ELECTRONICS AND COMMUICATION

SEMESTER : 6th _BATCH_B3

ENROLLMENT NO._210210111501
GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLAGE
BHAVNAGAR-364002

EXPERIMENT : 2
AIM : - To write scilab code for given example of optical Fiber Waveguide.
SOFTWARE:- Scilab 6.1.0
THEORY :
 What is Optical Fiber ?
An optical fiber is a hair thin cylindrical fiber of glass or any transparent dielectric
medium. The fiber which are used for optical communication are wave guides made of
transparent dielectrics. Its function is to guide visible and infrared light over long
distance.
 What is Waveguide?
A Hollow metallic tube of uniform cross section for transmitting
electromagnetic waves by successive reflections from the inner walls of the tube is
calls waveguide.
 Waveguides may be used to carry energy between pieces of equipment or over longer
distances to carry transmitter power to an antenna or microwave signals from an antenna
to a receiver.
 Waveguides are made from copper, aluminium. These metals are extruded into long
rectangular or circular pipes.
 An electromagnetic energy to be carried by a waveguide is injected into one end of the
waveguide. The electric and magnetic fields associated with the signal bounce off the
inside walls back and forth as it progresses down the waveguide.

 Reflection:
In simple terms, reflection implies the rebounding of light, sound, heat or
another object back to the source, without absorbing it. It alters the direction of the
beam of light, when it falls on the plane, amidst two media, so that the ray goes back to
the medium, in which it is generated. The law of reflection says:
1. The angle of incidence is identical to the angle of reflection.
2. The ray of incidence, ray of reflection and the normal drawn at the point of
incidence, to the mirror, occurs at the same plane.

FACULTY NAME : PROF._JANAK TRIVEDI

SUBJECT :_ FIBER OPTIC CIMMUNICATION(3161005)
 ELECTRONICS AND COMMUICATION
SEMESTER : 6th _BATCH_B3
ENROLLMENT NO._210210111501
GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLAGE
BHAVNAGAR-364002

These two principles are apposite to all kinds of reflecting planes. Reflection can be of
two types:
 Regular reflection: Otherwise known as specular reflection, which occurs
when the beam of light falls on a regular, polished and smooth plane, such as
metal or mirror, reflects light at the same angle as it is incident to the surface.
 Irregular reflection: Also called as diffused reflection, which takes place when
the beam of light is incident on the rough surface and reflects light in diverse
directions

 Refraction:
Refraction can be understood as the phenomenon of light, wherein the wave is
diverted when it passes diagonally through the interface between two media of different
densities. It refers to the shift in direction and speed of the beam of light or radio waves,
because of the change in transmission medium.
Refractive index is the ratio of the angle of incidence to the angle of refraction. It
ascertains the speed of a ray of light in the new medium, i.e. the denser the medium the
slow is the speed of light, and vice versa.
Refraction index = n=C/V _______________________(2.1)
= speed of light in free space / velocity of light in non-conducting medium.

Fig_(A)2.1 Reflaction

FACULTY NAME : PROF._JANAK TRIVEDI

SUBJECT :_ FIBER OPTIC CIMMUNICATION(3161005)
 ELECTRONICS AND COMMUICATION
SEMESTER : 6th _BATCH_B3
ENROLLMENT NO._210210111501
GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLAGE
BHAVNAGAR-364002

Snell’s law: “The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of
refraction is a constant, for the light of a given color and for the given pair of media”.
Snell’s law formula is expressed as:
n1 sinΦ1= n2 sinΦ2 _______________(2.2)
 Total Internal Reflection:
A ray of light passes from a medium of water to that of air. Light ray will be refracted
at the junction separating the two media. Since it passes from a medium of a higher
refractive index to that having a lower refractive index, the refracted light ray bends
away from the normal.
At a specific angle of incidence, the incident ray of light is refracted in such a way that
it passes along the surface of the water. This particular angle of incidence is called the
critical angle. Here the angle of refraction is 90 degrees.
Critical angle(Φ)= sin Φ = n2/n1 ______________ (2.3)
When the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle, the incident ray is
reflected back to the medium. We call this phenomenon total internal reflection.

Figure(B)2.2_Total internal reflaction

FACULTY NAME : PROF._JANAK TRIVEDI

SUBJECT :_ FIBER OPTIC CIMMUNICATION(3161005)
 ELECTRONICS AND COMMUICATION
SEMESTER : 6th _BATCH_B3
ENROLLMENT NO._210210111501
GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLAGE
BHAVNAGAR-364002

Acceptance angle and numerical aperture :

 The acceptance angle is a function of the refractive indices of the core and the
cladding materials.
 Acceptance angle (θa ) = sin-1NA ___________________(2.4)
 The sine of the acceptance angle is called the numerical aperture. The numerical
aperture (NA) of an optical system is a dimensionless number that characterizes
te range of angles over which the system can accept or emit light.
NA = n1(2∆)1/2 Where, ∆ = (n12-n22)/2n11 ___________________(2.5)
For small angles the solid acceptance angle in air ζ is given by;
ζ = πθa2 = π sin2θa ___________________(2.6)
The acceptance angle for skew rays is : θas = sin-1(NA)/cos λ) _____________(2.7)
 Normalized frequency:
Also referred to as the V number in fiber optics; the normalized frequency is a
dimensionless quantity, denoted by the symbol V, given by:
2𝛑𝐚
V= √n2 1 + 𝑛2 2 ____________________(2.8)
λ

where a is waveguide core radius, 1 is wavelength in vacuum, and nl and n2 are the
maximum
refractive index in the core and refractive index of the homogeneous cladding,
respectively.
(Note that the difference between the square root of the squares of nl and n2is by
definition the numérical aperture of the fiber.)
For a multimode fiber, the mode volume of that fiber, which is the approximate number
of bound modes within that fiber is directionally proportional to the normalized
frequency.
For a single –mode fiber , it is requied that the normalized frequency, satisfies the
condition V< 2. 4048. For a step index fiber, the mode volume of that fiber is
directionally proportional to the square of the normalized frequency, that is V2.
Number of Modes traveling in Fiber:
The total number of traveling in a fiber depends on the V – Number and is related as:
For Step Index Fiber

FACULTY NAME : PROF._JANAK TRIVEDI

SUBJECT :_ FIBER OPTIC CIMMUNICATION(3161005)
 ELECTRONICS AND COMMUICATION
SEMESTER : 6th _BATCH_B3
ENROLLMENT NO._210210111501
GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLAGE
BHAVNAGAR-364002

𝑽𝟐
N= __________________(2.9)
𝟐

For Graded Index fiber

𝑽𝟐
N= ________________(2.10)
𝟒

Question:1 A silica optical fiber with a core diameter large enough to be considered by
ray theory analysis has a core refractive index of 1.50 and a cladding refractive index
of 1.47. Determine: (a) the critical angle at the core–cladding interface; (b) the NA for
the fiber; (c) the acceptance angle in air for the fiber.

Code:
//As per Given data 1: n1,n2 is given, Find Critical Angle, NA, and Accepance Angle
?
n1 = 1.50 ; //Core refractive index
n2 = 1.47; //Cladding refractive index
PHIc = asin(n2/n1)*180/%pi; // Critical Angle at the core-cladding interface in
degree
NA = sqrt(n1*n1-n2*n2); // NA for the fiber
THEETAa = asin(NA)*180/%pi; // Accepance Angle in air for the fiber in
Degrees

//Displaying The Results

Printf(“\n\t Critical Angle at the core-cladding interface is %0.1f degrees.”,PHIc);
Printf(“\n\t NA for the fiber is %0.2f “, NA);
Printf(“\n\t Accepance Angle in air for the fiber is %0.1f degrees”, THEETAa);

FACULTY NAME : PROF._JANAK TRIVEDI

SUBJECT :_ FIBER OPTIC CIMMUNICATION(3161005)
 ELECTRONICS AND COMMUICATION
SEMESTER : 6th _BATCH_B3
ENROLLMENT NO._210210111501
GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLAGE
BHAVNAGAR-364002

Result:

Question:2 A typical relative refractive index difference for an optical fiber designed for
longdistance transmission is 1%. Estimate the NA and the solid acceptance angle in air for
the fiber when the core index is 1.46. Further, calculate the critical angle at the core–
cladding interface within the fiber. It may be assumed that the concepts of geometric optics
hold for the fiber.

Code:
//As per Given data 2:n1, delta is given, Find NA, Acceptance Angle, Critical Angle
N1=1.46; //Core refranctive index
Delta = 0.01; //Relaltive refence index difference
NA = n1*sqrt(2*delta); //Numerical Aperture
Zeta =%pi*(NA)˄2; //Solid Acceptance Angle in degree
//Critical Angle at the core-cladding interface in degree
N2 = n1*(1-delta);
PHIc=asin(n2/n1)*180/%pi;
//Displaying the Results in Command Window
Printf(“\n\n\t The Numerical Aperture for the fiber is %0.2f”, NA),
Printf(“\n\n\t The Solid Acceptance Angle for the fiber is %0.2f Radians”,zeta);

FACULTY NAME : PROF._JANAK TRIVEDI

SUBJECT :_ FIBER OPTIC CIMMUNICATION(3161005)
 ELECTRONICS AND COMMUICATION
SEMESTER : 6th _BATCH_B3
ENROLLMENT NO._210210111501
GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLAGE
BHAVNAGAR-364002

Printf(“\n\n\t The Critical Angle at the core-cladding interface for the fiber is %0.1f degree
“,PHIc);

Result:

Question:3 An optical fiber in air has an NA of 0.4. Compare the acceptance angle for
meridional rays with that for skew rays which change direction by 100° at each reflection.

Code:
NA = 0.4; // numerical aperture
GAMMA = 100/2; // Degrees-skew rays change direction by 100
degrees
THEETHAa = asin(NA)*180/%pi; // acceptance angle for meridonial rays in degrees

// acceptance angle for skew rays in degrees

THEETHA_as = asin(NA/cos(GAMMA*%pi/180))*180/%pi;
//Displaying the results in command window

printf("\n\tAcceptance angle for the Meridonial rays is %0.1f degrees", THEETHAa);

printf("\n\tAcceptance angle for skew rays is %0.1f degrees", THEETHA_as);
printf("\n\tAcceptance angle for skew rays is about %1.0f degrees greater than meridonial
rays" , THEETHA_as-THEETHAa);

FACULTY NAME : PROF._JANAK TRIVEDI

SUBJECT :_ FIBER OPTIC CIMMUNICATION(3161005)
 ELECTRONICS AND COMMUICATION
SEMESTER : 6th _BATCH_B3
ENROLLMENT NO._210210111501
GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLAGE
BHAVNAGAR-364002

Result:

Question:4 A multimode step index fiber with a core diameter of 80 μm and a relative
index difference of 1.5% is operating at a wavelength of 0.85 μm. If the core refractive
index is 1.48, estimate: (a) the normalized frequency for the fiber; (b) the number of guided
modes.
Code:
n1 = 1.48; // Core refractive index
delta = 0.015; // Relative refractive index differnce
d= 80*10^(-6); // metre - Core diameter
lambda = 0.85*10^(-6); // metre - Operating wavelength
a = d/2; // Core radius
V= 2*%pi/lambda*a*n1*sqrt(2*delta); // (a) Normalised frequency for the fiber
Ms = (V^2)/2; // (b) The number of guided modes

// Display the results

printf("\n\t The normalised freqeuncy for the fibre is %0.1f", V);
printf("\n\t The number of guided mode of the fiber is %d", ceil(Ms);

FACULTY NAME : PROF._JANAK TRIVEDI

SUBJECT :_ FIBER OPTIC CIMMUNICATION(3161005)
 ELECTRONICS AND COMMUICATION
SEMESTER : 6th _BATCH_B3
ENROLLMENT NO._210210111501
GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLAGE
BHAVNAGAR-364002

Result:

Question:5 A graded index fiber has a core with a parabolic refractive index profile which
has a diameter of 50 μm. The fiber has a numerical aperture of 0.2. Estimate the total
number of guided modes propagating in the fiber when it is operating at a wavelength of 1
μm.
Code:
NA = 0.2; // Numerical Aperture
d = 50*10^^(-6); // metre-CORE Diameter
lambda - 1*10^(-6); // metre - OPERATING WAVELENGTH
a = d/2 ; // CORE RADIUS
V = 2*pi/lambda*a*NA; // normalised frequency for the fiber
M = (V^2)/4; // Mode volume for parabolic profile

// display the results

printf("\n\t The number of modes supported by fiber %1.0f" , M)

FACULTY NAME : PROF._JANAK TRIVEDI

SUBJECT :_ FIBER OPTIC CIMMUNICATION(3161005)
 ELECTRONICS AND COMMUICATION
SEMESTER : 6th _BATCH_B3
ENROLLMENT NO._210210111501
GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLAGE
BHAVNAGAR-364002

Result:

Question:6 Estimate the maximum core diameter for an optical fiber with the same relative
refractive index difference (1.5%) and core refractive index (1.48) as the fiber given in
Example 2.4 in order that it may be suitable for single-mode operation. It may be assumed
that the fiber is operating at the same wavelength (0.85 μm). Further, estimate the new
maximum core diameter for single-mode operation when the relative refractive index
difference is reduced by a factor of 10.
Code:
// As per Given data 6: delta, nl, wavelength, New core diameter. Compare the effect of
change.
//in size of core diameter.
// Use eq. (1.8)
V=2.4; //Normalized Frequency
lambda=0.85*10^(-6); //metre-OPERATING WAVELENGTH
nl=1.48: //CORE REFRACTIVE INDEX
delta=0.015; //RELATIVE REFRACTIVE INDEX DIFFERENCE
al=V*lambda/(2*%pi*n1*sqrt(2* delta)); //(a) The maximum core radius of the optical
fiber with
// delta=1.5%
//(b) The new core radius for single mode operation when the relative refractive index
difference is reduced by a factor of
delta = delta/10;
a2=V*lambda/(2*%pi*n1*sqrt(2*delta);

FACULTY NAME : PROF._JANAK TRIVEDI

SUBJECT :_ FIBER OPTIC CIMMUNICATION(3161005)
 ELECTRONICS AND COMMUICATION
SEMESTER : 6th _BATCH_B3
ENROLLMENT NO._210210111501
GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLAGE
BHAVNAGAR-364002

//Displaying the Results in Command Window

printf("\n\t The maximum core diameter of the optical fiber with delta 1.5 percent is %0.1f
micrometre.",2*a1*10^6);
printf("\n\t The new core diameter for single mode operation when the relative refractive
index difference is reduced by a factor of 10 is %0.1f micrometre.",2*a2*10^6);
Result:

Conclusion: From the above experiment we came to know about is optical fiber and what
is waveguide! We also came to know about different terminologies like reflection,
refraction, refraction index, critical angle, incident angle, Snell’s law, acceptance angle,
numerical aperture, skew rays, Normalized Frequency, and Number of Guided Modes. We
have also written the scilab code for numerical examples.

FACULTY NAME : PROF._JANAK TRIVEDI

SUBJECT :_ FIBER OPTIC CIMMUNICATION(3161005)