changed from
1 A to 0 A in 0.01 s. Calculate the inductance of the solenoid.
Solution
e = 200 V, di = 1 A and dt = 0.01 s
e 200
Inductance, L = = =2H
 di   1 
   
 dt   0.01 
25. An inductance coil of 8 H is connected in series with a battery of 30 V. Calculate the rate at which the
current grows in the coil.
Solution
dI dI | e |
We know that, induced emf, e = − L  =
dt dt L
dI 30
∴ Rate of change of current, = = 3.75 A s −1
dt 8
26. Self induction is the inertia of electricity. Explain.
Solution
Self induction is a property by virtue of which a coil opposes a change in the current through itself. The
change in current is opposed by inducing a current so as to maintain the same magnitude of current.
Thus, self induction is called inertia of electricity.
27. Two circular loops are placed with their centres a fixed distance apart. How would you orient the loops
to have (i) the maximum mutual inductance and (ii) minimum mutual inductance.
Solution
(i) When the planes of the two loops are held parallel to each other, mutual inductance is maximum.
(ii) When the planes of the two loops are held perpendicular to each other mutual inductance will be
minimum.

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28. When a current in the primary changes at the rate of 3 A s−1 an emf of 1.5 V is induced in the secondary.
Calculate the mutual inductance between the coils.
Solution
dI
Induced emf, e = − M
dt
| e | 1.5
Mutual inductance, M = = = 0.5 H
dI 3
dt
29. Calculate the mutual inductance between two coils, when a current of 4.0 A changes to 8.0 A in 0.5 s
and induces an emf of 50 mV in the secondary coil.
Solution
dI
We know that, induced emf is e = M
dt
50 × 10−3
M= = 6.25 mH
 4 
 
 0.5 
30. A conducting wire of 100 turns is wound over and near the center of a solenoid of 100 cm length and
2 cm radius having 1000 turns. Calculate the mutual inductance between the two coils.
Solution
We know that, the mutual inductance between the solenoids is given by
M = µ 0µ r n P n S Al
2
M = µ 0µ r n P n S Al =µ 0 n P n S πr 2 l = 4π × 10−7 × 100 × 1000 × π × ( 2 × 10−2 ) × 1
M = 1.58 × 10−4 H = 0.158 mH
31. What is the principle of AC Generator?
Solution
AC generator works on the principle of electromagnetic induction.

Short answer questions (SA - 3 M)

32. Lenz's law follows from the law of conservation of energy. "Justify the statement with an example".
Solution
Refer Module
33. Mention any three applications of eddy currents.
Solution
Eddy currents are current loops developed in a conducting material due to varying magnetic flux linked
with it.
Applications of Eddy Currents (any two)
Eddy currents developed in the frames of electrical devices cause heat in them which leads to the loss of
energy. However, eddy currents find useful applications like the ones given below.
(i) Magnetic braking in trains: Strong electromagnets are situated above the rails in some electrically
powered trains. When the electromagnets are activated, the eddy currents induced in the rails
oppose the motion of the train. As there are no mechanical linkages, the braking effect is smooth.

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(ii) Electromagnetic damping: Certain galvanometers have a fixed core made of nonmagnetic
metallic material. When the coil oscillates, the eddy currents generated in the core oppose the
motion and bring the coil to rest quickly.
(iii) Induction furnace: Induction furnace can be used to produce high temperature and can be utilized
to prepare alloys, by melting the constituent metals. A high frequency alternating current is passed
through a coil which surrounds the metals to be melted. The eddy currents generated in the metals
produce high temperatures sufficient to melt it.
(iv) Electric power meters (induction meter): The shiny metal disc in the electric power meter
(analogue type) rotates due to the eddy currents. Electric currents are induced in the disc by
magnetic fields produced by sinusoidally varying currents in a coil.
34. (a) What is self-induction? (b) Define self inductance of a coil. (c) Define SI unit of self-inductance.
Solution
Refer Module

Long answer questions (5M)

For solutions to questions 35 to 41 Refer to Module 6A

Problems
42. A long solenoid with 15 turns per cm has a small loop of area 2.0 cm2 placed inside the solenoid normal
to its axis. If the current carried by the solenoid changes steadily from 2.0 A to 4.0 A in 0.1 s, what is the
induced emf in the loop while the current is changing? [7.5 × 10−6 V]
Solution
Given, number of turns, n = 15 per cm = 1500 per metre
Area of small loop, A = 2 cm2 = 2 × 10−4 m2
dI 4 − 2 2
Change in current, = = = 20 A s −1
dt 0.1 0.1
Let e be the induced emf,
According to Faraday’s law
dφ d
e= = (BA) (∵ φ = BA)
dt dt
dB d
or e = A = A (µ0 nI) (∵ Magnetic field inside the solenoid B = µ0nI)
dt dt
dI
or e = Aµ 0 n
dt
e = 2 × 10−4 × 4 × 3.14 × 10−7 × 1500 × 20 (∵ µ 0 = 4π × 10−7 )
e = 7.5 × 10−6 V
Thus, the induced emf in the loop is 7.5 × 10−6 V
43. A rectangular wire loop of sides 8 cm and 2 cm with a small cut is moving out of a region of uniform
magnetic field of magnitude 0.3 T directed normal to the loop. What is the emf developed across the cut
if the velocity of the loop is 1 cm s–1 in a direction normal to the (a) longer side, (b) shorter side of the
loop? For how long does the induced voltage last in each case? [2.4 × 10−4 V 2 s, 0.6 × 10−4 V 8 s]

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Solution
Length of the loop, l = 8 cm = 8 × 10−2 m
Width of the loop, b = 2 cm = 2 × 10−2 m
Velocity of the loop, v = 1 cm s−1 = 0.01 m s−1
Magnitude of magnetic field, B = 0.3 T
(a) When velocity is normal to the longer side (l = 8 cm = 8 × 10−2 m)
In this case, motional emf, e = Blv = 0.3 × 8 × 10−2 × 0.01 = 2.4 × 10−4 V
Distance Shorter side (width)
Time = =
Velocity Velocity
2 × 10−2
t= =2s
0.01
(b) When velocity is normal to the shorter side (l = 2 cm = 2 × 10−2 m)
In this case, developed emf, e = Blv = 0.3 × 2 × 10−2 × 0.01
e = 0.6 × 10−4 V
Longer side(length) 8 × 10−2
Time = = =8 s
Velocity 0.01
44. A horizontal straight wire 10 m long extending from east to west is falling with a speed of 5.0 m s−1, at
right angles to the horizontal component of the earth’s magnetic field, 0.30 × 10−4 Wb m−2.
(a) What is the instantaneous value of the emf induced in the wire?
(b) What is the direction of the emf?
(c) Which end of the wire is at the higher electrical potential? [1.5 × 10−3 V, west to east, east end]
Solution
Given: velocity of straight wire, v = 5 m s−1
Magnetic field of straight wire, B = 0.30 × 10−4 Wb m−2
Length of wire, l = 10 m
(a) Emf induced in the wire, e = Blv sin θ
Here, θ = 90° ∴ sin θ = 1
(∵ Wire is falling at right angle to earth’s horizontal magnetic field component)
e = 0.3 × 10−4 × 10 × 5 = 1.5 × 10−3 V
(b) 
Using the Fleming’s right hand thumb rule, the direction of induced current will be from west to
east.
(c) West end of the wire is at higher electrical potential.
45. A jet plane is travelling towards west at a speed of 1800 km h−1. What is the voltage difference
developed between the ends of the wing having a span of 25 m, if the earth’s magnetic field at the
location has a magnitude of 5 × 10−4 T and the dip angle is 30°? [3.1 V]
Solution
5
Speed of jet plane v = 1800 km h−1 = 1800 × = 500 m s −1
18
Distance between the ends of the wings, l = 25 m
The magnitude of magnetic field, B = 5 × 10−4 T
Angle of dip, θ = 30°
Use the formula of motional emf, e = BVvl

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 2PBBBCPM6AS

e = (B sin θ) vl (where, BV = vertical component of the earth’s magnetic field ∴ BV = B sin δ)

e = 5 × 10−4 × sin 30° × 500 × 25 = 3.1 V
Thus, the voltage difference developed between the ends is 3.1 V. The flux of vertical magnetic field
does not depend on the direction of motion in the horizontal plane.
46. Current in a circuit falls from 5.0 A to 0.0 A in 0.1 s. If average emf of 200 V induced, give an estimate
of the self-inductance of the circuit. [4 H]
Solution
Change in current, dI = I2 − I1 = 5.0 A − 0.0 A = 5A, time, dt = 0.1 s, average emf, e = 200 V.
e
Self inductance, L =
 
dI
 
 dt 
200 V 20 Vs
∴ Self inductance, L = = =4 H
 5A  5A
 0 ⋅1 s 
 
47. A pair of adjacent coils has a mutual inductance of 1.5 H. If the current in one coil changes from
0 to 20 A in 0.5 s, what is the change of flux linkage with the other coil? [30 Wb]
Solution
Given: mutual inductance of coil, M = 1.5 H
Current change in coil, dI = 20 − 0 = 20 A
Time taken in change, dt = 0.5 s
dI dφ
Induced emf in the coil, e = M =
dt dt
or dφ = MdI = 1.5 × 20 = 30 Wb
Thus, the change of flux linkage is 30 Wb
48. A coil of area 20 cm2 is placed so that a magnetic field of 0.1 T is perpendicular to the plane of the coil.
If the coil is turned through 180° in 0.1 s; what is the emf induced in it? [4 mV]
Solution
Area of the coil, A = 20 cm2 = 20 × 10−4 m2, B = 0.1 T, θ = 180°, ∆t = 0.1 s
Induced emf in the coil, ε
Magnetic flux cut by the coil, φ = BA cos θ
Change in magnetic flux = φ2 − φ1 = BA cos 0° − BA cos 180°
∆φ = 0.1 × 20 × 10−4 [cos 0° − cos 180°] = 20 × 10−5 [+1 − (−1)] = 40 × 10−5 Wb
∆φ 40 × 10−5 Wb
∴ Induced emf, e = = = 40 × 10−4 V = 4 mV
∆t 0.1 s
49. A circular coil of radius 8.0 cm and 20 turns is rotated about its vertical diameter with an angular speed
of 50 rad s–1 in an uniform horizontal magnetic field of magnitude 3.0 × 10−2 T. Obtain the maximum and
average emf induced in the coil. If the coil forms a closed-loop of resistance 10 Ω, calculate the
maximum value of current in the coil. Calculate the average power loss due to Joule heating. Where does
this power come from? [0.603 V, eav = 0, 0.0603 A, 0.018 W]
Solution
Given: radius of coil, r = 8 cm = 0.08 m,
Number of turns, N = 20

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2PBBBCPM6AS

Resistance of closed-loop, R =10 Ω

Angular speed, ω = 50 rad s−1 = 50 rad s−1
Magnitude of magnetic field, B = 3 × 10−2 T
Induced emf produced in the coil, e = NBAω sin ωt
For maximum emf, sin ωt = 1
∴ Maximum emf, e0 = NBAω = 20 × 3 × 10−2 × 3.14 × (0.08)2 × 50 = 0.603 V
e 0.603
Maximum current in the coil, I0 = 0 = = 0.0603 A
R 10
2π 2π
1 1
Average induced emf, eav =  e dt =  NBA ω sin ωt dt
T 0 T0
2π
1  cos ωt 
eav = NABω 
T  ω  0
NBA
= [cos 2π − cos 0°]
T
NBA
eav = [1 − 1] = 0
T
For full cycle average emf, eav = 0
e0 I0 0.603 × 0.0603
Average power loss due to heating = = = 0.018 W
2 2
The induced current produces a torque that opposes the rotation. To maintain the rotation external power
is required. The source of power is the external agent rotating the coil.

Practice exercise
50. Calculate the emf generated in the axle of a car travelling at 72 km h−1 assuming the length of the axle to
be 2 m and vertical component of the Earth’s magnetic field to be 40 µ Wb m−2. [1.6 mV]
Solution
72 × 5
Velocity of car = 72 km h−1 = = 20 ms −1 ,
18
Length of the axle, l = 2 m
Magnetic field, B = 40µ Wb m−2 and ∆t = 1 s
The emf induced in the axle of a car, ε
Area of magnetic field swept by the axle, A = Axle length × Car velocity = 2 × 20 = 40 m2
Flux cut by the axle, φ = BA = 40 × 10−6 Wb m−2 × 40 m2 = 1600 × 10−6 Wb
N dφ 1 × 1600 × 10−6
Induced emf, e = ∴ e= = 1 ⋅ 6 mV
dt 1
51. Calculate the current through a 37 Ω resistor connected to a five-turn circular loop 10 cm in diameter,
assuming that the magnetic field through the loop is changing at the rate of 0.05 T s−1. [53 µA]
Solution
dB
Resistance, R = 37 Ω, N = 5, diameter = 10 cm = 0⋅1 m, rate of change in magnetic field, = 0 ⋅ 05 Ts −1
dt
Current (I) through a 37 Ω resistor
e
We know that, I =
R

30
 2PBBBCPM6AS

dφ  πd 2  dB
Induced emf, e = N = N  [∵ φ = BA]
dt  4  dt
5 × π × (0.1)2 × 0 ⋅ 05
e=
4
2
e 5π × (0 ⋅ 1) × 0 ⋅ 05
Current, I = = = 53 μA
R 4 × 37
52. A circular coil of radius 10 cm and 500 turns placed on a horizontal table is turned upside down in 0.5 s.
Calculate the mean emf generated in the coil (Earth’s vertical field is 0.43 × 10–4 T). [2.7 m V]
Solution
dφ
The induced emf in the coil is e = N
dt
 φ2 − φ1 
e = N  using φ = B ⋅ A = BA cos θ and using φ1 = –B1A and φ2 = B2A
 dt 
(B + B1 )
e = NA 2
dt
2NAB
e= as | B1| = | B2 | = B
dt
2Nπr 2 B
or e =
dt
(2)(500)(3.14)(0.1m) 2 (0.43 × 10−4 T)
= = 2.7 × 10−3 = 2.7 mV
(0.5 s)
53. A circular coil of area 300 cm2 and 25 turns rotates about its vertical diameter with an angular speed of
40/s in a uniform horizontal magnetic field of magnitude 0.05 T. Obtain the maximum voltage induced
in the coil. [1.5 V]
Solution
Area of the coil, A = 300 cm2 = 300 × 10−4 m2, number of turns, N = 25, angular frequency, ν = 40/s,
magnetic field, B = 0.05 T
Maximum voltage induced in the coil (ε)
1 1
Time, dt = = s = 0 ⋅ 025 s
ν 40
dφ d(BA) dB 0 ⋅ 05
Induced emf, e = B = N = NA ∴ e = 300 × 10−4 × 25 × = 1.5 V
dt dt dt 0 ⋅ 025
54. A coil of mean area 500 cm2 and having 100 turns is held perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field
1
0.04 mT. The coil is turned through 180° in s . Calculate the average induced emf. [0.04 V]
10
Solution
Area, A = 500 cm2 = 5 × 10−2 m2, N = 1000, B = 0.04 × 10−3 T, θ = 180° and t = 0.1 s and t = 0.1 s.
Average induced emf, ε
Magnetic flux cut by the coil at any angle θ is given by φ = NBA cos θ. When the plane of the coil is
perpendicular to the field, θ = 0°. When the coil is turned through 180°, θ = 180°
∴ Initial flux linked with the coil is φ1 = NBA cos 0° = NBA
Final flux linked with coil when turned through 180°
φ2 = NBA cos 180° = −NBA

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2PBBBCPM6AS

Change in flux linking the coil, ∆φ2 − φ1

∴ ∆φ = −NBA − NBA = −2NBA
∆φ 2NBA
Average induced emf, e = − =
∆t ∆t
2 × 1000 × 0.04 × 10−3 × 500 × 10−4
∴ e= = 0.04 V
0.1
55. An aircraft has a wing span of 56 m. It is flying horizontally at a speed of 810 km/h and the vertical
component of Earth’s magnetic field is 4 × 10−4 T. Calculate the potential difference between the tips of
the wings. [5.04 V]
Solution
Length, l = 56 m, Magnetic field, B = 4 × 10−4 T, v = 810 km h−1
Potential difference, e
Induced emf, e = Blv
810 × 1000
∴ e = 4 × 10−4 × 56 × = 5.04 V
3600
56. An air-cored solenoid with length 30 cm, area of cross section 25 cm2 and number of turns 500, carries a
current of 2.5 A. The current is suddenly switched off in a brief time of 10−3 s. How much is the average
back emf induced across the ends of the open switch in the circuit? Ignore the variation in magnetic field
near the ends of the solenoid. [6.54 V]
Solution
µ NI
The magnetic field inside a solenoid of N turns, length l and carrying current I is B = 0
l
 µ NI 
Flux linked with N turns of the solenoid is φ = NBA = N  0  A
 l 
2
µ AN I
φ= 0
l
Here l = 30 cm = 0.30 m, A = 25 cm2 = 25 × 10−4 m2; I = 2.5 A, N = 500, µ0 = 4 × 10−7 N A−2
4π × 10−7 × 25 × 10−4 × (500) 2 × 2.5
Initial flux linked with the solenoid is φ1 = Wb = 6.54 × 10−3 Wb
0.30
Final flux linked with the solenoid (when the current is switched off) is φf = 0
Total change in flux 6.54 × 10−3 − 0
Average back emf is eav = = = 6.54 V
Total time 10−3
57. A 1.0 m long metallic rod is rotated with an angular frequency of 400 rad s–1 about an axis normal to the
rod passing through its one end. The other end of the rod is in contact with a circular metallic ring. A
constant and uniform magnetic field of 0.5 T parallel to the axis exists everywhere. Calculate the emf
developed between the centre and the ring. [100 V]
Solution
Length of rod l = 1 m; Angular frequency of rod, ω = 400 rad s–1; Magnetic field, B = 0.5 T
The linear velocity of fixed end = 0
The linear velocity of other end = lω (∵ v = rω)
0 + lω lω
Average linear velocity v = = …(i)
2 2

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 2PBBBCPM6AS

Bl ω
By using the formula of motional emf, e = Bvl = l
2
0.5 × 1 × 400 × 1
e= = 100 V
2
58. A train takes 16 hours to cover the distance of 960 km between A and B. The rails are separated by
130 cm and the vertical component of the earth’s magnetic field is 4.0 × 10−5 T.
(a) What is the average emf induced across the width of the train?
(b) If the leakage resistance between the rails is 100 Ω, what is the retarding force on the train due to the
magnetic field? [(a) 8.6 × 10–4 V, (b) 4.47 × 10−10 N]
Solution
With movement of train in the magnetic field, a motional emf E = vBl is produced across its width,
where B is the component of the magnetic field in a direction perpendicular to the plane of the motion,
i.e., the vertical component.
960 km
The speed of the train is, v = = 16.67 ms = v
16 h
Hence, E = (16.67) (4.0 × 10−5) (1.30) = 8.6 × 10−4 V.
E
The leakage current is I = and the retarding force is therefore given by
R
8.6 × 10−4 v
F = IlB = × 1.3 m × 4.0 × 10−5 = 4.47 × 10−10 N
100 Ω

7. Alternating Current
Exercise
Mandatory Exercise
Very short answer type questions (VSA)
1. Define alternating voltage.
Solution
A voltage whose magnitude varies with time and whose polarity reverses at regular intervals of time is
called an alternating voltage.
2. Define alternating current.
Solution
A current whose magnitude varies with time and whose direction reverses at regular intervals of time is
called an alternating current.
3. Define rms current.
Solution
Rms current is the equivalent DC current that would produce the same average power loss as the
alternating current.
4. What is a phasor?
Solution
A phasor is a vector which rotates about the origin with angular speed ω.

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2PBBBCPM6AS

5. If the peak value of an alternating current is 4.24 A, what is its rms value?
Solution
V0 = 320 V
V 320
Vrms = 0 = = 226.27 V
2 2
6. Write the expression for resulting current when alternating voltage applied to a resistor.
Solution
i = im sin ωt
π
7. In an AC circuit, (a) voltage lags behind the current by an angle   . Which element does the circuit
2
 
π
contain? (b) Voltage leads the current by angle   . Which element does the circuit contain?
2
Solution
The circuit contains a
(a) pure capacitor (b) pure inductor.
8. In any AC circuit, is the applied instantaneous voltage equal to the algebraic sum of the instantaneous
voltages across the series elements of the circuit? Is the same true for rms voltage?
Solution
Yes, (Vapplied)inst = Σ(Vcomponent)inst, when the components are in series.
The same is not true for rms voltage, because potential difference across different elements may not be
in phase.
9. In series LCR circuit, the voltage across an inductor, a capacitor and a resistor are 30 V, 30 V and 60 V
respectively. What is the phase difference between the applied voltage and the current in the circuit?
Solution
Zero. As VL = VC circuit is resistive in nature.
10. How does capacitive reactance change with frequency?
Solution
1 1
XC =  XC ∝ .
2πf C f
Capacitive reactance decreases with increase in frequency
11. Define resonant frequency.
Solution
The frequency of the applied AC for which the current in the series LCR circuit is maximum or
impedance of the circuit is minimum is called resonant frequency.
12. What is wattless current?
Solution
Current through a pure inductive or capacitive circuit is called a wattless current.
13. Power factor of an AC circuit is zero. What information does this convey?
Solution
The circuit contains pure inductance or pure capacitance.

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14. What is the power factor of a pure resistive circuit?

Solution
Power factor of a pure resistive circuit is unity.
15. What is the significance of Q factor?
Solution
Q-factor is a measure of sharpness of resonance.
16. What is a transformer?
Solution
It is a device used for stepping up or stepping down AC voltages.
17. What is a step-up transformer?
Solution
A step-up transformer is one in which output voltage is greater than the input voltage.
18. What is step-down transformer?
Solution
A step-down transformer is one in which the output voltage is less than the input voltage.
19. Define turns ratio of a transformer?
Solution
Turns ratio of a transformer is the ratio of the number of turns in the secondary to that of primary.
N
T= S .
NP
20. Can a transformer be used to step-up or step-down a steady voltage?
Solution
A transformer cannot be used to step-up or step-down a steady voltage.

Short answer questions (SA – 2M)

21. Define peak value of voltage. What is its relation with instantaneous value?
Solution
Peak value is the maximum value attained by AC voltage or current in either half cycle.
Instantaneous value is the alternating voltage or current at the given instant of time.
The relation between instant value (V or I) and the peak value (V0 or I0) is V = V0 sin ωt or I = I0 sin ωt
22. An alternating current is given by the expression I = 200 sin(314t). What is its frequency?
Solution
Comparing the given equation with the standard equation,
314
I = I0 sin ωt, ω = 314  2πf = 314  f = = 50 Hz
2 × 3.14
23. An alternating voltage given by V = 280 sin 50 πt is connected across a pure resistor of 40 Ω.
Find (i) the frequency of the source. (ii) the rms current through the resistor.
Solution
(i) An AC is represented by, V = V0 sin 2πnt
Comparing it with the given voltage, V = 280 sin 50πt, we get V0 = 280 V; 2πf = 50π or f = 25 Hz
E 280 7
(ii) ∴ rms current through the resistor, I v = v = = =5A
R 2 × 40 1.4

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24. Draw the graphs for the variation of XL and XC with frequency.
Solution

25. How does a series LCR circuit behave, when the frequency of the applied AC is
(i) below resonance frequency
(ii) at resonance frequency.
Solution
We know that impedance, Z = R 2 + (X L − X C )2
From the fig if f < f0, XC > XL.
Therefore the circuit will be capacitive.
If f = f0, then XL = XC. Therefore impedance, Z = R.
Hence, the circuit is resistive.

26. Define impedance of a series LCR circuit. On what factors does it depend?
Solution
Impedance of a series LCR circuit is the effective opposition offered by the circuit to the flow of AC
2
 1 
current. Impedance, Z = R 2 + (X L − X C ) 2 = R 2 + (2πf )L −
 (2πf )C 
Impedance of a series LCR circuit depends on
(i) Resistance of the circuit (ii) Frequency of the AC
(iii) Capacitance of the capacitor (iv) Inductance of the inductance coil
27. Draw a graph showing variation of Z and I with frequency in a series resonance circuit.
Solution

Graph of Z and I versus f

28. Write the values of power factor in the case of an AC circuit containing an
(i) ideal capacitor (ii) ideal inductor
Solution
In a pure resistor circuit, phase angle between voltage and current, φ = 0
∴ Power factor, cos φ = 1. This means power dissipated is maximum.
In a pure inductive circuit, phase angle between voltage and current, φ = 90°
∴ cos (φ) = 0. This means power dissipated is zero.

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29. Why is AC preferred to DC when power is to be transmitted over long distances?

Solution
AC is preferred to DC when power is to be transmitted because
(i) With the help of a transformer a high voltage, low current AC is transmitted using transmission lines
without any appreciable power loss which is not possible for a DC.
(ii) AC devices are more durable devices.

Short answer questions (SA – 3M)

30. The current flowing through a pure inductor of inductance 4 mH is I = 12cos 300t A. What is
(i) rms and (ii) average value of the current for a complete cycle?
Solution
12
(i) I rms = (ii) Iav = zero
2
31. A light bulb is rated 200 W for 220 V AC supply of 50 Hz. Calculate
(i) the resistance of the bulb. (ii) the rms current through the bulb.
Solution
V 2 220 × 220 E 220
(i) We know that R = = = 242 Ω (ii) rms current, I v = v = = 0.91 A
P 200 R 242
32. A perfect self inductor when connected to an AC source does not produce heating effect yet reduces the
current in the circuit. Explain.
Solution
Average power dissipation is given by Pav = Vrms Irms cos φ,
where φ is the phase angle between the current and voltage.
For a pure inductor φ = 90°. Thus, no power is dissipated. Inductive reactance XL = 2πfL
33. The core of a transformer is made of a material whose hysteresis loop is narrow. Why?
Solution
The hysteresis loss is directly proportional to the area of hysteresis loop. If the hysteresis loop of the core
material of a transformer is narrow (i.e., smaller area), the hysteresis loss in the core will be less. For this
reason, we use core material having narrow hysteresis loop.
34. Derive an expression for the instantaneous current through a circuit containing a resistor and a source of
alternating emf. Show graphically the phase relation between V and I.
Solution
Refer Module 6A
35. Derive an expression for the instantaneous current through a circuit containing a capacitor and a source
of alternating emf. Show graphically the phase relation between V and I.
Solution
Refer Module 6A
36. Derive an expression for the instantaneous current through a pure inductor connected to a source of
alternating emf. Show graphically the phase relation between V and I.
Solution
Refer Module 6A

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Long answer questions (5M)

37. Derive an expression for the impedance of a series LCR circuit by Phasor diagram method.
Solution
Refer Module 6A
38. Derive the condition for resonance in a series LCR circuit and comment on the sharpness of resonance
curve.
Solution
Refer Module 6A

Problems
39. A 100 Ω resistor is connected to a 220 V, 50 Hz AC supply.
(a) What is the rms value of current in the circuit? [2.2 A]
(b) What is the net power consumed over a full cycle? [zero]
Solution
Resistance R = 100 Ω, Vrms = 220 V and f = 50 Hz
V 220
(a) Current in the circuit, I rms = rms = = 2.2 A
R 100
(b) Net power consumed in full cycle, P = Vrms × Irms = 220 × 2.2 = 484 W
Power consumed by resistive circuit does not depend on frequency.
40. A 44 mH inductor is connected to 220 V, 50 Hz AC supply. Determine the rms value of the current in
the circuit. [15.9 A]
Solution
Inductance L = 44 mH = 44 × 10−3 H, Vrms = 220 V and f = 50 Hz
Inductive reactance XL = 2πfL= 2 × 3.14 × 50 × 44 × 10−3 = 13.83 Ω
V 220
The rms value of current in the circuit, I rms = rms = = 15.9 A
X L 13.83
41. A 60 µF capacitor is connected to a 110 V, 60 Hz AC supply. Determine the rms value of the current in
the circuit. [2.49 A]
Solution
Capacitance, C = 60 µF = 60 × 10−6 F, Vrms = 110 V, Frequency of AC supply f = 60 Hz
1
Capacitive reactance, X C =
2πfC
1
= = 44.23 Ω
2 × 3.14 × 60 × 60 × 10−6
Vrms 110
The rms value of the current in the circuit, I rms = = = 2.49 A
XC 44.23
42. A coil of inductance 0.50 H and resistance 100 Ω is connected to a 240 V, 50 Hz AC supply.
(a) What is the maximum current in the coil?
(b) What is the time lag between the voltage maximum and the current maximum? [1.82 A, 3.19 ms]
Solution
Inductance, L = 0.50 H, Resistance, R = 100 Ω, Vrms = 240 V and f = 50 Hz
(a) Impedance of the circuit, Z = R 2 + X L2 = R 2 + (2πfL) 2
= (100)2 + (2 × 3.14 × 50 × 0.50) 2 = 186.14 Ω

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Vrms 240
I rms = = = 1.29 A
Z 186.14
Maximum value of current in the circuit, I0 = 2Irms = 1.414 × 1.29 = 1.824 A
Aliter
E0 2E rms 2 × 240
Maximum current in coil is I0 = = = = 1.82 A
Z Z 186.2
φ
(b) Time lag, t =
ω
X L ωL 2πfL 2 × 31.4 × 50 × 0.50
tan φ = = = = = 1.571
R R R 100
57.5 × π
φ = tan−1 (1.571) = 57.5° = rad
180
φ 57.5π 57.5
Time lag, t = = = = 3.19 × 10−3 s = 3.19 ms
ω 180 × 2πf 180 × 2 × 50
The time lag between the voltage maximum and the current maximum is 3.15 × 10−3 s.

Practice Exercise
43. (a) The peak voltage of an AC supply is 300 V. What is the rms voltage? [212.1 V]
(b) The rms value of current in an AC circuit is 10 A. What is the peak current? [14.14 A]
Solution
(a) Peak value of voltage, V0 = 300 V
V 300
The rms value of voltage, Vrms = 0 = = 212.1 V
2 2
I
(b) Using the formula, I rms = 0 .
2
The peak value of current, I0 = I rms 2 = 2 × 10 = 14.14 A
44. The equation for an AC is I = 25 2 sin (25 πt) find (i) peak value (ii) rms value (iii) frequency of AC.
[35.35 A, 25 A, 12.5 Hz]
Solution
Using the given equation, we have to find (i) I0 (ii) Irms (iii) f
Comparing the given equation, I = 25 2 sin (25 π t) A with the standard equation, I = I0 sin (ωt) we get,
I0 = 25 2 A, ω= 25π rad s −1
(i) peak value of current, I0 = 25 2 A = 35.35 A
I0 25 2
(ii) rms value of current, I rms = = = 25 A
2 2
(iii) ω = 25π  2πf = 25π  f = 12.5 Hz
45. A 100 µF capacitor in series with a 40 Ω resistance is connected to a 110 V, 60 Hz supply.
(a) What is the maximum current in the circuit?
(b) What is the time lag between the current maximum and the voltage maximum? [3.24 A, 1.55 ms]
Solution
(a) C = 100 µF = 10–4 F, R = 40 Ω, Vrms = 110 V and Frequency f = 60 Hz

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2
 1 
Impedance, Z = R 2 + X C2 = R 2 +  
 2πfC 
2
2 1 
= (40) +  −4 
= 1600 + 704.33 = 48 Ω
 2 × 3.14 × 60 × 10 
Vrms 110
I rms = = = 2.29 A
Z 48
The maximum current in the circuit, I0 = 2Irms = 1.414 × 2.29 = 3.24 A
φ
(b) Time lag, t =
ω
XC 1 1
tan φ = = = = 0.6628
R 2πf CR 2 × 3.14 × 60 × 10−4 × 40
33.5π
φ = tan −1 ( 0.6628 ) = 33.5° = rad
180°
φ 33.5π
Time lag t = = = 1.55 × 10−3 s =1.55 ms
ω 180° × 2π × 60
The time lag between voltage maximum and current maximum is 1.55 × 10−3 s
46. A resistance of 40 Ω, inductance of 5 H and a capacitance of 4.7 µF are connected in series with an AC
source of 220 V, 50 Hz. Find the current in the circuit. [0.246 A]
Solution
Given: R = 40 Ω, L = 5 H, C = 4.7 µF, V = 220 V, f = 50 Hz and I = ?
Impedance, Z = R 2 + (X L − X C )2
Inductive reactance, XL = (2πf)L = 2 × 3.14 × 50 × 5 = 1570 Ω
1 1
Capacitive reactance, X C = = = 677.6 Ω
(2πf )C 2 × 3.14 × 50 × 4.7 ×10−6
Z = 402 + (1570 − 677.6) 2 = 894.2 Ω
Vrms 220
I= = = 0.246 A
Z 894.2
47. Obtain the resonant frequency and Q-factor of a series LCR circuit with L = 3.0 H, C = 27 µF and
R = 7.4 Ω. It is desired to improve the sharpness of the resonance of the circuit by reducing its
“full width at half maximum” by a factor of 2. Suggest a suitable way.
[111.1 rad s−1, 45, R should be reduced to half]
Solution
L = 3 H, C = 27 × 10−6 F and R = 7.4 Ω
1 1 1000
• The resonant angular frequency of circuit, ωr = = = = 111.1 rad s −1
LC 3 × 27 × 10 −6 9
ω L 111.1 × 3
• Q-factor of a series LCR circuit, Q = r = = 45.04
R 7.4
To reduce the full width at half maximum by a factor of 2, we have to reduce the value of R to
R
= 3.7 Ω , without changing ωr. i.e., to improve the sharpness of a resonance curve by a factor 2, Q
2
should be doubled. To double Q without changing ωr, R should be reduced to half
R 7.4
i.e., = = 3.7 Ω
2 2

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8. Electromagnetic Waves
Exercise
Mandatory Exercise
Very short answer type questions (VSA)
1. What are electromagnetic waves?
Solution
Electromagnetic waves are those which contain varying electric and magnetic field vectors at right
angles to each other as well as right angles to the direction of wave propagation.
2. A capacitor is connected to an AC source. Is there a magnetic field between the plates?
Solution
Yes. Due to the changing electric field, a magnetic field is induced between the plates.
3. What is the cause of displacement current?
Solution
Time varying electric field.
4. What is the principle of production of electromagnetic waves?
Solution
Accelerated charge produces electromagnetic waves.
5. What is the approximate wavelength range of X-rays?
Solution
1 pm to 1 nm
6. Arrange the following electromagnetic radiations in the ascending order of their wavelength:
Microwaves, γ-rays, radio waves, ultraviolet rays.
Solution
γ-rays, UV rays, microwaves, radio waves.
7. Mention any one application of UV-rays.
Solution
Sterilizing surgical instruments, in the detection of fake currency note.
8. Mention any one application of IR - rays.
Solution
Remote controls, Burglar alarm, Long distance photography.
9. Name the electromagnetic radiations used for viewing objects through haze and fog.
Solution
IR rays
10. Mention the frequency range of visible light.
Solution
Approximately 4 × 1014 Hz to 7.5 × 1014 Hz.
11. Mention the expression for speed of propagation of electromagnetic wave in free space.
Solution
1
c= , where µ0 = absolute permeability of free space = 4π × 10−7 H m−1
µ 0 ε0
12 1
ε0 = absolute permittivity of free space = 8.85 × 10− F m−

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12. Mention the relation which relates the magnitude of electric and the magnetic field in an electromagnetic
wave.
Solution
E
B 0= 0
c

Short answer questions (SA)

13. Write Maxwell’s equations.
Solution
q
1.  E.dS =  Gauss’ law in electrostatics
ε0
2.  B.dS = 0  Gauss’ law in magnetism
dφ B
3. Induced electrical field =  E.dl = − dt
 Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction.

 dφ E 
4.  B.dl =µ 0  I + ε 0 dt   Modified Ampere’s law
 
14. Mention properties of EM waves.
Solution
Refer Module 6A
15. Find the amplitude of the electric field in a parallel beam of light of intensity 2.0 W m−2.
Solution
I = 2 Wm−2 and E0 = ?
1
The intensity of a plane electromagnetic wave is I = u av c = ε 0 E 02 c
2
2I 2 × 2.0
or E 0 = = −12 8 −1
= 38.8 N C −1
ε0 c 8.85 × 10 × (3 × 10 m s )

Solution to Test Paper - Module 6A

PART - A
I. Answer the following questions [10 × 1 = 10]
1. An electron is moving along a straight line in a certain region of space. Can we conclude that there is no
magnetic field in that region? Justify your answer.
Solution
No. The electron may be moving parallel to the magnetic field.
(Even if B ≠ 0, when v is parallel to B ), Fm = q ( v × B ) = 0
2. Write the expression which relates magnetic flux with magnetic field.
Solution
φB = B ⋅ A = BA cos θ
1
3. A current of 1A flows through a circular wire loop of radius m . What is its magnetic moment?
π
Solution
 1
1 A m2 {Magnetic moment, m = IA = I (πr2) = I  π ×  = 1 Am 2 }
 π

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4. What is the nature of force between two parallel conductors carrying currents in same direction?
Solution
Attractive
5. How to increase the range of a voltmeter?
Solution
By connecting to suitable high resistance in series with a voltmeter, the range of the voltmeter can be
increased.
6. Draw the pattern of magnetic field lines due to a bar magnet.
Solution

7. State Lenz’s law.

Solution
The polarity of induced emf is such that it tends to produce a current which opposes the change in
magnetic flux which is producing it.
8. Mention the expression for energy stored in an inductance coil carrying current.
Solution
1
U = LI 2
2
9. How is rms voltage of AC related to peak value of AC voltage?
Solution
V
Vrms = 0 , where V0 = peak voltage
2
10. Mention the relation which relates the magnitude of electric and of the magnetic field in an
electromagnetic wave.
Solution
E
B0 = 0 , where E0 = peak electric field, B0 = peak magnetic field.
C

PART - B
II. Answer any five of the following questions [5 × 2 = 10]
11. State Fleming’s left-hand rule.
Solution
If the first three fingers of the left hand are stretched such that they are mutually perpendicular with the
forefinger in the direction of magnetic field and the middle finger in the direction of velocity of the positively
charged particle then the thumb gives the direction of the magnetic force. [2]

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12. Obtain the value of Bohr magneton (µe) by assuming the expression for the magnetic moment of the
electron in a hydrogen atom.
Solution
eh
Magnetic moment of electron is µe = [1]
4πm e
1.60 × 10−19 × 6.63 × 10−34
µe =
4 × 3.14 × 9.11 × 10−31
µe = 9.27 × 10−24 A m2 [1]
13. Mention the expression for period of oscillation of a magnetic dipole in a uniform magnetic field and
explain the terms.
Solution
I
T = 2π [1]
mB
where I represents the moment of inertia of a magnet. m is the magnetic dipole moment. B is the
magnetic flux density. [1]
14. Draw a schematic diagram showing the geographic meridian, the magnetic meridian and also the
magnetic elements of the earth at a place.
Solution

[Diagram 1 mark, labelling 1 mark]

15. Mention any two factors on which motional emf depends.

Solution
Motional emf depends on strength of magnetic field, length of the conductor moving in magnetic field
and velocity of conductor. [Any two factors, 2 marks]
16. State the underlying principle of a transformer. How is the large scale transmission of electric energy
over long distance done with the use of transformer?
Solution
A transformer is based on the principle of mutual inductance. [1]
Electric power is transmitted over long distances at high voltage. So step-up transformers are used at
power stations to increase the voltage of power whereas series of step-down transformers are used to
decrease the voltage to 220 V. [1]
17. A 15 µF capacitor is connected to a 220 V, 50 Hz source. Calculate the capacitive reactance.
Solution
1
XC = [1]
2πfC
1
XC =
2 × 3.142 × 50 × 10−6
XC = 212 Ω [1]

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18. What is displacement current? Write the mathematical form of the Ampere-Maxwell law
(Generalised Ampere’s law).
Solution
The current due to a time varying electric field is called displacement current. [1]
dφ E
c B ⋅ dl = µ0 ( Ic + Id ) = µ0 Ic + µ0ε0 dt [1]

PART - C
III. Answer any FIVE of the following questions [5 × 3 = 15]
19. An α-particle and a proton which have the same velocity enter a uniform magnetic field at right angles to
it. Obtain the ratio of the radii of their paths.
Solution
• Radius of the circular path followed by a charged particle under the influence of a transverse
mv
uniform magnetic field (B) is r = , where m, q and v refer to the mass, the charge and the
qB
velocity of the charged particle respectively. [1]
m
• In the given case, v and B are constants ∴ r ∝ [1]
q
ralpha  malpha  q proton   4m proton  e 
=   =     = 2 [1]
m 
rproton  proton  q alpha   m proton   2e 
20. How do you convert a galvanometer of resistance 60 Ω, which gives full scale deflection for a current of
3 mA into an ammeter of range 0 to 10 A?
Solution
Ig G
Shunt resistance, S = [1]
I − Ig
3 × 10−3 × 60 3 × 60 × 10−3
S= ≈ = 18 × 10−3 Ω [1]
10 − 3 × 10−3 10
Shunt, S = 18 × 10−3 Ω must be connected in parallel with the given ammeter. [1]
21. Mention the desired properties of magnetic materials used in making electromagnets. Justify you
answer?
Solution
(1) The material should have high permeability so as to have a large magnetic moment. [1]
(2) It should have a small coercivity so that the material is easily demagnetized. [1]
Explanation of reason for the desired property. [1]
22. A magnetic needle free to rotate in a vertical plane parallel to the magnetic meridian has its north tip
down at 60° with the horizontal. The horizontal component of the earth’s magnetic field at the place is
known to be 4 × 10−5 T. Determine the magnitude of the earth’s magnetic field at the place.
Solution
BH = 0.4 G
BE cos 60° = 0.4 [1]
0.4
BE =
cos 60°

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2PBBBCPM6AS
BH = BE cos 60°
1
∵ cos 60° = 60°
2
0.4 [Diagram 1 mark]
BE =
1
2 BE
BE = 0.4 (2) = 0.8 G [1]
23. Draw hysteresis curve for a ferromagnetic substance. Mention its significance.
Solution
Refer Module 6A
Graph [1]
Significance [2]
24. Obtain the expression for the instantaneous emf induced in the armature coil of a AC generator.
Solution
Diagram showing field magnet and armature coil
[1]
Writing equation for magnetic flux linked with the coil
dφ
Mentioning that flux change results in induced emf and e = − N B [1]
dt
Final expression: e = e0 sin 2πνt [1]
25. Derive an expression for resonant frequency of a series LCR circuit with AC input.
Solution
Series RLC circuit is said to be under resonance if inductive reactance is equal to capacitive reactance.
i.e., XL = XC [1]
1
But XL = ωL, X C = [1]
ωC
1
∴ ω0 L =
ω0 C
1
∴ω20 =
LC
1
ω0 = [1]
LC
26. How are infrared waves produced? Why are these referred to as heat waves?
Solution
Infrared waves are produced by hot bodies due to the vibrations of the atoms and molecules. [1]
Infrared waves are referred to as heat waves because water molecules present in most materials readily
absorb infrared waves. After absorption, their thermal motion increases, that is they heat up and heat
their surroundings. [2]

PART - D
IV. Answer any TWO of the following questions [2 × 5 = 10]
27. Using Ampere’s circuital law, obtain the expression for magnetic field at a point inside a current
carrying toroid.
Solution
Refer Module 6A

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 2PBBBCPM6AS

Sectional view of a toroid [1]

Statement of Ampere’s circuital law [1]
Fields at different points + final expression [3]
28. Obtain an expression for the magnetic field on its axis at a distance x from the centre of a short bar
magnet, considering it as an equivalent of a current carrying solenoid.
Solution
Refer Module 6A
Diagram + Introduction [1]
Field at a point due to current strip [1]
Expression for BP [1]
Comparison with a short bar magnet and final expression [2]
29. Obtain the expressions for (i) magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron (ii) Bohr magneton.
Solution
Refer Module 6A
Diagram + Introduction [1]
Expression for µe [2]
Expression for Bohr magneton [2]

V. Answer any TWO of the following questions [2 × 5 = 10]

30. Obtain the expression for magnetic field at a point along the axis of a circular coil carrying current.
Solution
Refer Module 6A.
Diagram + Introduction [1]
Bio-Savart’s law and its application in finding dB due to a current element. [1]
Resolution of vectors [1]
Final expression + Direction of B [2]
31. Obtain the expression for the force between two, straight long parallel conductors carrying steady
currents. Hence, define SI unit of current.
Solution
Refer Module 6A.
Diagram + Introduction (with labelling) [1]
Expression for field acting on one conductor due to the other (with direction) [1]
Expression for force (with direction) [1]
Force on the other conductor [1]
Definition of 1 ampere [1]
π
32. Assuming the expression for instantaneous voltage, show that applied voltage leads current by radian,
2
when a sinusoidal ac voltage is applied across a pure inductor.
Solution
Circuit diagram
di [1]
v = vm sin ωt and v L = − L
dt

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2PBBBCPM6AS

Applying Kirchhoff’s loop rule, v + vL = 0

 π [2]
Arriving at the expression i = i m sin  ωt − 
 2
Mention of phase relation [1]
Phasor diagram (Drawing AC waveforms is optional) [1]

VI. Answer any THREE of the following questions [3 × 5 = 15]

33. A circular coil of 20 turns and of radius 10 cm carries a current 0.25 A. Calculate the magnetic field
(a) at the centre of the coil
(b) at a point on the axis at distance 10 3 cm from the centre.
Solution
µ IN
(a) B = 0 [1]
2R
4 × 3.14 × 10−7 × 0.25 × 20
B= = 3.14 × 10−5 T [1]
2 × 0.1
(b) R = 10 cm = 0.1 m, x = 10 3 cm = 0.1 3 m
µ0 INR 2
Baxial = [1]
2[R 2 + x 2 ]3/2
4 × 3.14 × 10−7 × 0.25 × (0.1)2 × 20
= 3
. [1]
2  (0.1)2 + ( 0.1 3 ) 
2 2

0.628 × 10−7
= 3
2 [ 0.01 + 0.03] 2
0.628 × 10−7
= 3
2 [ 0.04] 2
0.628 × 10−7
= 3

2 ( 0.2 )  2
2

0.628 × 10−7
=
2 × 0.008
0.628 × 10−7
=
0.016
= 39.25 × 10–7 T
= 0.3925 × 10−5 T [1]
34. A galvanometer of resistance 50 Ω requires a current of 2 mA for full scale deflection. How do you
convert it into (a) an ammeter of range 0 – 3 A and (b) a voltmeter of range 0 – 6 V?
Solution
G = 50 Ω, Ig = 2 mA = 0.002 A, I = 3 A, V = 6 V, S = ?, R = ?
To convert into an ammeter
Ig G
S= [1]
I − Ig

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0.002 × 50
S=
3 − 0.002
S = 0.033 Ω in parallel with galvanometer [1]
To convert into a voltmeter
V
R = −G [1]
Ig
6
R= − 50
0.002
R = 3000 – 50
R = 2950 Ω in series with galvanometer [2]
35. A short bar magnet of magnetic moment m = 0.32 J T−1 is placed in a uniform magnetic field of 0.15 T.
If the bar is free to rotate in the plane of the field, which orientation would correspond to its (a) stable
(b) unstable equilibrium? In each case, what is the potential energy of the magnet, in each case?
Solution
The potential energy of any system is minimum in stable equilibrium.
Given, magnetic moment of magnet, m = 0.32 J T−1
The magnitude of magnetic field, B = 0.15 T
(a) For stable equilibrium, the angle between magnetic moment (m) and magnetic field (B) is θ = 0°
(∵ In this position, it will be in a direction parallel to magnetic field thus no torque will act on it)
The potential energy of the magnet
U = −m ⋅ B [1]
U = −mB cos θ A ⋅ B = ABcos θ
= −0.32 × 0.15 cos 0° = −4.8 × 10−2 J [2]
−2
Thus, for the stable equilibrium, the potential energy is −4.8 × 10 J which is minimum.
(b) For the unstable equilibrium, the angle between the magnetic moment and magnetic field is 180°.
θ = 180° [1]
Potential energy of the magnet, U = −mB cos 180°
U = −0.32 × 0.15 (−1) = 4.8 × 10−2 J [1]
−2
Thus, for the unstable equilibrium the potential energy is 4.8 × 10 J which is maximum.
36. Two circular coils, one of radius r1 = 1 cm and the other of radius r2 = 10 cm are placed concentrically.
Calculate the mutual inductance between them.
Solution
If a current flows through the outer coil, field at the centre of the coil is
µ NI r1
B2 = 0 2 , N 2 = 1 [1]
2r2
Radius of the inner coil is small. So the field due to the outer coil can be assumed to be r2
constant over the inner coil. [1]
Magnetic flux linked with the inner coil, φ = N1A1B cos θ, (N1 = 1, θ = 0°, cos θ = 1)
µ I πr 2 (4π × 10−7 )
φ = πr12 ⋅ 0 = 1 …(1) [1]
2r2 2r2
But φ = MI …(2)
From eqn. (1) and eqn. (2), we get

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2PBBBCPM6AS

πr12 (4π × 10−7 ) 4π2 (1 × 10−2 ) 210−7

M= = = 1.97 × 10−9 H [2]
2r2 2 × 10 × 10−2
37. In a series LCR, circuit, R = 50 Ω, L = 5 mH and C = 50 µF. For the ac source, V = 220 volt, ν = 50 Hz.
Calculate (a) impedance (b) current in the circuit.
Solution
R = 50 Ω, L = 5 mH = 5 × 10−3 H, C = 50 µF = 50 × 10−6 F
For AC source, V = 220 volt, ν = 50 Hz
(a) To find impedance (Z)
Inductive reactance, XL = 2 πνL
XL = 2 × 3.14 × 50 × 5 × 10−3
XL = 1.57 Ω [1]
1
Capacitive reactance, X C =
2πνc
1 10000
= −6
= = 63.69 Ω ≈ 63.7 Ω [1]
2 × 3.14 × 50 × 5 × 10 157
Impedance, Z = R 2 + (X L − X C )2
Z = (50) 2 + (1.57 − 63.7) 2 = 6360.13 = 79.75 Ω [1]
V
(b) I = [1]
Z
220
I= = 2.75 A [1]
70.75

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