Performance task in English2 (Reading and Writing)

Jhayrome D. Cartagena

Grade-11 Stem-A

-Objective/Purpose of this handbook

•Helps the students in learning and identifying the typical writings in three disciplines :The sciences, the
business and the humanities.

•Helps that student to discuss the importance of citation and following citation guides or format,
particularly the APA and MLA.

•Helps the students to identify or highlight the difference between the to citations guides or fo
Adaptability rmat.

Contents

•Writing in social sciences

Writing in the social sciences is an evidence-based endeavor that expands our knowledge of the world
around us and helps policy makers, citizens, etc. make effective decisions about critical issues. Although
social scientists are passionate about the work they do, they strive to provide empirical data in an
objective manner that is as free from bias as possible. Your mission as a writer in the social sciences is to
convey the evidence and knowledge you have acquired in a clear, precise fashion that is objective and
well-supported by data and scholarship.

While each discipline (i.e. anthropology, criminal justice, political science, and sociology) will address
writing in a slightly different fashion, there are basic tenets to writing in the social sciences that apply
across all disciplines. Overall, the key to being an expert writer in the social sciences is being able to
write in a clear and precise style in a well-organized fashion that addresses a topic within the scope of
your project and employs thorough and logical analysis in order to reach evidence-based conclusions.
Remember, just the facts!

Guides in Writing in Social Sciences

•Clear and Precise

The clarity and precision of writing in the social sciences is paramount. Clarity refers to a variety of
elements of your writing. First and foremost, you want to provide empirical evidence and/or citations
for every claim that you make. Writing in the social sciences is not opinion based; you cannot say “Crime
is decreasing across America” without providing empirical evidence for this claim, whether it is from a
primary or secondary source. Furthermore, you want to be precise with your claims and language. If
poverty is rising for women under 30, make sure to include this demographic information in a precise
fashion. Additionally, do not use synonyms when they do not have the same meaning—use the specific
terminology for the topic.

Writing in the social sciences also relies on paraphrasing more than direct quotations. Whenever
possible, paraphrase or summarize your sources. You should only use a direct quotation if the exact
words are crucial to your line of reasoning and argument. Remember that paraphrasing does not involve
merely shifting words or finding synonyms. You need to take the material and rephrase it in your own
words. A helpful tip for doing so is to read the information and then put it out of sight. From there, write
about what you engaged with in your own words without looking at the original source text. When you
are finished, you can compare the two for accuracy. Remember, too, that a paraphrase needs a citation
even though it uses different language than the source. You are drawing upon the work of someone
else.

Regarding precision, writing in the social sciences is not creative writing. Avoid flowery, emotional
language; cut excess adjectives and adverbs. Platitudes such as “This came to light” or “It is general
knowledge that…” should not be used.

Well-Organized
Organization is highly valued within the social sciences. While your organizational structure will vary
with the genre of your writing assignment, there are general rules you will want to follow when
organizing your writing assignments. The first key is to lay-out your organizational structure in your
introduction and then follow that organizational structure within your text. If you mention that you will
address a, b, and c, you need to address a, b, and c in that order.

There are some other general patterns to follow. You should have a clear and direct thesis statement in
your introduction. Afterward, you need to present your evidence, summarizing and reviewing your
research. In the body of your text, avoid moving from one topic to another. Stay with each topic until
you have developed it thoroughly and sufficiently. Once your evidence has been addressed, you want to
conclude your text with a strong, solid statement—the takeaway for your readers. When dealing with a
research assignment, the conclusion often addresses areas for future research, yet the manner in which
you approach the conclusion will vary from assignment to assignment.

•Within the Scope of the Project

Narrowing a topic so that it is manageable within the scope of the project is essential. If not, the text can
either fail to address key issues of the topic (if the topic is too broad) or the text will not have enough
depth for the scope of the project (if the topic is too narrow). Due to the extensive scholarship available
on most topics, it is usually better to narrow your topic.

One of the best ways to accomplish this is to narrow by geographic region and certain demographics
(age, ethnicity, education-level, etc.) or other specific information like type(s) of crime, type(s) of
punishment, or program (especially in criminal justice). Another effective method is to narrow toward
the focus of the course by reviewing the syllabus and learning outcomes for the course. Using a variety
of search terms will allow you to see the sources available on your topic.

•Thorough and Logical Analysis

Strong analysis is vital to writing in the social sciences. The core of a strong analysis is in breaking down a
topic into its major components and then exploring those components in-depth. Overall, a social
scientist conducting an analysis wishes to break a topic into its major components in order to analyze
them to form larger conclusions about the whole.

Although the method for analysis can vary according to the particular discipline and project, in general,
you will want to start by identifying the issue. From there, you will want to inform the reader about the
main facets of the issue and then move into a review of the research. Once you have reviewed the
research, you can then form conclusions predicated on the research. Provide your readers with the main
takeaways that an analysis of the research offers.

•Pro Tips: Constructing a Literature Review

Literature reviews are a common genre in the social sciences. Here are some expert tips for how you can
handle a literature review.
Do not approach a literature review as an annotated bibliography. An annotated bibliography provides
the APA or ASA reference and a short description of the source. A literature review delves more deeply
into the sources and places them in conversation with one another. Annotations discuss sources in a
separate fashion; literature reviews discuss sources in relation to one another.

Compare and contrast the articles in a literature review. Place them in conversation with one another.

Remain balanced. Focus on demonstrating knowledge about, and a comprehensive understanding of,
the topic.

When applicable, use the literature review to identify a research question (or questions) that needs to
be answered. The literature review adds to the body of knowledge in the field and serves to establish
the need for future research by demonstrating a gap or highlighting critical issues within the topic.

•Example of writing in social sciences

Social Sciences Definition and Overview

The social sciences are all about how society works. Social scientists examine institutions like the
government, the economy, and family; they also study how individuals and groups interact with one
another and what drives human behavior.

Some examples of social sciences include the following:

Anthropology- is the study of what makes us human. Anthropologists take a broad approach to
understanding the many different aspects of the human experience, which we call holism. They consider
the past, through archaeology, to see how human groups lived hundreds or thousands of years ago and
what was important to them.

Economics- is regarded as a social science because it uses scientific methods to build theories that can
help explain the behaviour of individuals, groups and organisations. Economics attempts to explain
economic behaviour, which arises when scarce resources are exchange .

Human Geography-is a social science that studies the world, its people, communities and cultures with
an emphasis on relations of space and place, combined with a focus on field work, in both teaching and
research.
Political science-is the scientific study of politics. It is a social science dealing with systems of governance
and power, and the analysis of political activities, political thought, political behavior, and associated
constitutions and laws.

Psychology-is considered a social science because of its emphasis on the social nature of human
behavior. This is why psychologists are interested in understanding the role that culture plays in shaping
our thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.

Sociology

Social science differs from natural science in that it examines the human, constructed world rather than
the physical world. Fields like biology, chemistry, and physics use the scientific method to propose
hypotheses and theories. Social scientists rely on similar methods, such as quantitative data analysis, to
study society.

The social sciences also share some of the same methodological approaches as those used in the
humanities, like qualitative research. Both the humanities and social sciences use analytical and
interpretive approaches to learn more about the human world.

Writing in business

-Business writing is any written communication used in a professional setting, including emails, memos,
and reports. It’s direct, clear, and designed to be read quickly. With time and practice, you too can
become an effective business writers.

-Business Communication: Business Writing Essentials

-Business writing essentials

At some point in your professional life, you may need to write something. It’s nothing to be intimidated
by, though!

Business writing is any written communication used in a professional setting, including emails, memos,
and reports. It’s direct, clear, and designed to be read quickly. With time and practice, you too can
become an effective business writer.

Watch the video below to learn some tips for business writing.

The basics of business writing

Good business writing shares crucial information and keeps the concerns of the audience in mind. So
before you write anything, ask yourself these two questions:
What do I need to say?

Who is my audience?

Your answers will influence what and how you write, so take a moment to understand exactly why
you’re writing. If you can’t clearly answer these questions, you’ll probably have trouble communicating
effectively.

Most business writing needs a call to action, which is information that instructs and encourages a
response. Let your readers know what they should do, where to go, and so on. Provide your contact
information (such as your phone number or email address) in case anyone has questions. Essentially,
make sure everyone knows what their next move should be, like in the following example

•Writing craft

Get to the point quickly. Do you need to tell your employees about a change in work schedules or an
update to company policy? Tell them what they should know upfront, and don’t leave them guessing.

Make every sentence as short and clear as possible. Simplify your word choices, as you shouldn’t use
complex words when simple ones will do. Also, cut any rambling thoughts. A company-wide memo
about a health insurance change is not the best place to mention your recent fishing trip. In short,
always omit needless words.

Although you’re in a professional setting, remember to speak to others how you would like to be spoken
to. Consider using a brief greeting or conclusion, especially if you’re sharing unpleasant news, and
remember that saying please and thank you goes a long way. And whenever you’re in doubt as to
whether something is appropriate to write, don’t include it.

Aim to keep your paragraphs brief, as they will add focus to your message while making it easier to scan
and remember. The example below is an efficient read, thanks to short paragraphs, clear sentences, and
a polite, professional tone.

Revision

Good writing comes out of revision, so read over your first draft and figure out what works and what
doesn’t. Clarify sentences and organize the loose structure until everything flows in a logical order. Don’t
be surprised if it takes a few revisions until your document is ready to go.
As part of your revision process, try reading your work aloud, which may reveal problems you may not
have noticed before. You can also get someone you trust to provide feedback on your work. Hearing
their perspective can lead to new insights and issues you never knew were there.

Proofreading is another key part of revision. After you use a spell checker, read over your work again
and look for spelling and grammar errors the spell checker may have missed. Also take a moment to
ensure the information you’re writing about is accurate and up to date. If you submit incorrect
information or sloppy writing, you may not be taken seriously. Does the following example look
professional?

Remember, you won’t master business writing overnight. Effective writing is a skill that takes a lot of
time and practice to develop. But once you get comfortable with it, you’ll possess an incredibly valuable
job skill.

The Indeed Editorial Team comprises a diverse and talented team of writers, researchers and subject
matter experts equipped with Indeed’s data and insights to deliver useful tips to help guide your career
journey.

-Business writing refers to written communications conducted with colleagues, supervisors, clients and
other business stakeholders. The content or purpose of these communications can vary based on the
category of business writing. This list outlines the four general types of business writing:

•Instructional: Instructional business writing aims to provide directions or guidance to readers. For
example, a user manual may give employees a step-by-step process for completing a task.

•Informational: Informational business writing serves the purpose of informing readers or recording
business-related information. For example, a financial statement documents a business’ financial
performance and related activities.

•Persuasive: Persuasive business writing convinces or influences its readers, typically to make them feel
positive about something. For example, organizations use proposals to showcase their business and gain
contracts with clients.

•Transactional: Transactional business writing refers to day-to-day communications conducted at work

or related to business. For example, a consultant working on a project may send an invoice to their
client detailing their services and related billing information.

Common examples of business writing

You can use the following list to learn about eight common examples of business writing that you may
encounter in the workplace:
•Business letters

A business letter serves as an example of transactional business writing. It refers to a formal, printed
document an individual sends to a colleague, supervisor or professional associate. Typically, individuals
use this type of business writing when conducting employment- or business-related communications.

For example, an employee may write a resignation letter to convey their decision to leave a job. Or a
sales professional may send sales letters to their customers to introduce a new product and describe its
features. There are several types of business letters, including:

Business proposal letters

Letters of recommendation

Interview follow-up letters

Offer letters

•Letters of resignation

Though the content varies, business letters tend to follow a defined format. It must include the contact
information of both the sender and recipient, a formal salutation, a closing statement and the sender’s
signature. The body of the letter may be comprised of one or several paragraphs conveying the intended
message. Due to its formal nature and the time it can take to send one, this type of business writing is
not suitable for sending messages quickly.

•Emails

An email is another example of transactional business writing. It likely represents the type of business
writing that professionals use most regularly. Using email, the sender can convey their message to a
recipient almost instantly via the internet.

Typically, an individual sends an email to colleagues or clients to provide information or ask them to take
action on something. For example, a supervisor may send an email to one of their employees asking
them to gather research on a new product. Or a team working on a project may send an email with
details about their progress to the client.

Like a business letter, business emails often include a salutation, closing statement and the sender’s
contact information. While emails tend to be a less formal communication method, they must still
follow appropriate language and grammar to demonstrate professionalism in the workplace.
Typically, an email is relatively brief and conveys a single message or purpose because recipients may
not spend too much time reading emails. One essential element of an email is its subject line, which can
provide context on what the reader can expect to find in its message.

Memos

A business memo represents an example of instructional business writing. It is a brief, less formal
method of communicating information within an organization. Typically, companies use memos for
mass communications rather than personal messages. For example, the human resources department
may send a memo regarding changes to company procedures or policies to employees. Or a manager
could send one to internal stakeholders informing them of the launch of a new product.

A memo is typically a brief message focused on one purpose, so it should not take long to read. While
less formal than a report or business letter, it still needs to maintain language appropriate for the
workplace. Like other business writing types, memos can include an introduction, body paragraph,
conclusion and the sender’s contact information. Memos often use a header to inform recipients of the
message’s purpose and may incorporate other details, such as the date.

Handbooks

A handbook or manual serves as another example of instructional business writing. An employee

handbook provides information to employees to ensure they understand and comply with company
policies and procedures.

Some employees receive manuals that provide instructions they can follow to perform their job or
complete specific tasks. Depending on the organization’s size, the business owner or a human resources
department may help draft this document. They may also consult a lawyer to help draft language around
any legal terms and conditions.

A handbook Instructs employees, so it must use straightforward and concise language to ensure their
understanding. It also incorporates important information that employees need to know to perform
their job or follow company standards. For example, a handbook describes companies’ policies
regarding compensation, dress code, time-off and schedules. It may also provide information about a
company, such as its mission, values, history and employment terms. Employees need all this
information in an easy-to-understand manner to help empower them at work.

Career Guide

Career development

8 Examples of Business Writing

8 Examples of Business Writing

Indeed Editorial Team

Updated June 25, 2022

The Indeed Editorial Team comprises a diverse and talented team of writers, researchers and subject
matter experts equipped with Indeed’s data and insights to deliver useful tips to help guide your career
journey.

Professionals use various examples of business writing to communicate with their coworkers, employees
and clients. The intended purpose of these business communications can impact their format or
content. When you understand the different types of business writing, you can use that knowledge to
communicate more effectively and engage your readers. In this article, we explain the different types of
business writing, provide common examples and offer tips to improve your skills.

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Types of business writing

Business writing refers to written communications conducted with colleagues, supervisors, clients and
other business stakeholders. The content or purpose of these communications can vary based on the
category of business writing. This list outlines the four general types of business writing:

Instructional: Instructional business writing aims to provide directions or guidance to readers. For
example, a user manual may give employees a step-by-step process for completing a task.

Informational: Informational business writing serves the purpose of informing readers or recording
business-related information. For example, a financial statement documents a business’ financial
performance and related activities.

Persuasive: Persuasive business writing convinces or influences its readers, typically to make them feel
positive about something. For example, organizations use proposals to showcase their business and gain
contracts with clients.
Transactional: Transactional business writing refers to day-to-day communications conducted at work or
related to business. For example, a consultant working on a project may send an invoice to their client
detailing their services and related billing information.

Common examples of business writing

You can use the following list to learn about eight common examples of business writing that you may
encounter in the workplace:

Business letters

A business letter serves as an example of transactional business writing. It refers to a formal, printed
document an individual sends to a colleague, supervisor or professional associate. Typically, individuals
use this type of business writing when conducting employment- or business-related communications.

For example, an employee may write a resignation letter to convey their decision to leave a job. Or a
sales professional may send sales letters to their customers to introduce a new product and describe its
features. There are several types of business letters, including:

Business proposal letters

Letters of recommendation

Interview follow-up letters

Offer letters

Letters of resignation

Though the content varies, business letters tend to follow a defined format. It must include the contact
information of both the sender and recipient, a formal salutation, a closing statement and the sender’s
signature. The body of the letter may be comprised of one or several paragraphs conveying the intended
message. Due to its formal nature and the time it can take to send one, this type of business writing is
not suitable for sending messages quickly.

Related: 7 Types of Business Letters and When To Use Them

Emails

An email is another example of transactional business writing. It likely represents the type of business
writing that professionals use most regularly. Using email, the sender can convey their message to a
recipient almost instantly via the internet.
Typically, an individual sends an email to colleagues or clients to provide information or ask them to take
action on something. For example, a supervisor may send an email to one of their employees asking
them to gather research on a new product. Or a team working on a project may send an email with
details about their progress to the client.

Like a business letter, business emails often include a salutation, closing statement and the sender’s
contact information. While emails tend to be a less formal communication method, they must still
follow appropriate language and grammar to demonstrate professionalism in the workplace.

Typically, an email is relatively brief and conveys a single message or purpose because recipients may
not spend too much time reading emails. One essential element of an email is its subject line, which can
provide context on what the reader can expect to find in its message.

Related: Guide To Writing a Business Email

Memos

A business memo represents an example of instructional business writing. It is a brief, less formal
method of communicating information within an organization. Typically, companies use memos for
mass communications rather than personal messages. For example, the human resources department
may send a memo regarding changes to company procedures or policies to employees. Or a manager
could send one to internal stakeholders informing them of the launch of a new product.

A memo Is typically a brief message focused on one purpose, so it should not take long to read. While
less formal than a report or business letter, it still needs to maintain language appropriate for the
workplace. Like other business writing types, memos can include an introduction, body paragraph,
conclusion and the sender’s contact information. Memos often use a header to inform recipients of the
message’s purpose and may incorporate other details, such as the date.

Related: How To Write a Business Memo (With Template and Examples)

Handbooks

A handbook or manual serves as another example of instructional business writing. An employee

handbook provides information to employees to ensure they understand and comply with company
policies and procedures.
Some employees receive manuals that provide instructions they can follow to perform their job or
complete specific tasks. Depending on the organization’s size, the business owner or a human resources
department may help draft this document. They may also consult a lawyer to help draft language around
any legal terms and conditions.

A handbook Instructs employees, so it must use straightforward and concise language to ensure their
understanding. It also incorporates important information that employees need to know to perform
their job or follow company standards. For example, a handbook describes companies’ policies
regarding compensation, dress code, time-off and schedules. It may also provide information about a
company, such as its mission, values, history and employment terms. Employees need all this
information in an easy-to-understand manner to help empower them at work.

Business reports

A business report represents an example of informational business writing. This type of document
outlines important information about the business or a specific project. Typically, its purpose is to
provide data, research and other information to help managers, executives or other stakeholders make
business-related decisions. Businesses use various types of reports, such as:

Compliance reports

Feasibility reports

Investigative reports

Recommendation reports

Writing a business report requires objectivity rather than inserting one’s personal opinions on the
subject. Readers must rely on the facts, research and data contained within it to make a decision.
However, reports that incorporate recommendation sections allow for some opinions when the author
suggests possible solutions to problems. The format may vary, but business reports typically include the
following elements:

Executive summary

Table of contents

Introduction

Body paragraph(s)

Conclusion
References

Appendix

Writing in humanities

Writing in the humanities includes posing questions dealing with human values. The ultimate goal in
writing in the humanities is to explain/share the human experience, to use writing as a tool to reflect
upon life, and to tell how life should, or should not, be lived. “Humanities” as a discipline includes not
only literature, but also philosophy, ethics, performing arts, fine arts, history, aspects of anthropology
and cultural studies, foreign languages, linguistics, jurisprudence, political science, and sociology. In a
humanities class, you might be asked to attempt the analysis of a poem, a performance or a play, a
painting, a film or even a musical performance.

There is often a difference in feel between writing in the Sciences and writing in the Humanities. Writing
in the Sciences is often convergent (meaning oriented toward finding or articulating a specific answer to
a specific question). Writing in the Humanities is often divergent (meaning oriented toward exploration
of multiple answers to multiple questions).

Categories of Humanities Writing

Writing in the Humanities falls into three categories: theoretical writing, creative writing, and
interpretive and analytical writing. Term papers and research papers are included in this discipline of
writing when their topics pertain to the field of humanities.

Categories of Humanities Writing

Writing in the Humanities falls into three categories: theoretical writing, creative writing, and
interpretive and analytical writing. Term papers and research papers are included in this discipline of
writing when their topics pertain to the field of humanities.

Research Writing

When writing a research paper in the humanities, you will likely be relying on a number of different
sources to support a broader claim that you’re trying to make. It is crucial that you correctly cite and
attribute all ideas and information that are not common knowledge and not your own. For example, you
would need to provide a citation for a statement like, “60% of guns recovered in crimes are sold by
unlicensed dealers,” which is likely written about in a specific study, but not for a statement like,
“William Shakespeare was born in 1564,” which is common knowledge and referenced in many different
sources.

Interpretive/Analytical Writing

An interpretation, or analysis, involves the discovery of meaning in a text (or film, or painting, etc.) or
the production of meaning in the process of reading a text. As such, analytical writing focuses on the
questions of “how?” and “why?” It tries to assist the reader in understanding specific events (literary,
cultural, or otherwise) rather than just engaging in summary. Writing about literature (poems, short
stories, plays, etc.) often involves making an argument that can be backed up with specific examples
from the text. For example, a student writing an interpretive paper about a specific book may try to
explain the author ‘s attitudes or views on a specific subject matter. The writer of the paper must then
use evidence found in that book—specific lines, words, or phrases—to back up their claims.

Theoretical Writing

Theoretical writing involves writing on a topic from a theoretical perspective. In physics, for example,
there is a theory on how the galaxy operates called the “string theory.” A physics paper centered around
the string theory would be considered a theoretical paper.

Creative Writing

Creative writing attempts to achieve, or create, an affect in the minds of the readers. The intended
affect differs depending on the goals of the writer. The intention may be to expound on the grieving
process (catharsis), or to make a person laugh or cry. The potential results are unlimited. Creative
writing can also be used as an outlet for people to get their thoughts and feelings out and onto paper.
Many people enjoy creative writing but prefer not to share it. Creative writing can take place in a variety
of forms. Poems, short stories, novels, and even song lyrics are all examples of creative writing.
Viewpoints regarding what exactly is encompassed under the term creative writing differ. To some, non-
fiction can be considered creative writing because it is done from the author’s point of view and may be
written in an individual style that engages the reader. In fact, many universities offer courses in
“Creative non-fiction.” Others like to separate non-fiction from creative writing because it deals with
details that actually took place, even if viewed subjectively. Regardless, the outlook of the writer is what
matters, and whether something is considered creative writing or not is less important than producing a
product that you can be proud of.

Research Writing

When writing a research paper in the humanities, you will likely be relying on a number of different
sources to support a broader claim that you’re trying to make. It is crucial that you correctly cite and
attribute all ideas and information that are not common knowledge and not your own. For example, you
would need to provide a citation for a statement like, “60% of guns recovered in crimes are sold by
unlicensed dealers,” which is likely written about in a specific study, but not for a statement like,
“William Shakespeare was born in 1564,” which is common knowledge and referenced in many different
sources.

Interpretive/Analytical Writing
An interpretation, or analysis, involves the discovery of meaning in a text (or film, or painting, etc.) or
the production of meaning in the process of reading a text. As such, analytical writing focuses on the
questions of “how?” and “why?” It tries to assist the reader in understanding specific events (literary,
cultural, or otherwise) rather than just engaging in summary. Writing about literature (poems, short
stories, plays, etc.) often involves making an argument that can be backed up with specific examples
from the text. For example, a student writing an interpretive paper about a specific book may try to
explain the author ‘s attitudes or views on a specific subject matter. The writer of the paper must then
use evidence found in that book—specific lines, words, or phrases—to back up their claims.

It's Important to cite sources you used in your research for several reasons:

To show your reader you’ve done proper research by listing sources you used to get your information

To be a responsible scholar by giving credit to other researchers and acknowledging their ideas

To avoid plagiarism by quoting words and ideas used by other authors

To allow your reader to track down the sources you used by citing them accurately in your paper by way
of footnotes, a bibliography or reference list

Citing a source means that you show, within the body of your text, that you took words, ideas, figures,
images, etc. from another place.

Citations are a short way to uniquely identify a published work (e.g. book, article, chapter, web site).
They are found in bibliographies and reference lists and are also collected in article and book databases.

Citations consist of standard elements, and contain all the information necessary to identify and track
down publications, including:

Author name(s)

Titles of books, articles, and journals

Date of publication

Page numbers

Volume and issue numbers (for articles)

Citations may look different, depending on what is being cited and which style was used to create them.
Choose an appropriate style guide for your needs. Here is an example of an article citation using four
different citation styles.
For example:

American Psychological Association (APA) style: Langer, R. (1990). New methods of drug delivery.
Science, 249(4976), 1527-1533.

Modern Language Association (MLA) style:Langer, R. "New Methods of Drug Delivery." Science 249.4976
(1990): 1527-33.