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    Losses in Flow

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    kapun kumar nayak
    This document discusses losses that occur in pipes due to fluid flow. It describes two types of losses: major losses due to friction along the pipe walls and minor losses due to changes in flow velocity from factors like bends, fittings, and obstructions. Major losses are calculated using Darcy-Weisbach and Chezy's formulas, which relate head loss to pipe length, diameter, fluid velocity, and roughness. Minor losses depend on coefficients assigned to specific pipe features and changes in velocity. The document provides formulas to calculate head losses from different minor loss factors like pipe entrances, exits, expansions, contractions, and bends.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Losses in Flow

    Uploaded by

    kapun kumar nayak
    40 views30 pages
    This document discusses losses that occur in pipes due to fluid flow. It describes two types of losses: major losses due to friction along the pipe walls and minor losses due to changes in flow velocity from factors like bends, fittings, and obstructions. Major losses are calculated using Darcy-Weisbach and Chezy's formulas, which relate head loss to pipe length, diameter, fluid velocity, and roughness. Minor losses depend on coefficients assigned to specific pipe features and changes in velocity. The document provides formulas to calculate head losses from different minor loss factors like pipe entrances, exits, expansions, contractions, and bends.

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    This document discusses losses that occur in pipes due to fluid flow. It describes two types of losses: major losses due to friction along the pipe walls and minor losses due to changes in flow velocity from factors like bends, fittings, and obstructions. Major losses are calculated using Darcy-Weisbach and Chezy's formulas, which relate head loss to pipe length, diameter, fluid velocity, and roughness. Minor losses depend on coefficients assigned to specific pipe features and changes in velocity. The document provides formulas to calculate head losses from different minor loss factors like pipe entrances, exits, expansions, contractions, and bends.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    40 views30 pages

    Losses in Flow

    Uploaded by

    kapun kumar nayak
    This document discusses losses that occur in pipes due to fluid flow. It describes two types of losses: major losses due to friction along the pipe walls and minor losses due to changes in flow velocity from factors like bends, fittings, and obstructions. Major losses are calculated using Darcy-Weisbach and Chezy's formulas, which relate head loss to pipe length, diameter, fluid velocity, and roughness. Minor losses depend on coefficients assigned to specific pipe features and changes in velocity. The document provides formulas to calculate head losses from different minor loss factors like pipe entrances, exits, expansions, contractions, and bends.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 30

    Losses in Flow

    By Er. Kabita Ojha


    Losses in Pipe
    ⚫ There are two types of losses:
    ⚫ Major Loss: Due to frictional energy loss that is caused by
    viscous effects of the medium and roughness of the pipe.
    ⚫ Minor Loss:
    ⚫ Due to (change of velocity):
    -Sudden expansion of pipe
    - Sudden contraction
    - bend in pipe
    - pipe fittings
    - obstruction in pipe
    ⚫ Losses in pipes due to friction is calculated by :
    1. Darcy-weisbach formula
    2. Chezy’s formula

    According to Darcy’s formula, the loss of head due to


    friction in pipe is,

    • Where,
    • f= Darcy’s coefficient or coefficient of friction
    • l= Length of pipe
    • v= Mean velocity of liquid
    • d= Diameter of pipe
    ⚫ If Re < 2000 (viscous flow),
    ⚫ If Re is varying from 4000 to 106

    • Chezy’s Formula: This formula is used to calculate


    head loss in a pipe due to friction .
    • Formula is:
    ⚫ Where
    ⚫ P= wetted perimeter of pipe
    ⚫ L= length of pipe
    ⚫ A= area of cross section of pipe
    ⚫ V= mean velocity of flow

    = Hydraulic Mean Depth or hydraulic radius (m)


    Minor Losses
    ⚫ They are the losses in energy due to the change of velocity
    (either in magnitude or direction) of the flowing fluid.
    ⚫ the minor losses occur:
    1) At the entrance of a pipe
    2) At the exit/outlet of the pipe
    3) Due to sudden enlargement of pipe
    4) Due to sudden contraction of pipe
    5) Due to bend in a pipe
    6) Due to an obstruction in the pipe
    7) In various pipe fittings
    Minor Losses at the entrance of
    pipe
    ⚫ Minor Losses at the entrance of a pipe:

    ⚫ V= Velocity of liquid in pipe


    ⚫ g= acceleration due to gravity
    Minor Losses at the exit/outlet of
    pipe
    ⚫ Head loss at outlet of pipe:

    ⚫ V= Velocity of liquid in pipe


    ⚫ g= acceleration due to gravity
    Minor losses due to sudden
    enlargement of pipe
    ⚫ Minor Losses due to sudden enlargement of a pipe:

    ⚫ V1= Velocity before expansion


    ⚫ V2= Velocity after expansion
    ⚫ g= acceleration due to gravity
    Minor losses due to sudden
    contraction of pipe
    ⚫ Minor Losses due to sudden contraction of a pipe:

    ⚫ V2= Velocity after contraction


    ⚫ g= acceleration due to gravity
    Minor losses due to bend in pipe
    ⚫ Head loss due to bend:

    ⚫ Where,
    ⚫ Kb= Coefficient of bend
    ⚫ V= velocity of fluid
    ⚫ g= acceleration due to gravity
    Which of the following have high
    minor losses?

    Bend Elbow
    ⚫ Answer: Elbow

    ⚫ In case of Elbow, there is sudden change in direction of


    the flow due to radius of curvature is less so head loss
    is higher as compare to bend.
    ⚫ In case of bend, due to large radius of curvature, there
    is smooth change in direction of the flow so head loss
    is less.
    Minor losses due to an obstruction
    in pipe
    ⚫ Head loss due to obstruction:

    ⚫ A= Cross-section area of pipe


    ⚫ a= Maximum area of obstruction
    ⚫ Cc= Coefficient of contraction
    ⚫ V= Velocity of liquid in pipe
    Minor losses in various pipe fittings
    ⚫ Head loss due to fittings (valves, couplings etc.)

    ⚫ = Coefficient of fittings
    ⚫ V= Velocity of liquid
    ⚫ g= acceleration due to gravity
    MCQ...
    1. Which property of the fluid accounts for the major losses in
    pipes?
    a) density
    b) specific gravity
    c) viscosity
    d) compressibility
    c) viscosity
    2. The head loss at the entrance of the pipe is that at it’s exit
    a) equal to
    b) half
    c) twice
    d) four times
    b) half
    3. Which among the following is the formula for friction
    factor(f)?
    a) f = 0.079*Re0.25
    b) f = 0.079/Re0.25
    c) f = 0.079/Re0.5
    d) f = 0.079*Re0.5
    b) f = 0.079/Re0.25
    4. Minor losses occur due to
    a. sudden enlargement in pipe
    b. sudden contraction in pipe
    c. bends in pipe
    d. all of the above
    d. all of the above
    5. What is Darcy-Weisbach formula for heat loss due to
    friction?
    Where,
    f = Darcy's coefficient of friction
    a) hf = (f l V2) / (g d)
    b) hf = (f l V2) / (2 g d)
    c) hf = (4 f l V2) / (2 g d)
    d) hf = (16 f l V2) / (2 g d)
    c) hf = (4 f l V2) / (2 g d)
    6. The friction factor in fluid flowing through pipe depends
    upon
    a. Reynold's number
    b. relative roughness of pipe surface
    c. both a. and b.
    d. none of the above
    c. both a. and b.
    7. Which formula is used to calculate head loss in valves?
    a. K2 ( v / 2 g )
    b. K ( v / 2 g )
    c. K ( v2 / 2 g )
    d. none of the above
    c. K ( v2 / 2 g )
    Types of Hydraulic Turbine
    ⚫ Hydraulic turbine or water turbine is a rotary machine
    that converts the kinetic and potential energy of water
    into mechanical work.
    ⚫ It converts hydraulic energy into electrical energy with
    the help of a generator.
    ⚫ When the flow of water strikes on the turbine blades,
    the turbine rotates. There is a geneartor conncted with
    the turbine so the generator also come in rotation and
    produces the electrical energy.
    Classification of Hydraulic Turbine
    ⚫ Hydraulic turbine are classified according to the
    following conditions:
    1. The direction of flow of water
    2. Specific speed
    3. Available head
    4. Action of water
    Classification of turbine depends
    on the direction of flow of water
    1) Tangential Flow Turbine: If the water strikes on the
    turbine blade runner tangentially to the path of rotation is
    called tangential flow.
    Eg: Pelton Wheel Runner
    2. Radial Flow Turbine: If the water strikes on the
    blades of the runner radially and coming out axially is
    called radial flow.
    For Eg: Francis Turbine
    3. Axial Flow Turbine: turbine in which the water flows
    parallel to the axis of the turbine.
    ⚫ Eg: Kaplan turbine, Propeller turbine etc.
    Classification of Turbine based on
    Available Head
    1. High Head Turbine: The turbine working under the high
    potential head of water above 300m is known as high head
    turbine.
    Eg: Pelton wheel turbine
    2. Medium Head Turbine: The turbine working under a
    medium range of potential head about 60m to 300m is
    known as medium head turbine.
    Eg: Francis Turbine
    3. Low Head Turbine: The turbine is capable of working under
    low range of potential head less than 60m is known as low
    head turbine. Eg: Kaplan & Propeller Turbine
    Classification of Turbine based on
    Specific Speed
    1) Low Specific Speed Turbine: Turbine works in the
    range of specific speed of 10-50 is called low specific
    speed turbine.
    Eg: Pelton wheel turbine
    2) Medium Specific Speed Turbine: Turbine works in the
    range of specific speed of 50-350 is called medium
    specific speed turbine.
    Eg: Francis turbine
    3) High Specific Speed Turbine: Turbine works in the
    range of specific speed above 350 is called high specific
    speed turbine. Eg: Kaplan Turbine & propeller turbine
    Classification of Turbine Based on
    Action of water
    1) Impulse Turbine: There is no pressure drop on the
    runner or rotor.
    ⚫ Kinetic Energy of water coming from the jet is used to
    run the runner or rotor.
    ⚫ For Eg: Pelton Wheel Turbine
    2) Reaction Turbine: At inlet of the turbine kinetic as
    well as pressure energy of water is available.
    ⚫ There is a loss of Kinetic Energy as well as pressure
    energy on the runners of the blade.
    ⚫ Eg: Francis turbine, Kaplan Turbine
    Difference betwen Impulse &
    Reaction Turbine
    Impulse Turbine Reaction Turbine
    Available energy is converted into A major part of available energy is
    kinetic energy. converted to pressure energy.
    Used for high heads Low and medium heads
    Pressure in the turbine is constant Pressure gradually reduces while water
    flows on the turbine blades
    Regulation of flow and power is easier Regulation of flow and power is difficult
    without loss of energy
    Efficiency is less Efficiency is more
    The wheel and the blades should have The blades are always under the action
    access to free air and must not run fully. of pressure, the wheel must always run
    fully.
    Thank You!!!

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