Short Questions part

How social contract theory is different from utilitarianism theory?

Social contract theory is based on the idea that individuals voluntarily give up some of their rights in
exchange for protection and security provided by the government, while utilitarianism focuses on
maximizing overall happiness or well-being for society as a whole, without necessarily considering
individual rights.

In 2018 Mr. Ali has started business of toys and he is fails in running
his business so join Mr. Ahmed and now is a good businessman. which
type of legal business status he had after loss ?
Without additional information, it's unclear what legal business status Mr. Ali had initially or what
arrangement he made with Mr. Ahmed. However, it's possible that they formed a partnership or Mr.
Ahmed purchased or invested in Mr. Ali's business to become a co-owner.

What is trademark ?
A trademark is a unique symbol, design, word, or phrase that is used to identify and distinguish the
goods or services of a particular business from those of others. It serves as a form of intellectual
property protection and can be registered with the government to establish legal ownership.

What are the types of directors?

There are various types of directors in a company, including executive directors who are involved in
the day-to-day operations of the business, non-executive directors who provide independent
oversight and advice, and independent directors who have no other ties to the company and are
appointed for their expertise or to represent the interests of minority shareholders. Other types of
directors include nominee directors, shadow directors, and de facto directors.

Differentiate between computer science and information technology ?

Computer science is concerned with the theory, design, and development of computer systems and
software, including programming, algorithms, and data structures. Information technology, on the
other hand, focuses on the practical application of computing technology in areas such as
networking, database management, and cybersecurity, to support business and organizational goals.
What are intellectual property rights?
Intellectual property rights are a set of legal rights that protect creations of the mind, such as
inventions, literary and artistic works, and symbols or designs. These rights include patents,
trademarks, copyrights, and trade secrets, and are designed to encourage innovation and creativity
by granting creators exclusive rights to use and profit from their intellectual property.

Between copyrights and patents, which one is more protected?

Both copyrights and patents offer legal protection for intellectual property, but they differ in the
types of works they cover and the extent of protection they provide. Generally, patents offer stronger
protection, as they provide exclusive rights to make, use, and sell an invention for a limited time
period, while copyrights protect original works of authorship and provide the creator with exclusive
rights to reproduce, distribute, and perform their work. However, the specific level of protection
depends on the laws of each country and the circumstances of each case.

How cyber terrorism is treated ?

Cyber terrorism is the use of computer networks to intimidate or coerce individuals, organizations, or
governments. It is treated as a serious crime and is subject to prosecution under various national and
international laws.

Briefly describe the term "temporary policy vacuum"?

"Temporary policy vacuum" refers to a situation where existing policies or regulations do not
adequately address a newly emerging issue, creating a gap in governance that needs to be filled. It is
a short-term condition that requires swift action to prevent potential negative impacts.

How can you briefly describe the term "uniquely malleable"?

"Uniquely malleable" refers to something that is highly flexible and adaptable, possessing a
distinctive capacity to be shaped or transformed according to different circumstances or needs. It
suggests a degree of versatility and pliability that is not commonly found in other things or entities.

Why a contract is terminated?

A contract can be terminated for various reasons, such as a breach of contract, mutual agreement,
frustration of purpose, impossibility of performance, or expiration of the contract term. The specific
reasons for termination are typically outlined in the contract itself or determined by applicable laws
and regulations.
Give the name of the ownership theories?
The main ownership theories are the legal theory, the psychological theory, and the stakeholder
theory. The legal theory holds that ownership is based on legal rights and obligations, the
psychological theory emphasizes the emotional attachment between owners and their property, and
the stakeholder theory suggests that ownership is a shared responsibility between various
stakeholders.

You are an employee of the company but performing duties of a

director of the company, which type of the employee actually you are?
If an employee is performing the duties of a director, they may be considered a de facto director.
This can result in legal obligations and liabilities similar to those of an appointed director, even if
they have not been formally appointed or recognized as such by the company.

Differentiate between regulatory and professional bodies?

Regulatory bodies are organizations established by the government to oversee and enforce specific
laws and regulations in a particular industry or sector, while professional bodies are membership
organizations that represent and promote the interests of individuals within a specific profession or
occupation, often through setting standards of practice and ethical codes.

Due to the paradigm shift from computer technology to information

technology what benefits and challenges faced by business world?
The shift from computer technology to information technology has brought about many benefits,
such as increased efficiency, productivity, and innovation. However, it has also presented challenges,
such as data privacy and security concerns, the need for ongoing training and development, and the
risk of technological obsolescence.

Give statements of the health and safety at work Act 1947?

The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 is a UK law that aims to ensure the health, safety, and
welfare of employees at work, as well as others who may be affected by work activities. It places
responsibilities on employers to assess and manage risks, provide adequate training and protective
equipment, and consult with employees on health and safety matters.

Long Questions part

 Define regulatory affairs, how you can differentiate it from
professional bodies and name few regulatory bodies in Pakistan ?
Regulatory affairs refers to the set of activities and processes that ensure compliance with
regulations, laws, and guidelines related to the development, manufacture, and distribution of
products, particularly in industries such as pharmaceuticals, medical devices, biotechnology, and
food.

Professional bodies, on the other hand, are organizations that represent professionals in a specific
industry or field, providing them with training, education, and other resources to advance their
careers and promote best practices in their field. While regulatory affairs professionals may be
members of professional bodies, their primary focus is on ensuring compliance with regulations and
laws rather than advancing their careers through professional development.

In Pakistan, some of the regulatory bodies include:

1. Drug Regulatory Authority of Pakistan (DRAP)

2. Pakistan Medical and Dental Council (PMDC)
3. Pakistan Engineering Council (PEC)
4. Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA)
5. Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan (SECP)
6. Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA)
7. Civil Aviation Authority (CAA)
8. Federal Board of Revenue (FBR)
9. State Bank of Pakistan (SBP)

You and a few friends are thinking of going into business together to
offer software development and system integration services to small
business. Explain why it would be wise(or, alternatively, why you think
it would not wise) to form yourselves into a limited company. Also
describe the types a limited company?
Forming a limited company can have several advantages for a group of friends looking to start a
business together. One of the main benefits of forming a limited company is that it provides a
separate legal entity for the business, which means that the company is responsible for its own debts
and liabilities, rather than the individual owners. This can help to protect the personal assets of the
owners in the event that the business incurs debts or liabilities.

In addition, forming a limited company can also help to give the business a more professional image,
which can be important when working with clients or seeking investment. Limited companies also
have more flexibility when it comes to raising capital, as they can issue shares to investors in
exchange for funding.
 However, forming a limited company also involves additional costs and administrative requirements,
such as registering with the Companies House and filing annual financial statements and tax returns.
There may also be additional legal and accounting fees associated with maintaining the company's
compliance with regulations and laws.

There are several types of limited companies, including:

1. Private Limited Company (Ltd.): This is the most common type of limited company, which is owned
by one or more shareholders and limited by shares. The liability of the shareholders is limited to the
amount of their investment in the company.
2. Public Limited Company (PLC): This type of company can sell shares to the public and is required to
have a minimum share capital of £50,000. The liability of the shareholders is limited to the amount of
their investment in the company.
3. Community Interest Company (CIC): This is a special type of limited company that is used for social
enterprises or non-profit organizations. It is required to have a social or environmental purpose, and
any profits must be reinvested back into the company's social or environmental objectives.
4. Limited Liability Partnership (LLP): This is a type of partnership where the liability of the partners is
limited to the amount of their investment in the company. It is often used by professional services
firms, such as law firms or accounting firms.

Ultimately, the choice of which type of limited company to form will depend on the specific needs
and goals of the business owners. It is important to seek professional advice before making a
decision, to ensure that the chosen structure is the most appropriate for the business.

Explain Data protection principles?

Data protection principles are a set of guidelines that govern the collection, use, storage, and
disclosure of personal data. These principles are designed to protect individuals' rights and privacy
by ensuring that personal data is collected and processed in a fair and lawful manner. The principles
are outlined in various data protection laws and regulations, including the EU General Data
Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the UK Data Protection Act 2018.

There are several key data protection principles, including:

1. Lawfulness, fairness, and transparency: Personal data must be collected and processed in a lawful,
fair, and transparent manner. Individuals must be informed about how their data will be used and
have the right to object to the processing of their data.
2. Purpose limitation: Personal data should only be collected for specified, explicit, and legitimate
purposes. It should not be used for any other purposes without the individual's consent.
3. Data minimization: Personal data should be limited to what is necessary for the purposes for which it
is being processed. Any unnecessary data should be deleted or anonymized.
4. Accuracy: Personal data should be accurate, and steps should be taken to keep it up to date.
Inaccurate data should be corrected or erased.
5. Storage limitation: Personal data should be kept for no longer than is necessary for the purposes for
which it is being processed.
6. Integrity and confidentiality: Personal data should be processed in a manner that ensures its security
and confidentiality. Appropriate measures should be taken to protect against unauthorized or
unlawful processing, accidental loss, destruction, or damage.
7. Accountability: Organizations are responsible for ensuring that they comply with data protection
principles. They must be able to demonstrate compliance with these principles and take appropriate
measures to ensure that personal data is protected.

Overall, adherence to data protection principles is essential for protecting individuals' privacy rights
and maintaining trust in the handling of personal data. Organizations that handle personal data must
be aware of these principles and ensure that they have appropriate policies and procedures in place
to ensure compliance.

Describe the system of management by objectives and describe some

of the strategies used by organizations to improve job satisfaction and
employee motivation?
Management by objectives (MBO) is a management system that involves setting specific, measurable
objectives for employees and then providing feedback and coaching to help them achieve those
objectives. This approach was first introduced by management theorist Peter Drucker in the 1950s
and is still used by many organizations today.

The MBO process typically involves several steps, including:

1. Setting objectives: Managers and employees work together to set specific, measurable objectives
that align with the organization's overall goals.
2. Developing action plans: Employees develop action plans to achieve their objectives and receive
feedback from their managers.
3. Reviewing progress: Managers and employees regularly review progress towards objectives and
make adjustments as needed.
4. Providing feedback: Managers provide feedback to employees on their performance and help them
develop new skills and strategies to achieve their objectives.

Some of the strategies used by organizations to improve job satisfaction and employee motivation
include:

1. Providing opportunities for professional development: Offering training programs, mentoring, and
other development opportunities can help employees improve their skills and advance in their
careers, which can increase job satisfaction and motivation.
2. Recognizing and rewarding good performance: Acknowledging employees' contributions through
rewards, bonuses, or other forms of recognition can help to boost motivation and job satisfaction.
3. Encouraging work-life balance: Providing flexible work arrangements, such as telecommuting or
flexible scheduling, can help employees better balance their work and personal lives, which can
improve job satisfaction.
4. Offering competitive compensation and benefits: Offering competitive salaries, benefits, and other
incentives can help attract and retain top talent, which can improve employee motivation and job
satisfaction.
5. Creating a positive work environment: Fostering a culture of teamwork, open communication, and
respect can help create a positive work environment that promotes job satisfaction and motivation.

By implementing these strategies and using a management approach like MBO, organizations can
create a workplace environment that fosters employee motivation and job satisfaction, which can
lead to higher productivity, lower turnover rates, and better overall business outcomes.

Explain in details Direct and Indirect discrimination?

Direct and indirect discrimination are two types of discrimination that are prohibited by law in many
countries, including the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Australia. Discrimination
refers to treating someone unfairly or differently based on certain characteristics, such as their race,
gender, religion, or age.

Direct discrimination occurs when someone is treated less favorably than another person in a similar
situation because of a protected characteristic, such as race, gender, or religion. For example, if an
employer refused to hire a qualified job candidate because of their race, this would be considered
direct discrimination. Similarly, if a landlord refused to rent an apartment to someone because of
their religion, this would also be considered direct discrimination.

Indirect discrimination, on the other hand, occurs when a policy or practice that is not directly
discriminatory has a disproportionate impact on certain groups of people. This type of discrimination
can be more difficult to identify because it is often unintentional. For example, if an employer
requires all employees to work on Saturdays, this may disproportionately affect employees who
observe the Sabbath and cannot work on that day. This policy would be considered indirect
discrimination unless the employer can show that the requirement is a proportionate means of
achieving a legitimate aim.

Other examples of indirect discrimination include:

 Requiring job applicants to have a certain level of education or experience that is not relevant to the
job
 Requiring employees to work a set number of hours per week, which may disproportionately affect
employees with caring responsibilities
 Using physical or language requirements that are not necessary for the job, such as requiring a
certain height or a specific accent
Both direct and indirect discrimination are illegal in many countries and can result in legal action
being taken against the person or organization responsible. It is important for individuals and
organizations to understand the difference between these types of discrimination and take steps to
ensure that their policies and practices do not unfairly disadvantage certain groups of people.