,,

'

\ ANSWERS ]

l•
1. (c) 2. (c)
8. (a)
3. (b)
9. (a)
4. (b)
10 . (a)
·s. (c)

11 . (a)
6. (b)
12. (c)
\
t

f
7. (c)
f
1
\

[~inb
➔ ➔
cto rs 15 . ke ]- 1, l[ k: ;e -- 16. 16
13. 14. a an d b ar e eq ua l ve 2

1t
19. ~ 20. 4 21. -4
17. 5 7
➔ ➔

vectors a an d b
➔ ➔
26. Ta ke an y tw o no n- ze ro pe rp en di cu lar
22. - a - 7 b
➔
ctor
28. ve cto r b ca n be any ve
27. cos-1 ( 10 )
J102 ➔ ➔
➔ ➔ ➔ ➔

" ax b+ bx c+ cx a
' ➔ 1~ 3~ 3k" ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
➔ 31 1~
- J and~,, = -t +-J - 34. n= ➔
32. Pi 2 =-t -
2 - 2 2 ja xb + bx c+ cx a\
 \ ANSWERS )
2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (b) ·s. (c)
t. (c)
10. (a) 6. {b)
7. (c) 8. (a) 9. (a) 11. (a)
12. (c)

(
U. ➔•; :➔Jb ➔
14. a and ➔
b areequalvectors 15. keJ-l,l[k,;t,- 1
2 16. 16
1 1
3-:- 2 ~ 6A 8 1t
11. 5 18. -l +-; +-k 19. 20.
7 7 7 7 4 21. -4
➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
22. - a - 7 b 26. Take any two non-zero perpendicular vectors a and b

r,. 10_ J
cos-1(Jwi ➔

28. vector b can be any vector

➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
"' axb+bxc+cxa
34• n =➔➔➔➔➔➔
--------
I axb+bxc+cxal
 6. The area of the parallelogram whose adjacent sides are 1+ fc and , ,
2r+ ·
1 •
(a) Ji. (b) ,fj (c) 3 + k is WER QUESTIONS (2 MARKS)
(d) 4 Jt'fJ\NS _ .
\ 5110 th t the points A, B and C with position vectors ➔ - o '
7. lf I-;;' I = 8, IbI = 3 and I; x bI = 12, then value of ;_ b is pow a . I f
•
' a - 31 - 4/ - 4k b= 2i - "1- k and
(a) 6$ (b) s,fj (c) 12./3
'3· ~ •_
C,:; I
31 _
sk, respective y orm the vertices of a right angled triangle. '
• ~ k
(d) non that the vector ; + J + is equally inclined to the axes OX OY
~ '~~
8. The projection of vector ; = 2i - J+ k along b= i - 2] + 2k is eoft~~
z4•
two vectors a an
d ➔ 1 h ➔ ->
b , we a ways ave I a + b Is I a I+ I b I
-> ➔
. .
or atl'/ · [triangle inequality]
.!. (c) 2 zS, f ➔ -+ ➔ ➔ ➔➔
(a) 3. (b)
3 (cf) .JG ·ther vector a == 0 or b = 0 , then a . b = 0 . But the converse need not be tru J tify
3 If el •th an example. e. us your
9. If ; and b are unit vectors, then what is the angle between ; and ➔ i 6· a115wer WI
vector? b for "3; - . If the vertices A, B, C of a triangle ABC are (1, 2, 3), (-1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 2), respectively, then find
(a) 30° (b) 45° (c) 60° - b to~ 21• tJlBC. [LABC · th ➔ and
e angle between the vectors BA BC J
(cf) 9Qo a~ IS

10. If I; I = 3 and -1 :S k :S 2, then I k; I lies in the interval

➔➔
_.. -> _ and a. b = O, then what can be concluded about the vect ➔
b 7
ua ,a- 0 or.
(a) [0,6] (b) [- 3, 6] (c) [3, 6] zs. ➔➔ ➔➔ ➔➔ ➔➔
• ~ ,, ~ • (cf) [1, 2] 1toW that I a I b +I b I a is perpendicular to I a I b - I b I a ' for any two non-zero vectors ;
11. The unit vector perpendicular to the vectors 1- J and 1 + j forming . 29, 5 ->
• • a nght handed
i- j 8Ystell\· and b .
(a> i: (b) -k ~ (~ ✓2 (cf)~ ~ LONG
J\NSWER QUESTIONS-I ( (3 MARKS)
sinA sinB sinC
➔➔➔ ➔ ~ ~ ve that in a 6. ABC, - - = -b- =--, where a, b, c represent the magnitudes of the sides
12. If a , b , c are three vectors such that a + b + c =0 and I ; I = 2, I bI = 3 I➔ - Pro a c
➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ . , CI '=5 th ·te to vertices A, B, C, respectively.
of a . b + b . c + c . a is ' enva1Ue oppOSl . _
. vectors prove that cos (A - B) =cos A cos B + sm A sll\ B.
31. Usmg ' .
(a) 0 (b) (c) -19 (d) 38
FILL IN THE BLANKS
·th reference to the right handed system of mutually perpendicular unit vectors i, J and k,
32, If Wl
➔
13. Projection vector of a on b is _ _ _ _ __
➔
-+ , ~ ii = il +1~ - 3k then express l in the form l = ~ +I¾, where ~ is parallel to ; and
a.== 31- ], I' '

~ ~.
➔ ➔

14. The vector a + b bisects the angle between the non-collinear vectors ;; and bif-· is perpendicular to
b2 +c2 -a2
➔ ➔ ➔ 1--+ _ Prove that in any triangle ABC, cos A== - --b,--, where a, b, care the magnitudes of the sides
15. The values of k for which Ik a I < I a I and k a + a is parallel to a holds true are--· 33 2
2
opposite to the vertices A, B, C, respectively.
16. If I ; I= 10, I bl= 2 and ; . b=12, then the value of I ; x bI is _ _ _ __ 1 ➔ ---+ ➔ --+ ➔ --+

➔ --+b ; determine the vertices of a triangle, show that -2 Ib x c + c x a + a x b] gives

34. If a , ,
17. If the projection of ; = Ai+ J+ 4k on b= 2i + 6] + 3k is 4 units, then).,= _ _ __ --+--+--+

the vector area of the triangle. Hence, deduce the condition that the three points a ' b ' c are
VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (1 MARK)
18. Write a unit vector in the direction of vector PQ where p and Q are the points (1, 3, 0) and
collinear. Also find the unit vector normal to th~lane o~the
35. Using vectors, prove that the parallelogram on e same ase
=:~~een the same parallels are

(4, 5, 6), respectively.

equal in area.
; ' b' 7 are collinear if and only if
19. If -; = b=2i + 6J+ 3k, then find the projection of ; on b.
7i + J- 4k and 36. Prove that points A, B, C having position vectors
➔➔➔➔➔➔➔
20. Write the angle between two vectors ; and b with magnitudes J3 and 2, respectively having ., bxc+cxa+axb=0.
-+ -+ -+ ectively, show that the
;.; =J6. . 'th position vectors a' b' c resp -+ _,
37. If A, B, C be three non-collinear pomts Wl . I bx 7+-; x-; +ax b I.
2L For what value of 'a' the vectors 2i - 3J+ 4k and ai + 6J- Bk are collinear ? . m the line joining A and B JS _, -+
perpendicular distance of the pomt C fro Ib - a I
22. X and Y are two points with position vectors 3; + b and ; b
- 3 respectively. Write the position
vector of a point Z which divides the line segment XY in the ratio 2 : 1 externally. Vector Algebra I 475

474 / U-LIKE Mathematics-XII

 9
_ If ; =2i _ J- 2;. and b =71+ 2j- 3k, then
➔
express
➔

b in the fonn of b"'b1. ., +i;' I,'

= _z2(} ./) + zx(] ·k) + yz(k•i)- XIJ(k ·k)
,
parallel to ; and i;; is perpendic ular to a · i • "'htr,~
::O+0+ 0-xy [·: i •]=O=J~ -k=k-iand 7 7
l · l-
-1 =j~ ·J=k
~ • -k]
·

b=~ ~
1 1
Sol. Let + .... ~) + xy= o
~ is parallel to -; = 2/ - J- 2k and b2
➔ \
A )l. i)•(')(}
where is perpendic ular ; = 2/ - J- 2k (f .... • •
? . ;,<i)·(r xj) +xy1szer o.
~ ffetl'e (
Since is parallel to -; = 2/ - J- 2k • lherefore · _.. ..., unit vectors such that ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
a · b = a · c = O and the angle betwee ➔b
A b, c ,1te __, _..., d ➔• 7t
n an c 1s _, then
~ = J,,(2/ - J_2.k), where A is a scalar If 11 ' , _., - ±Z(b X c) •
6
jJ, wat a -
➔ ........ ,o"e .
Again, bi=b-"1 ~etiave
501,
= (71 + 2] - 3k)- J,,(2/ - ]- 2.k) = (7 - 2A) i + (2 +A)] + (- 3 + 2"-) k
➔ -+ ➔ ➔
Since ~ is perpendicu lar to -; = 2/ - J- 2k , therefore a . b = o and a · c = 0
➔ ➔

b2 . a =0 -; J. b and -; J.--;
:::> ➔ ➔

⇒ {(7-V.)/ +(2+A)) +(-3+2A) k}.(2i - j -2k) =0

_. .
a is pe
rpendicula r to both b and c
:::> ..... ➔
⇒ (7-V.)(2) + (2 +A)(-1) + (-3 +V.)(-2) = O
,::!; ; is parallel to b x c
14-4"'-2 -A + 6-4A = 0
18-9}.. =0
-; = i,.,(b X ; )
A.=2 1-:1 = IA(b x ;)I ... (1) where A is scalar
.... ➔ ➔ ➔

Hence, bi =2(2i-]- 2k)=4i-2 ]-4k ,::!;

Ia I = IAI I bx c I
➔ ➔ ➔ lt
~ =<7-4)1 +(2+2)] +(-3+4). k = 3t +4}+f ,::!;
Ia I = IAI Ib II c Isin 6 [·: angle between band ; = ¾(given)]
and b = 7/ + 2}- 3k = (4i -2/ - 4k) + (3i + 4/ + k;) = ~ + i;; 1 = I"- I (1)(1)(½) [-.-1-:1=1. lbl= 1, 171= 1, sin¾=½]
=c>
-+ ,. ,. ... ➔ ➔
10. If r =xi +yj+zk,f ind (r xi) •(r xj) +xy.
,::!; I AI =2
Sol Given, 7=xl+y}+ zk,then ~ A.=±2 ... (2)
➔ • Thus, from (1) and (2), we have
rxi =(xi+y}+ zk) x i ➔ ➔ ➔
a =±2(bx c)
➔➔ ➔➔➔

= i J kl
x Y z , where i = 1i + oj + Ok
12. Find the~angle between the vectors a + b and a - b if ➔ ...... ...
a =2i - j + 3k and b = 3i + j - 2k , and
... ......

I1 0 0 hence find a vector perpendic ular to both a + b and a - b .

➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
[CBS£ 2019)
. Sol. Given :
➔ • = li~O-t~lj (O-z)+k( O-y) = O+z}-yk = (z}-yk) ; = 2i - J+ 3k and b=3i + J- 2k
and TXj=X
0 i ~
• •
~ ,where J = 0i+lj+0.
k ; + b = (27 - J+ 3k ) + ( 3i + J- 2k )
➔ ➔ , ._ A

a+ b = Si +k
=l(O-z)- ](0-0)+k (x-0)-
- -zz7 +xk. and
➔➔

a-b =(2i-j+ 3k)-(3i+ j-2k)

,..,.. ... ,. ,,.,..

:. (-; x i)•(-; x J> =(z}-yk)•(- z/ + xk)

; - -; = -7 - 2] + sf
468 / U-LIKE Mathematics-XII
Vector Algebra I 469
 Hence, the angle between the lines AB and CD is n.
Also, CD= -2i-B] +2k =-2(/ + 4]-k) =-2AB
.. .(1)
.... and
Hence, AB CD are. collinear. ..... • • •
6 The scalar prod uc t O f the vector a = i + j + k with a unit vector along th e sui:n
• ..... • • • • Of lh ➔ ➔ ➔➔
..... • : • d _~i
b = 2i + 41- Sk an c-r. + 2,· + 3k is equal to 1. Fmd the value of A andhen t •"1.
.""
a •b= c -a
.. .(2)
.......... ce 611d
vtttor along b + c • th,
b and 7 are perpendicular
Sol. We have, ; = i + J+ k, b = 2/ + 4]-5k and 7= 'Al+ 2] + 3k
b+-; = (2.i +4]-5k}+(Ai +2] +3k) = (2+ A)i +6]-2f
' AlSO•'
·tiSgiven
. that,
➔
b . c =0
.....

... (3)
::fl ➔ ➔ 2
.......... .... 2b+2cl
Unit vector r in the direction b + c is given by i'/OI\I,
1
13 a - ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
..... ➔ .... Zb +2c)-(3a -2b +2c)
b+c (2+A)i+6]-2k _ (2+11,}/+6]-2 f = (3a -
r=---
lb+;I 1(2+A.)i+6]-2 kl - .J<2+11,) 2 + 6 2+<-""z1 ........
= 9(a - a >- 6<;·;>+ 6(;· 7>- 6(; .-;>+ 4(b -b)-4(b-;>+ 6(-; .-;>-4<7-b)+ 4(7. 7>

• (2+]...)/ +6]-2k .... ➔)+ 4(b-b) + 4(7 -7)-12(-; , b)+ 12(-;,;)-S(b, ;)

= 9(a •a
T = ✓(2+A.)2 +40
Acrording to given condition in the question, we have ·•.(IJ
= 91; 12 + 4 I b12 +41712 -12{(-; ,;)-(;;.-;))-S (b-;)
2
➔ = 9 X 1 + 4 X 2 2 + 4 X 3 - 12 XO - 8 X O =9 + 16 + 36 =61
a .i =1 ........ ➔ ~
[using (1), (2) and (3))
~ 13 a-2b+2cl=v 61
• • • (2+A.)i+6]-2k
(i + j + k).~======== =- =1
✓(2+A.) 2 +40 a,
8. Vee to rs .... and b 7 are such that ; + b+ ; =0 and I; I= 3, IbI= 5 and I7I= 7 . Find the angle
.... ➔

c1 + J+kl.1<2+1)1 +6]-if1 = -J<2+'A.)2 + 40 between a and b .

➔ ➔ ➔ ➔

1.(2 +A.)+ 1.6 +1.(- 2) = ✓(2 + A.) 2 + 40 Sol. Given : a + b + c =0 ➔ ➔ ➔

a+b =-c
A+ 6 = ✓(2 + A.) 2 + 40
<; + b>·<'"; + b) = c-7H--;;)
p. + 6)2 = (2 + >..)2 + 40 ➔➔ ➔➔ ➔➔ ➔➔ ➔➔
2
A. + 12A. + 36 = >..2 + 4A + 4 + 40
[Squaring both sides) a-a+a - b+b - a+b - b = c•c
8>..=8 ⇒ 2
1-;;'1 + -; .,; + -;.,; +lbl 2 = 1712
A=l
Putting the value of'),. in (1), we get
⇒ (3)2 + 2-;.,; + (5)2 = (7) 2
9 + 2-;.,; + 25 = 49
r= c2 + 1)1 + 6J- 2k 1 ~ ~ •
✓(2 +l)2 +40 = 7 (3r+6J-2k) 2-;.,; =49 - 25 - 9 =15
➔ ➔ ➔

7. Let a' b and c be three vectoIS such ➔ ➔ ➔ ; .,; = ~

➔•
•
tbat I a I = 1, I b I = 2 and I c I = 3. If the projection of b 2
along a lS equal to the projection of ➔ al ➔ ➔ ➔
➔ ➔
find I3a-2b+2cl.
-+ c ong a ; and b , c are perpendicular to each other, lhen If 8 is the angle between -; and b, then
cos e = ; . ,; = <1512> =.!.=cos 60° => e = 60°
I-; I I,; I <3)<5l 2
466 I U-LIKE Mathematies-xu
Hence, the angle between -; and b is 60°.
Vector Algebra I 467
 •
➔ •-·
_. i ,._ZJ~ ,t Jk and b = 2i + 4j - Sk represent two adjace n t st"d es of a parallelo r
- .

ABxAD = l-s; ,!, -!j=i(m-O)-](-s+ 3)+k(O-, ~rS paral tel to the diagonals of the parallelogram.

[gJ
, ff p g am, find unit
1 II)== 1//i + '.
1 0 2, -,,,k J.
1
-+ -, _, _,
O
[CBSE 7070]
~ect 0 arallelogram such that AB= a and BC= b --+ - -

2 2 cobeaP . a C
IABxADI =lmi+2]-mkl=Jm +2 +(-m)2 -_ Vr--:i--
m- + 4 + 111 2 _ r:::--::-._ ~ct /18 v;ofaddition,wehave
.... ....
~ 12 ~ - v2,, ,.,i. •aJlgle 1a -+ '<>

AB+ BC == AC
J

2 6)' tfl ti
Area of the parallelogram = I AB x AD I = ..; 2m + 4 = 6 -t- 1 'ft

2m2 + 4 =36 ⇒ 2m
2
=32 ⇒ m
2
= 16
⇒
111
AC==;;'+b
The values of m are± 4. = ±4
-P == (i + 2} + 3k) + (2i + 4] - Sk) = 3i + 6} -ik A --;
8

2. -; and -; are unit vectors. If I -; + -; I= ✓2, find : IAC I == I 3i + 6}-2k I= ✓32 + 62 +(-2)2 =J9+36+ 4 =../49 =7
(ii) the angle between -; and ➔
(1) the value of (4-; - -;) .(2--; + -;) . s. ,4B+BD == AD ⇒ AB+BD=BC ⇒ BD=BC-AIJ=b _;
a11d
Show your steps.
BD == b _-; =(2i+4}-5k)-(i+2}+3k)=i+2}-Bk
Sol We have,-; are 7 areunitvectorssuch that 17 + 71= ✓2 , so, 1 ➔r 1 = 1 and I 71 == 1 [CBSE2022 1
I BD I == I i + 2} - Bk I = N + 22 + (- 8)2 =Jl + 4 + 64 =J69
17 + ; I = ✓2 ... 01
➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
al
AC AC 1 · . -
⇒ 1-: + 712 =2 ⇒ (r+s).(r+s) =2 Unit vector along diagon = --::;- = -7 (3i + 6j - 2k)
IACI
➔ ➔ ➔➔ ➔➔ ➔ 2 ➔ ➔ ➔
12
➔ ➔

⇒ r.r+r.s+s . r+s.s =2 ⇒ Ir I + 2( r . s) + I s =2 ➔ 1 - , , BD
➔➔ ➔ ➔ Unit vector along diagon al BD = --=--Ci +2j-8k)
⇒ 12 +2(-;_;)+1 2 =2 ⇒ 2(r. s) =0 ⇒ r. s =0 IBDI ./69
... (2) I

r is perpendicular to s and hence the angle between -; and ; is ~

➔ ➔

2 .
,. If i + J+ k, Zi + 5 j, 3i + 2 J- 3k and i - 6/ - k respectively are the position vectors of points A, B,

Now,
cand D, then £ind the angle between the straight lines AB and CD. Find whether AB and CD are
collinear or not.
Sol. Given, • • • ~ ~
--+ ➔ ➔ -+
Position vector of A = i + j + k; Position vector of B = 21 + 5];
[ ·: r . s = s.r]
Position vector of C= 3i + 2} - 3k ; Position vector of D= i - 6] - k

(4-; - 7).(2; + ;) = 8(1) 2 + 2(0)-(1)2 ⇒ ➔- ➔ ➔ + ➔s) =7

s).(2r Now,
(4r
AB = (Position vector of B) - (Position vector of A)
➔
3. If
a * (),➔a . ➔b = ➔a . ➔c, ➔a x ➔b = ➔a x ➔c , then show that b = -; . [CBSE Sm11ple Questio11 Pnperl == <27 + sJ>- < 7+ J+ k >= 7+ 4] - k
Sol Given ➔
a .➔
b = ➔a.c-+ · ⇒ ➔
a .➔ ➔ .c
b-a -+
=0 ⇒ ➔ ➔ ➔
a.(b-c)=0 CD = (Position vector of D) - (Position vector of C)

⇒
➔

(b-c)
➔

=0
➔ ➔

or a.l(b-7)as;*o ... (1) == (t _ 6; _ f) _ (3i + 2J- 3k) = -27 -s] + 2k

➔➔ ➔➔ ➔➔➔➔➔ Let 8 be the angle between the lines AB and CD.
and axb = axe ⇒ axb-axc=0 ⇒ ;x(b-7)=O
Therefore, 8 be the angle between the vectors AB and CD ·
⇒ <h - -;> -- ➔0 or ➔all(b-c)asa*0
➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ... (2)
AB-CD (i + 4}- k)-(-2i - sf+ ~l
cos e = ----:;-::;- ==Ji+ 4]-kl l(-2i -Bj + 2k)I
a cannot
➔ ➔
be both perpendicular to ( b _➔) ➔-
c an d parallel to (b ➔
c). IABIICD I 36 --~=-1

Hence, b = c · ==> cos8= ~ff -2-32-2

- =--18Jn
6 ~=-Jts
1sx18x4
}8 X2 -
✓1+16+1 4+ 64 + 4 ✓ lO
cos8=cos1t ~ 8=7t
vector Algebra I 465

464 / U-LIKE Mathematics-XII

 _ ..!. 127 _] + k!-1-i + 3j + Ski -sin 90° [·: L'.BCA = 90°]
1 1 1-+ - 2
The direction cosines r are Jj , Jj , Jj
- .!..fl}+ (-1)2 + (1)2 -J(-1)2 + (3)2 + (5)2 -1 [·: sin 90° = l]
- 2 ,
The unit vector r is given by r =Ii + m] + nk =(± ~ Y +( ± ~ )J + ( ± ~ } 1 ~ + l · Jl + 9 + 25
+ 14
=2 ✓ ~T•,.
=lJ6
2
.JF, =.!.Jiio
2
sq. units

..... · d 3Jj is given by ·t vectors is a unit vector, prove that the magnitude of their difference is ..fi.
Required vector r of magrutu e ttwo uni
7 == 3Jj[(± ~y +3/3(± ~ )l +(± ~ )f]=:J<i +j +k>
1¢10
t11e' .i.at
,,. J/ •v-efl 11 '
Y'
,.11
;.sS'
--+
1al = 1,
--+
--+
I b I = 1 and I a + b I = 1
➔ ➔ ➔
-+ .....

10. Show that the vectors 2i - J+ k, 3i + 7 j + k and Si + 6J+ 2k fonn the sides of So --+ ➔ ,2-(a+b)-(a+b)
+b -
triangle. -+ a righi.411 de! Ia --+ --+ --+ ..... -+ -+ ..... -+
conS1 --+ --+ 2 _ a . a + a . b + b · a + b· b
Sol. Let the given vectors be -; = 2i - j + k, b== 3i + 7] + k and c =Si+ 6] + 2k ICllst 2~:~ 1a + bl -
--+ ➔ ➔ ➔ 2
b == (2i-] +k)+(3i +7] +k)=Si +6] +2k=-;
1a + b 12
-; + --+ ➔ = I a 12 + 2 a· b + I b I
➔ ➔ ➔ ➔➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ 2
a + b == c and no two of vectors a, b and c are parallel. (1)2 == (1)2 + 2 a · b + (1)
⇒

.. .(1)
:. -;, band 7 form a triangle. ~-..,...-- 1, 2-;;.b ==1-2==-l
-+ ~--~--=- -+ ✓ 2 2 2
la I= J2 2 +(-1)2 +12 =J6,lb I= 3 +7 +1 =ffe and I c I = ~
-+ I
, -;; _,; 2 = <-;; - ,;l·<; - ,;l = -; .-; - -; .,; - ,; .-; +,;.,;
Now,
I
1 ➔ -+ -+
➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ "'-{fj, tJoW, 2
2 2 2 I; _b12 == I-; 12 - 2 a · b + Ib 1
I-; 12 + Ib12 == 6 + 59 =65 =I cf => I a 1 + I b 1 =I c 1
[using (1)]
--+ _,b 12 _ 1 _ (- 1) + 1
Hence,-;;, b and; form a right-angled triangle. 1a - -
11. Show that the points A, B, C ~th positio~ vectors 2i - + k, i - 3 Sk, and Ji_ 4: _4• · , J J- I-;; _,; 12 == 1 + 1 + 1 =3
respectively, are the vertices of a nght angled triangle. Hence find the area of the triangl 11/ k 1
..... ➔ r;:; [·:1;- ;,~01
Sol. With reference to O as origin, we have e. CER]l
I ~ la - bl= v3
... ~ ~ • ➔-~ ~ • INCERT I
➔ A A A ➔ A A A ➔ A A A
l between the vectors a =t + J - k and b - I - J+ k
OA = 2i - j + k, OB= i - 3 j - 5k and OC =3i - 4j - 4k , J3. find the ang e • ➔ ~ ~ •
-+ - ~ ~ - k and b = , - J + k .
AB= oo-DA=<t-3]-5f)-<2l-J +k)=-t -2]-6f Sol. Given, n - ' + J
➔ ➔

BC= OC-OB=(3i-4]-4k)-(i-3]-5k)=2i -] +k Let 8 be angle between a and b .

By definition,
and CA= OA-0C=(2i -J + k)-(3i -4]- 4k) =-i + 3] + 5k -;;.,; =1-;I lblcos0
Oearly, AB+BC = (-i -2]-6k)+ (2i - j + k)= i -3]-Sk= -CA -;.,;
➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
cos0= - - -
~ AB+BC+CA = 0 1-;II,; I
1-1-1 __ .!.
So, A, B and C are the vertices of a MBC. (i+]-k) •(i-]+k)_ 1-1+1·(-l)+(-1)·1 2
../3../3 3
Now, BC-CA= (2i -} +k)•(-i +3} + 5k) = (2)(-1) + (-1)(3) + (1)(5) ==-2-3 +5=0 cos e = Ii+ J-f111-J +kl - fi2 + 12 +(-ll2Jii +(-1)2 + 1
➔
BC .1 CA
➔

S=cos-
1
(-½)
LBCA =90° -+
Thus, MBC is a right angled triangle. I 14. U I-+a + ➔b I = 60, I➔a - ➔b I = 40 and I➔a I == 22, then find Ib' .
Area of the triangle ABC : Sol. Given, ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ -+ _
.. . (1)
1 ➔
= 2 IBCI-ICAl·sin C
➔
.' I a + b I = 60, I a - b I = 40 and Ia I - 22
vector Algebra I 455
454 / U-L/KE Mathematics-XII
 d the value of k such that (k, -10, 3), (l, - l, 3) an
d (3, 5, 3) are collinear.
Sol. Let A be the origin and let the position vector of Band C be
--+
b and 7 r espective1 eclots, fiJt
[NCERT Excr 111,1ar j
--+ --+ --+ tJsiflS </ B(l, _ 1, 3) and C(3, 5, 3) be the given points.
AB= b and AC = c Y, then
1· ;10,3), ~ ~ • ➔
,4(k, • ·on vector of A= k1 -10] + 3k = a (say)
But AB = J+ k (given) and AC = 3i - ]+ 4k (given) J II
1 positl • • • ....
! 'I'' . ·on vector ofB = i - j + 3k = b (say)
b = J+ k and ; =3i - J+ 4k p0 s1tl • • • ...,
. . vector of C = 3i + 5j + 3k = c (say)
Let D be the mid-point of the side BC of a MBC, then the position vector pos1t1on . 1
. ·deACintheratio m : .
of the mid-point of BC is b + -; . 311d • t 8 diVl ul
I poifl . n foflll a,
2 --+ --+ i,e secuo
--+ b+c tJsillg ➔ ➔

.... ➔ ➔
AD = -- --+_mc+la
2 b - ~ ~ (m + 1) b = m c + a

b+c (rn + l)(i - J+ 3k} = m(3i + sJ + 3k) + (ki _ 10] + 3k)

= I AD I = --+ 2 --+I
--+ --+
Length of the median AD ~ i _(rn + 1)) + 3(m + l)k = (3m + k)i + (Sm - 10)] + (3m + 3)k
I (111 + 1) m + 1 = 3m + k ... (1)
~ - m - 1 = Sm -10
= I<] + k) + (3i2 - l + 4k) I= I3i + 5k /-
2 -
[42
-+--2:: ✓34
3(m + 1) = 3m + 3
... (2)
...(3)
4 4 2 Uni
---- 311d . trtte for all values of m.
Equation (3) is 3
5. Find a unit vector in the direction of PQ, where P and Q have coordinates (S Is
respectively. 'r! B) and (3,3,l
CERT Exemµ1n,: ; .
. (Z) we get 6m
fro!ll equaoon ,
=9 => m = -
2
Sol The given points are P(S, 0, 8) and Q(3, 3, 2). uation (1), we get
fro!lle q
0
➔ A A A

k= 1-2m=l-2xl= -2
Position vector of P = OP= Si+ Oj + Bk 2

and Position vector of Q = OQ = 3i + 3] + 2k k __ 2 the given points are collinear.

,
Bence, for -
--+
PQ = Position vector of Q- Position vector of p
-> and bare
the position vectors of A and B respectively, find the position vector of a point C in
s. If a d such that BC= 1.5 BA. [NCERT Exemplar)
BA produce
= OQ-OP=(3i +3] +2k)-(si +o] +Bk)=-2t +3}- 6i: b
__, d are the position vectors of A and B respectively.
Sol. Bere, a an --+ ➔ --+ ➔
IPQI = 1-2£ +3]-6kl= ✓(-2) 2 2
+3 +(-6)
2 = ✓4+9+36 =7 OA = a and OB= b
--+ PQ <-2t + 3]- 6k) ~~t 7 be the position vector of C.
Unit vector in the direction of PQ ➔ ➔
7 OC =C
IPQI
➔

6. A v:ctor r has m~tude 14 and direction ratios 2, 3,-6. Find the direction cosines and components Given' BC= 1.5 BA => BC= 1.5 BA ..
.. f C - p .ti n vector of B = 1.5 (Position vector of A - Position vector of B)
~ Position vector o os1 ° ➔ __,
of r , given that r makes an acute angle with x-axis. [NCERT Exemplnr) __, 3a-b
--+--+ 3 ➔ --+ --+--+ ➔ 3__,b => 27=3;-b => c=-2-
I -; I = 14 b) => 2c-2b=3a-
Sol. Given, b = (
c- 2 a-
➔ ➔

Direction ratios of -; are < 2, 3, - 6> 3a - b

2- ·
Hence, the position vector of point C is - -
gnitude is 3✓3 units.[CBSf 2020 )
--+
.-. Direction cosines of r are h
-6 2 3 -6 9. Find a vector -; equally inclined to the three axes and w ose ma
< 2 3
➔ __, is e ually inclined to the axes.
✓22+32+(-6)2, J22+32+(-6)2, J22+32+(-6)2 >or<7'7'7> Sol. Let r makes angle a. with each of axes as r q

• --+ The direction cosines of -;' are given by

.-. Urut vector along r is given by ; = lj + l J_E._f I = cos a., m = cos a and n = cos cx
7 7 7
l=m=n 1
-; = 171,=14(it+tJ-fi:)=4i+6}-1if We know that 12 + m2 + n 2 = 1 ⇒ 3/2 =1 ⇒ =± ,fj
1
vector Algebra I 453
Hence, the vector components are 4i, 6] and- 12k.
452 / U-LIKE Mathematics-XII
 7t
cos 8 =cos 4
9. If 2i -3] + 4k and ai + 6/ - 8k are collinear, then find the value of a.
een the diagonals is .!: .
Sol. Let ; = 2i - 3J+ 4k and ; = al + 6] - Bk 1)1\gle be tw 4
➔ --+ cute
-
~o . -
Two vectors ; and ; will be collinear, if P x q =0 ~eJI . SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS ~
2MARKS

~_§ :1 = 0 vectors in their component forms :

I a
--+
6 -8 '

I•
5110~
t,elO --+
u = 3i - pj + 5k
A A A

i(24-24)- ] (-16-441)+ k(l2+3a) = 0 -; = -6i +14] +qic

Oi+(16+4a)] +(12+3a)k =Oi+O] +Ok
and q are the vectors collinear ? Show your steps. (CBSE 2012)
16 + 4a =0 and 12 + 3a =O a1ues of P
11at<I --+ ~ ~
~ Sk and v =-61 + 14] + qk are collinear, then
A
0

Q =-4. forw •
~
_. _3;-pJ +
Ifll-
10. Fmd the vector having initial and terminal points as (2, 5, 0) and (- 3 , 7, 4), respectively. 501, .1... = - P= i ⇒ 6p = 42 and 3q = - 30 ⇒ p = 7 and q = -10
[NCERT -6 14 q
Sot Let initial and tennina1 points be A(2, 5, 0) and B(-3, 7, 4). E.trn1p1.,,
1 • . t vectors, then prove that
OA = 2i + 5J+ Ok • and b areuJU
Position vector of A = 11 [CBS E Snmple Q11e;tiD11 P,rp,-r)
z. Ii 8 where 8 is the angle between them.
1a+bl == 2cos2,
and Position vector of B = OB= -3i + 7J+ 4k
• d fj are unit vectors.
,
AB = Position vector of B - Position vector of A . ·ven that a an
sol, Jt!Sgi lal = 1 and lbl = 1
= OB-OA=(-3i + 7] + 4k)-(2i + sJ +Ok)= -sl + 2] + 4k 2
= (a+b).(a+b)=a .a+b .a+a .b+b .h=lal +2(a .b)+lbl
2
--+ --+
A A A A la+bl2
1L The vectors from origin tothepointsAa ndB are a= 2i -3j + 2k and b = 2i + 3f +k ,respectively
[NCERT Ewmpla,j = 1 +21allblcosa +1
then find the area of the triangle OAB.
2 8 2 8
1--+ ➔ ,2 - 2 + 2 X 1 X 1 X cos 8 = 2(1 + cos 8) = 2 X 2 cos -2 = 4 cos 2
Sol Area of the triangle OAB = 1a x b I la+b
' A
-
2
8
.
➔axb➔ = Ii2
A

" "
" -4)+k{6-(-6
J ~- =i(-3-6)-j(2 " A A
~ 1a+ b 1= 2 cos 2
-3 )}=-9i +2j+12k . ts (2, - 1, 3), (3' - S' 1) and (-1, 11, 9) are collinear.
2 3 1 rove that th e porn
3. Using vecto~, p A(2 - 1 3) B(3 - 5, 1) and C(-1, 11, 9).
oiven points are ' ' ' '
So.I The o- ~ 3f
1; x 11 = l-9l +2]+ 12.kl=J(-9)2 + 2 2 + 122 = .Js1+ 4+ 144. =../229 __, ~
:. Position vector of A = a = 21 - J +
➔ a A A

Area of the triangle OAB = !,J1.29 sq. units Position vector of B = b =3i -Sj + k
2
__. ~ ~ 9k ➔ ➔
12. The vectors -; = 3i - 2] + 2k and b=-i - 2k are the adjacent sides of a parallelogram. Find the Position vector of C = c =-z + 111 +
acute angle between its diagonals. (NCERT Exemplar) ➔ . . f B-Position vector of A= b - a
AB • ~
= Position vector o.
• ~ 2k ... (1)
Sol Here, vectors ; = 3i - 2J + 2k and b= -i - 2k represent the adjacent sides of a parallelogram. =(3i-5}+k)-( 2i-j+3k)=z- 4J- - ➔ -b
--+ C - Position vector of B - c • ~ • ...(2)
.-. Diagonal vectors are ; + b = (3f -2] + 2k) + (-i -2k) = 2f -2] =-; (say) BC = Position vector of • ~ • - 4 ~ + 16] + Bk = -4(i - 4] - 2/c)
= (-i + 11] + 9k)-(3i - SJ+ k)- - I [using (1) and (2)]
and ;_-; =(3f-2]+2k )-(-f-2k)=4 f-2]+4k=d (say)
--+ ➔

Let 8 be the acute angle between the diagonals 7and d. ~ BC =- 4 AB . their common point.
ctors and B 15 Ilinear
Therefore AB and BC are collinear ve 5 l) and C(-1, 11, 9) are co ➔ •
--+ --+ _, ctively of
l(2f -2)) .(4f -2] +4k)I j2x4+(-2)x(- 2)+0 x,!L
, side vector.. AB and AC respe
Hence, the given points A(2, - 1, 3), B(3, -
4 2 +<- 2J2+
42
12i-2J1 l4i-2J +4kl J2 2 +(-2) 2 ✓ 4. • • ~ ~ 4k represent the two
The two vectors j + k and 31 - J + d. through A.
12 12 1 triangle ABC. Find the length of fue roe ian vector Algebra I 451
= ./BJ36 = 12../2 = ..fi.
450 / U-LIKE Mathematics-XII
 n~
➔ ➔ ... -Jf+(-2)2=-Jf+4 =Js
--+ --+ a -b Ib I-
The projection of a on b = -:;-
Ib I 311d ; I == I b I, but -; *b
I -+ • •

k) _ 2A+6+12 2' . the direction of vector a =i - 2j, whose magnitude is 7_

(i..i+J~+4k)·(2i+6]+3
~~--;::-'--:-.--..~ - - - I\.+ 18 vector in --+
l2i+6j+3kl J4+36+9 - ~ fifld ll • the direction of a
,. tot ill
tJjll•1vec
~ 2~ i -2,~
But the projection of ; on b is given as 4 units. I
-->
a z- J

sa· "'1-;1 ✓<1>2+(-2)2 Js

2l + 18 = 4 ⇒ 2A + 18 = 28 ⇒ 2A = 10 => "'= 5 ➔

7 uifed vector in the direction of a , then

__, be thereq
VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIO~S-:)-- -------- , I
1,et' ➔ -->; (i-2]) 7 ~ ~
1 M~~~ I c == lci-::;-= 7 Js =✓Sh-27)
1. What is the angle between vectors -; and b with magnitude ✓3 and 2 respecij I Ia I
Vely? c· I ➔ ➔ ➔➔
➔ d
_. are two non-zero vectors such that Ia x b I= a • b , then find the angl e betweenaan
➔ ➔
a· b =3. '~eii db
__,
➔➔ ➔ ➔
I
;.,; 3 ./3 6-
Jf a lll'l
__,
Sol. a -b = lallblcos0 ⇒ cos0=-::;-:;-= (-/3)( 2 ) = 2 b.
Iall bl We have, ➔➔

7t 1t
501- -;xb/==a ·b
6 =>0= 6 .
1
=> cos0 =cos
;llbl sin 9 = l;I lbl cos 0
2. Write the position vector of a point dividing the line segment joining points A and B . '• I sin0=cos0 => tan0=1
➔ -+ • • ➔ ~ ~ • -+ With position ' ,
vectors a and b externally m the ratio 1: 4, where a = 21 + 37 + 4k and b = -i + J+ k. I
0=-
1t

Sol. The position vector of a point dividing the join of A and B externally in the ratio 1 : 4 is ~
4
a triangle ABC, the sides AB ~d BC are represented by vectors zi - J+ 2.k, i + 3} + 5k
1(-i + J+f)-4(21 +3] +4k) -91 - 11] -1sf ~ 11 ~ • 7. In . Find the vector representing CA.
_ 3t + 7 +Sk respective1Y· ➔ • • c
1-4 3 3 •

~
B-i-J+zfandBC =i+3j+5k
➔ ➔ 1
Sol.A - --> --> -->
3. Find the magnitude of each of the two vectors a and b , having the same magnitude such that the Then AC = AB+ BC

angle between them is 60° and their scalar product is !. (CBS£ 2018) ⇒
AC = (2i - j + 2k) + (i + 3] + 5k)
2
Sol We have, ⇒ AC = 3i + 2] + 7k A s

1;1 = lbl ... (1) (given) l ⇒

CA=- AC=- (3i +2} +7k)
Let 0 be the angle between a and b
➔ ➔
➔ ➔ ✓3; _ b is also a unit vector. [CBSE 2020]
8. Find the angle between unit vectors a and b so that
➔ ➔
; _; = l;l lbl cose
Sol. Let 8 be the angle between unit vectors a and b ·
9 ➔

2 = la! lbl
➔
cos6O° [using(l)] Given, ✓3; - b is a unit vector, so that I ✓3; - bI= 1
➔ ➔2 (✓3;- b).(✓3;- b)=l
1-.1'3 a - b I =1 ⇒
9= 1;, 2 ⇒
➔➔ ➔➔ ➔➔ .... ➔ (;_;)_ 2..f3(;_ ;)+(b.b) =1
3
⇒ 3( a . a) - -.,'3( b . a ) - -.,'3( a . b) + ( b • b) =1 ⇒
[·: ,;,>0] 2
3(1)(1)cos 8 + (1) = 1
3(l)2 _ 2✓
l;l=lhl=3 ➔ ➔ ➔ ⇒
2
4. Give an example of vectors ; and b such that I;I =IbI but ; * b. [NCERTI ⇒ 3l;l2 -2-.,'31allblcos0+lbl =1
./3 lt
Sol. Let ; = 2i - J and b = i - 2} -2✓3cos8 =- 3 ⇒
cos8= 2 =cos6
⇒
➔ ➔
Clearly a * b ➔ • ➔ 1t

2
Hence, the angle between a and b is 6·
But, I; I= .J2 +(-1)
2
=F+-f =Js vector Algebra I 449
448 I U-LIKE Mathematics-XII
 ojectlon of ( 2/ - j + k) on (i - 2} + 2k) is
- ·
-+ -+ - -+
s,,111.1 deofJ't
A A
-+ A A A

k)k is equal lo
9. If a is any non-zero vector, the value of (a· I) i + (a .j)j +(a•
I,'V(
11 111' ,i1a • ~ k and b = i - 2] + 2k
(a) ; (b) 2; (c) 3; (d) _ ;• <I 1
,. i ~JIii' ; ,= 2i - J +
,o'· ➔ ➔ ➔
Sol. Choice (a) is correct. ~et gnitude of projection of a on b=~
; = xi+yj+zk that the ,na lbi
Let
; .i = (xi + yj + zk). i =xx 1 + y x O+ z x O= x we ldloW A A A A

(Zt-J+k ) .(i-:_i+2 k) = 2x1+(-1 )x(-2)+l x2 _ 2+2+Z 6

<=-11- 2J+2kl N+(-2)2 +22 -~=3= 2unit s
; .j = (xi+ yJ + zk) .j =0 + y + 0 =y
.,.. de 5 units and in the direction opposite to 2i + 31~_ 6fc is - - - ·
and
; .k =(xi+ y} + zk).k= O+O+ z= z of ,nag.rti...
,.--+ vectot
➔
A
,.,.
➔,,.,. -+ ... ,. -+ ......
(a .i)i +(a . j)j+(a .k)k = xi +yj+zk= a ,. ~ 3 +6k)J ➔ • • • a 2~ 3~ •
'(A'....
• d e ' a' an d'11, = a non-zero sea Iar, then /\. ➔ !Using(1)1 sa1• .....7 d:,.ection of a (=2i+3 j-6k)=- = 1 + J-6k
a is . ➔
a is a non-zero vector o f magmtu
10. If -+ in the .,. A A A

' l2i+3j-6 kl
un,t Vector if L]nitvect0 t jaj

(c)a= j').j
INctR~ 2t+3]-6i : 27 + 3] - 6i: 27 + 3}- 6k
(a) A= 1 (b) A=-1 7
J4+9+36 =
Sol. Choice (d) is correct.
. ➔ ~ ~ • 2i +3 ~-6k 1 • • •
➔
. thedirecti onoppos1 teto a (=21+3J-6k)=- l =-(-2i-3 j+ 6k)
It is given that ').a is unit vector. 7 7
Unit v~ctor 111
1
:. I,. ; I= 1 ⇒ I'). 11; I = 1 ⇒ l').la=l ⇒ a=-
P-1 . tor = Vector of magnitud e 5 and in the direction opposite to ; =
2i + 3J_6k
Requued vec
1
F.ILL IN THE BLAN.KS ;-- -- - - - - - - - - - -
- -- - - = ~(-2t - 3; + 6k.)
1 MARK I 7 and Q(4, 1, - 2) is
.. vector of the mid-poin t of the vector joining the points P(2, 3, 4)
1. The area of the parallelog ram whose diagonals are given by ;
and b is ---- - 6
_The position

I; x bl
~-2
Sol the points P(2, 3, 4) and Q(4, 1, - 2)
Sol. Ji+ ~sition vector of the mid-poin ts of the vectors joining
• • •
2
➔ ➔ The P • • • • •
➔
given by a and b is Ia x bI (2i + 3j + 4k) + (4i + j-2k) = (2+4)i +(3+1)j +(4-2)k
We know that the area of the parallelog ram whose diagonals are 2
2 2
➔ 2 ➔➔ 2 ➔ ➔
➔
2. lfjaxbl +(a -b) =144,and I a I =4,then I b I is equal to _ _ _ __ 6i +4] +2f =3i + 2} +i:
2 ➔ ➔
Sol 3
By Lagrange's identity 1. If I;
I= 4, I bI= 3 and :; . b = 6✓3, then the value of Ia x b I is _ _ __
(; X,;,2 + (; .,; )2=i';,21h12 Sol. 6
➔➔

⇒ i';1 2 2
lhl = 144 ⇒ <4>21 b12 =144 U a, b are any two vectors, then
➔➔ 2
➔ ➔ ➔
2➔2
⇒ lbl =9
2
⇒ lbl=3 laxbj 2 =lal lbl -(a · b) ➔ ➔
[·: lal=4,lbl= 3and a -b =6v3]
➔ ➔ r,;

3 of the points with position vectors ; +3b ~ ,; x bj 2 = (4)2(3)2- (6✓3>2

• The ~osi:on vector of the point which divides the join
and a - b internally in the ratio 1 : 3 is _ _ _ _ _. ~ 1;xbl2=( 16)(9)-3 6(3) ⇒ 1;xbj2=1 44-108

Sol. ; +2b ~ l;xbl2 =36=(6)2 ⇒ ,;xbl~+4k

=6 ➔ • • • •
➔ on b=2i+6j+ 3k is4um ts1s-·
~
~then the_ point p divides the join of points A and B with position vectors
; +3 b and ; - b internally 8• The value of'').' when the projection of a =}.. +1 1

m eratio 1: 3. ' Sol. 5

➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
OP= 1(;-b)+3 (;+3b) a-b+3a +9b 4a+Bb
= - ---=a+ Zb
-+ -+
Given;== "J..i + J + 4k, b= 2i + 6] + 3k I 447
1+3 4 4 Vector Algebra

446 I U-LIKE Mathematics-XII

 ) iS cOrrect- ➔ A A A A A A

Otoice (a ,. Zi +Pl+ qk) = O => i - 2j + 7k and 2i + pj + qk are parallel.

501•
(~. . z, -27k)_ '!_
I
,; _.. ,< (
~ p = - 4 and q =
14

:, 21 ...._.. ---
p q ➔ '; 2 ➔ -: 2 ➔ A

-; the value of (a x t) + (a x J) +(ax k)2 is equal to [NCERT Exl'111plar}

11vectot ,
otafl, ➔ ➔
6, f ~ (b) 3(a)2 (c) 4(a)2
➔

(d) 2(a)2
<al
(t1) • (d) iS correct.
➔
Choice A A. A

501, a =xi+ yj + zk
1,et ➔ A A A A
axi = (xi + yj + zk) x i = x(i x i) + y(j x i) + z(k x i) = x(O) + y(-k) + z())
= -yk+z]
➔ A A A A A
ax j =(xi+ yj + zk)x j =x(ix })+ y(j x j) +z(kx ))=x(k) + y(O) + z(-i)
and
= xk-zi
➔ A

ax k =(xi+ y] + zk)xk=x(i xk) + y(j xk) + z(kxk) =x(- ))+ y(i) + z(O}
and A A

= -xj + yi
➔ A2 A A2 A A A
(a xi) = (-yk+zj) =(-yk+zj).(- yk+z])=y2+ z1
➔ -:2 A -: 2 A -: A
(a XJ) = (xk-zz) =(xk-zz).(x k-zi)=x2+z2
A

➔ A2 -: -:2 A A A A
( a x k) = (-XJ + yz) = (- xj + yi) . (- xj + yi) = x 2 + y2

(;: xi)2 + (; x ])2 + (-; xk.)1 = (y2 +z2) +(x2 + z2) +(x 2 + y2) =2(x2 + y2 +z2)
= 2( ✓x2 + y2 + z2 )2 = 21-;; 12 = 2(;;)2
➔ ➔
7. The number of vectors of unit length perpendicular to the vectors a and b is
[NCERT Exc111plar]
(a) one (b) two (c) three (d) infinite
Sol. Choice (b) is correct.
➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
We know that a x b is perpendicula r to both a and b .
➔ ➔
➔ ➔ axb
:. Unit vector perpendicula r to both a and b are given by ± ➔ ➔
I ax b I
➔ ➔
Thus, these two unit vectors are perpendicular to both a and b .
➔ ➔
8. If I a I= 4 and- 3 ~A~ 2, then the range of IA- a I is [NCERT Exemplar}
(a) [O, 8] (b) [12, 8 ] (c) [0, 12] (d) [8, 12 ]
Sol. Choice (c) is correct.
Given, I; I= 4 and-3 SAS 2 ...(l)
-3s).s2 => _ 3 s).s 2 s 3 => -3SAS3 ~ OSIAIS3 ~ os4IAIS12
➔ ➔
~ os I a I I A I s 12 ⇒ os I:>.. a Is 12
Therefore, the range of ). -; is [O, 12].
Vector Algebra \ 445